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Brainstorming Workshop and

National Seminar
on
Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Water
Productivity
ETEWP – 2016
November 17-18, 2016
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

ABSTRACTS
Organized by
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, (C.G.)
and
Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA) - Water,
New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and
National Seminar
on
Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Water
title Pages

Productivity

ETEWP-2016
November 17-18, 2016

Core committee

Patron
Dr. S. K. Patil
Hon’ble Vice Chancellor, IGKV, Raipur

Chairman Convener
Dr. J. S. Urkurkar Dr. Vinay K. Pandey
Director Research Services, IGKV, Dean, SV CAET&RS, FAE, IGKV,
Raipur Raipur

Organizing Secretary Co- Organizing Secretary


Dr. M. P. Tripathi Er. Dhiraj Khalkho
Professor and Head,
Scientist (SWE), AICRP on IWM,
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering
FAE, IGKV, Raipur
PI-M2M Project, IGKV, Raipur
Members:

Director Extension Services, IGKV, Raipur

Dean Student Welfare, IGKV, Raipur

Dean, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur

Dean, BRSMCAET&RS, IGKV, Raipur

Professor and Head, FMPE, FAE, IGKV, Raipur

Professor and Head, APFE, FAE, IGKV, Raipur

Professor and Head, Soil Science, CoA, Raipur

Professor and Head, Agronomy, CoA, Raipur

Professor and Head, Agrometeorology, CoA, Raipur

Chief Scientist, AICRP on IWM, Bilaspur

Director Farm, IGKV, Raipur

Director Instructions, IGKV, Raipur

Registrar, IGKV, Raipur

Comptroller, IGKV, Raipur

SPP, IGKV, Raipur

All ADR, Director Research Services, IGKV, Raipur


National Advisory Committee:
Dr. Narendra Ahuja, Director, ITRA, New Delhi
Dr. Arun Pandey, Prog. Coord., ITRA-Water, New Delhi
Dr. N. S. Raghuwanshi, Professor, AgFE, IIT Kharagpur & Lead PI-M2M
Dr. S. K Ambast, Director, IIWM, Bhubaneshwar
Dr. P. K. Mishra, Director, IISWC, Dehradoon
Dr. Anupam Mishra, Director, ATARI, Jabalpur
Dr. R. Singh, Professor & Dean PG, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. R. K. Panda, Professor, IIT Bhubaneshwar
Dr. K. N. Tiwari, Professor, AgFE, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. R. K. Nema, Dean, CAET, JNKVV, Jabalpur
Dr. M. P. Nagdeo, Dean, CoAE, PDKV, Akola
Dr. Ramadhar Singh, Head, Div. of IDE, CIAE, Bhopal
Dr. Balram Panigrahi, Prof. & Head, SWE, OUAT, Bhubaneswar
Dr. P. P. Majumdar, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., IISc Bangalore
Dr. J. Adinarayana, Professor, Agro-Informatics Lab, CSRE, IIT Bombay
Dr. M. L. Gaur, Professor, CAET, AAU, Godhra
Dr. A. K. Nema, Professor, SWE, BHU, Varanasi
Dr. R. P. Pandey, Scientist ‘F’, NIH, Roorkee
Dr. Atmaram Mishra, Principal Scientist, IIWM, Bhubaneshwar
Dr. Manoranjan Kumar, Sr. Scientist, CRIDA, Hyderabad
Dr. C. Chatterjee, Associate Professor, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Ashok Mishra, Associate Professor, IIT Kharagpur
Dr. Ashish Pandey, Assoc. Professor, IIT Roorkee
Dr. Arnab Bandhopadhaya, Assoc. Professor, NERIST, Itanagar
Dr. Vimal Mishra, Asst. Professor, IIT Gandhinagar
Dr. P. K. Kashyap, Associate Professor, GBPAUT, Pantnagar, UK
Abstracts

Department of Soil and Water Engineering


Swami Vivekanand College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology & Research Station,
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
Raipur 492 012 (Chhattisgarh) India
No. PA/VC/188/16/278
Dated: 11/11/2016
Dr. S. K. Patil
Vice Chancellor
Message
Water productivity is the amount of beneficial output per unit of water applied. In its
broadest sense, it reflects the objectives of producing more food, and the associated income,
livelihood and ecological benefits, at a lower social and environmental cost per unit of water
used.
I am glad to know that a Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar on
“Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity” (ETEWP-2016), being organized
jointly by the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidylaya (IGKV), Raipur and Information
Technology Research Academy (ITRA), Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology, Government of India, New Delhi during November 17-18, 2016, with the major
aims of bringing together researchers, academicians, practicing engineers, industries and all
other alike quarters of sustainable management of water, natural resources and rural
livelihood.
The themes of the brain storming and two days national seminar are laid down by
taking into considerations recent scientific developments in the areas of water resources,
natural resources and energy management, in addition to latest software technology and
observations systems. During the seminar, the concerned theme subject matter experts from
various parts of the country including academic and research organizations will present their
deliberations.
This ABSTRACTS will enlighten the water sector of Chhattisgarh for future option
accelerated growth.
I congratulate the organizing secretary and his team who have done excellent job for
success of the Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar on “Emerging
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity”. I extend my best wishes to the participating
delegates for successful and result oriented deliberations.
I wish grand success of the ETEWP -2016”.
Directorate of Research Services
Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya
Raipur 492 012 (Chhattisgarh) India

Dr. J. S. Urkurkar
DRS, IGKV

Message

I feel very happy to note that Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Swami
Vivekananda College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station,
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidylaya (IGKV), Raipur
and Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), Ministry of Communications and
Information Technology, Government of India, New Delhi are being jointly organizeda
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar on “Emerging Technologies for
Enhancing Water Productivity” (ETEWP-2016) duringNovember 17-18, 2016.
I believe that the workshop will have great impact on promotion of new technologies
for enhancing water use efficiency and their productivity of national level. This seminar
reviewschallenges and opportunities for improving water productivity in socially equitable
and sustainable ways by thinking beyond technologies,and fostering enabling institutions and
policies.
Keeping in view the importance and need of the hour, the brain storming workshop
will be high value contributions by eminent scientists and speakers.
I am sure that the participants will find this workshop useful and give their
valuableinputs to make it fruitful.
I wish all the success in their endeavour.
SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Tech. & Research Station
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
Raipur 492012 (Chhattisgarh) India

