Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Power flow and loss allocation for deregulated

transmission systems
Jen-Hao Teng*
Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, 1, Section 1, Hsueh-Cheng Rd. Ta-Hsu Hsiang, Kaohsiung County 840, Taiwan, ROC
Received 9 December 2002; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 December 2004

Abstract
This paper proposes a systematic method to allocate the power flow and loss for deregulated transmission systems. The proposed method is
developed based on the basic circuit theories, equivalent current injection and equivalent impedance. Four steps are used to trace the voltages,
currents, power flows, and losses contributed by each generator sequentially. Using this method, the real and reactive power on each
transmission lines and their sources and destinations can be calculated. The loss allocation of each line, which is produced by each generator,
can also be obtained. Test results show that the proposed method can satisfy the power flow equation, the power balance equation and the
basic circuit theories. Comparisons with previous methods are also provided to demonstrate the contributions of the proposed method.
q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Deregulation; Power flow and loss allocation; Kirchhoff’s current law; Kirchhoff’s voltage law; Superposition law; Equivalent current injection;
Equivalent impedance

1. Introduction problems arise because all transactions have to share the

Nowadays, the electric power industry is under dereg-
ulation in response to changes in the law, technology,
market and competition. Deregulated power systems cannot
bundle the generation, transmission, distribution and retail
activities, which were traditionally carried out by vertically
integrated utilities; therefore, different pricing policies will
exist between different power companies. With the separate
pricing of generation, transmission and distribution, it is
necessary to find the capacity usage of different transactions
happening at the same time so that a fair use-of-
transmission-system charge can be given to individual
customer separately. Then the transparency in the operation
of deregulated power systems can be achieved. In
additional, the capacity usage is another important issue
for transmission congestion managements; therefore, the
power produced by each generator and consumed by each
load through the network should be traced. In these aspects,
* Tel.: C886 7 6577711x6613; fax: C886 7 6577205.
E-mail address: jhteng@isu.edu.tw.
0142-0615/$ - see front matter q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2004.12.005
same transmission network simultaneously. Those problems
including ‘Which generators are supplying this load?’
‘Which generator or load is making the biggest usage of
this transmission line?’ and ‘Which generator or load is
producing loss of this transmission line?’ etc., need to have
acceptable solutions in a fair deregulated power system
[1,2].
To solve these problems, an algorithm, which can
allocate the contributions of power flow and loss from
individual generator through the transmission system to the
loads, is needed. This is both an essential and challenging
task. Some methods [3–13] have been proposed to trace the
power flow and loss in deregulated environments. The use
of the predetermined factors to allocate the loss is the most
commonly used method. The losses allocated are based on
the bus generation or load, but not on their relative location
within the network [3]. Loss allocation based on incre-
mental transmission loss (ITL) coefficients was proposed by
Schweppe et al. [4]. The method based on the ITL that can
be used to handle large changes in operating conditions was
proposed in Ref. [5]. Gross and Tao proposed a physical-
flow-based approach to allocate transmission loss [6].
Quadratic loss approximation formulas and some assump-
tions, such as bus voltage magnitude and bus voltage angle,
328 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333
are required for the loss allocation. Chang and Lu used the
bus impedance matrix to trace the power flow of a network
[7]. Approximation formulas were then used to allocate the
power loss. Ref. [8] proposed a power flow comparison
method and used it to charge the transmission-system
services. Conejo et al. [9] proposed a loss allocation method
based on the bus impedance matrix. In Ref. [10], line power
flows are first unbundled into a sum of components, each
corresponding to a bilateral transaction. Then, the loss
allocation by individual bilateral transactions can be
calculated. Bialek [11] proposed a method based on the
topological generation, load distribution factors and pro-
portional sharing assumption, and used the upstream-
looking and downstream-looking algorithm to trace the
flows. The method based on the network topology and
proportional sharing assumption was proposed in Ref. [12].
In the method, the network characteristics including
commons, links, and state of graph need to be defined first
and then the contribution of a load or generator to a line can
be obtained.
From those methods, the admittance- or impedance-
matrix-based methods have recently received great atten-
tions, since those method can integrated the network
characteristics and circuit theories into flow and loss
allocation. However, due to the almost singular character-
istic of full admittance matrix, the methods based on the
admittance or impedance matrices are difficult to allocate
the flow and loss generated by swing bus directly.
Additional flow and loss allocation formulas may be
necessary. Only when the full admittance matrix is non-
singular, the admittance- or impedance-matrix-based
methods can obtain exact results. This paper proposed a
method to allocate the power flow and loss for deregulated
transmission systems based on the equivalent current
injections, equivalent impedance and electric circuit
theories. By transforming the generation and load into
equivalent current injection and equivalent impedance and
then integrating the equivalent impedance into the original
full admittance matrix, the modified full admittance will be
non-singular. Therefore, the basic circuit theories can be
used to solve the problem directly and the flow and loss
generated by the swing bus can be easily calculated. Four
steps proposed in this paper are used to trace the voltages,
currents, power flows, and losses contributed by each
generator sequentially. Using this method, the real and
reactive power on each transmission lines and their sources
and destinations can be calculated. The loss allocation of
each line, which is produced by each generator, can also be
obtained. Test results demonstrate the main contributions of
the proposed method.
2. Basic concepts of the proposed algorithm
The proposed method is developed based on the
converged load flow or state estimator solution. After
the solution of the converged power flow or state estimator
was obtained, the system status including power injections,
bus voltage angles, bus voltage magnitudes, and power
flows at both ends of a line can be calculated. For a
transmission system with N buses, we assume the system
has NG generator buses (including swing bus) and NL load
buses. It is clear that N is equal to the sum of NG and NL.
Once the solution was obtained, a generator of a power
system can be treated as an equivalent current injection that
injects its current into the power system. On the contrary, a
load of a power system can be treated as equivalent
impedance, which absorbs current from the power system.
For example, the converged power injection of a generator
bus n can be expressed as
Sn;G Z ðPn;G C jQn;G Þ (1)
And its corresponding equivalent current injection (In,G) is


