PRACTICUM REPORT

PAPER CHARACTERISTIC

“ COLOR MATCHING “

Arranged by :

Nabila Ramadhani (012.16.001) Andi Mulyadi (12.16.023)

Charles Darwin (012.16.005) Hasta Budi Laksana (12.16.025)

Sandi Kurnia (012.16.008) Leonardo (12.16.032)

Thoriq Zidane (012.16.015) Rohmi Oktariani (12.16.031)

Rama Wahyu R (012.16.016)

Submitted as one of the requirement for completing paper characteristic courses

PULP AND PAPER PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

VOCATIONAL FACULTY

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DELTAMAS

2018
 ABSTRACT

Color is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color

categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This perception of
color derives from the stimulation of cone cells in the human eye by electromagnetic
radiation in the visible spectrum. In this Practicum, we do a color matching which is the
parameter is L*a*b . We know the value of L*a*b* with L*a*b* tester. In this practicum we
will know the characteristic of dyes and try to know the acceptable dosage for target the had
been specify. Overall, in this practicum there are 2 concept ; knowing the characteristics of
dyes and pigment & reach L*a*b target using add dyes / pigment.

Keyword : Color, L*a*b, dyes, pigment, dosage

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 PREFACE

Praise and thankful we pray to the presence of Allah SWT because the above has
provided an opportunity to complete this Paper Characteristics Practicum Report well and on
time.
We would like to thank all parties, especially to our Lecturers, Mr. Edwin Kristianto
Sijabat, ST, MT and Mr. Yulius, and all of our colleagues who have helped in the process of
making this Paper Characteristics Practicum Report.
We are aware that the report that we have made is still lacking in its preparation
both in terms of grammar and in terms of consolidation. Therefore we expect criticism and
suggestions from readers. Finally, we expect this Paper Characteristic Practicum Report to be
useful for readers.

Deltamas, 7th of December 2018

Writer

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... ii

PREFACE.............................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER I.......................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background of Practice ............................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Purpose ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Benefit ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Time and place ............................................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................................ 3

ITSB PROFILE .................................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER III ....................................................................................................................................... 4

LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Coloured Paper...................................................................................................................... 4

3.2 Kinds of Colorant .................................................................................................................. 4
3.3 Shading ................................................................................................................................. 5
CHAPTER IV ....................................................................................................................................... 8

TOOL DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 8

4.1 Beater .......................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Freeness Tester ........................................................................................................................... 9
4.3 JARTEST .................................................................................................................................. 11
4.4 HANDSHEET MAKER ........................................................................................................... 11
4.5 PRESS ...................................................................................................................................... 14
4.6 DRYER ..................................................................................................................................... 15
4.7 L *a *b Tester .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.8 Floc/ Jar Tester.......................................................................................................................... 16

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CHAPTER V ...................................................................................................................................... 17

FLOW DIAGRAM / PROCEDURE................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER VI ..................................................................................................................................... 18

RESULT ............................................................................................................................................. 18

6.1 Color Matching 1 ...................................................................................................................... 18

6.1.1 Yellow Dyes....................................................................................................................... 18
6.1.2 Red Dyes ............................................................................................................................ 20
6.1.3 Black Dyes ......................................................................................................................... 21
6.1.4 Blue Pigment ...................................................................................................................... 23
6.1.5 Pigment Violet ................................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Color Matching 2 ...................................................................................................................... 25
6.3 Color Matching 3 ...................................................................................................................... 27
6.3.1 Yellow Colored Paper ........................................................................................................ 28
6.3.2 Green Colored Paper ....................................................................................................... 29
6.4 Appendix Calculation of Dyes Doses........................................................................................ 30
6.4.1 Color Matching 1 Calculation ............................................................................................ 30
6.4.2 Calculation of Color Matching 2 ........................................................................................ 31
6.4.3 Color Matching 3 ............................................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER VII ................................................................................................................................... 37

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION ..................................................................................................... 37

7.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 37

7.1 Suggestion................................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER VIII .................................................................................................................................. 38

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 38

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 LIST OF TABLES

Tabel 1. Dosage yellow dyes in color matching 1 ................................................................... 19

Tabel 2.Dosage yellow dyes (average) in color matching 1 .................................................... 19
Tabel 3.Dosage red dyes in color matching 1 .......................................................................... 20
Tabel 4.Dosage red dyes (average) in color matching 1 .......................................................... 20
Tabel 5. Dosage black dyes in color matching 1 ..................................................................... 21
Tabel 6.Dosage black dyes (average ) in color matching 1 ..................................................... 22
Tabel 7.Dosage blue pigment in color matching 1. ................................................................. 23
Tabel 8.Dosage blue pigment (average ) in color matching 1. ............................................... 23
Tabel 9.Dosage violet pigment in color matching 1 ................................................................ 24
Tabel 10. Dosage violet pigment (average ) in color matching 1 ........................................... 25
Tabel 11.color matching 2 ....................................................................................................... 26
Tabel 12.yellowish colored sample in color matching 3 ......................................................... 28
Tabel 13. Table 12. greenish colored sample in color matching 3 ......................................... 29

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Picture 1.CIE L*a*b*................................................................................................................. 6

Picture 2.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage Yellow dyes ................................................................. 19
Picture 3.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage red dyes ...................................................................... 21
Picture 4.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage black dyes ................................................................... 22
Picture 5.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage pigment blue ............................................................... 24
Picture 6.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage pigment violet ............................................................ 25
Picture 7. Picture 7. Diagram L*a*b* every sample in Color matching 2 .............................. 27
Picture 8.Diagram L*a*b* every yellowish sample in Color matching 3 ............................... 28
Picture 9.Picture 9. Diagram L*a*b* every greenish sample in Color matching 3 ................. 29

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Practice

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp
derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile
material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, and a
number of industrial and construction processes. Papers are essential in legal or non-legal
documentation.

Indonesia is one of the largest paper producer in the world. Market requirement (
domestic and foreign) for good quality paper make the paper industry in indonesia needs
human resources who expert in pulp and paper.

One way to get experts in the pulp and paper sector is by establishing a university in the
field of pulp and paper. Institute Technology and Science Bandung (ITSB) is one of the
Higher Education Institutions in which there is a Pulp and Paper Processing Technology
Study Program, in which the applied sciences in Pulp and Paper Processing Technology will
be studied in the field of pulp and paper, so that it is expected to be able to produce graduates
who experts in the field pulp and paper.

To be able to produce graduates who are experts in the field of pulp and paper, it is very
necessary to conduct practical activities for ITSB Pulp and Paper Processing Technology
students to be able to apply the knowledge they have received during the lecture and find
compatibility between theory and practice.

With the existence of practical activities, it will also be able to provide understanding
and new knowledge for students.

In this practice, we practice about color matching. Color matching aims to

determine the dye dosage according to the desired target. From the color matching itself, the
characteristics ( L*a*b movement ) of various dyes such as dyes and pigment can be known.

