6th Science Workbook PDF

Motion and
Measurement of
Distances
4
VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the videos
proceed.
1. Introduction
a. What is Motion?
We see a lot of objects around us which are moving. For instance, we see cars running on
roads, birds flying etc., while other objects like buildings appear to be at rest. Just beneath
you there is a humongous piece of rock which is spinning around in space. Being on its
surface, you are also moving with it. This Earth is moving around the Sun, and the Sun is
moving in our galaxy. The galaxy itself is speeding around at great speeds.
Question1.What is motion? When do we say an object is moving?
Question2.If you look outside sitting in a moving train, the trees seem to move backwards, but when
we are standing on ground, they appear still. How is it possible for the trees to be moving sometimes
while stationary at other times?
We can say that motion of a body depends on the observer. There is nothing as absolute
rest or motion. Motion is all relative.
Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

5
b. Means of Transport
The transportation history begins from the human era and continued to change over a
period of time. The first means of transportation was the human foot. People used to walk
large distances to reach places. Then they realized that trees and logs float on water,
which helped them use water bodies as a means of transport.
Question3.Transportation history took a drastic change with the introduction of wheels. Justify this
statement.
The steam engines led to the invention of bullet trains. The manned flight created by the
Wright brothers led to a Jumbo Jet! We have come a long way and the transportation system
has been improved significantly.
Figure 1: Advancement in Transport

6
2. Measuring Lengths
a. History of Measurements
As a moving body changes position with time, there should be some measure of how far
the body has moved. And this can be measured by measuring the length of the path which
is represented by a number followed by a unit.
Earlier different units were used to measure lengths. E.g., length of feet, cubit etc. But
these are not standard and can vary from person to person. Even for the same person, its
value changes with time. A better unit would be a rod of given length.
Question4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a rod of given length as a standard?
Did You Know?

About 15 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius mounted a large
wheel of known circumference in a small frame; when it was pushed along the
ground by hand it automatically dropped a pebble into a container at each
revolution, giving a measure of the distance traveled.
b. Standard Units
To avoid such confusions, the concept of having a standard unit was required which
would be accepted universally by all. The system of units now used is called International
System of Units (SI units). The SI unit of length is a metre. A metre is defined as the
𝟏
distance travelled by light in seconds.
𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟖

7

c. Conversion of Units
Question5. Why do we need smaller units of length?
1 metre = _________________ centimetres
1 metre = _________________ millimetres
Similarly, we also need some larger units of length to measure greater lengths. For
instance, the distance between Bangalore and Delhi is 1,740,000 m while that between
Bangalore and Mysore is 147,000 m. If we define 1 kilometre to be 1000 m, we can easily
represent these distances as 1740 km and 147 km.
1 metre = _________________ kilometre
Did You Know?

A light year is not a unit of time, it is a unit of length! It is the distance
that light can travel in one year in vacuum. Considering that light can
travel about 300,000 kilometres each second, one light year is equal to
9,500,000,000,000 kilometers.
3. Measuring Lengths Correctly
The following precautions need to be taken care of while measuring any length –
1) A proper measuring device should be used.

8
Question6. Why does a tailor use a measuring tape, while a cloth merchant uses a metre scale?
Question7. How can you measure the length of a curved line?
2) For making a measurement, the scale should be placed in contact along the length of the
object to be measured.
3) If a scale is broken from one of the ends, avoid making a measurement from that mark.
Any other full mark reading can be used in such a case.
Question8. A piece of ribbon folded six times is measured using a scale as shown.
Figure 2: Measuring Lengths

9
Express its length in SI unit.
4) Correct position of eye is also necessary to make correct measurements.
Figure 3: Correct Position of Eye for Measurement
4. Basics of Motion and its Types

a. Motion Basics
So, what are the parameters that can be used to determine whether a body is moving or
not?
One way is that if the body is moving in a straight line along the line of sight of the
observer, it will either seem to approach you (its size will increase) or recede away from
you (its size will decrease).

10
Figure 4: Perception of Motion
Yet another way to know if a body is moving is that you have to rotate your head in order
to keep looking at the body.
Figure 5: Another Perception of Motion
Question9.How can you say that moon is in motion with respect to you standing on the earth?
b. Different Types of Motion
The motion of bodies that we encounter in our daily lives can be classified into different
types- rectilinear, circular, periodic or any random motion.

11
Question10.Define the following types of motion –

a) Rectilinear motion
b) Circular motion
c) Periodic motion

12
Question11.Classify each of the following motions into different types giving proper reasons. You
can classify them into more than one type of motion also.
Figure 6: A Swing Figure 7: A Car Moving on a Straight Figure 8: Blades of a Moving Fan
Road

13
Question12.Can the motion of a race car on a circular track be classified as periodic motion? Explain.

15

Instructions: Solve these problems after watching the videos.
Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQs (Please tick the correct answer)

1. Alex measured the length of an iron rod as 10 cm. This length can be expressed in metres as
a) 1000 m c) 1 m
b) 0.01 m d) 0.1 m
2. The motion of hour hand of a clock is

a) Periodic c) Both a) and b)
b) Circular d) None of these
3. The SI unit of length is

a) cm c) both a) and b)
b) m d) none of these
4. A motorcyclist is going in a circular path. The distance of the motorcyclist from the centre of the
circle
a) remains same c) decreases with time
b) keeps on changing d) increases with time
5. Two friends A and B are sitting next to each other in a moving bus. With respect to A, B is
_________ and with respect to B, A is ____________.
a) at rest, in motion c) at rest, at rest
b) in motion, at rest d) in motion, in motion
Questions from 6 to 15 are subjective questions

6. What do you mean by measurement? What are the two parts used to express a measurement?
7. What is a standard unit? Mention two standard units of length.
8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a cubit as a unit of length?
9. Which of the following is correct position of eye for making the measurement?
Figure 9: Different Positions of Eye for Measurement
10. Give two examples of motion which is both circular as well as periodic.

16

11. Riya is 15 cm taller than Deeksha. Given Deeksha’s height is 160 cm, express the height of Riya
in SI units?
12. The following figure shows a window grille made of straight and curved iron rods. Give a method
to measure the length of iron used?
Figure 10: A Window
13. Define the following types of motion, giving two examples for each –
(a) Rectilinear motion (b) Circular motion (c) Periodic motion
14. The SI unit of length is metre. Then why are smaller and larger units of length required?
15. Arrange the following in increasing order –

1 km, 5 cm, 100 mm
Questions from 16 to 20 are HOTS questions
16. Akash found on the internet that sound travels 1480 m in a second in water. His friend, Abhishek
argued that it travels only 1.48 km in a second. Do you think Abhishek is right?
17. While travelling on a train, the trees appear to move backwards while the co-passengers appear to
be stationary. What is the reason for this?
18. State two precautions to be observed while measuring length with the help of a metre scale.
19. A train goes from station A to station B which is 50 km apart and then to another station C which
is 10,000 m from B. What is the total length of path covered by the train?
20. While measuring the length of a pencil using the scale shown below, a student reported it to be 17
cm long. Has he correctly measured it? Give reasons.
Figure 11: Measurement with a Broken Scale

Light, Shadows and
Reflection
18
VI CBSE Physics – Light, Shadows and Reflection

Instructions: This booklet can be used while watching videos. Keep filling the sheet as the refers
proceed.
1. Introduction
Question1.Why are we not able to see in a dark room?
We humans are lucky to have the sensation of vision. Light is a form of energy which enables
us to see objects around us.
Question2.The moment you switch on light in a dark room, the whole room instantaneously lights
up. Then why is light said to be a traveller?
Light travels in straight lines. This is known as rectilinear propagation of light.

19
Did You Know?

If the sun were suddenly snuffed, we on Earth would not notice
until 8 minutes and 17 seconds – the time it takes sunlight to
reach Earth.
2. Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects
Question3.What is a luminous object? Give some examples.
The materials, which are not sources of light, are non-luminous objects. E.g. wood, book etc.
Question4.Non-luminous objects do not emit any light of their own. How is it still possible that we
are able to see them?
Based on how light behaves when it falls on an object, materials are classified as –
 Transparent
 Translucent
 Opaque

20
Question 5. Fill up the following table –
Material How light behaves? Examples Uses
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
3. Shadows
When an opaque object is placed between a light source and a screen, the passage of light is
blocked. The dark patch formed is called the shadow of the opaque object.
Figure 1: Shadow Formation

21
Question 6. Why is shadow formed when an opaque object is placed in front of a light source? What
does this indicate about nature of light?
Question 7. Can a translucent object cast a shadow when placed in front of a light source? If yes, how
is it different from the shadow formed by an opaque object?
Normally, shadows of objects are similar in outline to the object.
Question 8. What happens to size of the shadow as the object and source of light get closer to each
other?

22
Question 9. Why don’t airplanes flying at higher altitudes cast a shadow on the ground?
4. The Pinhole Camera
Question 10. What is an image?
A pinhole camera is the simplest way to capture images. It consists of a dark chamber with a
tiny hole in the place of the lens. This device can help us understand that light travels in a
straight line.
Figure 2: A Pinhole Camera

23
Question11.With the help of Figure2, explain the working of a pinhole camera.
Nature of the image formed:

 Real (can be obtained on a screen)
 Inverted
 Generally smaller
Question12.The smaller the pinhole, the clearer the image. Explain this statement.
Did You Know?

In 2007, an abandoned aircraft hangar at a fighter base in Irvine,
California was converted into the largest pinhole camera in the
world. The resulting photo was nearly 108 ft. wide and 85 ft.
high.

24
5. Reflection of Light
From the earliest recorded history, humans have been fascinated by reflections. You can see
your own reflection in a pool of water or in a mirror. The mirror basically changes the
direction of light that falls on it, which forms an image inside the mirror.
Figure 3: Reflection in Water
Figure 4: Reflection in Mirror
The phenomenon of the bouncing back of light, when it hits a surface is known as the
reflection of light.
Question13.Is mirror a transparent or an opaque object? Give reason.

25
Question14.Can a mirror form a reflection in a completely dark room? Why or why not?

27


1. Which of the following is not a luminous body?
(a) Pole star (b) Sun
(c) Wood (d) None of these
2. Two statements are given below -

Statement A: We cannot see our image in a mirror in complete dark room because there is no light to
reflect.
Statement B: We cannot see objects through a T-shaped pipe because light travels in straight lines.
(a) Only statement A is correct. (b) Only statement B is correct.

(c) Both statements are correct. (d) Both statements are incorrect.
3. Rectilinear propagation of light means

(a) Light travels in straight line (b) Light travels in curved path
(c) Light travels in zigzag path (d) None of these
4. As the screen is moved away, the size of shadow of an opaque object

(a) Increases (b) Decreases
(c) Remains same (d) First increases, then decreases
5. Which of the following is an example of translucent body?

(a) Wood (b) Butter paper
(c) Mirror (d) None of these

6. What are luminous and non-luminous bodies? Give two examples for each.
7. Is moon a luminous body? Give reason to support your answer.
8. On what basis are non-luminous objects categorized? Define each giving examples.
9. What is a shadow? Which types of objects form a shadow?
10. How is a shadow different from an image?
11. Give some characteristics of shadows formed by an opaque object.
12. What happens when a mirror is placed in the path of light?
13. What is reflection of light? Give examples.
14. On what principle does a pinhole camera work? Explain with a suitable diagram.
15. What will happen if the size of the hole in a pinhole camera is larger?

