Chapter 5: Social Organization/Social Institution

•Group is a constituted by two or more persons who interact together and are together physically. A
group is composed of two or more persons who have something in common, are interacting with each
other, and are guided by a set of norms.

•Aggregates they may glance at each other and leave a sigh of objection, but they are not worried
about the opinions and attitudes. This group is referred to as aggregate, the important characteristic of
which is the common physical location.

•Social Category is an agglomeration where members possess common identifying status

characteristics but do not interact socially.

•Collective Crowds, masses, public and social movements are temporary groups which also interest
the sociologists. Temporary groups are clusters of people interacting with each other but the
interactions are temporary or short- lived.

•Motivational base shared by individuals people find themselves together in a related social situation
that may have motivational implication for the development of groups.

•Size of the group may range from two to a million members. When it has two members, is called dyad
like in a friendship group.

•Type of group goals it is frequently understood that the structural patterns of social groups are
affected by their goals. Hence, the parts of the organization may be assumed to be well-versed in ways
that will show the way to the achievement of group goals.

•The kind of group cohesion this refers to the extent to which the members of a group have the
capability to function and interact collectively in the direction of their goals.

•Social Organization is a process of bringing order and significance into human social life.

•Social Structures refers to the independent network of roles and the hierarchy is statuses which
define the reciprocal expectations and the power arrangement of the members of the social unit guided
by norms.

•Social Function it refers to the results of action that occur in relation to a particular structure and
includes the results of the activities of individuals occupying particular statuses.

•Types of Social Groups:

•Primary the relationships are intimate and face to face. Communication is profound and strong. And
personal satisfactions are of utmost important. A person in a primary group cannot be replaced by
another person.
•Secondary this relationship involves a reaction to only a part of the individual’s personality. The
person’s importance to the groups is the function that he or she performs in the group. Secondary group
relationships tend to be casual, temporary, and limited in personal involvement.

•In-group is the group with which the individual identifies and which gives him a sense of belonging,
solidarity, camaraderie, spirit de corps, and a protective attitude toward the other member.

•Out-group is generally viewed as the outsider by the in-group any member of the in-group has
insufficient contact with the members of the out-group.

•Reference group refer to the groups that are significant to s as models even though we ourselves
may not be a part of the group.

•Stereotype is a group-shared image of another group or category of people.

•Family is the basic social institution and the primary group in society

•Kinship refers to the web of social relationships that form an essential part of the lives of most
humans in most societies.

•Descent refers to the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality.

•Marriage is an institution in consisting of a cluster of mores and folkways, of attitudes, ideas, and
ideals of social definitions and legal restrictions.

•Kinship by Marriage

•Forms of Marriage

The form of marriage practiced in a society affects the structure of the family’s larger kinship group.

•Monogamy allows or permits a man to take only one spouse at a time it has advantage and emotional
tensions.

•Polygamy is a form of plural marriage and can assume three forms: polygyny, polyandry, and group
marriage.

•Polygyny is the marriage of one man to tow or more women at the same time.

•Polyandry is the marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time. Anthropologists have
discounted the existence of this marriage.

•Selection of Marriage Partners

There are two types of norms regarding the selection of marriage partners: endogamy and exogamy.

•Endogamy refers to the norm which dictates that one should marry within one’s clan or ethnic
group.

•Exogamy on the other hand, prescribes that one can marry outside one’s clan or ethnic group.

•Family Structures as a social institution, the family consists of a social structure providing a more or
less stable framework for the performance of reciprocal roles and of certain function to make the
relationship lasting.

•Family Orientation is the family into which one is born, and where one is reared or socialized.

•Nuclear Family is the smallest unit responsible for the preservation of the value system of society.

•Extended Family is composed of two or more nuclear families, economically and socially related to
each other.
•Political Dynasties have long been present in the Philippine political structure. They are typically
found in elite families that have established themselves in a province before moving on the national
government. Generally refer to families whose members are involved in politics. In the Philippines,
political dynasties can be seen in families that have been part of the government for several
generations. This can occur in two ways. One way is for members over and a relative of that politician
gets elected for the same position, that family can be labeled as a political dynasty. The second way is
for a number of family members to occupy government position at the same time. As this book was
being written, there were no legal documents or laws that officially define a political dynasty in the
Philippines. There have been bills, such as Anti-Dynasty Bill, that attempt to define a political dynasty,
but Congress has not passed any of these bills.

•Political Alliance also referred to as political coalition pr political bloc; is an agreement for
cooperation between different political parties on common political agenda, often for purposes of
contesting an election. They intend to mutually benefit from the alliance by collectively clearing election
thresholds, taking advantage of the voting system, or forming a government after elections.