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1.2. Purpose

The purpose to be achieved in this practicum is :

1. Learning by doing all aspects related to color matching in paper making.

2. Knowing the influnce of dosage per dyes & pigment to L*a*b* value.
3. Knowing how to make handsheet from different stock with variationing chemical

1.3. Benefit

1. Student will be understand how to make handsheet.

2. Student will know the principle of color matching.

3. Student know how to use laboratorium equipment.

1.4 Time and place

This practicum is held on November 10, 2018, November 24, 2018 and December 1,
2018

Name of agency : Bandung Institute of Science and Technology

Address : Kota Deltamas Lot-A1 CBD, Jl. Ganesha Boulevard, Cikarang Pusat,
Pasirranji, Cikarang Pusat, Bekasi, West Java 17530

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 CHAPTER II

ITSB PROFILE

Bandung Institute of Science Technology (Acronym: ITSB) is a private college

owned by Sinarmas Group [1]. The ITSB campus occupies an area of 5 hectares, in Central
Bussines Distric Kota Deltamas, Cikarang Pusat, Bekasi Regency [2] [3]. In this campus
area, 10 building blocks are planned for ITSB's academic and non-academic facilities.

The University is by the Bandung Institute of Technology and Science Foundation

(ITSB Foundation) which has been established and ratified by Wiratni Ahmadi, S.H.No.7
notary deed dated February 5, 2001 and has been approved by the Minister of National
Education through Minister of National Education Decree No. 86 / D / O / 2001. The
management of the ITSB Foundation was then updated through the Notary Deed of H.M.
Rahmat Hidayat, S.H. No. 07 dated January 27, 2010 with the Board of Trustees chaired by
Ir. M. Hatta Rajasa and received full support from the Sinarmas Group and the Bandung
Institute of Technology in developing educational activities. ITSB, which was developed at
the Deltamas Bekasi City Campus, is a manifestation of the collaboration between the
Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) and the Bekasi Regency Government in accordance
with the Agreement No. 423.1 / 09.05-DTR / 2007 and No.031 / KO1 / DN / 2007 signed by
the Chancellor of the Bandung Institute of Technology and Bekasi District Regent on July 3,
2007. ITSB is supported by the Bandung Institute of Technology in the implementation and
development of academic standards, whose implementation is poured in the Cooperation
Agreement between the ITSB Foundation and the Bandung Institute of Technology No. 002 /
PKS / I / YITSB / 2010 and No. 058 / KO1.03 / PKS / DN-1/2010 dated January 27, 2010.
ITSB is also a Feeder University of ITB, that is, students achieving at ITSB can be
transferred to ITB students and graduate as ITB graduates as stated in the Joint Memorandum
of Understanding No. 143 / KO1.1 / DN / 2010 and No. 031 / ITSB-DN / KS.01 / VI / 10
dated June 23, 2010.

ITSB with the vision of Eco-Industry Oriented University, programmed to produce

graduates who are competent in their fields and directed to be able to meet the needs of
society in the era of industrialization, globalization, regional autonomy and national
development.

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 CHAPTER III

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Coloured Paper

Strongly coloured paper grades are found above all within the areas fine paper and
tissue paper. Dyeing makes the paper more expensive. Sometimes it is necessary to use such
expensive dyes that the dye cost amounts to half of the paper price. As a consequence it is
important to control the dyeing in order to use as little dyestoff as possible. It is important,
too, that the running-in time of a dye is as short as possible.

3.2 Kinds of Colorant

According to the chemical nature of the dyestoff they can be divided into the
following groups:

1. Basic (alkaline) dyes are commonly inexpensive and give clear colours. To get them
fixed to the fibre, a fixing agent has to be used; normally alum. This means the dye is
attached to the fibre by chemical influence. Basic dyes are most suitable for
unbleached fibres. A disadvantage is the relatively low light fastness. Thus, paper
exposed to sunlight easily lose their colour.

2. Acid dyes usually give less intensive colour shade than basic dyes. Like basic dyes,
they need some alum to attach to the fibres. Compared to basic dyes, the acid dyes
normally have a higher light fastness. They are mainly used for bleached fibres. A
problem is that the two sides of the paper easily show a colour difference. This
depends on the fact that the dye is washed out on the wire side, but also on dye
migration when the paper dries.

3. Substantive dyes (direct dyes) fasten on the fibres without any help of alum. One
advantage is their good retention and another their, in most cases, rather high light

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 fastness. The substantive dyes are nowadays the most used dyes. They are relatively
expensive. To the substantive dyes can also be counted the fluorescent whitening
agents, FWA. Sometimes the less suitable term OBA – optical brightening agents - is
used. Their distinctive feature is to transform the ultraviolet rays of light to visible
bluish light. They are used for shading dyes and give paper a whiter shade. The
whitening does not reduce paper’s brightness as other shading dyes do.

4. Pigment are coloured fillers, which must be retained in the paper as other fillers.
These pigment have excellent light and high temperature fastness. Because of that
they are used in speciality papers such as decorating or laminating papers. Compared
to the other mentioned types of dyes, pigment dyes are more expensive to use.
How to add the colorant?
The colorant are supplied in pre-mixed solutions or they are prepared at the mill in a
dye kitchen. The colorant is normally continuously pumped to the stock. In most cases two or
three dyes are added at the same time in the proportions giving the desired shade of colour.
Yellow, blue and red dyes cover the whole colour range.

3.3 Shading
Shading is colouring of the white paper, compensating for the yellow shade in the
cellulose. The shading colour gives paper a slightly blue shade, which the eye perceives as
whiter. Shading is often done with blue dyes.
The colour instruments used in a paper mill normally present the result as a CIE
L*,a*,b*-diagram. The diagram is rather easy to work with. There is an a-axis going from red
to green and a b-axis going from yellow to blue.
Perpendicularly to the two axes there is
an L-axis going from white to black. When
measuring a sheet of paper one value on a, one
on b and one on L is received. In the quality
specification there is from the beginning three
numbers telling how the correct combination of
a, b and L shall look like.

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 Picture 1.CIE L*a*b*

Whiteness

Of course the whiteness can be measured with the same kind of apparatus used when
measuring colour, but it is difficult to translate the measuring values to the reality. To say
what is whitest is not as simple as you might think. It is not for sure that a material, reflecting
all light uniformly for each wavelength according to all measuring is the one looking whitest.
It depends on the fact that whiteness is perceived differently.

In some way our experience of colour depends on how our eyes see and how we
interpret the signals in the brain. It is easy to dupe the human colour sense. If some blue dye
is added to the stock our eyes regard the sheet as becoming whiter. Another way to increase
the impression of whiteness of paper is to add a fluorescent whitening agent. Such products
absorb short electromagnetic waves; ultraviolet light, which can not be received by the
human eye and reflect it as bluish light. As a result the paper looks brighter when it is
exposed to UV-containing light.

Very white papers can dazzle the eye and counteract the readability. Yellow toned
paper has proved to be more lenient to the eye. On the other hand too dark toned paper can
give bad readability because the contrast between the print and the background becomes too
little.