Dr. Vinay K. Pandey


Dean
Message

Swami Vivekananda College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology &


Research Station, FAE, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, takes this pride to
host the Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar on “Emerging
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity”, ETEWP-2016 during November 17-18,
2016. It is my pleasure to know that this seminar is jointly organised by the Indira Gandhi
Krishi Vishwavidylaya, Raipur and Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA)-
Water, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, New
Delhi.
Hosting this workshop and seminar would definitely provide us an opportunity to
learn from the professional excellence of the visiting scientist and experts from India and
abroad to uplift the socio-economic status of India agriculture and food sector. Our ultimate
goal are laid down by taking into considerations recent scientific developments in the areas of
water resources, natural resources and energy management, in addition to latest software
technology and observations systems.
The college take pride in the progress and success of National seminar and look
forward to greater support from all the individuals to strengthen the activities. Agricultural
Engineering plays a vital role in ensuring timeliness and precession of agricultural operations,
reducing cost of cultivation and increasing the productivity vis-a-vis ensuring livelihood and
economic security of the farmers. The theme selected for the convention is very much is
relevant.
I convey my war wishes to the participating delegates and also acknowledge the
efforts extended by faculty and staff of the college organizing this National event.
Department of Soil and Water Engineering
SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Tech. & Research Station
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur

Dr. M. P. Tripathi
Professor and Head

Preface
Water productivity is the amount of beneficial output per unit of water depleted.
Increasing water productivity is an important element in improved water management for
sustainable agriculture, food security and healthy ecosystem functioning. Increased water
productivity has been associated with improved food security and livelihoods. In its broadest
sense, it reflects the objectives of producing more food, and the associated income, livelihood
and ecological benefits, at a lower social and environmental cost per unit of water used.
The major objectives of Brain Storming Workshop and National Seminar on
“Emerging Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity” ETEWP-2016 is to workout
strategies for sustainable utilization of country’s natural resources for enhancing water
productivity and ensuring sustainable rural livelihood along with creation of awareness for
natural resource management and conservation by every individual in the community and for
that providing a platform to academicians, scientists, engineers, NGO’s and policy and
decision makers throughout the nation to share their experiences for enhancing water
productivity and sustainable natural resource management. In the Brain Storming Workshop
and National Seminar ETEWP-2016, an overwhelming response received from different
parts of the country. Besides several invited papers from the leaders in the profession, about
150 contributory research papers have been received for presentation during the seminar.
The Organizing Secretary gratefully acknowledges the timely decision of the Indira
Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh and Information Technology Research
Academy (ITRA), Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, New Delhi for
hosting the prestigious convention in the IGKV campus and their support and advice at
different junctures. We are deeply indebted to Dr. S. K. Patil, Hon’ble Vice Chancellor,
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya for his constant support and invaluable guidance at
each step of organizing this mega event.
I extend a warm welcome with great pleasure to all the delegates, speakers and
participants to Brainstorming Workshop and National Seminar. I am also thankful to all the
Chairman, Co- chairman and members of local organizing committee constituted for smooth
organization of this seminar.

(M. P. Tripathi)
Organizing Secretary
Department of Soil and Water Engineering
SV College of Agril. Engg. and Tech. & Research Station
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur

Er. Dhiraj Khalkho


Scientist (SWE) &
Co-organizing Secretary ETEWP 2016
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSRACTS is the compilation of research abstracts submitted by various Scientists/
Researchers/ Scholars/ Students from different parts of the country for the Brainstorming
Workshop and Two days National Seminar on Emerging Technologies on Enhancing Water
Productivity. On behalf of the Organizing Committee, we are thankful to every participant for
submitting the abstract of their research works and helping in the identification of new emerging
technologies for enhancing agricultural water productivity.
On behalf of Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SV College of Agricultural
Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, I would like to express the deepest appreciation to the Hon’ble
Vice Chancellor, IGKV and Patron ETEWP 2016, Dr S. K. Patil, for his kind consent and
approval to organize the Brainstorming Workshop and National Seminar on Emerging
Technologies on Enhancing Water Productivity at IGKV, Raipur along with his constant
guidance, administrative support and inspiration, from the formulation of the programme till it’s
successfully conduction.
The organizing committee is also indebted to Dr. J. S. Urkurkar, Director Research,
IGKV, Raipur and Convenor ETEWP-2016 for his support and guidance in formulating the
programme. I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to Dr.
V. K. Pandey, Dean, SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research
Station, FAE, IGKV, Raipur and Chairman ETEWP-2016, for taking part in useful decision and
giving necessary advices and guidance and for arranging all facilities to make the programme
successful.
I am very thankful to Dr. M.P. Tripathi Prof. & Head, Department of Soil and Water
Engineering and Organizing Secretary ETEWP 2016, for his continuous encouragement,
guidance and help in arranging the organization of National Seminar on its scheduled date.
We thank the Information Technology Research Academy, Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India for providing all the financial assistance
through Measurement to Management (M2M) project for conduction of this National Seminar.
We are thankful to Dr Narendra Ahuja, Director ITRA and Dr. N. S. Raghuwanshi, Professor, IIT
Kharagpur and Lead PI M2M Project for collaborating with Dept. of Soil and Water
Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur for conduction of sensor based network M2M project.
I acknowledge, with gratitude, my debt of thanks to all the scientific/ technical/
supporting staff and students of SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology &
Research Station, FAE, IGKV, Raipur for their constant support, direct and indirect help
provided to make this National deliberation a grand success.