28

16. What are the essential conditions for the formation of shadow?
17. How are shadows formed?
18. a) How does the colour of an opaque object affect the colour of the shadow?
b) How does the colour of light affect the colour of the shadow?
19. The given figure shows shadows formed by a cylinder for two different positions of light source.
Figure 5: Shadow Formation
What can you conclude about the positions of light source?
20. With the help of an experiment, demonstrate that light travels in a straight line.

Electricity and Circuits
30
VI CBSE Physics – Electricity and Circuits

proceed.
1. Introduction – Importance of Electricity
Electricity is one of the most amazing phenomena that we encounter in our daily lives.
Humans have been aware of this for many centuries. Greek philosophers noticed that when a
piece of amber was rubbed with cloth, it would attract pieces of straw. They recorded the first
references to electrical effects over 2,500 years ago. Today we use electricity for a number of
applications.
Question1.List some applications where we use electricity in our daily lives.
Did You Know?

The light reaching our eye is converted into electrical
signals that the brain can interpret.
2. Electricity and its Source
a. Electric Current
A current is basically anything which flows continuously in a certain direction. For

example, we can have water current, air current, electric current etc.

31

Question2. Complete the following table –
Type of Current Due to Flow of
Water current
Air current
Electric current
Did You Know?

Electrons are elementary particles and were discovered by
English physicist Joseph John Thomson in 1897.

32

Question3.When current is flowing through a wire, can it be said that all electrons have the same
direction of motion?
Most substances have electrons which can move around freely in random directions. To move
these electrons in a specific direction, we need something to force them to do so. This
directional flow of electrons is known as an electric current.
Question4.List some sources from where we get electricity.
b. Electric Cell
An electric cell is a device which produces an electric current. Electricity is produced

because of chemical reactions taking place inside the cell.
Figure 1: An Electric Cell

33

Question5.Why do we need to replace a cell when it has been used for long?
An electric cell has two terminals – a positive and a negative terminal.
Question6.What is a terminal?
Question7.Mark positive and negative terminals of the cell.
Figure 2: Terminals of an Electric Cell

34

Question8.Using the tennis ball analogy, explain the working of an electric cell.
Figure 3: Tennis Ball Analogy
 Misconception: The electrons which flow in a circuit are provided by the cell.
 Clarification: Cells do not create these electrons, they merely pump them.

35

3. Bulb Connected to an Electric Cell
a. Electric Bulb
An electric bulb is a device which produces light and heat when electric current flows
through it. It has a glass case which is fixed on a metallic base. A thin wire, called the
filament, is fixed in the middle using two thicker wires.
Figure 4: An Electric Bulb
Question9.Why is the filament of an electric bulb enclosed inside glass?
4. An Electric Circuit
An electric cell pumps electrons through a closed path, this closed path is known as an
electric circuit. If the circuit is complete, current flows through it and this is known as a
closed circuit. Alternatively, if there is a break in the circuit, current cannot flow and this is
known as an open circuit.
Figure 5: An Electric Circuit
The direction of flow of electrons is opposite to the direction of flow of current.

36
Figure 6: Flow of Current and Electrons
Question10.Why doesn’t a fused bulb glow when connected across a battery?

37

Question11.The table below shows different arrangements of bulb and cell. In which of these
cases will the bulb glow? Give reasons.
Arrangement Will the bulb glow?

38

5. An Electric Switch
Electric current can flow only through a complete circuit and not through a broken one. This
fact can be utilized to switch on or off an electrical device. An electric switch is used for this
purpose.
Figure 7: An Electric Switch
Question 12.With the help of a diagram, explain how a safety pin can be used to work as a switch.

39

6. Conductors and Insulators
Question13. Why do you think we require wires to connect the components? Can’t electricity
flow through air?
Some materials offer more obstruction to flow of current, while others less. Depending on this
property, materials can be categorized into two types –
a) Conductors
b) Insulators
Question14.Differentiate between a conductor and an insulator.

40

Question15. Complete the table with a suitable answer when different materials as listed below
are connected between points A and B.
Figure 8: An Electric Arrangement
Material Will the bulb glow? (Yes/No) Conductor/Insulator
Plastic scale
Matchstick
Glass rod
Iron nail
Wooden stick
Eraser
Key
Question16.Why is it advised to be careful while handling an electrical appliance?

41

Question17.Give two applications of –
i) Conductors
ii) Insulators

43


1. Which of the following energy conversion takes place in an electric cell?
a) Electrical to chemical c) Chemical to electrical
b) Mechanical to electrical d) None of these
2. The metal cap provided at one end of an electric cell is the ____________ terminal.
a) positive terminal
b) negative terminal
c) positive or negative depending on the circuit element connected
d) none of these
3. The two places on a battery to which the circuit wires can be attached are called
a) filaments c) conductors
b) terminals d) none of these
4. Electric wires are made up of __________ and they have a covering of __________ over them.
a) conductor, insulator c) conductor, conductor
b) insulator, conductor d) insulator, insulator
5. Which of the following is a good conductor of electricity?

a) Rubber c) Wood
b) Graphite d) None of these

6. How does an electric cell produce electricity?
7. When a switch is in ‘off’ position, a bulb connected to it through a battery doesn’t glow. Give
reason.
8. Define an electric circuit. How does an open circuit differ from a closed circuit?
9. What is the function of an electric switch?
10. The following diagram shows a closed circuit. Will the bulb glow? Give reasons.
Figure 9: Connection of a Bulb

44
11. Label the various parts of a torch bulb shown below –
Figure 10: A Torch Bulb
12. In the following circuit, show the direction of flow of electrons and the direction of current with
help of arrows.
Figure 11: Direction of Electron and Current Flow
13. What do we mean when we say that an electric bulb has fused? What can be the reason for the
same?
14. Why is it advised to use rubber gloves while repairing an electric switch?
15. What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator? Explain with examples.
16. Alex has two bulbs A and B, of which B is fused. He connected them as shown below -
Figure 12: Two Bulbs Connected to a Cell
Which of the bulbs will glow and why?
17. A torch requires 2 cells. With the help of a diagram, show arrangement of cells inside the torch
such that its bulb glows. Include a switch too in the circuit.

45
18. What will happen if we join two terminals of electric cell directly through a wire?
19. Give some practical applications of conductors and insulators.
20. A bulb is connected as shown below. However it doesn’t glow. What can be the probable cause
for this?
Figure 13: A bulb Connected to a Cell

Fun with Magnets
47
VI CBSE Physics – Fun with Magnets

proceed.
1. Introduction
Question1.What are magnets?
We have been aware of magnets and magnetism for thousands of years. To ancient people,
magnetism must have seemed like magic - an invisible force acting between certain materials
even at a distance. Today magnetism plays many important roles in our lives.
Question2.List some applications where we use magnets in our daily lives.
These magnets can either be found naturally occurring in the nature (as rocks) or can be
artificially prepared. These artificial magnets come in a variety of shapes.

48
Figure 1: Various Shapes of Magnets
Question3.Can you list some of the properties shown by these magnets?
Did You Know?

Maglev trains, which are much faster than conventional
trains, use magnetism to lift them off the ground so that they
float over the tracks. The highest recorded maglev speed
is 603 km/h, achieved in Japan on 21 April 2015.
2. Magnetic and Non-magnetic Materials
A magnet attracts certain materials towards itself. Such materials are known as magnetic
materials, while othermaterialsare known as non-magnetic materials.

49

Question4.Classify the following material as magnetic or non-magnetic.
Material Magnetic/Non-magnetic
Wood
Iron
Nickel
Plastic
Glass
Steel
Cobalt
Question5.What is a cow magnet? How does it work?

50
3. Poles of a Magnet
Not all parts of a magnet are equally strong. The regions of a magnet, where the magnetic
force is strongest, are known as the poles of the magnet.
Figure 2: Magnetic Poles
Question6.How many poles does a magnet have?
Question7.Describe an activity to identify the poles of a horse-shoe magnet.

51
4. Finding Directions
A freely suspended bar magnet always points in a specific direction – along the North-South
direction.
Figure 3: A Freely Suspended Bar Magnet
The pole of a magnet which points towards North is known as the North Pole, while the one
which points towards South is known as the South Pole.
Question8.Why does a freely suspended bar magnet point in the North-South direction?
Question9.If you bring another magnet close to a freely suspended bar magnet, it changes its
alignment. Why does this happen?

52

The effect of a magnet depends on the following factors –
 Strength of the magnet
 Distance between the magnets
Question10.What is a magnetic compass? How does it work?
Figure 4: A Magnetic Compass
Did You Know?

The two biggest magnets reside at Los Alamos National
Laboratory in New Mexico and Florida State
University. The two sister laboratories have magnets that
can reach 100 and 45 tesla, respectively. By comparison,
junkyard magnets — the ones that lift cars — are
about 2 tesla!

53

5. Making Your Own Magnet
There are various methods of making magnets. One of the simplest methods is by rubbing it
with another magnet.
Question11.Suppose you are given a piece of iron. With help of the figure below, list the steps
that you would take to make it a magnet.
Figure 5: Making a Magnet
This method can be explained using the domain theory. According to this, something like an
iron bar contains lots of tiny regions called domains. Each domain can be thought of a box
with a magnet inside. Normally, these domains are arranged randomly and there's no overall
magnetism. When you bring a magnet close to an unmagnetized iron bar and stroke it
systematically and repeatedly, all the magnetic domains rearrange inside so that they point in
the same direction. Now the bar is said to be magnetized.

54
Figure 6: Alignment of Magnetic Domains
Question12.While making a magnet by the above process, what precautions must be kept in
mind?
6. Properties of Magnets
a. Attraction and Repulsion Between Magnets
A magnet can either attract or repel another magnet. If like poles are brought close, they
will repel each other. However if unlike poles are brought close, they will attract each
other.

55

Question13.Identify whether the magnets would attract or repel each other in the following
arrangements.
Arrangement Attract/Repel
b. Splitting a Bar Magnet
If we cut a bar magnet in half, we might expect one half to contain the North Pole and the
other the South Pole. However this never happens as magnetic poles always exist in pairs.
Figure 7: Breaking a Bar Magnet
Question14.A bar magnet is broken into three pieces. How many poles do you have now?

56

Question15.Suppose you have a magnet as shown below. When it is broken in two pieces, the
two halves repel each other. How is it possible?
Figure 8: Repulsion between Pieces of a Magnet
Question16.Why do we say that repulsion is a sure test of magnetism?

57

c. Demagnetizing a Magnet
A magnet loses its magnetic properties if it is heated, hammered or dropped from some
height.
Question17.How does a magnet lose its magnetic property on heating or hammering? Explain
with respect to domains.
Magnets become weak if they are not stored properly. To keep them safe, following
precautions should be taken –
 Magnets should be kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the same side.
 They must be separated by a piece of wood while two pieces of soft iron should be
placed across their ends.
 For horse-shoe magnet, one should keep a piece of iron across the poles.
 The magnets should be kept away from cassettes, mobiles, television, music system,
compact disks (CDs) and computers.