Pn;G C jQn;G 
In;G Z (2)
Vn;G
where Vn,G is the voltage of generator bus n obtained from
the converged power flow solution. Note that the influences
of the constant voltage characteristic of a generator bus have
been integrated into (2). That is, voltage changes of
generator buses will be represented in the power flow
solution and then the corresponding equivalent current
injection will also be changed accordingly.
Then, for a load bus i, the corresponding equivalent
impedance (Zi,L) can be derived as
Vi;L jVi;L j2
Zi;L Z Z (3)
Ii;L Pi;L K jQi;L
where Vi,L, Ii,L, and Si,LZ(Pi,LCjQiL) are the voltage,
current, and power of load bus i obtained from the
converged load flow solution, respectively.
After the equivalent impedance was integrated into the
admittance matrix, the relationship between bus voltages
and bus current injections can be expressed as
VBus Z ZMatrix IG (4)
where VBus, IG and ZMatrix are the bus voltage vector,
current injection vector, and impedance matrix including
the effects of the equivalent impedance, respectively. Note
that the effects of swing bus are also included in (4).
Due to the almost singular characteristic of admittance
matrix, the methods based on the admittance or impedance
matrix are difficult to allocate the flow and loss generated by
swing bus directly. However, the equivalent impedance is
shunt impedance; the integration of the equivalent impe-
dance into the admittance matrix can avoid the possible
numerical problems in the impedance matrix building
process. Besides, the relationship between the power
injections and transmission networks are non-linear; thus,
tracing the power flows and losses will be difficult.
However, from (4) it can be seen that the relationships
 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333 329

between the current injections and transmission networks
are linear; thus, the circuit theories, including Kirchhoff’s
Current Law (KCL), Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and
superposition law can be used and the proposed method can
be derived.
where yijZ(gijCjbij) is the line admittance from bus i to j
and c/2 is the line charging susceptance. Dinij and Dinji are the
line currents, produced by generator bus n, from bus i to bus
j and bus j to bus i, respectively.
And the total line current from bus i to bus j will be