(Dhiraj Khalkho)
List of Contents
Theme 1 – NRM for Enhancing Water Productivity

S. Title Authors Name Page


N. No.
Rooftop water harvesting: A technique Neelima Netam, Vivek Kumar
1 of rain water harvesting Kurrey, Raina Bajpai and Sangeeta 1
Kujur
2 Rain water harvesting use and recharge Sanjay Kumar and Pramod Kumar 1
Water harvesting technique for Uttam Kumar, Bindiya Painkra, V.N.
3 2
increasing agricultural productivity Mishra
Rainwater harvesting: A new aspect in Yamlesh Nishad, Uttam Kumar
4 rainfed agriculture Diwan, Deepika Unjan and Surbhi 2
Jain
Effect of various filtration media and S. T. Patil, M. S. Mane, S. S.
5 layer thickness on physical and chemical Prabudesai, S. B. Nandagude, M. C. 3
properties of grey water Kasture and U. S.Kadam
Climate resilience based natural P. D. Verma, Parmanand, S. K.
6 resource conservation technology for Tamrakar and Narendra Agrawal 4
wheat in the rice-wheat cropping pattern
Impact of broad bed furrow technology Parmanand, P. D. Verma, S. K.
7 on water productivity and lodging of Tamrakar and Narendra Agrawal 4
soybean
Characteristics of surface and ground L. K. Ramteke, M. P. Tripathi and P.
8 water in conjunction to somaninala Katre 5
watershed in chhattisgarh
Optimal crop planning in the Janhavi, P. Katre, M. P.Tripathi,
environment of conjunctive water use Dileshwari and Pushpendra Singh
9 5
for a watershed situated in the Mandhar
branch canal command
Crop residue management and tillage Shaivalini Chauhan and R. K. Bajpai
10 methods for conserving soil and water in 6
semi-arid regions
Rainwater harvesting to enhance water Bindiya Painkra, Bharat Lal,
11 7
productivity of rainfed agriculture Madhulika Singh and Preeti Painkra
Integrated watershed management in Y. S. Dhruw, Altaf Mirza and Anjay
7
12 India: an overview Singh
Impact of climate change on agriculture Y.S. Dhruw, Govind Prasad and
13 8
in India Revendra sahu
Fluoride incidence in groundwater Bharat Lal, Bindiya Painkra, Hareesh
14 8
Kumar, S. S. Sengar, M.P. Tripathi
Optimization of soil and water pollution Suranjana Bara and Vivek Kumar
15 9
through agricultural drainage Kurrey,
The effects of water resource and its Birendra Tigga, Yogesh Upadhyay
16 10
conservation: the conditions for success and Lemesh Kumar Pandey
Water harvesting and its management C. R. Subudhi, Sagara Chandra
17 through farm pond and utilization of Senapati and Rageswari Subudhi 10
conserved water for vegetable crops
Soil and water conservation techniques Ch.Rajendra Subnudhi and Rageswari
18 in degraded watershed of kandhamal Subudhi 11
district, Odisha
Interventions for sub-surface drainage in Pushpendra Kumar Singh, Kriti Dubey
19 11
vertisols
Design of farm pond for supplemental Suryakant Sonwani, Jeet Raj,
20 irrigation during kharif season at Suryakant Yadav, Tarun Kumar, 12
C.A.E.C. farm Pushpraj Diwan
Management of sloppy lands through Dr. T.D. Pandey, Dr. R.B. Tiwari, Dr.
21 soil conservation technologies in Bastar R. K. Sukla, Dr Geet Sharma and Dr. 12
plateau of Chhattisgarh Dinesh Pandey
Rainwater harvesting through farm pond M. B. Nagdeve, R. S. Patode, N. R.
22 for enhancing water productivity in Palaspagar 14
vegetable crops under rainfed condition
A study on design and construction of B. L Sinha, Gaurav Kumar, Gunja
23 temporary gully control structures using Dhruw, Kuldeep Sahu, Bhupendra 14
wastage materials Kumar and R K Sahu
Coal mining vs agriculture in Tirath Kumar, R. K. Sahu and G. K.
chhattisgarh: A question of Nigam 15
24
sustainability
Role of artificial small scale water Tirath Kumar, Prafull Katre, V. K.
25 16
harvesting structures in agriculture Choure and K. P. Sahu
Rainwater harvesting Vinita Zhodape, Dharmendra
26 16
Khokhar, Arti Guhey
Remediation of contaminated water Vinita Zhodape, Millap Ram Sahu,
27 17
Nisha Chandel, Uma Ekka
Biological soil conservation Vinita Zhodape, Uma Ekka, Ritu Rani
28 18
Minz
Effect of mound height on groundwater Pushpendra Kumar Singh, V. P.
29 18
recharge rate through recharge shaft Verma, M. P. Tripathi and Janhavi
Climate variability and trend analysis at Deepika Unjan, G.K. Das, Uttam
30 19
bastar district of chhattisgarh state Diwan, J.L. Chaudhary
Rainfall climatology for strategic crop G.K. Das, J.L. Chaudhary, Rajesh
31 planning in chhattisgarh state Khavse , Sanjay Bhelawe and Deepika 19
Unjan
Trend analysis of temperature variation Rajesh Khavse, G. K. Das, Sanjay
32 20
in northern hill zone of chhattisgarh Bhelawe and J. L. Chaudhary
Trend and variability analysis of rainfall J.L. Chaudhary, G.K Das and Sanjay
33 and temperature at raipur district of Bhelawe 21
chhattisgarh plain
Trend and variability in pan evaporation Sanjay Bhelawe, G.K Das and J.L
34 21
at Raipur Chaudhary
Impact of global warming on aquatic life Arti Kujur and Vivek Kumar Kurrey
35 22
and in their ecosystem
A study: effect of opencast mining on Gaurav Kant Nigam, R. K. Sahu,
36 soil properties, runoff, soil erosion and Jitendra Sinha, M. P. Tripathi and 22
sediment yield Yatnesh Bisen
Rainwater Management for drought G.P. Pali, R.M. Savu, Birbal Sahu and
37 alleviation, crop Diversification and Dhiraj Khalkho 23
Intensification
Theme 2– Mechanization in Agriculture for enhancing water productivity
S. N. Title Authors Name Page
No.
Design and development of vacuum Priya Sinha, Ajay Verma and V.
1 cylinder metering mechanism for N. Victor 24
planting of bold seeds
Development of light weight five Navneet Kumar Dhruwe, V. M.
row animal drawn multi crop Victor, S.V. Jogdand, A. K.
2 25
planter Akhilesh Chandrakar, Amit
Namdeo
Multiplier effect of zero tillage P. D. Verma, Parmanand, S. K.
technology on resource Tamrakar, and Narendra Agrawal
3 conservation in rice wheat cropping 26
system: evidence from farmers field
by front line demonstration
Effect of weed management on wee Kamla Gandharv and N.K.
dynamics, growth, yield attributes Choubey
4 26
and yield of direct seeded rice (oryza
sativa l.) under minimum tillage
A case study on power availability Jitendra Kumar Joshi, A.K.Dave
and level of mechanization in and B.P.Mishra
5 27
adopted village of chhattisgarh
plains
Comparative performance of Piyush Pradhan, Ajay Verma and
6 rotavator tillage with tractor drawn Rajesh Naik 27
tillage
Field performance of different Priti Tiwari, V.M. Victor, M.P.
puddlers and weeders under system Tripathi and P. Katre
7 28
of rice intensification in midland
situation
Techno-economic evaluation of M. Banjare, R.K. Naik,
single row animal drawn maize Dileshwari
8 28
planter cum fertilizer applicator as
an attachment with desi plough
Development of low cost sugarcane R. K. Naik, Md. Tahsin Ashraf
9 29
harvester for chhattisgarh region and D.K. Rai
Assessment of 8 row paddy drum Amit kumar sinha, Priya sinha and
10 seeder for sowing of paddy in distt. S.S. Chandrawanshi 29
dhamtari, C.G.
Status of bullock carts and Nikhil Kumar Patre, Er. M.
comparative evaluation of different Quasim
11 30
types of cart available in
chhattisgarh plains
Development and testing of Sameer Mandal , Tirath
12 manually operated prilled urea Kumar, A.K. Jamuar, Shweta 31
applicator Yadav and Soni Badra
13 Effect of animal drawn puddling V. M. Victor, A. K. A. Lawrence 33
equipments and its intensity on and A.K. Dave
percolation losses of water in
inceptisols rice (oryza sativa l.)
field
Studies on some engineering Yogesh Singh Thakur, M.
14 properties of rice straw based Quasim and V. M. Victor 32
briquettes
Studies on draught ability of he- A.K Chandraker, A.K.Dave, S.V.
15 buffaloes for primery tillage Jogdand, V.M.Victor, N.Kerketta 32
implements
Feeding strategies to improve Neelmani Kerketta, Akhilesh
efficiency of bullocks during field Chandraker, V.M.Victor and
16 33
operations with agricultural S.V.Jogdand
implements
Testing and performance evaluation Meena Kanwar, Mansingh
17 of tractor drawn seed-cum Banjare, Dileshwari and Janhavi 34
fertilizer drill for sowing of ragi
Performance evaluationof power R. A. Bangale, P. A. Turbatmath,
18 operated medicinal nut sheller R. V. Sanglikar 34
Performance Evaluation of Tractor Manisha Sahu, Dr. Ajay Verma
19 Drawn Multi Crop Inclined Plate 35
Planter
Auger-type granular fertilizer Manisha Sahu, Ajay Verma
distributor: mathematical modeling
20 35
and dynamic simulation for
precision application