59


1. When a bar magnet is placed on a plastic plate with iron filings spread on it, then the
a) Filings stick equally all around the magnet
b) Filings stick mainly at the middle of the magnet
c) Filings stick mainly at the ends of the magnet
d) None of these
2. South Pole of a bar magnet can be identified using

a) An iron bar
b) Another bar magnet with its poles unmarked
c) Iron filings
d) Another bar magnet with its poles marked
3. Which of the following is/are a sure test of magnetism?

a) Attraction c) Both of these
b) Repulsion d) None of these
4. Which of the following methods can be used to demagnetize a magnet?

a) Hitting c) Both of these
b) Heating d) None of these
5. Which of the following is not an example of magnetic substance?

a) Iron b) Nickel
c) Steel d) None of these

6. What is a magnet?
7. What are magnets used for? List any three uses.
8. Write two properties shown by magnets.
9. Distinguish between magnetic and‐non‐magnetic substances. Give examples for each.
10. What happens if a freely suspended bar magnet is disturbed aligned along the east‐west direction?
11. What is a magnetic compass? What is it used for?
12. What are ‘poles’ of a magnet?
13. Describe a method by which you can make a magnet from a piece of iron.
14. Can the needle of the magnetic compass be made up of silver? Give reason for your answer.
15. The Earth acts like a huge bar magnet. Where are the North and South poles of this magnet
situated?

60
16. Is it possible to magnetize a piece of wood by rubbing it with a bar magnet? Give reasons.
17. A bar magnet is broken into two pieces as shown below. Mark the North and South poles of the
pieces.
Figure 9: Poles of a Broken Magnet
18. Suppose you have two identical bars, of which one is iron bar while the other is a magnet. How
will you find out which is the bar magnet? (You cannot use anything else than these two bars.)
19. Explain the construction and working of a magnetic compass.
20. How can you demagnetize a magnet? Explain briefly.

Fibre to Fabric
62
VI CBSE Chemistry – Fibre to Fabric

proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1.Why are clothes important? What purpose do they help accomplish in different
professions?
Texture is the feel of the fabric in the hand. Fabrics from different sources have different
textures.
Question 2. Write some of the fabrics around you, and comment on their textures.
Fabrics are made up of smaller strings, which are called as threads. Threads can be pulled out
from old fabrics easily. Threads can be made from a variety of materials, like silk, wool, cotton
and so forth. Threads are further made up of smaller fibers.

63

2. Natural and Synthetic Fibers
Figure 1: Classification of Fibers
a. Natural Fibers
Fibers which originate from living things are known as natural fibers.
Question 3.List some natural fibers below-
Did you Know?

Members of the camel family, like Lama, Alpaca and
Llama’s yarns can also be used to make fabric!

64
b. Synthetic Fibres
Fibres which are man-made, and are not found in nature are known as synthetic fibres.
Question 4. Name the components of food which are required in a smaller quantity. Give
examples where we can find them.
Question 5. List some of the differences between natural and artificial fibres.
Question 6. How can we differentiate between artificial and natural fibres?

65
3. Cotton
a. Growth
Cotton is grown in hot climates, rich with black soil. It is the fruit of the cotton plant,
which bursts once it reaches a large enough size.
Question 7. How are seeds separated from cotton balls? What is the name of this process?
b. Yarns
Cotton yarn is created by a process named as spinning.

Question 8. Explain the process of spinning. Name some of the machines which can be used for
spinning.
Did You Know?

Cotton has been cultivated and used to make fabrics for at
least 7,000 years and may have existed in Egypt as early as
12,000 B.C.

66

4. Making Fabric
a. Knitting
Yarns can be made into fabric though a process known as knitting.
Question 9. Explain the process of knitting. What is the role of each of the knitting needles?
Knitting is used mostly for creating sweaters and scarfs, which are much bulkier in
nature.
b. Weaving
Weaving requires two separate threads, which are placed perpendicular to each other.
Question 10. How does a loom work?

67
Figure 2: Making of Fabric from Cotton Fibre
5. Evolution of Clothing
Question 11. How did cavemen cloth themselves?

68

Question 12. When did humans first start weaving clothes?
Question 13. How did Egyptians cloth themselves? List some ways in which their clothes were suited
for the weather in Egypt.

70
VI CBSE Chemistry

1. Which of the following materials did people use in ancient times for making clothes?
(i) Leaves of trees

(ii) Newspaper
(iii) Metal foils
(iv) Animals skins and furs
a) (i) and (ii) c) (ii) and (ii)

b) (i) and (iii) d) (i) and (iv)
2. Which of the following is not a natural Fibre?

a) Cotton c) Nylon
b) Jute d) Flax
3. Yarn is woven to get fabric using

a) charkha c) looms
b) spinning machines d) knitting needles
4. John is a farmer. His field has black soil and the climate is warm. Which Fibre yielding plant
should he grow in his field?
a) Jute c) Coconut
b) Cotton d) Wool
5. John wants to make yarn from Fibre at home. Which of the following will he use to carry out the
task?
a) Power loom c) Charkha
b) Handloom d) Knitting needles

6. Write the name of some plant fibres and their sources.
7. Write the name of some animal fibres and their sources.
8. Why do we need to wear clothes?
9. Distinguish between Natural fibres and Synthetic fibres.
10. Define the process of Ginning.
11. Differentiate between yarn and Fibre.
12. Define the process of spinning.
12. How is spinning done on large scale?
14. Define the process of weaving.
15. What is Fibre?

16. A cotton shirt, before it reaches you, completes a long journey. Elaborate this journey starting
from cotton plants.
17. Describe the two main processes of making fabric from yarn.
18. Name two items that are made from coconut Fibre.
19. Explain the process of making yarn from Fibre.
20. How does the temperature in Egypt justify the clothing of Ancient Egyptians?

Sorting of Materials
into Groups
73
VI CBSE Chemistry – Sorting of Materials into Groups

proceed.
1. Introduction
Every object around us is made up of one or more materials. For example, chairs and tables may be
made up of wood or plastic; a bed may be made up of wood or iron; utensils are made up of some
kind of metal. Thus, materials can be classified on the basis of several criteria such as:
 Appearance
 Hardness
 Solubility
 Floatation
 Transparency
Sorting is any process of arranging items systematically based on certain properties.
Question 1.On the basis of criteria listed above, sort out the different objects found around in your
house.
Question 2. Is sorting of things useful? What will happen if we do not sort things?

74
2. Criteria for Classification of Materials

a. Appearance
Appearance means the way someone or something looks. Visual appearance, with respect
to objects, is the way in which objects reflect and transmit light. According to this
phenomenon, an object may appear shiny (lustrous) or non-shiny.
Question 3. Why do some objects appear shiny while others do not?
Question 4. Name five objects that have a lustre.
Surfaces of lustrous objects, which are exposed to air appear shiny, but in due course of time, dust
accumulates on them and the surface loses its lustre. When you rub the surface or scrape it, the shine
is regained.

75
b. Hardness
Hardness is defined as the ability of an object to withstand an attempt to change its
shape. Depending on this, an object may be hard or soft.
Did you know?

Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.
Question 5. List five things that you consider are hard and cannot be compressed.
Question 6. List five things that you consider are soft and hence can be compressed.
Did you know?

A high-pressure stream of water (water jet) can even cut metals and stones!
Among the very few materials that water jets cannot cut are diamonds and
tempered glass.

76
Question 7. When do we call an object to be tough?
c. Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to
dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.
Question 8. What will happen if you pour some sand into a glass of water?
d. Flotation
If density of an object is greater than that of water, it will sink in water.

If density of an object is lesser than or equal to that of water, it will float in water.

77
Question 9. Complete the following table on the basis of the ability of the objects to float or sink in
water.
Object Floats Sinks
Stone
Paper
Dry leaf
Iron nail
Boat
Needle

78
e. Transparency
Based on the amount of light that passes through an object, it can be classified into-
 Transparent
 Translucent
 Opaque
Question 10. Define the following terms and give examples for each:
(a) Transparent (b) Translucent (c) Opaque

80


1. Which of the following is lustrous?
a) Chalk c) Gold
b) Wood d) Plastic
2. Materials around us can be grouped based on the following property(s).

(i) Solubility
(ii) Appearance
(iii) Hardness
(iv) Transparency
a) a, d c) a, b, c, d
b) b d) None of the above.
3. The material through which light can pass partially is called

a) Opaque c) Transparent
b) Translucent d) Both (b) and (c)
4. Which of the following can float on water?

a) Iron pin c) Steel
b) Wood d) Coin
5. The gas which can dissolve in water is

a) O2 c) O3
b) N2 d) Both (a) and (b)

6. Why do we need to group materials?
7. Make a list of the different objects found around you in your classroom. Identify the material that
each object is made up of.
8. Name some materials that have lustre.
9. What is solubility? Is salt soluble in water?
10. Are gases soluble in water? Give examples
11. Name two transparent and two opaque materials.
12. Name two liquids that are soluble in water.
13. Distinguish between soluble and insoluble substances.
14. Group the following substances as hard or soft.

81
Substance Hard Soft

Cotton
Chair
Pizza
Sponge
Orange
15. List 5 objects made up each of.

a) Plastic
b) Wood
c) Paper

16. Can you make a plate out of cloth? Give reasons.
17. Break a chalk into fine powder and add this to a glass of water. Write down your observation.
18. What happens when kerosene spills in a puddle of water?
19. Why do shopkeepers keep the eatables in transparent containers of glass or plastic?
20. What are the properties of metals?

Separation of
Substances
83
VI CBSE Chemistry – Separation of Substances

proceed.
1. Introduction
Most of the things that we come across exist either as a pure substance or as a mixture of two
or more components. Amongst different components of a mixture there are substances which
may be either unwanted or harmful. Usually we aim to separate out these unwanted or
harmful components from the mixture. Sometimes, we also separate substances when
we need to use different components in different ways. Depending upon the type of
the components in a mixture, different techniques are used to separate out the
components.
2. Separation Techniques
a. Handpicking
In this method, components can be separated by just picking them out with the help of
hand. Substances in the handpicking method can be separated on the basis of size, colour,
shape etc.
Question1. List 3 mixtures which you can separate just by handpicking.
b. Threshing
Threshing is the process of separation of grain from the stalk on which it develops and
from the chaff or unit that covers it.
Question 2. Why is handpicking not a preferred choice to separate grains from their stalk?

84
c. Winnowing
Winnowing is the method in which heavier components of the mixture are separated from
the lighter substances by wind. This method is used for separation of grains from husk
after the process of threshing.
Question 3. In the process of winnowing, why does the husk get blown away?
Question 4. Name a few crops where you can apply the process of winnowing to separate husk from
the grains.
d. Sieving
Sieving is process in which two or more components of different sizes are separated from
a mixture on the basis of difference in their sizes.
Question 5. How can you apply the technique of sieving in your kitchen? Explain.

85

Question 6. Can the sieving technique be used at a construction site? Explain.
e. Filtration
Filtration is defined as a process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by

passing the latter to pass through the pores of a membrane, called a filter.
Question 7. What is filtration? Can you separate tea leaves from tea by filtration?
Did You Know?
Kidneys, present in our bodies, act as filters and remove toxic

and waste products out of our blood.
f. Sedimentation and Decantation
Sedimentation is the tendency of particles in a suspension to settle out of the fluid in which
they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier.
Question 8. What is sedimentation? Give example of a mixture where you observe sedimentation
taking place.