Paper and printing

We have learned that a coloured object reflects that part of the light which belongs to
its specific wavelength range, while the rest is absorbed. We have also learned that it is
enough with three colours to make the eye create all existing colours. When the three colours
are mixed each of them will take away its part of the light falling in and the reflected light
becomes weaker.

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 A certain part of the light is subtracted. This is called subtractive colour mixture.
When equal amounts of the three colours are mixed they will absorb all light wavelengths
and the colour mixture will be seen as black.

When printing a four-colour picture the pure primary colours are however not used.
Instead cyan, magenta and yellow are used. The fourth colour is black. The black colour is
used to increase the contrast and reduce the dye costs. The colour system is shortened
CMYK, according to Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and blacK. First small points with cyan are
added, then magenta and yellow and finally black. The smaller the small printing ink dots are,
the more subtle details can be shown. The picture gets a higher resolution. The number of
screen points is said to increase.

If the printing is done on a rough surface, the printing ink will run out in the
irregularities. The screen points get larger. This is called point enlargement.

This causes darker printing and the picture may give a blurred impression. The
number of shades decreases and the transitions between different shades become less clear.
The darker parts in the picture turn almost black.

A way to counteract the effect of point enlargement is to use a lower screen density.
Newspaper is an example of paper printed with a relatively low screen density.

All printing is contrast. It is simply the difference between absorbed light on the
printed surface and reflected light on the unprinted surface. The brighter the paper is, the
more the contrasts in the printing. A more even paper surface makes the blackness deeper and
increase the printing contrasts, too.
The paper whiteness and colour affect the colour shades in the printing. The dyes used
are in most cases not quite covering. If it is important to reproduce the exact colour shades of
the pictures, it therefore is necessary to choose paper as white as possible.

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 CHAPTER IV

TOOL DESCRIPTION

in this practicum, using several instruments. Namely beater, freeness tester, press, dryer
(oven), jar test and Lab tester.

4.1 Beater
This instrument is used for uniform beating of pulp under standard conditions to
determine the behavior of pulp when subject to definite beating schedule. This beater is
suitable for processing pulp samples prior to forming hand sheets in the Lab. The Tub has
capacity of 23 liters suitable for 360 grams O.D. pulp at 2 to 2.5% concentration. The beaten
pulp is a standard specimen for the testing of the physical properties of pulp.

Pulp preparing :

1.Determining the moisture content of raw materials :

a. Weigh examples of Raw Materials for each group of + 50 grams (W1)
b. Place the sample in a beaker and heat it in the oven at 105 ± 2 ⁰C for 1 hour
c. Weigh example (W2) after heating
d. Moisture Count OD (Oven Dry) (%)
e. % Water content = (W1 – W2)/ W1 x 100%
Determining Water Content :
W1: Initial weight of sample, g
W2: Weight of sample after heating, g

2.Making Stock for Valley Beater

a. Weighing raw material tears 188 g OD
b. Before running Valley Beater, remove the ballast and fill the Valley Beater with 12
liters of water

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 c. Add the Raw Material 188 g of OD into the Beater. Stock Consistency in Beater C =
1.57%
d. wait until 10 minutes so that the Stock is completely dispersed

3. Operation of Valley Beater :

a. If the stock has been completely dispersed Take stock from the Beater 190 ml for
Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF 0) and 1275 ml measurements for making 10
Handsheets
b. Dilute Stock of 190 ml with water to a volume of 1000 ml (consistency of 0.3%), see
no. 5
c. Measurement of Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF)
d. Dilute 1275 ml of stock with water to a volume of 6667 ml (consistency of 0.3%),
e. Place the load on the Valley Beater, run the Valley Beater motor and Stopwatch.
f. After 5 minutes, stop the Valley Beater motorbike and Stopwatch, take Stock from
Beater 190 ml for CSF and 1275 ml measurements for making Handsheets
g. To create a Beating Curve, in addition to the Beating zero time (CSF 0), an example is
taken for CSF measurements and making the same Handsheet at time intervals: 5
minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes when the Beater operates

4.2 Freeness Tester

The freeness of pulp is designed to give a measure of the rate at which a dilute suspension of
pulp (3 g of pulp in 1 L of water) may be drained. The freeness, or drainage rate (see TAPPI T 221
“Drainage Time of Pulp”), has been shown to be related to the surface conditions and swelling of the
fibers. Besides these factors, the result is dependent also on conditions under which the test is carried
out, such as stock preparation, temperature, and water quality.

Freeness Determination:

a. The freeness test is based on Tappi Method T 227

b. The freeness tester (see figure 11) must be cleaned and calibrated before use. The
chamber and funnel are gently brushed with soap and rinsed with distilled water
thoroughly. Check that all surfaces and orifices are free of fibres to prevent any
disruption of flow. Check inside the funnel to ensure the spreader cone is firmly in
position. Let tester drip for thirty seconds then close the bottom lid. Two freeness

9
 beakers are also cleaned and one is placed right below the bottom orifice of the
funnel. The other one is tared on top of the Mettler balance.
c. Prepare ~3 L of 20 °C distilled water in a 4 L plastic beaker. Weigh exactly 1000 g of
20 °C distilled water to the tared 2 L freeness beaker. Pour the water to the chamber
and place the beaker in position to receive the water from side orifice. Close the top
lid and shut the vent valve (or cover hole with finger) and open the bottom lid gently
(see figure 12). Open the vent valve quickly (or lift finger from hole) to release the
water. Wait until dripping stops. Weigh the beaker that receives water from side
orifice. It must fall between 880-890 g to verify the accuracy of the tester. Repeat
procedure to carry out second blank check. If it is off from the required range, check
the water temperature, adjust it if necessary, and check the tare of the beaker. Repeat
again until it hits the targeted range. If it is still off, contact the Lab Technician for
troubleshooting because the entire freeness tester may need to be taken down and
thoroughly inspected.
d. If you wish, you may use a 1000 ml plastic graduated cylinder to replace the 2 L
beaker (see figure 13). The accuracy of the graduated cylinder can be verified by
checking whether 1000 g of 20 °C water matches the 1000 mL mark or not. You then
fill up the cylinder with 20 °C distilled water to the 1000 mL mark and pour it to the
tester. The other steps are identical except using graduated cylinder instead of beaker.
Note: Always use weighing to verify amounts for calibration regardless of whether a
beaker or graduated cylinder is used

e. Once the calibration of the freeness tester is verified, carry out the tests for the pulp
suspension immediately. Check the temperature of suspension again; normally it
remains the same within 10 minutes after it is prepared. Or, calibrate the freeness
tester before you prepare the pulp suspension.
f. The testing procedure (see figure 14) of pulp suspension is identical to the calibration
procedure. Tare the freeness beaker. Agitate the pulp suspension vigorously with a
plastic 500 mL beaker and take samples to the freeness beaker. Weigh to 1000 g
precisely. Pour the suspension to the tester as soon as 1000 g is reached, close the lid
and shut the valve. Place the freeness beaker to the side orifice and open the bottom
lid carefully, open the valve to release the suspension. When dripping stops, check the
weight of water received from side orifice (beaker remains tared). Record the weight
and temperature to the filter paper and your lab book.