Theme 3 – Advance irrigation system for water productivity

S.N. Title Authors Page


No.
Influence of irrigation and Narendra Agrawal, M. P.
fertigation on yield, production Tripathi, S. K. Tamrakar, P. D.
1 36
efficiency and economic returns of Verma and P. Kashyap
drip irrigated potato
Response of cauliflower to fertilizer Narendra Agrawal, M. P.
2 levels and irrigation schedules under Tripathi, S. K. Tamrakar, P. D. 36
drip irrigation Verma and P. Kashyap
Advanced irrigation management Gurupreet Singh Gandhi, Anshul
practice through AICRPAM – Jain and Manoj Beck
3 37
NICRA agro advisory services in
Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh
Water balance and fertigation in Omesh Thakur, Vijay Kumar,
4 38
vegetable production Vivek K. Kurrey
Climate change and socio-economic Surbhi Jain, Deepika Unjan,
5 impacts on agriculture and agro- Uttam Kumar Diwan and 38
environments Yamlesh Nishad
Haveli system of farming in central R.N. Shrivastava, M.K. Awasthi,
6 39
india R.K. Nema
Study of climatic water balance for Chandraprakash, Diwakar Naidu
7 39
different districts in chhattisgarh
Effect of drip irrigation on growth Hemlata, Jitendra kumar, A. L.
8 and water use of summer rice Rathore, Sangeeta Joshi, and 40
Ambika Tandon
Water productivity of wheat affected Rakesh Kumar Turkar and R.K.
9 41
by improved irrigation management Nema
Effect of fertigation scheduling and Puneshwer singh paikra, G. D.
mulching technique in three cultivars Sahu, Nisha Chandel, Kisan
10 of guava (Psidium guajava L.) under Kumar 41
ultra high density planting in
Chhattisgarh
Challenges for integrated water Satyendra Kumar Gupta
42
11 resources management
Production of horticulture crops Sanjay Kumar Verma, Deepti
12 42
under drip environmental in india Patel, Geet Sharma & R.K. Bisen
Effect of different operating Shashi Kant, Jitendra Sinha, M.
pressures on the hydraulic P. Tripathi and Nilima Jangre
13 43
performance of drip irrigation
system
Rainwater harvesting through farm M.B. Nagdeve, R.S. Patode, N.R.
pond for enhancing water Palaspagar
14 43
productivity in vegetable crops
under rainfed condition
Water balance studies on finger Karnika Dwivedi, M. P. Tripathi,
millet (Eleusine coracana) in Yatnesh Bisen, Priti Tiwari and
15 44
midland situation of Chhattisgarh Dileshwari
plains
Evaluation of irrigation methods for Jhalesh Kumar, M. P. Tripathi, P.
16 chickpea-coriander intercropping in Katre and Dhiraj Khalkho 45
vertisols of Chhattisgarh plains.
Innovative water use in rice for R.K. Sahu, Ajay Verma
17 46
enhanced water productivity
The impact of irrigation on crop K.K Choudhary, A.K.
productivity at kharang command Agrawal,Sumit Mahajan and K.K.
18 46
area of bilaspur district of Sandey
chhattisgarh
Development of different Yatnesh Bisen, M. P. Tripathi,
arrangement of furrow irrigation Karnika Dwivedi, Priti Tiwari, N.
technique with combination of S. Raghuwanshi, Dhiraj Khalkho
19 47
moisture conservation for summer and G. K. Nigam
maize ( zea maya L.) in mid land
situation of Chhattisgarh plains
Effect of level of irrigation and Geet Sharma, P. K. Keshry, A.K.
20 micro nutrient (zinc and sulphur) on Swarnakar, A. K. Sahu, and 48
growth and yield of onion Davesh Pandey
Effect of different levels of irrigation A. K. Sahu, A.K. Swarnakar,
21 and fertility on growth and yield of Geet Sharma, Davesh Pandey 48
late sown wheat and P. K. Keshry
Effect of different levels of water Devesh Pandey, A. K. Sahu, A.K.
and interculture tools on growth and Swarnakar, Geet Sharma and P.
22 49
yeild of rice under SRI (medagskar) K. Keshry
system