86

g. Decantation
Decantation process is used to separate a liquid from an insoluble solid. The solid stays at
the bottom.
Question 9. What is decantation?
Question 10. How will you separate sand and water from their mixture?
h. Evaporation
Evaporation is used to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid. The dissolved solid must
be heat stable so that it does not degrade due to the high temperature.
Question 11. Give examples of mixtures which can be separated by evaporation?

87
Did You Know?
There’s a spotted lake in the Canada where most of the water

evaporates in the summer and leaves behind puddles of colorful
mineral deposited.
i. Condensation
Condensation is the process of conversion of water vapour into water.
Question 12. How will you separate a mixture of chalk powder and water?

88
Question 13. Name the separation technique against the images given below.

90


1. The process followed to separate grains from the stalk is called
a) Winnowing c) Sieving
b) Threshing d) Hand picking
2. What separates the lighter components from the heavier ones during the process of winnowing?
a) Sun rays c) Size of the components
b) Wind/ air d) Rainfall
3. Which of the following mixtures would you be able to separate using the method of filtration?
a) Kerosene oil in water c) Cornflakes in milk
b) Sugar in milk d) Salt in water
4. The process of separating the constituents of a liquid by agitating it vigorously is called:

a) Evaporation c) Filtration
b) Churning d) Sedimentation
5. More solutes can be added to a saturated solution by increasing

a) Pressure c) Stirring
b) Temperature d) None of the above

6. How will you separate the pulp and seeds from a glass of juice?
7. How will you separate the different vegetables from a basket containing onions, potatoes and green
chillies?
8. Before making the dough for chapattis or parathas, the flour is passed through a separation
technique to get fine flour. Can you name this separation process?
9. What is an unsaturated solution?
10. If a salt is completely dissolved in water, is it possible to separate salt from water by filtration?
Explain.
11. What is condensation?
12. When can a solution be considered to be saturated?
13. Why do you separate components from a mixture?
14. Out of all the separation techniques that you have studied, which technique have you used in your
day to day life. Make a list of them.
15. Is it possible to separate sugar mixed with wheat flour? If yes, how can we do it?

91

16. Accidentally you dropped a box of iron nails in your lawn. They are very small and can be seen
only if observed closely. Now, how will you pick the iron nails?
17. What is the difference between sieving and filtration?
18. Explain the process of decantation.
19. Sea water is salty. Can you collect salt from the sea? If yes, how?
20. Apart from separating grains from their stalk, where else can you employ the process of
threshing?

Changes Around Us
93
VI CBSE Chemistry – Changes Around Us

proceed.
1. Introduction
Changes around us are inevitable. Some changes can be controlled while others cannot.
Changes can be desirable or undesirable. We can mainly classify changes as:
 Reversible
 Irreversible
a. Reversible change
A reversible change is one that can be undone or reversed by one or more methods.
Figure 1: A Reversible Change
Question 1. Is heating of iron a reversible change? What happens when you heat an iron rod?
b. Irreversible change
An irreversible change is one that cannot be undone and is almost permanent.
Figure 2: An Irreversible Change

94

Question 2. Is the phase change of water from liquid state to gaseous state reversible? If yes, what is
this process known as?
Question 3. Make a list of few reversible and irreversible changes that you have observed.
Question 4. Why is the burning of a candle considered to be an irreversible change, even though we
get back the wax after cooling it?

95

Question 5. What changes do the images given below depict? Is this change reversible?
Figure 123: Bud to Flower
Question 6. Why does bursting a balloon create sound?

96

Question 7. Take a paper and fold it very hard and then later unfold it. Did you notice any changes in
the paper? If there is a change, is it reversible or irreversible?
Did You Know?
You cannot fold a paper (it may be any size, any length or width)
more than 7 times.
Question 8. If you write something on a piece of paper with a pen, and then suddenly realize that you
have made a spelling error, what would you do? What type of change is this?
2. Expansion and Contraction
When a material is heated, the kinetic energy of that material increases and its atoms and
molecules vibrate extensively. Such collisions among the atoms and molecules lead to an
increase in its volume. As a result, the material expands.
Materials contract or get smaller when cooled.

97

Question 9. Why are gaps placed between iron rails in a railway track?
Question 10. What happens when you leave a glass bottle filled with water inside the freezer?
Did You Know?
On heating camphor, it directly converts into its gaseous state

without passing through the intermediate liquid state. This
process is known as sublimation.

99


1. While lighting a candle, the following changes are observed
(i) Melting of wax
(ii) Burning of candle
(iii) Reduction in size of candle
(iv) Solidification of molten wax
Of the options above, the changes that can be reversed are

a) (i) and (ii) c) (iii) and (iv)
b) (ii) and (iii) d) (i) and (iv)
2. Salt can be separated from its solution (salt dissolved in water) as mixing of salt in water is
a) a change that can be reversed by heating and melting of salt

b) a change that cannot be reversed
c) a permanent change
d) a change that can be reversed by evaporation
3. Rolling of chapatti and baking of bread are changes that
a) can be reversed
b) cannot be reversed
c) can be reversed and cannot be reversed, respectively
d) cannot be reversed and can be reversed, respectively
4. Formation of steam from boiling water is

a) reversible change c) chemical change
b) irreversible change d) none of these
5. The substances formed in a reaction are called

a) reactants c) sometimes products and sometimes
b) products reactants
d) none of these
Questions from 6 to 15 are subjective questions.

6. What is evaporation?
7. What is melting?
8. Give one example in each case -

a) Change which occurs on heating but can be reversed
b) Change which occurs on heating but cannot be reversed
c) Change which occurs on cooling but can be reversed
d) Change which occurs on mixing two substances, but can be reversed
e) Change which occurs on mixing two substances, but cannot be reversed.
9. Conversion of ice into water and water into ice is an example of change which can be reversed.
Give four more examples where you can say that the changes can be reversed.

100

10. Changing of a bud into a flower is a change that cannot be reversed. Give four more such
examples.
11. Vivek mixed flour and water and

(i) Made a dough
(ii) Rolled the dough to make a chapatti
(iii) Baked the chapatti on a pan
(iv) Dried the chapatti and put it in a grinder to make powder.
Identify the changes (i) to (iv) as the changes that can be reversed or that cannot be reversed.
12. Why does the quantity of water in a pan decrease when we heat it?
13. A blacksmith heats a piece of iron till it becomes red hot and then beats it into a desired shape.
What changes have taken place in this process?
14. Melting of ice is a reversible change. Why?
15. How does a change occur in a substance?
Questions 16 to 20 are HOTS questions.
16. What changes occur in a match stick used for lightening? What type of change is it?
17. During the summer time, the height of the Eiffel Tower increases. Why does this happen?
18. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes occur. Explain these two changes.
19. What is desirable and undesirable change?
20. Why is metal rim heated before fixing on to a wooden cart wheel?

Water
102
VI CBSE Chemistry – Water

proceed.
1. Introduction
Water is an important resource, which helps us in day to day activities. Water is also required
by our body in moderate quantities, for carrying out important biological activities.
Question 1. List some of the tasks which require water. Sort them based on how much water
each activity consumes.
Question 2. Water is required for producing food. Name the crops that require a large amount
of water.
Did You Know?
In 1993, the United Nations General Assembly designated March

22 as the first World Water Day.

103

2. Water Availability
More than two thirds of the Earth is covered with water. Most of it can be found in oceans
and seas. However, this water cannot be used for domestic purposes as its too salty.
Did You Know?

Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances.
We also call it the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more
substances than any other liquid. It means that wherever water
goes, either through the ground or through our bodies, it takes
along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients.
Question 3. List some of the sources of water. Which of these can be used for domestic
purposes without further processing?
3. Water Cycle
The cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and
land is known as the water cycle. Water cycle involves the following processes.

104
Figure 1: The Water Cycle
a. Evaporation
Water disappears from wet clothes, or from the surroundings after rain due to
evaporation. As the earth gets heated, water turns into water vapour and gets added to the
atmosphere. The salts dissolved in the water are left behind.
Question 4. How is evaporation beneficial? Name a product used in cooking which is created
from evaporation of water. List the steps for this process.

105
Question 5. Evaporation seems slower in a bucket of water, when compared to clothes drying
outside. Why is that so? List the factors that affect the rate of evaporation.
Plants also lose water from their leaves, through a process known as transpiration.
Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from
leaves. Water turns into water vapor and is released through a small opening present on the
underside of the leaves, known as stomata.
Question 6. Why is it cooler under a tree during a hot sunny day?
b. Condensation
As the water vapour rises higher into the atmosphere, the temperature gets cooler- until at
specific heights- the water vapour starts changing into water droplets. This process is
known as condensation. These water droplets look like clouds when seen from ground.
As condensation occurs, larger droplets of water form, which due to gravity fall on earth
as rain. If the temperature is lower, these droplets may fall as hail or snow.
c. Surface Runoff
When it rains, the excess water flows from land to water bodies. This is known as surface
runoff.

106
Question 7. What happens to the snow on mountains? How is it a part of the water cycle?
S
ome of the rainwater seeps into the ground, which is available in the form of ground
water. Wells, tube wells and hand pumps can be used to access this groundwater.
Question 8. What happens if ground water is used in excess?
4. Floods
Heavy rainfall in a region during a short period of time can lead to a rise in water levels
of ponds, rivers and lakes which causes crops, forests, villages and even cities to get
submerged in water. This is known as flooding.
Question 9. Mention some of the crops which grow during the monsoon season.

107
Question 10. What effect will floods have on the environment? How would the animal and
plant life be affected?
5. Droughts
When rain does not occur for long time, the soil loses water and becomes dry.
Furthermore, the level of ground water decreases. This leads to a drought.
Question 11. What are some of the harmful effects of a drought? Mention the measures to
reduce these effects.
6. Water Conservation
Most of the water is present in oceans and seas and contains dissolved salts. This water
cannot directly be used for domestic purposes. The remaining water is found as
groundwater, ice caps, glaciers, rivers, pond and streams and is known as freshwater.
Freshwater is a scarce resource, and has to be maintained carefully.
a. Rainwater Harvesting
The collection of water form rooftop to a storage tank, with the use of pipes is known
as Rooftop rainwater harvesting. However, this water contains impurities such as soil,
and has to be filtered before use.

108
Figure 2: Rainwater Harvesting
Question 12. List some of the benefits of rainwater harvesting.

110


1. Transpiration is a process in which plants
a) receive water from soil c) prepare food from water
b) absorb water vapour from air d) release water vapour
2. In which of the following case evaporation of water will be slowest?

a) A tray of water kept in sunlight c) A glass of water kept in a room
b) A kettle of water kept on a burner d) A bucket of water kept on rooftop.
3. Floods causes extensive damage to

a) crops c) domestic animals
b) property and human life d) all of these
4. Clouds are
a) tiny drops of water floating in air c) particles of water vapour
b) mixture of dust and water vapour d) rain drops in air
5. Wells are fed by

a) pond water c) rain water
b) lake water d) ground water

6. Why do wet clothes placed on a clothes line get dry after some time? Explain.
7. Do plants lose water? If so, then where is that water lost from?
8. What is rainwater harvesting? List some of the techniques through which rainwater can be
harvested.
9. What happens when rain falls continuously? How does it affect the surroundings?
10. What is meant by the word “drought”? How do droughts affect the environment?
11. What is the importance of water in our daily life?
12. Name the two sources of underground water that are in use throughout the world.
13. Suppose you want to dry your school uniform quickly. What would you do to speed up the
process?
14. What is saline water? Where it is found?
15. Explain the process of:

a) Cloud formation.
b) Formation of rain.