10
 g. Pour the remaining pulp suspension in the chamber to the side orifice beaker. Use
filtrate from the bottom orifice beaker and distilled water to flush the chamber and
pour it to the side orifice beaker. Filter the whole suspension in the Buchner funnel
using the same procedure as for consistency determination. The filtrate must be re-
circulated three times or until it turns clear (see figure 3). Dry the pad in speed dryer
for at least an hour or until constant weight is reached (see figure 15). Subtract the
filter paper weight and you have the OD pulp weight from 1000 g of suspension. For
example, 4.834 – 1.895 g/1000g × 100% = 0.294%. Repeat the same test for the
second sample to get the average. In this way you also get your consistency value.
Use the Freeness Correction Tables to calculate the final freeness.

4.3 JARTEST
Jar testing is a pilot-scale test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water
plant.It
simulates the coagulation/flocculation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators
determine if they are using the right amount of treatment chemicals, and, thus, improves the
plant’s performance

The jar testing process can be summarized as follows:

a. For each water sample (usually raw water) a number of beakers (jars) are filled with
equal amounts of the water sample;
b. Each beaker of the water sample is treated with a different dose of the chemical;
c. Other parameters may be altered besides dosage, including chemical types, mixing
rate, aeration level/time, filtration type, etc.
d. By comparing the final water quality achieved in each beaker, the effect of the
different treatment parameters can be determined; and
e. Jar testing is normally carried out on several beakers at a time, with the results from
the first test guiding the choice of parameter amounts in the later tests.

4.4 HANDSHEET MAKER

Hand Sheet former (Model TAPPI Type) for production of laboratory paper sheets for
physical tests. The design of the drainage system provides a uniform flow across the entire

11
wire, thus permitting exceptionally uniform sheets. Laboratory sheets, prepared from
suspensions of pulp are used for determining physical properties such as apparent density,
tensile index, tear index, folding endurance light scattering coefficient and air resistance. The
conditions of sheet making should be similar to commercial production. Hand Sheet former
for production of circular sheets.

Handsheet making procedure :

a. This handsheet making procedure is based on Tappi Method T 205.
b. The handsheets which will eventually be tested require minimal fines loss.
This is an issue especially when using TMP and CTMP, as well as HW pulps.
Hence the handsheets are made on a handsheet maker equipped with a
whitewater recirculation system
c. Ensure that the lower run off valve of reservoir is closed and the whole
handsheet maker is clean. Fill the cylinder on the handsheet maker to about a
quarter of the way up with fresh water and then quantitatively transfer the
suspension (~ 400 g) into the cylinder. Fill the cylinder to the engraved line.
Take a piece of blotting paper and wet it completely with a squirt bottle. This
piece will be used for the handsheet making process for your entire sample.
d. Place the perforated plunger into the cylinder (see figure 18) and make sure
the bottom multi-holed plate is submerged. Hold the handles for guidance but
let gravity pull the plunger. The plunger can only go down to a certain extent
and when it reaches that limit, pull it up at the same speed gravity was pulling
it down. Avoid bubble formation by not letting the bottom of the 4 fins leave
the water. Definitely do not let the bottom multi-holed plate leave the water.
Repeat this down and up motion another 4 times, the 5 repetitions should take
around 5 ± 1s for each movement.
e. Now repeat the motion one final time, but this time take 6 seconds. Slowly
remove the plunger without rotation. Wait 5 seconds, then push down the lever
to drain the cylinder through the mesh at the bottom.
f. The moment the handsheet on the bottom breaks the surface of the water, pull
up the lever to stop the suction. Note: The over-aspirated TMP handsheets are
difficult to be lifted and may have lower fines content. Place a new, dry piece
of blotter on top of the handsheet gently, making sure that the handsheet is
centered (see figure 19, do this visually before you drop the blotter onto the

12
 handsheet). Note: The moment the pulp touches the blotting paper, you must
let go, and make no further adjustments.
g. Place the wet blotter on top of the dry blotter. Place the metal couching disc on
the blotter (centered over the handsheet, see figure 19). Take the coucher, the
big metal rolling pin, and carefully place it in the middle of the couching disc
(figure 20). Do not drop or apply extra pressure downwards on the pin. A
barely visible indentation across the handsheet is created if you drop the pin.
This over-pressed area (it is still difficult to identify it while performing
Handsheet Inspections) will eventually cause low strength of the defected
handsheet. The handsheets must be couched with a specific force, which is
precisely supplied through the weight of the rolling pin. Note: the couching
disc is larger than the pressing disc.
h. Let the pin roll freely on your palms or finger circles while pushing the pin
back and forth. Roll the pin 5 times: First roll starts from the middle, up to the
top, down to past middle to the bottom, and up to the middle again. Apply five
rolls to couching disk. Note: Do not let the pin roll on or off the edge of the
disc, keep the pin a minimum of 1” away from the edge while rolling.
i. Take away the pin, and hold the corner of the blotting papers. Turn it quickly
like turning the page of a book. This will lift the handsheet off the mesh. The
handsheet should be uniform, have no deformations and be very smooth.
There should be minimal material left on the mesh.
j. Peel off the wet blotter and the couching disc. Take the handsheet and blotter
and carefully label the actual handsheet with the special indelible pencil. It is
ideal to label on the edge of the handsheet. If the handsheet has a very slight
deformation near the edge, you can still use it, just label on or near the
deformed spot. Gently rub off the fibers with water that are left on the 200
mesh. Close the cylinder. The first few handsheets are not valid for testing.
They can be tested for gaining practice, however.
k. Repeat the procedure three times to collect whitewater to reservoir, and
discard these blotters and handsheets at this stage.
l. Turn pump on and open valves 1 and 2 to refill the cylinder and agitate the
reservoir. Repeat the same handsheet making procedure as described from step
4) to 9) to make three basis weight correction handsheets. Put these three
handsheets with blotters to speed dryer. Peel handsheets off the blotters ten
13
 minutes later and leave the handsheets in the dryer until constant weight is
reached.
m. The fines content in the handsheets normally stabilizes when there is about
~seven to eight handsheets worth of fines in the reservoir. You can observe the
gradual increase of OD weight of handsheets from the first one onward, then it
approaches a plateau at the seventh or eighth handsheet. But it still varies
depends on the type of pulp. In other words, the machine needs you to run
about 3000 g of suspension through the system first before you can make
handsheets for valid testing. It is a time and material consuming procedure at
this stage. We normally make three correction handsheets to save the time and
materials, besides the suspension cannot sit still for longer than thirty minutes
while waiting for the OD weight of correction handsheets. The averaged
number is used to make the final ten handsheets following the same step by
step procedure described above content.

