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and Automation
Introduction 24.1
24.1 INTRODUCTION
The sometimes complex interlocking and sequence
control requirements that are to be found in a
substation of any significant size lend themselves
naturally to the application of automation. These
requirements can be readily expressed in mathematical
logic (truth tables, boolean algebra, etc.) and this branch
of mathematics is well-suited to the application of
computers and associated software. Hence, computers
have been applied to the control of electrical networks
for many years, and examples of them being applied to
substation control/automation were in use in the early
1970’s. The first applications were naturally in the bulk
power transmission field, as a natural extension of a
trend to centralised control rooms for such systems. The
large capital investment in such systems and the
consequences of major system disruption made the cost
of such schemes justifiable. In the last ten years or so,
continuing cost pressures on Utilities and advances in
computing power and software have led to the
application of computers to substation control/
automation on a much wider basis.
This Chapter outlines the current technology and
provides examples of modern practice in the field.
the most elementary application. However, the selection Legacy bus IED's
of the complete set of functions required for a particular
application is essentially the responsibility of the end-
Bay Bay
interface unit is provided (often called an RTU or Modules Modules
Gateway), while it is possible to have more than one HMI
(b) Ring connection of Bay Modules
computer, the primary one being dedicated to operations
and others for engineering use. Optionally, a remote HMI Figure 24.5: Methods of hardware
computer may be made available via a separate link. It interconnection
is always desirable in such schemes to separate the real-
time operations function from engineering tasks, which
do not have the same time-critical importance. Of course, it is possible to overcome the first problem by
duplicating links and running the links in physically
SCADA Master clock
separate routes. However, this makes the I/O port
interface Remote HMI
(GPS, radio) problem worse, while additional design effort is required
HMI in ensuring cable route diversity.
Internet
or PSTN An alternative is to connect the Bay Modules, HMI
Telecontrol or Computer
bus interface Station bus computer and SCADA gateway in a ring, as shown in
Bus interface Bay Module Computer Figure 24.5(b). By using a communication architecture
such as found in a LAN network, each device is able to
The Bay Module and bus IED's
talk to any other device on the ring without any message
Legacy
interface could be: conflicts. A single break in the ring does not result in
• separate equipments
loss of any facilities. The detection of ring breakage and
• 24 • bus • integrated into
the Bay Module re-configuration required can be made automatically.
Thus, the availability and fault tolerance of the network
I/O, devices is improved. Multiple rings emanating from the HMI
CT, VT computer can be used if the number of devices exceeds
Figure 24.4: Decentralised topology the limit for a single ring. It can be easier to install on a
step-by-step basis for retrofit applications, but of course,
The connection between the various Bay Modules and all these advantages have a downside. The cost of such
the HMI computer is of some interest. Simplest is the a topology is higher than that of the other solutions, so
star arrangement of Figure 24.5(a). This is the least-cost this topology is reserved for situations where the highest
solution but suffers from two disadvantages. Firstly, a reliability and availability is required - i.e. HV and EHV
break in the link will result in loss of remote control of transmission substations.
the bay affected; only local control via a local HMI Redundancy can also be provided at the individual device
computer connected to the bay is then possible. level. Relays and other IED’s may be duplicated, though
Secondly, the number of communication ports available this would not be usual unless required for other reasons
on the HMI computer will limit the number of Bay (e.g. EHV transmission lines may be required to have
Modules. duplicate main protections – this is not strictly speaking
manufacturers because there is no need for the format of Message transmission, error control and conferencing facilities.
Words not clearly received are requested to be re-transmitted,
such messages to be made public. This is arguably the Data Link
using agreed procedures. For conferencing, defines how control
greatest drawback of the standard, since extensive use of passes from one person to the next.
‘private’ messages by manufacturers of devices essentially Call routing, by specifying the method of allocating telephone
numbers and provision of dialling facilities. Includes operator
turns the standard into several proprietary ones. Network facilities for routing to extensions. If the message is from several
sheets of paper, ensures that all sheets have been received and are
in the correct order.
Monitors transmission quality and implements procedures if quality
24.4.2 Network Protocols is unaceptable - e.g. requests both parties to hang up and one
Transport to re-dial. Also provides a mechanism to ensure that the correct
So far, the protocols described are useful for persons are communicating, and searches for them
implementing communications over a relatively (e.g. uses telephone directory) if not.
restricted geographical area. A substation automation Provides facilities for automatically making calls at pre-defined times,
and ensures that the correct persons are present when the call
scheme may extend over a very wide area, and hence is made. A session may be interrupted and re-established later,
Session
suitable protocols are needed for this situation. The using the same or a different network/transport connection.
most common protocols in use conform to the ISO 7- As calls are half-duplex, provides flow control procedures -
e.g one person says 'over' to invite the other to speak.
layer model of a network. This model is internationally Removes language difficulties by ensuring that the same language
recognised as the standard for the requirements for
standards permit the use of the XML language for organised into tables, usually on a ‘per device’ basis that
exchange of data between databases. As the reflects the important characteristics of the device and
information stored in an automation system or control its interrelationship with other devices on the network.
centre comprises a series of databases, information Electrical system configuration changes require
exchange is therefore facilitated. modification of the database using an appropriate
software tool supplied by the automation system vendor.