111

16. Why is fog formed when you breathe on a glass door?
17. Why is more rainfall observed in tropical areas as compared to the poles?
18. Early morning, dew can be observed on grass. Why is it so?
19. Why do clouds get darker before it starts raining? Which property of water does this show?
20. Rashid got wet in rain while playing football. To his surprise, by the time he got home, his clothes
were completely dry! Explain how his clothes get dried up.

Air Around Us
113
VI CBSE Chemistry – Air Around Us

proceed.
1. Introduction
Air is present around us. It is not visible, but we interact with it always.
Question 1. List some of the ways in which we experience the air around us?
Question 2. List some of the important uses of air.
To harness the energy of the winds, a windmill can be used. Windmills have the ability to
create electrical energy from their rotating parts. Also, windmills can be used to ground floor
in mills.
Did You Know?
The air we breathe is contained within the earth atmosphere. If

the world was an apple, the atmosphere that forms the layer of air
we breathe would be as thin as its skin.

114
2. Components of Air
The air around us extends above the surface of earth till the starting of space. This blanket of
gases is known as the atmosphere and consists of gases in varied proportion.
Figure 1: Composition of Air
a. Water Vapour
Water vapour constitutes a small proportion air. It is essential for the appropriate functioning
of the water cycle.
Question 3. Outline an experiment which proves that water vapour is present in the air around
us.

115
Did you know?

Air is made up of small particles as well (such as dust,
Smoke and pollen) and not just gases!
b. Oxygen
Burning is a process that occurs only when oxygen is present. Hence, oxygen is another
important component of the air. Oxygen is required for respiration as well.
Question 4. Describe an experiment which can demonstrate the presence of oxygen in the air.
How can we identify the percentage of oxygen in the air with the help of this experiment?
c. Nitrogen
A major part of atmosphere is filled by nitrogen, which is an inert or unreactive gas.
Nitrogen gas is not involved in burning as well.
Question 5. List some of the uses of nitrogen gas based on its unreactive nature.

116
d. Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is present in the air in minute quantities. It is created as a byproduct of
burning fuels. Furthermore, carbon dioxide is released after respiration by plants and
animals.
Question 6. What will happen if the level of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere?
e. Dust and Smoke

Dust and smoke are byproducts of the burning of fuel. Smoke contains a variety of gases,
and fine dust particles, which are harmful. The amount of dust in the air varies in different
locations. In order to stop dust from entering inside our lungs, we have hair present in the
nostrils.
Question 7. List some of the effects of smoke and dust on animals and plants. How can the
levels of smoke/dust be controlled?

117
3. Oxygen in Water and Soil
a. Water
Gases are present everywhere around us, including water. When water is heated, bubbles
of air escape from the water, and only after continuous heating, water changes its state to
vapour. The gases lost as bubbles of air are crucial for the survival of animals and plants
living in water.
Question 8. How do fishes breathe underwater? Name the organ present which allows them to do
so.
b. Soil
Soil is made up of weathered rocks. Upon adding water to soil, the soil seems to soak it
up, showing that there are air gaps present in it. Also, bubbles of air can be seen to be
displaced from the soil. This is the air trapped in it.
Question 9. Why is it important to have soil which contains air? How will water logged soil
affect the animals and plants living in it?

118

4. Oxygen Level
a. Photosynthesis
Plants make their own food, along with oxygen gas with the help of photosynthesis.
Question 10. Write down the overall equation for photosynthesis. How does oxygen get added to
the atmosphere?
b. Respiration
In order to obtain energy from food, respiration is carried out. Respiration can be done with or
without oxygen. However, carbon dioxide is produced as a result, along with energy. Once
respiration has taken place, this carbon dioxide is released into air, and is added back to the
atmosphere.
Question 11. Do plants perform respiration? If yes, then how do they help in keeping the carbon
dioxide and oxygen levels in balance?

119

Question 12. When dinosaurs roamed the earth, oxygen levels were far less than today. From that
time, what caused the oxygen levels to increase, and carbon dioxide levels to fall?

121


1. Which type of air does not contain water vapour?
a) Polluted air c) Moist air
b) Dry air d) Warm air
2. The nitrogen content in air is

a) 88% c) 68%
b) 78% d) 21%
3. Combustion of coal produces

a) Carbon dioxide c) Argon
b) Nitrogen d) Oxygen
4. Air is a
a) Solution c) Suspension
b) Mixture d) Compound
5. During photosynthesis, the gas released is

a) Oxygen c) Sulphur dioxide
b) Carbon dioxide d) Nitrogen

6. What is atmosphere? What are the gases it is made up of?
7. Name the processes which help in maintaining a balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the
atmosphere.
8. List 3 uses of air.
9. Why is polluted air harmful to us?
10. What is the importance of atmosphere?
11. Why do divers and mountaineers carry oxygen cylinders with them?
12. What precautions should be taken to prevent air pollution?
13. Name the gas used to fill the packets of potato chips? Why is this particular gas used?
14. How do animals in the water breathe? What additional organ do they have? Explain with the help
of an experiment that air is present in water.
15. Why do animals living in the soil come out when it rains heavily?

122

16. Why should we breathe only through the nose and not through the mouth?
17. Why is the air clean after it rains?
18. What is the amount of water vapour in the air called? How does this value change when going
from a mountainous region to sea level?
19. How does the atmosphere change as we go from the earth’s surface till space? Is the composition
of the gases different?
20. In some cities, smog can be seen during sunrise. What is smog made up of? Why is this smog
harmful to living organisms?

Food: Where Does It
Come From?
124
VI CBSE Biology – Food: Where Does It Come From?

proceed.
1. Introduction
Food is made up of different materials, known as ingredients.
Question 1. List a few common dishes. Next to each of them, mention their ingredients.
Did You Know?
Unless food is mixed with saliva, you cannot taste it!
2. Sources of Foods
a. Plant Sources
Food such as wheat grains, rice and legumes are obtained from plants. Different parts of a
plant can be used as ingredients for the preparation of food.
Question 2. List a few other food items obtained from plants.

125

Question 3. Seeds are one of the parts of a plant, which can be consumed. When seeds are kept in
water overnight, white structures can be seen to emerge from the seeds. What is the name of this
structure, and how is it useful to the developing seed?
Question 4. Sugarcane is an example of a crop where the stem is consumed. How is the sugarcane
processed to get sugar?
Question 5. List the different edible portions of plants, and give an example of each.
b. Animal Sources
Food items such as milk, meat products and eggs are obtained from animal sources.

126

Question 6. Name other examples of food items obtained from animals.
Question7.Some food items have to be processed before consumption. Name some processed
foods, which are derived from animal sources.
Question 8. How can butter be made from curd? List the ingredients and steps required for this
process.
Question 9. Honey is obtained from bees. How do bees make this honey, and where is it stored?

127
Did You Know?

Honey is the only natural food that never spoils!
3. What do Animals Eat?
a. Herbivores
Animals which eat only plants, or plant products are known as herbivores.
Question 10. List some examples of herbivores. What characteristics do they have that enables them
to eat plants?
b. Carnivores
Animals which eat other animals are known as carnivores.
Question 11. Identify some carnivores. What adaptations do they have which allow them to hunt and
eat animals?

128
c. Omnivores
Animals which eat both other animals as well as plants are known as omnivores.
Question 12. Give some examples of omnivores below.

130


1. Honeybee makes honey from
a) pollen c) nectar
b) petals d) bud
2. Below are names of some animals:

(i) Cow
(ii) Sheep
(iii) Horse
(iv) Ox
Which of the above are sources of milk for human beings?

a) (i) and (iii) c) (i) and (ii)
b) (ii) and (iii) d) (ii) and (iv)
3. Read each set of terms and identify the odd set

a) Cow, milk, butter c) Goat, milk, meat
b) Hen, meat, egg d) Plant, vegetable, butter milk
4. Identify the carnivorous plant

a) Cuscuta c) Pitcher plant
b) China rose d) Fungi
5. Pulses are a rich source of

a) Proteins c) Vitamins
b) Glucose d) Fats

6. Read the clues and fill up the blanks given below each of them.
(a) Honeybees suck from flower

N__ __ T __ R
(b) Animals which eat other animals.

__ A __ N __ V __ R __ S
(c) Animals which eat only plants and plant products.

H E __ B __ __ __ __ E __
(d) Animals which eat both plants and animals

__ M N I __ O __ __ __
7. Name two plants or crops that are used to produce sugar.

131
8. Label the parts of the plant
Figure 1: Parts of a Plant
9. Define the term omnivores. Explain with examples.
10. What are carnivores? Explain with examples.
11. Define the term herbivores. Explain with examples.
12. List three of your favorite food items and mention their respective ingredients.
13. Why do we eat cooked food?
14. Name any one plant that grows in water and is eaten as food.
15. What steps have to be taken in order to sprout seeds?
Questions 16 to 20 are HOTS questions.
16. Give two examples where two or more parts of a single plant are used as food.
17. Why do organisms need food? Write two reasons.
18. Do all living organisms need the same kind of food? Explain.
19. Suggest any three ways you can think of to avoid the wastage of food.
20. Why are humans considered as omnivores?

Components of Food
133
VI CBSE Biology – Components of Food

proceed.
1. Introduction
Question 1. What are nutrients?
Question 2. We require three basic building blocks to be present in our food. Write them down! For
each of the building blocks, give their functions.
Question3. Give foods where we can find these three building blocks.

134

Question 4. Name the components of food which are required in a smaller quantity. Give examples
where we can find them.
2. Tests for Nutrients

3.
c. Tests for Carbohydrates
Starch and sugar are types of carbohydrates. We can perform the Iodine Test to verify
whether starch is present in the food. If the colour of the iodine solution changes from
brown to blue-black, then starch is present.
Question 5. Write down food items which will turn blue-black once iodine solution is added.
d. Test for Proteins

The Biuret Test can be performed to identify if proteins are present in a food item. The
chemicals copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide are used for this. Copper sulphate is
light blue in colour, while sodium hydroxide is colourless. When adding these chemicals
to our sample, the colour of the solution changes to a purple colour if protein is present. If
a darker purple colour is obtained, that means more protein is present.

135

Question 6. Write down the food items which will turn purple once the Biuret Test is performed on
them. Classify them by animal or plant sources.
j. Tests for Fats

Simply rubbing the sample on a piece of paper will help us determine if fats are present in
the sample food or not. If the paper becomes translucent from opaque, it indicates that
fats are present.
Question 7. Write down food items which will turn a piece of paper translucent once the fatty food
sample is rubbed on them. Classify them by animal or plant sources.

136

Question 8. Write down what you had for lunch yesterday. Try to identify the source of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats in that meal.
4. Vitamins and Minerals
a. Vitamins
Organic compounds which are required in small quantities by our body are known as
vitamins. We require 13 different types of vitamins to be present in our diet.
Question 9. List the vitamins required by our body. Also, write the functions of these vitamins.