X
NG
Iij Z Dinij (9)
3. Power flow and loss allocation nZ1

The proposed method develops four steps to trace the Since the voltages and line currents contributed by each
flows and losses for deregulated power systems. They are generator can be traced, the power flow from bus i to bus j
(1) trace the voltages; (2) trace the currents; (3) trace the can be expressed as
power flows; and (4) trace the losses. In this section, the ! !
XNG X
NG
derivations will be described in details.  n n
Sij Z Vi ðIij Þ Z Dvi Diij
The first step of the proposed method uses the Super- nZ1 nZ1
position Law and takes the generators into account one by (10)
one to derive the voltage contributions of each generator to Z ðDv1i C Dv2i C/C DviNGK1 C DvNi G Þ
each bus. For example, bus n is a generator bus and the In,G
is its equivalent current injection, then the voltages  ðDi1ij C Di2ij C/C DiNij GK1 C DiNij G Þ
contributed by generator bus n can be expressed as
2 n3 2 Eq. (10) can be rewritten as
Dv1 32 0 3
z11 / z1n / z1N NG X
X NG
6 7 76 « 7
6 « 7 6 « 1 / / « 76 7 Sij Z PFmn (11)
6 7 6 6 76 7
6 n7 6 6 7 mZ1 nZ1
6 Dvn 7 Z 6 zn1 / znn / znN 7 76 In;G 7 (5)
6 7 6 6 7
6 « 7 4 « / / 1 « 7 56 « 7 where
4 5 4 5 2 3
n
DvN z N1 / / / zNN 0 Dv1i ðDi1ij Þ / Dv1i ðDinij Þ / Dv1i ðDiNij G Þ
6 7
6 « 1 / / « 7
Eq. (5) shows that the voltage at bus i contributed by 6 7
6 7
generator bus n ðDvni Þ can be written as PF Z 6 n 1 
Dvni ðDinij Þ / Dvni ðDiNij G Þ 7
6 Dvi ðDiij Þ / 7
Dvni Z zin  In;G (6) 6 7
6 « / / 1 « 7
4 5
And the voltage of bus i contributed by all generator buses DvNi G ðDi1ij Þ / DvNi G ðDinij Þ NG NG 
/ Dvi ðDiij Þ
will be
X
NG From (11), it can be seen that the power flow of a line has to
Vi Z Dvni (7) be calculated by the voltages and currents contributed by
nZ1 each generator; therefore, it is very difficult to allocate the
It is clear that the voltage contributions of each generator to powers contributed by a single generator. Previous research
each bus can be calculated easily by (6) and (7). That also shown that the flow and loss allocated in deregulated
information is very important for flow and loss allocation. power systems has no unique solution; therefore, in order to
Using Fig. 1 as an example, the line current between bus i find a reasonable solution, some assumptions or approxi-
and j corresponding to the voltage contribution of generator mations were necessary [4–12]. For example, the pro-
bus n can be expressed as portional sharing assumption is the prerequisite assumption
for the flow and loss allocation proposed in Refs. [11,12].
Dinij Z ðDvni K Dvnj Þðgij C jbij Þ C ðjc=2ÞðDvni Þ (8a) Quadratic loss approximation formulas and some assump-
tions, such as bus voltage magnitude and bus voltage angle,
Dinji Z ðDvnj K Dvni Þðgij C jbij Þ C ðjc=2ÞðDvnj Þ (8b) are required for the loss allocation method used in Ref. [6].
However, if the assumptions or approximations are made
n n proper, the power flow equations, power balance equations
∆ni yij=gij+j bij ∆nj
Bus i Bus j and electric circuit theories including Kirchhoff’s Current
Law (KCL), Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Super-
position Law should all be satisfied. Therefore, a reasonable
c/2 c/2 and accurate solution can be obtained. From the observation
of (11), it can be seen that the bus voltage can be considered
as the force or pressure, which push the currents contributed
Fig. 1. A transmission line section model. by different generators through the line. Therefore, by using
330 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333

Table 1
The system data of the 4-bus system
Ig=
0.34559 G1: 0.40910+j0.01698 ZL= –1.74671
Converged bus solution –j0.11655 –j0.41259
G4: 0.59436–j0.10223
Bus no. P (p.u.) Q (p.u.) V (p.u.) q (rad.) Bus type Bus 1 Bus 2
G1: 0.44827+j0.09195
1 0.36287 0.11188 1.05000 0.00000 Swing G4: 0.60173–j0.09195
2 K0.54995 K0.12990 1.00707 K0.08475 PQ
3 K0.30001 K0.18008 1.01945 K0.05385 PQ
4 0.50000 0.28755 1.07000 0.01771 PV
Line parameter data G1: 0.40779+j0.02184
Line no. From To R (p.u.) X (p.u.) G4: 0.66204–j0.00289