The tool is normally a high level, user-friendly interface,
24.4.3 Languages so that modifications to the one-line can be drawn
directly on-screen, with ‘pick-and–place’ facilities for
A communications language is the interpretation of the
relays, IED’s, etc. This work would normally be done
data contained in a message. The communications
offline on the Engineers’ workstation, if available, or as a
language normally forms part of the overall
background task on the control computer if not. Careful
communications protocol. Obviously, it is necessary for
and extensive checking of the data is required, both
both transmitter and recipient of the message to use the
before and after entry into the database, to ensure that
same language. While a number of communications
no errors have been made. Full testing on the new
standards attempt to specify the language used, there is
configuration using a simulator is recommended prior to
often flexibility provided, leading to manufacturer-
use of the new database on the main control computer
specific implementations. A popular work-around is for
to ensure that there is minimal possibility of errors.
a number of organisations to agree common standards
and set up a certifying body to check for compliance The software is written as a set of well-proven, standard
• 24 • against these standards. Thus, equipment that complies modules, so there is little or no need for new modules to
becomes to large degree, interoperable. However, the be written and tested for a particular substation. The
latest trend, as exemplified by the UCA v2.0/IEC 61850 required data for the calculations performed by the
Administrator Password
24.5.1 Future Developments
3 cubicles/bay
24.6.4 Management of System Tests (a): Current situation
Auxiliary Auxiliary
relaying relaying
3 cubicles/bay
(c): Step 2: SOE Renovation and wall mimic change
33kV
Substation control
New RTU New SOE HMI
Control
room
Marshalling cabinets
Substation Control and Automation
.......... ..........
11kV
Bay computer Protection 1
Auxiliary
Protection 2
relaying 11kV
2 cubicles/bay
(d): Step 3: Progressive decentralisation and protection integration
.......... ..........
The system has two features that make it unusual from
Bay computer Bay computer a control point of view. Firstly, the generation within the
system is distributed, and this results in the possibility of
Cubicles
Protection 1 Protection 1 several island networks being created in the event of a
• 24 • major electrical incident, each of which are to be run
Protection 2 Protection 2
independently until such time as paralleling of the
2 cubicles/bay islands becomes possible. Secondly, the grid system is
(e): Step 4: Full decentralisation weak, so that import has to be limited to a maximum of
40MW, even under transient disturbances such as the
Figure 24.10 (cont): Upgrade path for an existing simultaneous loss of two generators, each of over 30MW
substation
capacity.
As a result of these requirements, the standard software
Examples of automation systems on order or installed are was enhanced to allow simultaneous control of up to 3
given in the following sections. autonomous islands within the overall network, each
island having the full range of control facilities including
circuit/device switching, active/reactive power control of
24.7.1 Industrial Network Automation Project generators, voltage and frequency control of each island
A large industrial network was significantly expanded and load shedding. Due to the restrictions on grid
due to the addition of extra processing facilities. As part import, a fast load shedding algorithm was developed, as
of the expansion, a new substation automation system studies indicated that conventional under-frequency
HUB
Network
control
GPS Data acquisition centre
MiCOM
IEC 60870-5-103 M301 K-series relays
K-bus
Relay PQ741 345kV: Bus section 1
MiCOM
1 X BM9100
M301
345/138kV Transformers: Lado de Baixa
345kV: Bus section 1 EFI.P Dual redundant 2 X BM9100
1 X BM9100 Fibre optic ring
K-bus
K-bus MiCOM
M301 K-series relays
345kV: Bus section 2 MiCOM 345kV: Bus coupler
1 X BM9100 M301 K-series relays 2 X BM9100
138kV Lines: Wilson 1 & 2
2 X BM9100
Section 2D Section 2C
Section D 345KV Section C
Section 1D Section 1C
Earthing transformers
Reactor 1
Transformer 1 Transformer 2
1B 1A 2B 2A
Figure 24.15: Single line diagram: Utility substation 345kV busbar (part)
Transformer 2
Transformer 3 138kV Busbar
345/88/138kV
345/88/138kV (future)
• 24 •
Section 3A Section 3B
Section 4A Section A Section B 138kV Section 4B
138kV Line: 138kV Line: 138kV Line: 138kV Line 138kV Line: Ipiranga 1
Mariana 2 Brigadeiro 2 Ipiranga 2 Wilson 2 (future)
(future) (future) (future)
Earthing transformer 2
Figure 24.16: Single line diagram: Utility substation 138kV busbar (part)
24 •
Traction Substations
8 off Maintenance Control Centre
x3
P139
Dual redundant OPC server
ming line Printer
xxx
SCADA
Maintenance Workstation:
BM9200 A ili ry transformer
n Parameter settings and
xxx
disturbance analysis
BM9200 Printer
BM9200
EFI.P
BM9200 Bus
us s P921
ring
BM9200
• 438 •
Ethernet Network
Intermediate Autotransformer
Final Autotransformer
Substations
Substation
34 off
7 off
4-5 per traction substation
GPS OPC server
Intermediate Autotransformer GPS PC
Substation Traction
xxx
OPC server GPS GPS otransformer
Traction autotransformer PC OPC server OPC server P632
PC PC Auxiliary
xxx Traction
P632 transformer
xxx P632 transformer Auxiliary
action transformer
Tractio mer BM9200
Auxiliary
P632 ransformer
BM9200 BM9200
transformer
BM9200 BM9200 Traction
BM9200 Auxiliary
P632 EFI.P EFI.P P632
ring
ring BM9200 Bus section
mer
Track catenary/feeder BM9200 BM9200
• 24 •
• 24 •