137

Question 10. From which food sources can we obtain each of these vitamins?
Did You Know?
Polar bear liver is so rich in vitamin A that eating an entire polar

bear liver can be fatal to humans!
b. Minerals
Minerals are inorganic components like metals, which are present in small quantities in
our food.
Question 11. List some of the important minerals required by our body. Mention the importance of
these minerals.

138

Question 12. From which food sources can we obtain each of these minerals?
5. Dietary Fibres and Water
a. Dietary Fibres
Also known as roughage, it helps in solidifying our feces. Dietary fibres are not digested by
our body, and do not provide our body with nutrients.
Question 13. Identify some sources of dietary fibres in the food we eat! List them down below.
Did You Know?

Human Beings can survive without food for weeks, but
only 3-5 days without water!
b. Water
Water is required for transport and excretion of substances in our body.

139

Question 14. Identify some sources of water in the food we eat! List them down below.
6. Balanced Diet
A diet which has food in perfect proportions to provide us with the right nutrients in the right
amount is called a balanced diet. We must eat a balanced diet to get proper nutrients for our
body.
Question 15. Refer to your answer of question 8. List out the nutrients present in order to call it as a
balanced diet.
Food is cooked in order to make it easier to digest. In some cases, we can fry or boil the ingredients.
Question 16. Mention some of the foods cooked by frying or boiling. What is the harm in doing so?
7. Deficiencies
Deficiency is caused when we do not take enough nutrients.

140

Question 17. List some of the effects of carbohydrate deficiency.
Question 18.List some of the effects of protein deficiency on our body. What is Edema?
Question 19. List the importance of fat in our body. What are some consequences of fat deficiency?

141

Question 20. Mention the vitamin deficiencies. How can they be prevented?
Question 21. Minerals such as iodine, iron and calcium are crucial for our diet. List some of the
diseases caused by their deficiency.

143
VI CBSE Science – Components of Food


1. The essential components of our food are called _________.
a) fats c) minerals
b) nutrients d) roughage
2. Food like pizza, burger and noodles are rich in

a) carbohydrates c) vitamins
b) proteins d) minerals
3. _________ provide more than double the energy provided by carbohydrates or proteins in human
body.
a) vitamins c) minerals
b) fats d) starch
4. The disease caused by the deficiency of iron is

a) anemia c) chicken pox
b) dysentery d) malaria
5. The mineral which controls the functioning of thyroid is

a) phosphorous c) magnesium
b) calcium d) iodine

6. Define Obesity.
7. What is roughage?
8. What is a balanced diet? Write the components of balanced diet.
9. Tasty food is not always nutritious and nutritious food may not always be tasty to eat. Give some
examples.
10. List various types of nutrients and write the functions of each.
11. John peeled some potatoes and cut them into small pieces. He washed and boiled them in water.
Then, he threw away the excess water and fried the potatoes, and finally added salt and spices.
Although the potato dish tasted very good, its nutrient value was less. Suggest a method of cooking
potatoes that will not lower the nutrients in them.
12. Mention any two protein sources provided by animals.
13. (a) List all those components of food that provide nutrients
(b) Mention two components of food that do not provide nutrients.
15. What are fats? Name some fat-containing substances.

144
VI CBSE Science – Components of Food
16. John is having difficulty in seeing things in dim light. The doctor tested his eyesight and
prescribed a particular vitamin supplement. He also advised him to include a few food items in this
diet.
(a) Which deficiency disease is he suffering from?
(b) Which food component may be lacking in his diet?
(c) Suggest some food items that he should include in his diet
17. Excess intake of fats is harmful for the body because it causes obesity. Would it be harmful for the
body to take too much of proteins or vitamins in the diet?
18. Write the functions of water in our body.
19. While using iodine in the laboratory, some drops of iodine fell on John’s socks and some fell on
his teacher’s saree. The drops of iodine on the saree turned blue black while the colour did not change
on the socks. What can be the possible reason?
20. Alan avoids eating vegetables but likes to eat biscuits, noodles and white bread. He frequently
complains of stomach ache and constipation. What are the food items that he should include in his
diet to get rid of the problem? Give reason for your answer.

Getting to Know
Plants
146
VI CBSE Biology – Getting to Know Plants

proceed.
1. Introduction
Plants are all around us. They produce food from sunlight, which helps in sustaining life on Earth.
There are many varieties of plants and we can classify them on the basis of their size as –
a. Herbs
b. Shrubs
c. Trees
Question 1. Complete the table below:
Type of Plant Height Stem Type Examples
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Question 2. Plants with green tender stems are called herbs. They are usually short and do not have
many branches. Mention some uses of herbs.

147

2. Parts of a Plant
a. Root
Roots help in anchoring plants to the soil, so that they do not get blown away by the wind.
They also help them in absorbing water along with important minerals from the soil. The
roots of a plant can also act as food storage for the plant.
Question 3. Give some examples of roots that animals can eat.
Question 4. What would happen to a plant if its roots get damaged?
Not all plants have similar type of roots. There are two types of roots in plants – tap root and fibrous
root.

148
Figure 1: Tap Root and Fibrous Root
Question 5. Differentiate between tap root and fibrous root. Give two examples for each of these.
Question 6. Grass is helpful as it helps in holding the soil in place and prevents the topsoil from being
lost. What type of root structure does grass have?

149
Did You Know?

There are other forms of roots too! Adventitious roots, arise from an
organ other than the root (like a stem or a leaf). Adventitious roots, when
modified for aerial support, are
called prop roots

150
b. Stem
Stems help in conducting water from the roots of a plant to the leaves, where it is required for
photosynthesis. Once food is produced, the stem helps in distributing it throughout the plant. Minerals
dissolved in water, are also transported through the stem.
Question 7. With the help of the image below as a hint, describe an experiment which can show the
conducting nature of the stem.
Figure 2: Experiment to Show Conducting Nature of the Stem
Question 8. Describe another important function of stems in plants.
Plants with weak stems cannot stand upright. These plants can be classified as creepers or climbers.

151

Question 9. Mention the similarities of climbers and creepers. Give some examples of each of them.
c. Leaf
The leaves are one of the most essential parts of a plant. Leaves can be in different size, shapes and
colours, but have a common structure.
Figure 3: A Leaf
Question 10. Label the parts of the leaf below.
Figure 4: Parts of a Leaf

152

Question 11. Is the midrib a continuation of the petiole?
The design made by veins in a leaf are called as the leaf venation. Leaves can either have reticulate or
parallel venation. Parallel venation refers to the veins present with in the leaves which are arranged
parallel to each other, these veins never join any other veins. No branching is seen in parallel
venation.
Question 12. What is reticulate venation? Give some examples of plants, whose leaves show parallel
and reticulate venation.
Figure 5: Type of Venation

153

Leaves are mostly green in colour, which allows them to trap the sunlight. In the presence of sunlight
and carbon dioxide, plants can make food by a process known as photosynthesis. The food prepared
by the leaves is sent around the plant with the help of the stem. This food is stored as starch.
Question 13. Describe an experiment which can be used to verify the starch content in leaves. Write
down all the necessary steps below.
Question 14. How would the results of the starch test between leaves differ if some of them were
placed in sunlight, whereas the remaining in a dark room?
The water present in the leaves is continuously lost by the process of transpiration. Water is converted
into vapour, and leaves undergoing photosynthesis will lose water constantly through small openings
present on the leaf.

154

Question15. How can it be demonstrated that water is lost from leaves?
Did You Know?

Papaya leaf juice can cure you of dengue faster than anything else. Its
leaf contains certain enzymes that prevent the destruction of blood
platelets, which is the main cause of death for many.

155

d. Flower
Flowers are specialized shoots, produced due to modification of leaves. They are
generally the most attractive part of plants and serve as their reproductive parts.
Figure 6: Various Parts of a Flower
Question 16. Give the functions of-

a. Sepal
b. Petal

156

Question17. The female part of the flower is called pistil. It consists of stigma, style and ovary.
Mention the function of each part.
Question18.The male part of the flower is called the stamen. It consists of anther and filament.
Mention the function of each part.
Figure 7: Parts of Stamen and Pistil

157

e. Seed
Seeds are formed by the fertilization of the pollen grains and the ovules, present in the
ovary. Some seeds are covered with a fleshy layer, which are known as fruits. Seeds are
embryos of the plant, and can germinate under favorable conditions.
Question19.List the conditions required for seeds to sprout.
Question20.Draw a diagram of a seed in the space below, and label its different parts.
Depending upon the type of plant, it can be classified into monocotyledon or dicotyledon. Generally,
monocots have parallel venation in the leaves, whereas dicots have reticulate venation.

158

Question21.How would the seeds of both of these types be different from one another? Give some
examples of monocots and dicots.

160


1. Process where water comes out of leaves in the form of vapour.
a) Transportation c) Transpiration
b) Translocation d) Diffusion
2. Which of the following has fibrous root?

a) Radish c) Neem
b) Peas d) Wheat
3. Which of the following has tap root?

a) Grass c) Maize
b) Wheat d) Carrot
4. The process in which plant make their food is called

a) Photosynthesis c) Transpiration
b) Condensation d) Evaporation
5. Which of the following combination of features would you observe in grass?

a) Parallel venation and fibrous root c) Reticulate venation and fibrous root
b) Parallel venation and tap root d) Reticulate venation and trap root

6. Refer to the following figure to solve the questions below-
Figure 8: Venation
a) Name the type of venation that it exhibits.

b) What do we call the longitudinal structures running across the leaf?
c) What type of cotyledon would this plant have?

161
7. Refer to the following figure to solve the questions below-
Figure 9: Different Forms of Stems
a) Name the plants which take the support of neighbouring structures to climb up.
b) Name the plants which have weak stems and therefore can’t stand upright so they spread on
the ground.
8. Draw the structure of a leaf and label its parts.
9. List the functions of the stem of a plant.
10. Name the openings that are found on the plant stem. Is there any difference in the concentration of
these openings between plants which show parallel venation and reticulate venation?
11. Classify the images below into the types of plants.
Figure 10: Different Types of Plants
12. What is meant by a lateral root? Will lateral roots be predominant in tap roots or fibrous roots?
13. What do you mean by venation? What are its types?
14. Explain edible roots. Give some examples.
15. Name two flowers each with joined and separated petals.

162
16. What types of roots are shown in the images below?
Figure 11: Different Types of Roots
17. Look at the cross-section of a flower to answer the questions below:
a) Name the male and female parts of the flower.

b) Name the outer whorl consisting of two green blades.
c) The tip of the pollen tube is known as _________.
d) Name the bilobed bulbs perched on top of the long anthers
e) What is the purpose of the colourful petals?
Figure 12: Cross-section of a Flower

163
18. Refer to the image below and answer the questions-
Figure 13: Leaves Used for Seasoning
a) Which group of plants do the above belong to?

b) What would be the structure and role of the stems for these group of plants?
19. How are plants classified into different types? List some characteristics of each.
20. Write the names of different parts of a flower in sequence from outside to inside.

Body Movements
165
VI CBSE Biology – Body Movements

proceed.
1. Introduction
Since animals are heterotrophs, their movement is a must to enable them to hunt or fetch their
food.
The different types of movement that we observe in the human body are -
a) Movement of eyelids
b) Movement of the heart muscles
c) Movement of the teeth and the jaw
d) Movement of arms and legs
Question 1. Which body parts are used for movement?
Question 2.Name the three structural components which help in body movements.
For an organism to be able to move their body, they require a definite shape and size along
with a capacity to move different parts of their body.
So, what gives these animals a definite shape?