Bus 3 Bus 4
1 1 2 0.08 0.40 G1: 0.40648+j0.02449
0.47197
2 1 3 0.12 0.50 ZL= –2.54664 G4: 0.61150–j0.07936 Ig=
–j1.52855 –j0.26042
3 3 2 0.10 0.40
4 2 4 0.10 0.50
5 4 3 0.0 0.30
Fig. 3. The voltage tracing result of the 4-bus system.

the voltages contributed by all generators to push the line Therefore, the power of load bus i contributed by generator
current contributed by the generator bus n, the power flow bus n can be written as
contributed by the generator bus n can be calculated. That is
Dsni;L Z Vi ðDini;L Þ (16)
Dsnij Z ðDv1i C/C Dvni C/C DvNi G ÞðDinij Þ Z Vi ðDinij Þ
And the total power of load bus i can be expressed as
(12)
X
NG
where Dsnij
is the line power flow produced by generator bus Si;L Z Dsni;L (17)
n from bus i to bus j. nZ1
And the total power flow can be written as The line loss contributed by generator bus n can be
X
NG calculated by
Sij Z Dsnij (13) Dpnij;Loss Z ReðDsnij Þ C ReðDsnji Þ (18)
nZ1
The total line losses can be expressed as
The power from a generator to a load can be also calculated
by the same procedure, that is X
NG
Pij;Loss Z Dpnij;Loss (19)
Dvni
Dini;L Z (14) nZ1
Zi;L
The proposed method uses four steps to trace the voltage,
where Dini;L is the current injection of load bus i contributed current, power, and loss contributed by a generator.
by generator bus n. Quadratic loss formula requires some approximation and
The total current injection of load bus i will be assumption for loss allocation; therefore, it is not used in
this paper [6,7]. The correctness of the proposed method can
X
NG
be verified by comparing the results obtained from (7), (9),
Ii;L Z Dini;L (15)
nZ1
(13), (17) and (19) with the converged power flow solution.

L2 0.54995
0.36287 G1
+j0.11188 0.23866 0.23412 j0.12990
+j0.07444 +j0.05177
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 1 G1: 0.19905-j0.05814 Bus 2
0.12421 –0.23415 G4: 0.02824-j0.01276
+j0.03744 –j0.06861
G1: 0.14654-j0.04842 G1: -0.01612-j0.01057 G1: -0.00884-j0.00437
–0.08234 –0.08168 G4: -0.02824+j0.01276 G4: -0.06386+j0.02686 G4: -0.21705+j0.09194
+j0.01219 –j0.00953
0.12238
+j0.02981 –0.24002
–j0.09796 G1: 0.00884+j0.00437
Bus 3 G4: -0.25490+j0.16848 Bus 4
Bus 3 Bus 4
–0.25998 –0.25998
0.30001 –j0.16246 –j0.18959 0.50000
j0.18008 G4
L3 +j0.28755

Fig. 2. The power flow solution of the 4-bus system. Fig. 4. The current tracing result of the 4-bus system.
 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333 331

Load
G1 G1: –0.265
G1: –0.22846–j0.02425 G4: –0.296
G4: –0.32148–j0.10566
Bus 1 G1: 0.238 Bus 2
Bus 1 G1: 0.20900+j0.06104 Bus 2
G4: 0.02966+j0.01340 G4: 0.000

G1: 0.124
G1: 0.15387+j0.05084 G1:–0.01528+j0.01198 G1: –0.00849–j0.00514 G4: 0.000 G1: –0.026
G4: –0.02966–j0.01340 G4: –0.06640–j0.02154 G4: –0.22566–j0.07375 G1: 0.000
G4: –0.056 G4: –0.240

G1: 0.00876-j0.00494 G1: 0.000

Bus 3 G4: –0.26873–j0.15752 Bus 4 G4: –0.259 Bus 4
Bus 3
Load
G1: –0.097
G1: –0.12725–j0.05783 G4: –0.203 G4
G4: –0.17277–j0.12225

Fig. 5. The power tracing result of the 4-bus system. Fig. 7. Tracing results using the proportional method in [11].