Theme 4 – Agronomical Manipulation of crops


S.N. Title Authors Page
No.
Arsenic accumulation of common Neha Sahu, Akhilesh and K.
1 49
plants from contaminate soils Kulmitra
Assessment of critical growth stages of Dileshwari, M. P.Tripathi, Janhavi,
2 kharif rice in dharsiwa block of raipur P. Katre, Karnika and Mansingh 50
district in chhattisgarh Banjare
Managing fertilizers to improve soil Neha Sahu, Akhilesh, K. Kulmitra,
3 health Roshan Kumar ,Toshima 50
Kushram, Mukesh sahu
Effect of integrated nutrient Yugal Kishor Sahu, A.K.
4 management on growth and yield of Chaubey, Prahalad Kumar and 51
rice (oriza sativa l.) in inceptisol A.S. Rajput
Soil health: the foundation of Akhilesh K Kulmitra, Mukesh
5 sustainable agriculture Kumar Sahu, Neha Sahu, Toshima 52
Kushram, Roshan Chandraker
Studies on growth parameters and Nirjharnee Nandeha, Y.K.
nutrient uptake of sweet corn in Dewangan and Prem Lal Sahu
6 relation to different crop geomtery 52
and nutrient management under
chhattisgarh plain ecosystem
Performance of different weed Aarti Verma, Samir Tamrakar
management practices on growth,
7 53
grain yield and weed dynamics of
Chickpea(Cicer arietinum).
Estimation of genetic parameters for Prabha R. Chaudhari, D. Sharma,
yield traits in rice (oryza sativa l.) S. Bhandarkar, A. Tandon, S.K.
8 under aerobic condition Nair , B. Sharma, M. parikh, 53
Ambhure R. Rao and A.K.
Sarawgi
Soil health: the foundation of Shaivalini Chauhan and R K
9 54
sustainable agriculture production Bajpai
Improvement of soil health and soil Yogesh Upadhyay, Lemesh Kumar
10 quality through agricultural Pandey, Birendra tigga, 54
technologies N.K.Mishra
Fly ash an improving soil properties Bharat Lal , K. Tedia and
11 55
and yield of rice under degraded land S. S. Sengar
Morphological and growth parameters Navneet Kumar Mishra and Dr.
12 55
and Yield traits of rice Arti Guhey
(Oryza sativa L.) under different
moisture regimes
Role of organic matter in maintaining Mithun Kumar Mishra, Sonali
13 56
soil health Harinkhere and Anupama Xalxo
Influence of rice establishment methodsRahul Kumar, R.N.Singh,
on nutrient uptake in chickpea (Cice S.S.Sengar, Alok Tiwari, A.K.Singh,
14 56
arietinum L) under rice- pulse croppingAnurag, Tapas Chowdhary and
system Deepak Kumar Chandrakar
Vermicomposting: A better option for Sonali Harinkhere, V.K.
15 organic solid waste management and Samadhiya, Mithun Kumar Mishra 57
soil health and Rakesh Giri Goswami
Estimating productivity in chhattisgarhPraveen Kumar Verma, Narendr
16 plain zone for the future climateAgrawal and R.B.Tiwari 58
condition using dssat v.4.5-rice model
Long-term impact of manure and S.K. Joshi, G.P. Nag, R.K.
17 fertilization on active soil organic Dewangan 58
pool and enzymatic activity: A review
Medium duration rice varieties: Prafull Kumar, S C Yadav,
proficient genotypic water Yatnesh Bisen, Kiran Tigga 59
18 management strategy
Conservation tillage for crop Mukesh Kumar Pandey
19 intensification in rainfed areas of 59
chhattisgarh
Associative effect of rhizobium and Kondra Hrishabh, Diptimayee
phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on Dash and S. B. Gupta
20 60
yield and nodulation of moong (Vigna
radiata) crop in acidic soil condition
Yield maximization of IGKV Dinesh Pandey, T.D.Pandey,
21 developed HYV of rice. R.K.Sukla, H.P.Agrawal & 61
V.K.Verma
Assessment of arsenic content in soil, Neelam Baghel, K. K. Sahu and
water and rice crop (oryza sativa l.) in Rakesh Banwasi
22 61
ambagarh chowki block of
rajnandgaon district (chhattisgarh)
Impact of utera cultivation as in situ Rajiv Dixit, A.Shukla, Shilpa
23 comemation practice at nicra village Kaushik and J.Yadav 62
kharghana with variety “mahatiora”
Utilization of moisture from kharif Ravish Keshri, S. K. Verma,
24 submerged fallow land for chickpea Kunal Chandrakar and S. M. Ali 63
cultivation Humayun
Evaluation of ceres-wheat model for Harsh Vardhan Puranik, Uttam
the selected wheat variety of raipur Kumar Diwan, G.K.Das,
25 63
J.L.Chaudhary, N. Manikandan
and Rajesh Khavse
Development of genetic coefficient of Uttam Kumar Diwan, G.K. Das,
popular rice cultivar mtu 1010 for H.V. Puranik, Deepika Unjan,
raipur district of chhattisgarh using J.L.Chaudhary, 64
26
ceres-rice model N. Manikandan and Rajesh
Khavse
Efficacy of SRI with or without Urea Dushyant Pandey, Rahul Sahu, G.
27 Briquettes in Rice Durgeshwari P. Ayam 65
Variety in Bastar Plateau
Effect of tillage methods, sowing date Ashwani Kumar Thakur, Rajendra
and different irrigation levels on Lakpale, Dhiraj Khalkho, S. C.
28 sweet corn at bastar plateau zone of 65
Mukherjee, and Yatnesh Bisen
chhattisgarh
Crop intensification through water Birbal Sahu, Atul R Dange,
29 harvesting in tribal area of Uttar Devchand Salam, Prafull 66
Bastar Kanker district Rahangale & Suresh Markam
Participatory irrigation management : Ashish Kumar Gupta and M.L.
30 66
an overview Sharma
An economic analysis of prveling Vijay K. Choudhary, Y. S.
31 irrigation system for enhancing cror Rajput, Ajay K. Koshta & S. 67
production in Chhattisgarh K.Joshi
Effect of moisture conservation P. K. Keshry, Geet Sharma, A. K.
practices and integrated nutrient Sahu, Davesh Pandey and A.K.
32 68
management on productivity of Swarnakar
rainfed maize
Effect of different levels of water and A.K. Swarnakar, , Geet Sharma, P.
33 spacing on growth and yield of rice K. Keshry, Davesh Pandey and A. 68
under SRI (medagaskar) system K. Sahu