It is their skeletal system.

166

2. Skeletal System
a. Function of Skeletal System)
Our skeleton serves us the following purposes-

a) Providing support and shape
b) Protection
c) Ability to move
Figure 1: The Skeleton System

167

Question 3. What are the functions of the following parts of skeleton system?
a) Skull
b) Backbone
c) Rib
d) Pelvis
e) Shoulder bones
b. Broken Bones
Due to some accident or injury, bones may break. If a bone breaks, we can say that there
is a fracture. A broken bone heals in different stages.
Question 4. What are the stages involved in healing of bones?
c. X-Rays
After an accident, the doctor may take an X-ray to see the damage done to the bone. X-
rays are high energy radiations and can penetrate through skin, which light is not capable
of. However, X-rays can’t penetrate bones, and an X-ray image is produced. This allows
the doctor to conclude whether the bone is intact, or fractured.
Did You Know?

Without bones, you would be floppy like a bean bag. Could
you stand up? Could you walk? No way! You would be just
a puddle of skin and guts on the floor.

168
3. Joints
Since the human body has an extensive skeletal system, its movement is enabled by the
teamwork of bones and muscles. The movement is possible along a joint where two or more
bones meet. Joints provide flexible connections between bones. They allow us to rotate and
bend our body.
a. Ball and Socket Joints
Figure 2: Ball and Socket Joint
In this joint, the rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity (hollow space) of another
bone. It permits movement in all directions. The joints between shoulder and the upper
arm is an example of a ball and socket joint. Similarly, the joint between the thigh and hip
is an example of a ball and socket joint.
b. Pivot Joints
This type of joint allows movements in many planes (up and down, side to side). The
joint between the skull and the vertebral column is an example of a pivot joint.
c. Hinge Joints
This joint is similar to the hinges in a door. This joint allows movement only in one plane
and only up to 180 degrees. The knee joint and elbow joint are examples of a hinge joint.
d. Fixed Joints
The joints where no movement of bones is possible are called fixed joints. The joints in
the skull bones are examples of fixed or immovable joints.

169

Question 5. Examine the picture of this skull. Can you name what kind of joints it has?
Figure 3: Human Skull
Question 6. How many bones and joints are present in the human skeleton?
Question 7. Name the joint which permits movement in all directions.

170

Question 8. Name the additional parts of the skeleton which are not as hard as the bone but can be
bent.
4. Gait of Animals
a. Earthworm
Earthworms do not have a skeleton like human beings. They have a segmented body,
made up of muscles, which help to anchor and control motion.
These segmentations ensure smooth, repeated expansion and contraction of muscles

making them flexible and helping them to push forward and backward.
Question 9. How are earthworms helpful for the soil?

171

b. Snail
The rounded structure on the back of this snail is called shell. This forms the snail’s outer
skeleton. It is calcareous in nature and is not made of bones.
Figure 4: A Snail
The snail moves by creeping on a flat "foot" underneath the body. The band of muscles in
the foot contract and expand and this create a kind of rippling movement that pushes
the snail forward. The "foot" has a special gland that produces a slimy mucus to make a
slippery track.
Question 10. What is the purpose of the shell? Does it help in movement?

172

c. Cockroach
Cockroaches walk, climb and fly. They achieve this by the help of their three pairs of
legs, a pair of wings attached to their breast muscles. The outer skeleton is hard and stiff.
This exoskeleton helps in the movement of the body. A cockroach moves its legs with
the help of muscles near the limbs. It uses its breast muscles to move its wings and fly.
Figure 5: A Cockroach
Question 11. How does a cockroach fly?
d. Birds
Question12. How are birds adapted to fly in air as well as walk on ground?

173

Question13. How do breast bones help the birds during flight?
e. Fish
Fish swim by flexing their bodies and tail back and forth. This exerts a force against the
surrounding water. Fishes can expand their muscles on one side of their body, while
relaxing the muscles on the other side. This motion moves them forward through the
water. Fish use their back fin to help push them through the water.
Question 14. How is streamlining of the body of the fish achieved?
Question 15. What kind of muscles do fishes have? How do those muscles help in motion?

174

f. Snakes
Since snakes do not have legs and limbs like other animals, they use their muscles and
scales to do the walking. Their flexible body consists of a long spine, where four hundred
ribs are attached. These ribs are used extensively, and the scales on its belly are used to
grip the ground while pushing forward with the others.
Question 16. What is the movement of a snake called?
Did You Know?

Some snakes can survive up to two years without a meal!

176

Questions 1-5 are MCQs

1) A fixed joint is found in the
a) Cranium c) Fingers
b) Knee d) Elbow
2) Earthworm moves by the process of:

a) Extending the front part of its body, while keeping the rear portion fixed to the ground.
Then it releases the front end and shortens the rear end forward.
b) Through repeated muscular contractions the earthworm slithers its way
c) It secretes a slimy substance and glides smoothly on it.
d) It slips through effortlessly in its own castings
3) The organ that helps the cockroach in walking is:

a) The two muscles that is attached to the hind pair of legs.
b) The three pais of legs
c) The front pair of legs along with its feelers
d) Its feelers called antennae and its wings.
4) The main purpose of the hardened outer shell of a snail is:

a) It gives the snail proper balance when it moves.
b) To provide protection from predators, from mechanical damage and calcium storage
c) Serves as a hideout for the snails muscular foot.
d) Helps to store food.
5) To reduce resistance while swimming in water, fishes adapt themselves in the following way
a) They do not have any segmentation
b) The eyes are inset, so is the mouth.
c) The head and the tail are smaller than the middle portion of the body, it further tapers at
both ends to achieve steamlining
d) All its fins are bent at a certain angle almost parallel to the body of the fish.

177
Questions 6-15 are Subjective Type Questions

6) What do you understand by movement? How many types of movement do we see in the human
body?
7) Name the internal structure of the human body which helps in the body movement. What purpose
does it serve?
8) Name two types of joints that are present in the human body? What is the name of the tissue that
joins bone to the muscle?
9) How do antagonistic muscles help in movement?
10) Out of the upper and lower jaw, which one is immovable?
11) Which organ does the snail use to move?
12) What is the back fin of a fish known as? What is its function?
13) Which part of the body of a snake helps it to grip the ground when it wants to move forward?
14) Name the places where the ball and socket joint are located in the human body.
15) Why is it essential that the body of a fish be streamlined?
Questions 16-20 are HOTS Questions

16) Arum survived a motor accident but unfortunately he suffered multiple fractures on his pelvic
bone.
a) How will his body movement be impaired?
b) Will he be able to fold his legs while lying down? What kind of joint is the knee composed
of?
17) How do snakes move? What structures help it in movement?

18) Bones and muscles work in accordance to create movement. Explain this statement.
19) With the first flood of rain, Sheetal’s garden was filled with earthworms. She noticed that they
were all moving, but they did not have any leg.
a) How were the earthworms capable of locomotion?
b) Sheetal noticed that the worms had tiny stiff hair-like projections all over their bodies. What
are they called?
c) She saw the earthworms eating its way through the soil and throwing the undigested part
away. What are these called?

178
20) Observe the following picture. Now answer the following questions.
Figure 6: A Bird
a) Name the three kinds of movement that a bird is capable of.

b) How is this bird’s body adapted to flying?
c) Which part of its limbs is used for walking and perching?
d) Which part of the limbs is modified into wings?
e) How are the breast bones modified to enable the bird to fly?

Living Organisms and
their Surroundings
180
VI CBSE Biology – Living Organisms and their Surroundings

proceed.
1. Introduction
The surroundings where animals live is called their habitat. This surrounding provides the organism
with a source of food, water, shelter and other needs.
The life of animals and plants are related such that the environment needs to support the right amount
of plants or the animals will not have food. The animals may need to look for a new habitat if there is
not enough food.
Water habitats are also known as _________ habitats
Land habitats are also known as __________ habitats
Question 1.List some animals which can be found in water and on land.
Question 2.List some examples of land and water habitats.
2. Components of a Habitat
a) Biotic
Biotic factors are the living things that influence or affect an environment and the other living
organisms in it. For instance, biotic factors in Rocky Mountain National Park are the plants because
they are food for animals there. Also, these plants enrich the environment through photosynthesis by
giving out oxygen.
Figure 1: Biotic Components

181
b) Abiotic
Abiotic factors are composed of all thenon - living things which may influence or affect
the environment along with the living organisms in it. An example of an abiotic factor is
the temperature,as it can determine whether an organism will hiberante or not.
Question 3.List additional biotic and abiotic factors.
Question 4. Name the abiotic factors which are important for germination of a seed.

182
Question 5.Observe the picture below. It is a mountain habitat of the Himalayas. Identify the living
components from the non living components.
Figure 2: Abiotic Components
3. Animals and their Adaptations
The presence of particular features or habits, which help an organism for survival in that
habitat are known as adaptations. Different organisms exhibit a variety of adaptations.
a) Desert
Deserts have a hot and dry climate, which make it difficult for most organisms to survive.
However, camels have adapted accordingly to this habitat.
Question 6. Do camels sweat? What are the adapatations of this animal to survive the harsh
conditions?

183
Question 7. What are the adaptations that a desert plant undergoes to survive water scarcity in a
desert?
Did You Know?
Camel isn’t the only animal that stores fat for survival in deserts.
The Gila Monster—one of only two venomous lizards in the
world—spends most of its life underground and can go months
without food by living off the fat stored in its tail.
b) Mountain
Mountain habitats are cold and windy. In some of the mountainous habitats, snow can be
found.
Question 8. How are trees adapted to the conditions of the mountain region?

184
Question 9. Pratik got his pet goat from the plains to reside in the cold climes of north Sikkim. The
goat could not survive though good care was taken by Pratik. Why do you think this happened? What
do you think the goat should have had in order to survive?
c) Grasslands
Grasslands are habitats dominated by tall grass, and can be found on all terrestrial parts
on the Earth’s surface. Grasslands have a diversity of organisms living in that habitat.
Some of these organisms can be classified as prey, while the others can be called as
predators.
Question 10. List some examples of preys and predators found in grasslands.
Question11. Does the colour of the eyes of a lion help it to remain undetected in the dry grasslands?

185
Question 12. What adaptions do deer have to prevent them from being preyed upon?
d) Oceans
Fishes are animals which are found in oceans. They have adaptations such as gills, which
allow them to breathe underwater. Fishes also have a streamlined body, which allows
them to swim in oceans.
Question 13. Mention some other adaptations of fishes for the aquatic environment.
Figure 3: A Starfish

186
Question 14. Starfish is another organism which is found in aquatic habitats. Observe the image
above, and describe some of its adaptations for this habitat.
Question 15.Explain how fish which live deep in the ocean nearer to the sea bed move for their prey,
even when their body is not streamlined?
Some sea animals such as dolphins and whales do not rely on gills for breathing. Instead, they have
blowholes, which are located on the upper portions of their heads. Their nostrils are located on top of
their heads. Whales and dolphins can blow the old air out of their lungs, creating a spray and sucking
in fresh air. The nostrils seals immediately after each breath to prevent water getting into their lungs.
Figure 4: A Dolphin Breathing through its Nostrils
Some organisms such as frogs are capable of living in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats.