Test results shown in Section 4 will reveal that the results
obtained from the proposed method do not only agree with
the converged power flow solution but also satisfy the power
flow equations, power balance equations, and electric circuit
theories.
4. Numerical examples and discussions
The proposed method was implemented by Borland
CCC language and tested on a Windows-98 based
Pentium-II (350) PC. A load flow program is used to obtain
the system status. The convergence tolerance of the load
flow program is 0.001 p.u. for power mismatches. Many
power systems have been tested to verify the validity of the
proposed method; however, only the results of a 4-bus
system and a 6-bus system [13] were shown. The sizes of the
test systems are not large, however; it is good enough to
illustrate the correctness of the proposed method.
Table 1 is the line parameters and the converged bus
solution of the 4-bus system. The bus types of swing, PV,
and PQ as shown in Table 1 are the swing bus, generator
bus, and load bus, respectively. Fig. 2 shows the network
topology of the 4-bus system. There are two generators at
bus 1 and 4 and two loads at bus 2 and 3 for this system.
The system status including the power injections and power
flows at both ends of each line are also shown in Fig. 2. All
numerical values shown in Fig. 2 are in p.u. It can be seen
that the line loss is equal to the absolute value of the
difference between the line flows of both ends. Fig. 3 shows
the equivalent impedance of bus 2 and 3, the equivalent
current injections of bus 1 and 4, and the voltages
contributed by each generator. From Fig. 3, it can also be
seen that the sum of the bus voltages contributed by each
generator is equal to the converged bus voltages.
Figs. 4 and 5 show the line currents and powers
contributed by each generator, respectively. Note that only
the values as indicated by arrows are shown. From Fig. 4, it
can be seen that the KCL of each bus and the KVL of each
loop are satisfied. The fulfillment of KCL and KVL are
both for each individual generator and the full system.
Fig. 6 shows the losses contributed by each generator. It can
be seen that the total line losses produced by generator buses
1 and 4 are 0.00716 and 0.00674, respectively. The sum of
line losses produced by each generator is the same as the line
losses calculated by load flow program. The real power flow
tracing result obtained from the method proposed in [11] is
G1 G2
Bus 4 Bus 1 Bus 2

Bus 1 G1: 0.00431 Bus 2

G4: 0.00023
L4
Bus 3
Bus 5

G1: 0.00204 G1: 0.00056 G1: 0.00104 G3

G4: –0.00020 G4: 0.00011 G4: 0.00483
L5
Bus 6
G1: –0.00078
Bus 3 G4: 0.00078 Bus 4

L6

Fig. 6. The loss tracing result of the 4-bus system. Fig. 8. Network topology of the 6-bus system.
332 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333

Table 2
The converged solution of the 6-bus system

The converged bus solution

Bus no. P (p.u.) Q (p.u.) V (p.u.) q (rad.) Type Line lossa
1 1.07873 0.13548 1.05000 0.00000 Swing K0.07498
2 0.49989 0.78378 1.05000 K0.06666 PV 0.06677
3 0.59995 0.86970 1.07000 K0.07363 PV 0.08694
4 K0.69995 K0.69963 0.99020 K0.07413 PQ 0.00000
5 K0.69988 K0.69983 0.99037 K0.08823 PQ 0.00000
6 K0.70000 K0.70005 1.00542 K0.10321 PQ 0.00000
The converged line solution
Line no. From To P (p.u.) Q (p.u.) Line lossb

1 1 2 0.29865 K0.15913 0.00979

2 1 4 0.43960 0.19628 0.01093
3 1 5 0.34048 0.09833 0.00966
4 2 3 0.01400 K0.11977 0.00035
5 2 4 0.31340 0.46046 0.01454
6 2 5 0.21543 0.18452 0.00808
7 2 6 0.24592 0.12394 0.00530
8 3 5 0.17390 0.21927 0.00961
9 3 6 0.43971 0.59633 0.00983
10 4 5 0.02759 K0.05318 0.00019
11 5 6 0.02996 K0.08873 0.00045
a
The line losses produced by generator bus.
b
The line losses consumed at line.