4.5 PRESS
The press tool serves to reduce the water content on the sheet of paper that has been formed
in the handsheet maker process, so that the paper that was made earlier has a small moisture
content before entering the final drying process, where it works is aided by two iron beams
which are given the same pressure to simplify and accelerate water out of the sheet of paper
that has been made.

a. Select a pressing disk for each handsheet, and polish the shiny side with a tiny amount
of silicone spray and a paper towel.
b. Unload the handsheet presser, turn on the compressed air valve, turn on the machine,
and place 2-3 sheets of blotting paper (new or used, your choice) on the circular
piston base. Place the handsheet and attached blotter on the blotters and use the
centering gauge to align the pad so that there is no white space between the handsheet
and the inner curve of the centering tool. Place a pressing disc on top of the
handsheet, shiny side faces down. Push the disc against the centering gauge with a
shallow angle and drop it gently (see figure 23). Note: Align carefully before
dropping the disc; once you drop it, it is impossible to retrieve it without damaging

14
 the surface of the handsheet. Place a clean, unused piece of blotter on top of the
pressing disc
c. Load the handsheet to the press immediately after it is made. Do not leave them air
dried outside the press.
d. Repeat the above steps for loading the handsheet presser until all handsheets have
been loaded, or until there are 10 handsheets loaded. Note: The maximum number of
handsheets you should load into the presser is 10. Place the pressing weight (the
heavy green square piece with 4 holes) on top of the stack of handsheets and secure
well (finger tight only) with the 4 round nuts.
e. Depress the yellow button to initiate the 1st press. It will put the handsheet stack
under 50 psi. Observe the dials to see that the apparatus is in the 50 psi range. The 1st
press will run for 5 minutes. Once this is done, remove the pressing weight and take
your stack of handsheets out. Now the handsheets stick on pressing discs in the stack.
Remove the top blotter and flip the pressing discs (handsheet now on top side, see
figure 24) and place them into the press, aligning with centering gauge and placing a
new blotter on top of each handsheet. Depress the yellow button to initiate the 2nd
press, and it will press the stack for 2 minutes.
f. Once the second press is done, remove the pressing weight, and take the stack
carefully to the CTH Room.

4.6 DRYER
In the final drying process, our experiment was assisted by the OVEN machine as the
dryer. Where in this process utilizes heat energy as the final stage to eliminate most of the
remaining water content on the sheet of paper that has been made before it knows the
shape of the paper produced

a. Carefully peel the blotters from the pressing disc and handsheet. Place the pressing
disc and handsheet into the drying ring with the metal surface facing the counter
surface (figure 25). Do not worry if the edge of the handsheet spills out onto the rim
of the drying ring. The goal is to keep the handsheet taut while air drying it.
b. Take another drying ring and stack it onto the previous drying ring with loaded
handsheets and give it a light-to-medium slap until you hear a clicking or snapping

15
 sound. If the rings do not fit together properly, select another ring. Place the next
handsheet on top of these two drying rings. Repeat until all handsheets are loaded.
c. Once all the handsheets have been mounted into the drying rings, place a metal
weight on top of uppermost drying ring (see right picture of figure 25). The
handsheets require at least 24 hours to air dry before they are ready for testing.

4.7 L *a *b Tester
How to use L*a*b tester :

1) calibrate the L device a b tester

2) check the sample handsheet with 4 surface points
3) write the results listed on the tool

4.8 Floc/ Jar Tester

Floculation Testers (also known as Jar Testers) are designed for a variety of applications –
such as testing the efficiency of flocculation or deposition agents. Procedure for using jar
tests in general:

1. Prepare the stock to be mixed

2. Enter the stock into 1000 ml beakerglass

3. Install the mixer

4. Adjust the mixer rpm

5. Turn on the mixer

6. Set the time

In this practice, we inject chemicals when stock / samples are in the jar test. In different
practices, matching colors 1, 2 & 3: we use different chemicals.

When color matching 1, we use: Direct Dyes, Pigments, Cationic Starch and Repairing
Agents.

16
When matching color 2, we use: Alum, Direct Dyes.

When matching 3 colors, we use: Cationic Starch, fixing agent, Direct Dyes.

Chemical injection sequence : Fixing agents, Cationic Starch / alum dan Dyes / pigments

CHAPTER V

FLOW DIAGRAM / PROCEDURE

Start

Tool and Stock Preparation

Make the consistensy Check the Lab of For Basic Trail

of pulp 1,5% blank and target Dyes,Cationic Starch,Fixing
Agent and Pigment with
dose that has been specified
Prepare
200ml For Color For Brown Paper
of pulp Matching Set a dose of dyes
Set a dose and alum(20kg/bdmt)
of dyes,
Cationic
Strach(10kg
/bdmt) and
Fixing
Agent(1kg/ Do a Jartest by
bdmt) methode Flash
mixing
150rpm for 2
minutie

Dry the Handsheet Pressed Handsheet Make a Handsheet

17
 CHAPTER VI

RESULT

6.1 Color Matching 1

The aim is to find out the movement of L * A * B values between different yellow,
red, black, pigment blue and pigment violes with different doses. Cationic starch 1% was
used with a dose of 10 kg / bdmt and also 0.5% fixing agent with a dose of 1 kg / bdmt in
each sample (except blank).
The dry weight of each handsheet which used is same each other ; 3 ± 0.4 gram.

6.1.1 Yellow Dyes

Doses 1,2,4 and 8 kg / bdmt were used. Each dose has 2 samples ( will be symbolized as
A & B ). Before variationing the dose, the value of blank’s L * a * b was tested.

Doses
Parameter 4 8
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt kg/bdmt kg/bdmt
A B A B A B A B
L 85,62 79,34 79,12 76,89 77 74 74 73 74
a -0,69 -2,04 -2,22 -0,02 0,12 3 2 8,4 8

18
 b 5,33 28,31 29,95 40,9 43,1 47 45 57 55
Tabel 1. Dosage yellow dyes in color matching 1

Doses
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt

L 85,62 79,23 76,92 74,03 73,625

a -0,69 -2,13 0,05 2,51 8,175

b 5,33 29,13 41,995 46,135 55,84

Because there are 2 samples per dose, the average value of each dose is taken, as follows:
Tabel 2.Dosage yellow dyes (average) in color matching 1

Picture 2.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage Yellow dyes

19
 From these data, we can see that higher the dose of dyes given, the lower the value
of L* (darker). If viewed from the a * value, the value of a * gets higher (more red) if the
higher dose is given. From these data, it can be stated that the dyes given are yellow redish
dyes. If viewed from the b * value obtained, the higher the dose of b * given the higher the
value of b * (getting yellow). Of course, because we add dyes yellow.

6.1.2 Red Dyes

Doses 1,2,4 and 8 kg / bdmt were used. Each dose has 2 samples (will be
symbolized as A & B). Before variationing the dose, the value of blank’s L * a * b
was tested.