Theme 5 – Geospatial techniques & hydrological modelling in enhancing water


productivity
S.N. Title Authors Page
No.
Application of remote sensing and Sangeeta Kujur, V.K. Singh,
1 gis with hydrology and crop Neelima Netam, Vandana Ekka 69
modeling
Land use management plan of a Madhukar Patel and Dhiraj
2 micro-watershed using geospatial Khalkho 70
techniques
Prioritization of watershed for Shilpi Rani Bhattacharya, M.P.
management using morphometric Tripathi, Dhiraj Khalkho and Love
3 70
analysis through geospatial Kumar
technology
Hydrological modeling for Priti Tiwari, M. P. Tripathi, Yatnesh
identification of erosion prone areas Bisen, Rituraj Shukla and Karnika
4 71
of a small agricultural watershed in Dwivedi
Chhattisgarh
Identification of suitable locations M. P. Tripathi, Dhiraj Khalkho, P.
for groundwater recharging for semi- Katre, Yatnesh Bisen and Priti
5 71
critical blocks in Chhattisgarh plains Tiwari
using geospatial techniques
Estimating the effects of landuse and Rituraj Shukla, Priti Tiwari, Deepak
6 landcover on groundwater storage in Khare, M. P. Tripathi 72
indira sagar canal command area
GIS aided soil mapping of available L.K. Srivastava, V.N. Mishra, G.K.
7 macro and micronutrients in durg Jatav and Rakesh Banwasi 73
district of chhattisgarh
Forecasting peak flood data of Kajal Panigrahi, Mayuree giri, B.
8 mahanadi river basin, odisha for Panigrahi 73
design of hydraulic structures
Crop modeling and GIS as a tool for Sanjay K. Dwivedi
enhancing water productivity with
9 74
special reference to horticultural
crops
Natural resources management Love Kumar, Dhiraj Khalkho,
10 planning of micro watershed using Prafull Katre, M. P. Tripathi, S.K. 75
remote sensing and GIS Patil, and G. K. Nigam
Site suitability mapping for water Love Kumar, Dhiraj Khalkho,
storage structures using remote Prafull Katre, M. P. Tripathi, S.K.
11 75
sensing & GIS for a small watershed Patil, and Yatnesh Bisen
of lormi block in mungeli district
Development of thematic maps for Gaurav Kant Nigam, M. P. Tripathi,
seonath basin of chhattisgarh using S. K. Ambast, Dhiraj Khalkho and
12 76
remote sensing and geographic Yatnesh Bisen
information system techniques
Geospatial techniques for efficient Dhiraj Khalkho, Love Kumar, M. P.
13 land and water resource planning of Tripathi, S. K. Patil, G. K. Nigam 77
village dabo of mungeli district and Y. Bisen
Impact of urbanization on water Manish Kumar Sinha, M. K.
resources: modelling and simulation Verma, K. Baier, R. Azzam
14 77
of surface runoff and groundwater
recharge over land use change
Flood plain mapping and modeling Triambak Baghel, Nikita Sinha,
15 of ungauged basin using h & h Ishtiyaq Ahmad, M. K. Verma 78
model
Land use land cover analysis and Nikita Sinha, Preeti Rajput, Manish
16 accuracy assessment using landsat Kumar Sinha, Ishtiyaq Ahmed 79
sensor data
Soil quality ranking of a small Nirmal Kumar
17 79
sample size using AHP