187
Question 16.How are frogs adapted to live in both aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats?
Question 17.Observe the picture below closely.
Figure 5: Aquatic Plants
Can you list the different features each plant exhibits while surviving in water?

188
4. Characteristics of Living Organisms

a) Nutrition
Living organisms need to consume food in order to provide energy for growth, and for
other biological activities. Plants can make their own food, whereas animals need to rely
on plants or other animals for food.
b) Growth
Plants and animals grow in size throughout their lives. At birth or germination, the
organism will be small in size, and will consume food in order to grow. The complexity
of the living organism also changes as it gets older.
c) Respiration
The process of breathing in air, and using oxygen for obtaining energy is known as
respiration. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of respiration, which is exhaled out.
Question 18. How do earthworms and fish breathe in their habitats?
d) Response to Stimuli
Changes in our environment, which will cause us to respond to them are known as
stimuli. Living organisms are affected and react accordingly, due to the stimuli. The
Mimosa leaves close when touched, as a response to the contact.
Did You Know?
The touch me not plant or Mimosa Pudica is a herb whose leaves

go limp and droop when exposed to touch, but reopen few
minutes later.

189
e) Excretion
The process of getting rid of wastes produced by biological reactions is known as
excretion.
Question 19. Look at the figure below. It represents excretion by plants. Name the plants and any
products produced by excretion.
Figure 6: Excretion by Plants
f) Reproduction
Living organisms reproduce, to produce their own kind. In animals, there are different types
of reproduction.
Question 20. How is reproduction different in birds, when compared to humans?

190

Question 21. How do plants reproduce? List the method of reproduction found in potatoes and in apple
trees.
g) Movement
Another one of the characteristics of living organisms is movement. Animals move with the help of
muscles and bones. Plants move in response to an external stimulus, such as the direction of light.

192


1. Indicate true or false among the following sentences. Rewrite them correctly.
a) Organisms that live in a particular area is called their surrounding.

b) Tiny organisms cannot live in the openings of volcanoes.
c) Desert animals include Yak and mountain animals include camels.
d) Camels have short legs that help them to lower their centre of gravity on desert sands.
2. Earthworms breathe through their

a) Skin c) Lungs
b) Gills d) Stomata
3. Acclimatisation is adaptation subject to

a) The body makes these changes because the surrounding has undergone a sea change.
b) That these are small changes that take place in our body of a single organism over a short
period to overcome small problems due to changes in its surroundings.
c) That the size of the oganism is really small
d) The organism grows new physical features to overcome the challenges in its new
surroudings.
5. Following are the list of abiotic factors that are very important for the growth of plants
a) Wind, water, soil, light c) Seeds, manure, soil, light
b) Air, water, light,heat d) Seeds, air, light, wind
Questions from 6 to 15 are subjective questions.

6. What do you understand by the term habitat?
7. Name the habitat where fishes, turtles, whales, dolphins and porpoises live?
8. Explain how animals who live in the mountains in the snow adapt themselves to survive the
harsh winters.
9. How does a deer as a prey escape the fatal clutches of a tiger, a predator? What characteristic
of its body does it use?
10. Leaves of pine tree are needle-like. Why?
11. Classify the following as biotic and abiotic components
. a) Bacteria-
b) Humidity-

193

c) Polar Bear-
d) Light
e) Air- Abiotic
f) Precipitation
g) Temperature-
h) Soil-
12. Mention two ways in which animals cope up with low temperature?
13. Why do snake burrow deep into the sand during the day?
14. Mention two stimuli that plants respond to.
15. Raghav caught a fish and placed it in a basin half-filled with water. The fish gasped for a
while, with its gills opening and closing after a lot of labour. After some time, the fish died.
Can you explain why?
Questions from 16 to 20 are HOTS questions.

16. How do desert plants control the loss of water? Give three adaptive features.
17. Give three adaptive features of animals living in water
18. Which part of the following organisms do respiration:

a) Frog
b) Earthworm
c) Plants
d) Human being
e) Fish
f) Dolphins
19. How is a deer adapted to live in forests and grassland?

20. What are the adaptive features of a lion that helps it in hunting?

Garbage In, Garbage
Out
195
VI CBSE Biology – Garbage In, Garbage Out

proceed.
1. Introduction
Every day, we generate a lot of waste from our homes, schools, shops and offices. Usually,
the waste is packed in plastic or paper bags and kept for the garbage man to be collected
periodically.
Question 1. What will happen if the garbage is not cleared periodically? What harmful effects
might that have on your surroundings and neighborhood?
Question 2. List some of the wastes which may be generated from an office or the kitchen. Are
any of these wastes toxic?
2. Dealing with Garbage
Waste has to be disposed appropriately, so that it does not cause harm to the environment and
the organisms living in it.
a. Proper Waste Disposal
Household waste is collected from homes regularly and is taken by the garbage man
to a common area, known as a landfill. Some cities have different coloured dustbins
for collection of different wastes. Generally, blue bins are for materials which can be
recycled or used again, such as plastics, glass and metals; while the green bins are for
collection of kitchen and plant/animal waste.

196

Question 3. List some of the benefits of segregating waste from the household itself. Explain with the
help of green and blue bins.
Wastes which can be reused and do not get broken down in the soil, are termed as non-
biodegradable. Wastes which can be broken down by the soil are termed as biodegradable.
Biodegradable wastes are spread around in the landfill and covered with a layer of soil.
Question 4. What happens to the waste in the landfill? What can this area be used for?
Question 5. Classify the waste in your house as biodegradable or non-biodegradable.
Another method of disposing garbage is creating a compost pit.

197

Question 6. List the steps involved in creating a compost pit below.
Composting may take weeks to occur. During that process, the temperature of the compost pit
increases, which signals the maximum bacterial activity. The manure produced can be used as
fertilizer for plants.
b. Improper Waste Disposal
Improper method of waste disposal can lead to addition of toxic substances in the
environment. Burning of waste is a common practice in rural areas. In cities, plastic bags are
burnt as well. The burning waste produces harmful gases, which are subsequently added to
the atmosphere, and may cause respiratory diseases.
Question 7. List some of the safer ways to dispose plastic bags. How would these techniques
positively affect our environment?
c. Vermicomposting
The method of preparing compost with the help of red worms is known as
vermicomposting.

198

Question 8. List the steps required for vermicomposting. How is this method better than regular
composting?
3. Garbage Control
Every day, liters of garbage are produced by households. Reducing the amount of waste will help in
its management.
a. Paper
Paper can be recycled, which may be used for a variety of purposes. Paper Mache is a
process which can be used to strengthen materials.
Question 9. Make a list of other uses of recycled paper.

199

Question 10. List the steps involved in recycling paper.
b. Plastic
Plastic is a large segment of waste. It used for packaging and even carrying items in bags.
Also, most of the domestic items are made up of plastics, such as shoes, bags, pens etc. Since
plastic is non-biodegradable, it has to be reused and cannot be added to compost pits.
Throwing garbage in plastic bags is a big problem, as this waste cannot be directly added to
landfills.
Did You Know?
A byproduct of trash in landfills is methane gas, which is vented

via embedded pipes and released into the atmosphere. These
harmful emissions can lead to an increase in global warming.

200

Question 11. Mention some of the harmful effects of using plastics. For each of these effects, mention
an alternative.
Did You Know?
100,000 turtles and marine mammals, such as dolphins, whales

and seals, are killed by plastic marine litter every year around the
world.

202


1. The method of preparing compost with the help of earthworms is called
a) composting c) manuring
b) vermicomposting d) decomposing
2. The steps involved in the conversion of kitchen garbage into manure are given below. Identify the
correct order-
(i) Put Garbage in a Pit

(ii) Cover the Bottom of the Pit with Sand
(iii) Cover the pit with Grass
(iv) Add worms
Identify the correct sequence-

a) (ii) ; (i) ; (iii) ; (iv) c) (ii) ; (iv) ; (i) ; (iii)
b) (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) d) (iv) ; (i) ; (ii) ; (iii)
3. If kitchen waste were to be dumped in a pit, what happens to it after some time?
a) Converts into compost c) Remains how it is
b) Converted into vermicompost d) Gets converted into its dried form
4. What is the name of the place where garbage is brought to?

a) Garbage fill c) Sand fill
b) Landfill d) Heap
5. Garbage can be sorted into different coloured bags. What is the blue bin used to discard?
a) Non-Recyclable Waste c) Inorganic Matter
b) Organic Matter d) Recyclable Matter

6. Categorize the following waste into the correct column- Tea Leaves, Piece of Cloth, Polythene Bag,
Broken Glass, Vegetable Peels, Iron Nails, Paper Bags and News Paper
Wastes which can be decomposed Wastes which cannot be decomposed
7. List 3 important use of plastics. Which materials can be substituted instead of them?
8. Why is it important to recycle waste? Give an example of where recycling has helped in producing
new products.
9. What are biodegradable plastics?
10. Why is composting of leaves better than burning them?

203
11. What is a landfill? How is it a proper method of waste disposal?
12. How can waste be reduced from the source?
13. What garbage can go to the green bin?
14. What are some advantages of a compost pit?
15. Can bacteria and fungi work on non-biodegradable waste? If not, how can we reuse that waste?
Questions 16 to 20 are HOTS Questions.
16. List the steps involved in recycling paper.
17. Can metals be reused? How would that process differ from recycling paper?
18. Is it safe to drink liquids or eat food from plastic containers?
19. Why are many cities banning the use of plastic bags, and switching to jute/cloth bags?
20. What do the layers of a vermi‐bed consist of?

6th Science Workbook PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

6th Science Workbook PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Motion and

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Question1.What is motion? When do we say an object is moving?

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Figure 1: Advancement in Transport

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Did You Know?

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Question5. Why do we need smaller units of length?

1 metre = _________________ centimetres

1 metre = _________________ millimetres

1 metre = _________________ kilometre

Did You Know?

3. Measuring Lengths Correctly

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Question7. How can you measure the length of a curved line?

Figure 2: Measuring Lengths

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Express its length in SI unit.

4) Correct position of eye is also necessary to make correct measurements.

Figure 3: Correct Position of Eye for Measurement

4. Basics of Motion and its Types

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Figure 4: Perception of Motion

Figure 5: Another Perception of Motion

b. Different Types of Motion

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Question10.Define the following types of motion –

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Questions from 1 to 5 are MCQs (Please tick the correct answer)

2. The motion of hour hand of a clock is

3. The SI unit of length is

Questions from 6 to 15 are subjective questions

7. What is a standard unit? Mention two standard units of length.

Figure 9: Different Positions of Eye for Measurement

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Motion and Measurement of Distances

Figure 10: A Window

15. Arrange the following in increasing order –

Questions from 16 to 20 are HOTS questions

Figure 11: Measurement with a Broken Scale

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Light, Shadows and Reflection

Light travels in straight lines. This is known as rectilinear propagation of light.

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Light, Shadows and Reflection

Did You Know?

2. Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects

Question3.What is a luminous object? Give some examples.

Copyright © Think and Learn Pvt. Ltd.

VI CBSE Physics – Light, Shadows and Reflection