Doses
Parameter 4 8
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt kg/bdmt kg/bdmt
A B A B A B A B
L 85,62 74,07 74,05 67,91 67 64 64 58 60
A -0,69 24,49 25,21 31,92 33,4 36 38 42 41
B 5,33 3,06 2,25 2,86 3,04 3 3 5,2 4,4

Tabel 3.Dosage red dyes in color matching 1

Because there are 2 samples per dose, the average value of each dose is taken, as follows

Doses
Parameter
1 2 4 8
Blank
kg/bdmt kg/bdmt kg/bdmt kg/bdmt
L 85,62 74,06 67,435 63,975 58,86
a -0,69 24,85 32,65 37,235 41,895
b 5,33 2,655 2,95 3,34 4,83
Tabel 4.Dosage red dyes (average) in color matching 1

20
 Picture 3.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage red dyes

From these data, we can see that higher the dose of dyes given, the lower the
value of L* (darker). If viewed from the a * value, the value of a * gets higher (more red) if
the higher dose is given. This happens because we add red dyes . If viewed from the b * value
obtained, this red dyes does not significantly affect the value of b *. It decrease a few b*
value if use <1 kg / bdmt.

6.1.3 Black Dyes

Doses 1,2,4 and 8 kg / bdmt were used. Each dose has 2 samples (symbol A and B
will be symbolized). Before variationing the dose, the value of blank’s L * a * b was tested.
. The following is the L * a * b test data:

Doses
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt
A B A B A B A B
L 85,62 74,48 73,1 67,99 69,2 62,16 60,9 50,78 50,85
-
a -0,69 -1,46 0,24 -1,68 1,99 -1,83 -1,8 -1,56 -1,82
-
b 5,33 0,98 0,83 -0,05 0,03 -1,3 -1,3 -2,06 -2,17
Tabel 5. Dosage black dyes in color matching 1

21
 Because there are 2 samples per dose, the average value of each dose is taken, as follows:
Doses
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt

L 85,62 73,79 68,585 61,53 50,815

A -0,69 -0,61 -1,835 -1,83 -1,69
B 5,33 0,905 -0,04 -1,32 -2,115
Tabel 6.Dosage black dyes (average ) in color matching 1

Picture 4.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage black dyes

When compared with other dyes, the addition of black dyes is very influential on
the L * value (significantly decreases L *). Of course this is caused by the dark color of the
dyes. If viewed from the value of b *, it turns out that the addition of dyes black also has a
significant effect on decreasing the value of b *. This can be used to reduce the value of b *
in small doses. If viewed from the value of a *, black dyes have relatively no effect on the
value of a *.

22
 6.1.4 Blue Pigment

Doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 kg / bdmt were used. Each dose has 2 samples (A and
B will be symbolized. Before variationing the dose, the value of blank’s L * a * b was
tested.
The following is the L * a * b test data:

Doses
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt
A B A B A B A B
L 85,62 85,12 85,35 79,85 80,1 80,77 80,9 79,02 77,85
-
A -0,69 -1,6 -1,62 -1,79 1,74 -3,59 -3,7 -5,09 -5,53
B 5,33 4,49 4,32 4,68 4,52 1,51 1,14 -2,54 -2,3
Tabel 7.Dosage blue pigment in color matching 1.

Because there are 2 samples per dose, the average value of each dose is taken, as follows:

Dosis
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt

L 85,62 85,235 79,955 80,815 78,435

a -0,69 -1,61 -1,765 -3,655 -5,31
b 5,33 4,405 4,6 1,325 -2,42
Tabel 8.Dosage blue pigment (average ) in color matching 1.

23
 Picture 5.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage pigment blue

From these data, it can be seen that the higher the pigment blue dose given, the
lower the a * value (the more green). Likewise with the b *, it is relatively down with
increasing doses. When viewed from the graph, the decrease in the value of the two values
began to be significant at the dose of 0.2 kg / bdmt. Apart from a * and b *, if reviewing L *,
the addition of blue pigment does not significantly affect the value of L *.

6.1.5 Pigment Violet

Doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 kg / bdmt were used. Each dose has 2 samples (A and B
will be symbolized). Before variationing the dose, the value of blank’s L * a * b was
tested.
The following is the L * a * b test data:

Doses
Parameter
1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt
Blank
A B A B A B A B
L 85,62 84,28 84,33 82,39 82,2 78,89 80,4 78,85 78,49
A -0,69 1 1,03 1,65 1,52 2,7 2,97 5,05 5,09
b 5,33 4,6 4,66 4,23 4,11 1,8 1,4 -3,65 -3,29
Tabel 9.Dosage violet pigment in color matching 1

24
 Because there are 2 samples per dose, the average value of each dose is taken, as
follows:

Doses
Parameter
Blank 1 kg/bdmt 2 kg/bdmt 4 kg/bdmt 8 kg/bdmt

L 85,62 84,305 82,3 79,655 78,67

a -0,69 1,015 1,585 2,835 5,07
b 5,33 4,63 4,17 1,6 -3,47

Tabel 10. Dosage violet pigment (average ) in color matching 1

Picture 6.Diagram a* & b* vs dosage pigment violet

From these data, we can see that higher the pigment violet dose given, the higher
the a * value (more red). Because the violet actually contains red. If you look at the value of b
*, it is relatively down with increasing doses. When compared with blue pigments, violet can
reduce the value of b * further than pigment blue. Can be seen at a dose of 8 kg / bdmt.

Pigment violet can reduce the value of b * to -3.47 while the pigment blue at the same dose
decreases the value of b * to -2.42.

6.2 Color Matching 2

In Color Matching 2, variations of several dyes in one sample are carried out according
to the predetermined target ( target L *, a *, b * is determined from the liner paper sample

25
provided by the teacher ). In this Color Matching 2 practice, using pulp from used paper
medium which is pulpered again. The pulp used is 1.5% consistency. In each paper sample
used 200 ml so that the weight of each handsheet is 3 grams. Before the practicum starts,
blank is also checked (without chemical additions). In addition to using dyes, this lab also
uses 5% Alum with a dose of 20 kg / bdmt. The following is the data that was successfully
tested:

Sample
Parameter
Blank Target I II III IV V VI
Dyes Type 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Dosing (
kg / bdmt ) 2 1 0,5 3 2 1 1,5 0,5 2 0 2 1 2,5 1
L 59,65 57,87 57,16 55,93 57,64 58,59 58,37 58,27
a 3,8 6,63 5,75 5,45 5,45 4,4 5,36 6,13
b 18,72 20,21 18,3 17,47 19,61 19,06 19,76 20,14
Tabel 11.color matching 2

Information :
Dyes 1 = yellow; Dyes Type 2 = Red Dyes Type 3 = Black
I, II, III, IV, V, VI = Many of the nth experiments / samples
The following is a graph of the data above:

26
 Picture 7. Picture 7. Diagram L*a*b* every sample in Color matching 2

In this practicum, the number of handsheets formed to obtain a dose that is suitable /
close to achieving the predetermined paper target is 6 handsheets. The handsheet closest to
the target is the 6th handheet with the value L *: 58.27; a *: 6,13; b *: 20.14.
As we know from the color matching 1 practicum, higher the use of dyes, the lower
the L * value. Therefore, from the L * blank side that is worth 59.65 and the target is 57.87,
be careful when using dyes. Do not use high doses and reduce the use of dyes that are
significant in reducing L * values, such as black dyes because we cannot adjust the value of L
* because it does not use the OBA (Obtical Brightening Agent). When making samples 1 and
2, from our team we tried to use black dyes and the L * value immediately dropped well past
the target. Therefore, the next sample from our team does not use black dyes. As we also
know from color matching 1, black dyes also significantly reduce the value of b *. After
trying several variations of the doses of the use of red and yellow dyes, the value approached.
The experiment was not carried out completely close to the target value due to limited time
usage in the laboratory.