Theme 6 – Precision farming & GHT improve water productivity

S.N. Title Authors Page


No.
Plasticulture interventions in soil and Deepti patel, Sanjay Kumar Verma
1 80
water management of hill agriculture and R.K. Bisen
2 Studies on different level of Dr. P. C. Chaurasiya, Dr. R. K. 80
fertigation and different types of Mishra & Sunidhi Mishra
mulch on yield & quality attributes
of tomato under natural ventilated
polyhouse
Precision farming and its importance Toshima Kushram, Mukesh Kumar
3 in agriculture Sahu, Akhilesh K Kulmitra, Neha 81
Sahu, Roshan Chandraker
Review of hydroponic techniques for G.L. Sharma and K.L. Patel
4 81
production of fruit crops
Precision agriculture: an opportunity Ashulata Netam, Mansingh
5 82
for today’s farmer Banjare, R.K.Naik and Dileshwari
Importance of GIS & GPS in M. Banjare, Ashulata Netam, R.K.
6 82
precision farming Naik and Dileshwari

Theme 7 – Adoption of Water management technology for enhancing water


productivity
S.N. Title Authors Page
No.
Need of market intelligence in Prishila Kujur
1 83
agribusiness sector
Sustainable water management Rewendra Kumar Sahu, Subhodh
2 strategies in chhattisgarh Pradhan, Vivek Kumar Kurrey and 84
Vikas Ramteke
Mera gaon mera gaurav: A holistic Lemesh Kumar Pandey, Yogesh
3 approach for farmers Upadhyay, Birendra tigga, P.K 84
Jaiswal
Impact of water saving direct seeded Shilpa Kaushik, A. Shukla, Rajiv
4 rice technology at nicra village Dixit, J. Yadav 85
kharghna
Recent technology developed for Jahaar Singh, Bhimeshwari Sahu and
5 85
wastewater treatment Upendra Kumar Nag

Theme 8 – Interdisciplinary approach for sustainable natural resources

S.N. Title Authors Page


No.
Temperature optimization of shrink Bhagwat kumar
wrap packaging machine for packing of
1 86
tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) pulp
briquettes in HDPE film
High income generate through Mukesh Kumar Sahu, Akhilesh K
2 processing and value addition in Kulmitra, Toshima Kushram, 86
ornamental plants Neha Sahu, Roshan Chandraker
Medicinal plants and their value Laxmi singh and Preeti painkra
3 addition 87
Genetic diversity, heritability and agro- Lav Kumar, Dr. J. Trivedi, Dr.
4 morphological characterization in D.Sharma, Dr. A.dixit, 87
bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria Bhanupratap Jangde, Pappu Lal
(Mol.) Standl.] Bairwa
Influence of pesticides on environment Maya Shree Mahipal, Devendra
5 and wildlife ecology Nishad, Gajendra Chandrakar and 88
Yashpal Singh Nirala
Neglected and underutilized vegetable Vivek Kumar Kurrey
6 89
crops of chhattisgarh
Studies on integrated nutrient Saurabh Jha and Shri.G.L.Sharma
management in gladiolus with special
7 89
reference to growth, yield and flower
quality
Partial root zone drying technique for Vikas Ramteke, Vivek Kurrey,
8 water saving in fruit crops Kanchan Thakur, G. P. Nag and 90
Pooja Yadav
Role of lawn grasses for reduction of Abhilash Shukla, Vikas Ramteke,
9 pollution Sushil Kashyap and Manisha 90
Netam
Ornamental grasses for soil Manisha Netam, Vikas Ramteke,
10 conservation Abhilash Shukla and Sushil 91
Kashyap
Studies on flowering and physical Chongtham Allaylay Devi, G.S.K.
characters of jamun genotypes Swamy, Nagesh Naik, Mukesh L.
11 91
(Syzygium cuminii Skeels) Chavan, G.J. Suresha and
Sumangala Koulagi
Studies on fortification of jackfruit Bhawna S. Shirsat, S. Patel and P.
12 (Artocarpus heterophyllus) pulp in the A. Borkar 92
preparation of Idli mix
Quantitative characters of rice Ashwarya L. Tandon, V.S.
13 genotypes for resistance against Thrimurty, N. Khare and S. D. 93
bacterial leaf blight. Chaliganjewar
Kodo millet (paspalum scrobiculatum) Prafull Kumar, Abhinav Sao, A K
14 93
for climate change laid agriculture Thakur, R S Netam, Poonam Sahu
Food extrusion produces quality Chandrahas Sahu, S. Patel, R.K.
15 94
products-An overview Naik and D. Khokhar
Osmo-air drying of onion slices P.S. Pisalkar, S. Patel, N. K.
16 95
Mishra and D. Khokhar
Non timber forest products (NTFPs): A S. Patel
17 potential area for entrepreneurship 95
development
Aloe vera processing: Development of Abhimannyu A. Kalne, S.Patel,
18 gel powder through dehydration A.K.Geda, P.K.Joshi, N.K.Mishra 95
and P.S.Pisalkar
Genetic variability in rice bean (vigna Kiran Tigga, Jitendra Kumar
19 umbellata) Tiwari, Dinesh Kumar Thakur, 96
Prafull sahu and S.K.Sinha
Traditional method of bixin production N.K. Mishra, S. Patel, R.K.S.
20 from annatto fruit (bixaorellana l.) Tiwari, D. Khokhar and P.S. 96
Pisalkar
21 Decortications of mahua seed by Amit Kumar Sinha, S. Patel and 97
assessment of manual mahua seed C.K. Bakhara
decorticator in district- dhamtari,
(C.G.)
Post harvest losses of linseed crop in O. P. Sonvanee, Dr. Hulas. Pathak
22 bastar plateau of chhattisgarh: an and Vivek Kumar Kurrey 98
economic analysis
Antioxidants in vegetable crops Ganesh Prasad Nag, Vivek Kumar
23 Kurrey, Vikas Ramteke and D. P. 98
Singh
Neglected and underutilized vegetable Vivek Kumar Kurrey, Ganesh
24 99
crops of chhattisgarh Prasad Nag and Vikas Ramteke
Assessment of small scale cashew nut Rahul Sahu, S. Patel, D. Pandey,
25 (anacardiumoccidentalel.) processing N. K. Mishra, G. P. Ayam 100
unit
Reduction of water utilization in Thyarla Aravind, A.K. Agrawal,
cleaning-in-place by using ice pigging Geetesh Sinha, K.S. Umapti, V. 100
26
Suresh and B. Prasanth
Efficacy of different stimulants in Ashwarya L. Tandon, V.S.
27 imparting resistance against Thrimurty, N. Khare and S. D. 101
xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Chaliganjewar
Ways to promote livelihood security of A.K.Geda, P.K.Joshi , S. Patel, A.
tribal families through aromatic plants Kalne
28 102
cultivation and processing in
Chhattisgarh
Effect of different potting media on Pratap Toppo, P.K. Joshi and
29 102
Sterculia urens seedling in nursery A.Kalne
Sustainable harvesting of maida:( iitsea Pratap Toppo, P.K. Joshi
glutinosa) plant for resource
30 103
conservation, quality produce and
livelihood security
Physical and rheological properties of Manisha Sahu, Ajay Verma
31 103
farmyard manure
Crop diversification under adverse P.K.Joshi, A.K.Geda, A.Kalne, P.
climatic conditions through medicinal Toppo
32 104
plants and NTFPs in chhattisgarh for
livelihood security
An estimate of quantity of water A.K. Agrawal, Archana Khare,
requirement for largest milk and milk K.K Choudhary and K.K. Sandey
33 104
product processing plant of
chhattisgarh
Value Addition: A Tool to Minimize Nisha Chandel, Vivek Kumar
34 the Post-harvest Losses in Horticultural Kurrey, Ritu Rani Minz and 105
Crops Kiran Nagraj
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Theme 1 – Natural Resource Management for Enhancing Water Productivity