shown in Fig. 7. Several differences between Figs. 5 and 7 can
be found. In Fig. 5 the counter flow may exist, while in Fig. 7
all of the branch power components are in the same direction.
Fig. 7 also shows that a generator may only inject power to
certain line, for example, the real line flows from bus 3 to 4
and bus 2 to 4 contributed by bus 1 are zero. While in Fig. 5,
the real line flows from bus 3 to 4 and bus 2 to 4 contributed
by bus 1 are 0.00876 and K0.00839, respectively.
Fig. 8 shows the network topology of the 6-bus system
[13]. From Fig. 8, it can be seen that the 6-bus system has
three generators, three loads and eleven transmission lines.
The converged solutions of the 6-bus system including bus
voltage magnitudes, bus voltage angles, loss of each
generator, line flows and line losses are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 shows that the sum of the line losses is equal to
the sum of the losses produced by each generator. Tables 3
and 4 show the line flows and the loads contributed by
each generator. From Table 3, it can be seen that the sum of
each row, that is the sum of the line flows contributed by
each generator, is equal to the corresponding line flow
shown in Table 2. From Table 4, it can be seen that the sum
of each row, that is the sum of the load contributed by each
generator, is equal to the load of each load bus.
The flow and loss of a power system reflects the
combined effects of all participating injections, any
injection changes will result in flow and loss changes.
This paper proposes a systematic solution procedure to
allocate the flow and loss in deregulated environments.
Using the equivalent current injection and equivalent
impedance transformed from the generation and load
respectively, the bus voltages and currents generated by
each generator can be traced. The information is very useful

Table 3
The power flow tracing result of the 6-bus system

Line no. Bus 1 (G) Bus 2 (G) Bus 3 (G)

1 1 2 2
Dp Dq Dp Dq Dp3 Dq3
1 0.36338 K0.00375 K0.04596 K0.09892 K0.01877 K0.05646
2 0.40182 0.08235 0.01615 0.04670 0.02163 0.06723
3 0.31353 0.05688 0.02981 0.05223 K0.00286 K0.01077
4 0.08805 0.00770 0.05672 0.11024 K0.13077 K0.23770
5 0.02837 K0.01459 0.16214 0.26139 0.12290 0.21366
6 0.08333 0.00165 0.11444 0.15533 0.01766 0.04286
7 0.17392 0.00735 0.10938 0.17553 K0.03743 K0.05894
8 K0.02346 K0.00758 0.01592 0.02768 0.18144 0.19918
9 0.12777 0.03592 0.03538 0.10594 0.27655 0.45447
10 0.02508 K0.01396 0.01947 0.00142 K0.01694 K0.04064
11 0.04826 K0.00283 0.01017 K0.00970 K0.02848 K0.07620
 J.-H. Teng / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 27 (2005) 327–333
Table 4
The load tracing result of the 6-bus system
Bus no. Bus 1 (G)
1 1
Dp Dq
4 K0.40066 K0.06978
5 K0.38704 K0.06964
6 K0.36601 K0.06898
for power flow and loss allocation. In order to trace the
power flow and determine shares of system losses, a
practical viewpoint was made in this paper. Test results
show that the proposed method can provide a reasonable
and accurate solution for power and loss allocation.
5. Conclusions
This paper proposed a method to trace the power flow
and loss for deregulated transmission systems based on the
electric circuit theories, equivalent current injection, and
equivalent impedance. The method can determine the
amount of the real and reactive power output from a
particular generator goes to a particular load. The loss
allocation of each line, which is produced by each generator,
can also be obtained. The proposed method possesses the
following features:
1 The proposed method uses the well-known circuit
theories, including KCL, KVL and Superposition Law,
to trace the flow and loss of a transmission system.
2. The algorithm is clear and simple.
3. The proposed method can calculate the contributions of
real and reactive power together.
4. Power contributed by each generator may have positive
and negative direction in the same line.
5. On the basis of the proposed method, each generator has
some contribution to each line flow.
Other topics, including the integration of the proposed
method into the existent tariffs of charging for transmission
losses, transmission services, and power system operation,
will be studied in future papers.
Acknowledgements
This work was sponsored by National Science Council,
Taiwan, under research grant NSC 90-2213-E-214-052.
333
Bus 2 (G) Bus 3 (G)
2 2
Dp Dq Dp3 Dq3
K0.14707 K0.30631 K0.15223 K0.32353
K0.14281 K0.30043 K0.17004 K0.32976
K0.14324 K0.29497 K0.19075 K0.33609
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Jen-Hao Teng received his BS, MS and PhD degrees in electrical
engineering from the National Sun Yat-Sen University in 1991, 1993
and 1996, respectively. He has been with the I-Shou University,
Taiwan, since 1998. His current research interests are Distribution
Automation, Power Quality and Power System Deregulation.