6.3 Color Matching 3

In this practicum, basically the principle is not much different from color matching
2. It's only given 2 targets for the value of L * a * b * in this experiment. The first sample is
yellow paper (high b *), the second sample is green paper (a * low). The pulp used is 1.5%
consistent. In each paper sample used 200 ml so that the weight of each handsheet is 3 grams.
Before the lab starts, blank is also checked (without chemical additions). In addition to using
dyes, in this lab also used Cationic Starch 1% with a dose of 10 kg / bdmt and fixing agent
0.25% at a dose of 1 kg / bdmt. The following is the data that was successfully tested:

27
6.3.1 Yellow Colored Paper

L * a * b target: L *: 93.09; a *: -6,33; b *: 32,33

Tabel 12.yellowish colored sample in color matching 3

Picture 8.Diagram L*a*b* every yellowish sample in Color matching 3

Information :
I, II, III, IV, .... = Number of Sample
Type of dyes 1 = Dyes bluegreen BG Type of dyes 2 = Dyes yellowgreen 1G
Type dyes 3 = Yellowgreen Dyes 2G Type dyes 4 = Yellowred Dyes YR

From the data obtained, the L * a * b * value closest to the target is the sample XI.
The trial was not continued until it was really the same / very close due to the limited time of
laboratory use. In this experiment, not too much attention to the value of L * because the
value of L * is not much different between blanks and targets. From samples 1 & 2, it was
found that with the use of yellow 2G dyes which had fewer doses (2kg / bdmt) than yellow
1G dyes whose doses of 5 kg / bdmt could increase the b * value higher and reduce the value
of a * more significantly. Therefore, we use yellow 2G onwards because small doses can
increase the value of b * by large and a * can drop significantly.

28
6.3.2 Green Colored Paper

L * a * b target: L *: 81.01; a *: -25,40; b *: 19.42

Sample
Parameter
Blank I II III IV V
Dyes 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 4
Doses (kg/bdmt) 5 10 6 10 2 4 10 3 8 5 8 1
L 81,01 87,37 85,12 85,26 87,02 85,02
A -25,4 -27 -28,13 -27,02 -24,75 -24,66
B 19,42 23,9 22,78 24,39 20,62 25,4
Tabel 13. Table 12. greenish colored sample in color matching 3

Picture 9.Picture 9. Diagram L*a*b* every greenish sample in Color matching 3

Information :
I, II, III, IV, .... = Number of the sample / experiment
Type of dyes 1 = Dyes bluegreen BG Type of dyes 2 = Dyes yellowgreen 1G
Type dyes 3 = Yellowgreen Dyes 2G Type dyes 4 = Yellowred Dyes YR

From the data obtained, the L * a * b * value that is closest to the target is sample to
IV (if it does not pay attention to L *). The trial was not continued until it was really the same
/ very close due to the limited time of laboratory use. Because the target paper is green and
what is available is dyes blue, yellow, and red, therefore we use a mixture of yellow and blue
dyes which will produce green dyes and also use blue and greenish yellow. From sample IV

29
which is very close, and only L * is lacking, therefore if the experiment is continued it will be
used to compare dyes 1 & 3 with sample IV but the dose is increased so that the L * value is
expected to decrease.

6.4 Appendix Calculation of Dyes Doses

Dc = ( D x TCp x Vp ) / TCc

Dc = Chemical Dosage that taken from mother liquor ( ml )

D = Chemical dosage of paper dry weight (kg / bdmt)
TCp = Pulp consistency used (%)
Vp = Pulp volume used to make handsheet (ml)
TCc = Chemical concentration used (%) Dc = The chemical volume injected into the pulp
suspension (ml)

6.4.1 Color Matching 1 Calculation

a. Calculation of Cationic Starch and Fixing Agent Doses

Each sample uses a 1% cationic starch solution with a dose of 10 kg / bdmt and a
0.5% fixing agent solution with a dose of 1 kg / bdmt both in the use of dyes
yellow, red, black, blue pigment and violet pigment both for the use of yellow dyes
, red, black, blue pigment and violet pigment. Because each dose produces 2
papers, each suspension uses a pulp with a volume of 200 ml then after stirring all
the suspension compositions, divided into 2, each 100 ml suspension.

Calculation of :
Dc Cationic Starch Solution for each sample (10 kg / bdmt):
Dc = [(10 kg / 1000 kg) x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 1% = 3 ml
Dc Fixing Agent calculation for each sample (1 kg / bdmt):
Dc = [(1 kg / 1000 kg) x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.6 ml

b. Dyes

30
 Each yellow, red, and black solution dyes used have the same concentration of
0.5%. Likewise with variations: 1 kg / bdmt , 2 kg / bdmt, 4 kg / bdmt , and 8 kg /
bdmt.

Calculation of Making 0.5% Solution Dyes:

V = 1 gram / 0.5% = 200 ml (1 gram dissolved into 200 ml with water)
Dc Dyes Calculation: - 1 kg / bdmt; Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% =
0.6 ml
• 2 kg / bdmt; Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml
• 4 kg / bdmt; Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
• 8 kg / bdmt; Dc = [8 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 4.8 ml

c. Pigment
Each pigment blue and violet solution used has the same concentration of 0.1%.
Likewise with variations: 0.1 kg / bdmt, 0.2 kg / bdmt, 0.4 kg / bdmt, and 0.8 kg /
bdmt.

Calculation of Making Solution Pigment 0.1%:

V = 0.5 gram / 0.1% = 500 ml (0.5 gram dissolved into 500 ml with water)

Dc Pigment Calculation :
• 0.1 kg / bdmt; Dc = [0.1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.1% = 0.3 ml
• 0.2 kg / bdmt; Dc = [0.2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.1% = 0.6 ml
• 0.4 kg / bdmt; Dc = [0.4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.1% = 1.2 ml
• 0.8 kg / bdmt; Dc = [0.8 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.1% = 2.4 ml

6.4.2 Calculation of Color Matching 2

In color matching 2, each sample was made with a pulp consistency of 1.5% and
volume of 200 ml.
a. 5% Alum
• Manufacture of 5% Alum Solution: (5 gram / 100 ml) * 100%
• Calculation of 5% Alum Solution doses injected at a dose of 20 kg / bdmt:

31
 Each sample made in the Color Matching 2 practice uses 5% alum solution at a dose
of 20 kg / bdmt. Dc = [20 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 5% = 2 ml

b. Calculation of Dyes Dosage

The following are the concentrations of each dyes solution; Yellow dyes = 0.5%;
Red = 0.5%; Black = 0.25%
• Calculation of Making Dyes Yellow and Red Master Solution (0.5%) : V = 1
gram / 0.5% = 200 ml (1 gram of yellow & red dyes dissolved to 200 ml with
water)
• Calculation of Making Dyes Black Master Solution (0.25%): V = 0.5 gram /
0.25% = 200 ml (0.25 grams of black dyes dissolved to 200 ml with water).
• Calculation of Dose Doses for Each Sample:

* Sample 1;
Dyes Yellow = 2 kg / bdm Dc = [2kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml
Dyes Red = 1 kg / bdmt Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.6 ml
Dyes Black = 0.5 kg / ddm Dc = [0.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.25% = 0.6 ml

* Sample 2;
Dyes Yellow = 3 kg / bdm Dc = [3 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.8 ml
Dyes Red = 2 kg / bdmt Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml
Dyes Black = 1 kg / bdm Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.25% = 1.2 ml

* Sample 3;
Dyes Yellow = 1.5 kg / bdmt Dc = [1.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.9 ml
Dyes Red = 0.5 kg / bdmt Dc = [0.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.3 ml

* Sample 4;
Dyes Yellow = 1.5 kg / bdmt Dc = [1.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.9 ml
Dyes Red = 0.3 kg / bdmt Dc = [0.3 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.8 ml

32
 * Sample 5;
Dyes Yellow = 2 kg / bdmt Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml
Dyes Red = ¾ kg / bdmt Dc = [0.75 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.45 ml

* Sample 6;
Dyes Yellow = 2.5 kg / bdm Dc = [2.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.5 ml
Dyes Red = 1 kg / bdmt Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.6 ml

6.4.3 Color Matching 3

a. Calculation of 1% Cationic Starch Dosage with a dose of 10 kg / bdmt

• Calculation of cationic starch 1%
V = 5 gram / 1% = 500 ml of making Solution (cationic starch
dissolved in hot water up to 500 ml)
• Calculation of dosage for each Sample with a dose of 10 kg / bdmt
Dc = [10 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 1% = 3 ml (each color
matching sample 3 uses a 3 ml dosage of cationic starch mother liquor)

b. 0.25% Fixing Agent Dosage Calculation with a dose of 1 kg / bdmt

• Calculation of Fixing Agent Master Solution for 0.25%

V = 0.5 gram / 0.25% = 200 ml (Fixing Agent dissolved in water up to

200 ml)
• Calculation of Use of Fixing Agent for Each Sample with a dose of
1kg / bdmt
Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.25% = 1.2 ml (Each sample
in color matching 3 uses dose 1,2 ml from the fixing agent mother
liquor)

33
c. Calculation of Dyes Master Solution

Each Dyes is made, using a mother liquor with a concentration of 0.5%, either
bluegreen BG, yellowgreen 1G, yellowgreen 2G or Yellowred. The solution to be
made is 200 ml per dyes.
• TC (%) = Dyes Weight / Volume; Dyes Weight = TC (%) x Volume;
• Dyes weight = 0.5% x 200 ml = 1 gram (dissolved dyes weighing 1
gram to 200 ml solution)

d. Calculation of Dyes Dosage injected into each sample

On Color Matching Yellowish / Yellownish Paper

* Sample 1; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 3 kg / bdmt.

Dc = [3 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.8 ml

* Sample 2; Yellowgreen Dyes 1G = 5 kg / bdm

Dc = [5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 3 ml

* Sample 3; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 1.5 kg / bdmt

Dc = [1.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.9 ml

* Sample 4; Yellowgreen Dyes 1G = 7 kg / bdm

Dc = [7 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 4.2 ml

* Sample 5; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 4 kg / bdmt

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 0.5 kg / bdmt
Dc = [0.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml

* Sample 6; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 4 kg / bdmt

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 1 kg / bdmt

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 Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.6 ml

* Sample 7; Yellowgreen Dyes 1G = 10 kg / bdmt

Dc = [10 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 6 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 2 kg / bdmt
Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml

* Sample 8; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 4 kg / bdmt

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 2 kg / bdmt
Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml

* Sample 9; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 4 kg / bdmt

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 1.7 kg / bdmt
Dc = [1.7 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.02 ml

* Sample 10; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 4 kg / bdmt

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 1.5 kg / bdmt
Dc = [1.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.9 ml

* Sample 11; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 3.7 kg / bdmt

Dc = [3.7 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.22 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 2 kg / bdmt
Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml

* Sample 12; Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 3.5 kg / bdmt

Dc = [3.5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.1 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 2 kg / bdmt
Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml

On Color Matching Greenish / Greenish Paper

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* Sample 1; Bluegreen Dyes BG = 5 kg / kg
Dc = [5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 3 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 10 kg / bdmt
Dc = [10 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 6 ml

* Sample 2; Bluegreen Dyes BG = 6 kg / bdm

Dc = [6 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 3.6 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 10 kg / bdmt
Dc = [10 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 6 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 1G = 2 kg / bdmt
Dc = [2 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.2 ml

* Sample 3; Bluegreen Dyes BG = 4 kg / bdm

Dc = [4 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 2.4 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 10 kg / bdmt
Dc = [10 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 6 ml

* Sample 4; Bluegreen Dyes BG = 3 kg / bdmt

Dc = [3 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 1.8 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 8 kg / bdmt
Dc = [8 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 4.8 ml

* Sample 5; Bluegreen Dyes BG = 5 kg / kg

Dc = [5 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 3 ml
Yellowgreen Dyes 2G = 8 kg / bdmt
Dc = [8 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 4.8 ml
Dyes Yellowred = 1 kg / bdmt
Dc = [1 kg / 1000 kg x 1.5% x 200 ml] / 0.5% = 0.6 ml

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 CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

7.1 Conclusion
1. Aspects that related in color matching are tools ( laboratorium tools like beaker glass,
l*a*b tester, etc) , stock ( pulp ), variety of colorant, and person that do the practicum.

2. Every single variety / type of colorant has different characteristic in increase / decrease
value in L*a*b.

3. Handsheet can be made if there are : raw material ( pulp , chemical, etc) , laboratorium
tools ( beater, handsheet maker, etc), and person who want making handsheet.

7.1 Suggestion
1. Use air drying principle to drying the handsheet if isn’t in hurry, because if use oven , the
handsheet will be curly or use cylinder dryer laboratory scale to drying the handsheet.

2. When repulping the OCC, use hot water. If doesn’t use hot water will make foam in the
stock or you can use antifoam.

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 CHAPTER VIII

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://fibrelab-mech.sites.olt.ubc.ca/files/2012/07/PPC-Handsheet-Making-Manual-Rev-2.pdf

http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdf/dw/publications/ontap/2009_tb/jar_testing_DWFSOM73.pdf

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/laboratory-valley-beater-14373416312.html

https://sensing.konicaminolta.us/blog/identifying-color-differences-using-l-a-b-or-l-c-h-
coordinates/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/dye

http://impas-itsb.blogspot.com/2013/09/bahan-pewarna-kertas.html

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