ETEWP-2016/NRM/01
Rooftop water harvesting: A technique of rain water harvesting
Neelima Netam, Vivek Kumar Kurrey, Raina Bajpai and Sangeeta Kujur
Dept. of Floriculture and Landscaping Arch., College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, (CG)

Rooftop water harvesting is a process of collecting of runoff during rains from impermeable surfaces
on houses or close to houses, its storage in water proof vessels and its subsequent use for the
inhabitants of the houses. The use may be temporary (with in a day or so following a rainstorm),
seasonal (throughout the rainy season) or permanent (throughout the year) except in years of
exceptionally low rainfall. The rain water from the roof may also be used for recharging the ground
water through nearby water sources such as open dug wells or bore wells. It may be achieved in the
case of storing the harvested water from roof by diverting the excess water for ground water recharge
and in absence of storing vessel by diverting all the water for ground water recharge. Rooftop
rainwater harvesting for household purpose only represent a small part of the total water balances. In
areas with significant variations in the annual rainfall pattern, the matching of water supply and water
demand may be difficult. However, in terms of economic and human welfare it has a crucial role to
play. Rainwater in many cases is the easiest to access, most reliable, and least polluted source. It can
be collected and controlled by the individual household or community as it is not open to abuse by
other users.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/02
Rain water harvesting use and recharge
Sanjay Kumar and Pramod Kumar
Dept. of Entomology, Floriculture & Landscape, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

Although water is as important for survival of human being as much as food, air etc, but hardly any
attention is paid for its economical use and conservation of this precious resource. Due to
indiscriminate pumping of ground water, the water table is going down abnormally and if the problem
is not given a serious look, then the future generations may have to face severe crisis of water. Rains
are the main source of water and if rain water is harvested, the scarcity of water can be eliminated
altogether. This is an ideal solution of water problem where there is inadequate groundwater supply
quantitatively and qualitatively and surface sources are either lacking or insignificant. Rain water is
bacteriologically pure, free from organic matter and soft in nature. In urban areas, rain water available
from rooftop of buildings, paved and unpaved areas goes waste. This water can be stored in tank and
can be used directly and also indirectly by diverting to recharge the aquifers through existing GW
tapping arrangements and thereafter can be utilized gainfully at the time of need. The paper aims
towards the development of the framework for domestic rooftop harvesting for drinking water.
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse onsite, rather than
allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and in many places the water
collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

from dew or fog with nets or other tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation,
domestic use with proper treatment, and indoor heating for houses etc. The harvested water can also
be used as drinking water, longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/03
Water harvesting technique for increasing agricultural productivity
Uttam Kumar, Bindiya Painkra, V.N. Mishra
Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur, CG

Water harvesting is the process of runoff collection during periods of peak rainfall in storage tank,
ponds etc., also it is the process of collection of runoff water from treated or untreated land
surface/catchments or roof tops and storage in open farm pond or closed water tanks/reservoirs or in
the soil itself for irrigation and drinking purpose. All water harvesting technique having three
components viz., catchment area that contributes the rain water, the storage facility is the place where
the runoff water is stored and the command area is where water is used. The concept water harvesting
is most significant in arid and semiarid regions. In arid region the catchment area is substantially in
higher proportion compared to command area manes in arid region runoff is induced in catchment
area, whereas in semi-arid regions, runoff is not induced in catchment area only the excess rainfall is
collected and stored. Water harvesting techniques involve both In Situ and Ex Situ water
conservations. Under In Situ technique ridges and furrow, tied ridging, broad bed furrows, dead
furrows, compartment bunding, scooping inter plot water harvesting, zing terracing and micro
catchment etc. are involve, similarly in Ex Situ technique dug well, farm ponds, percolation ponds,
check damps, minor irrigation tanks, etc, involved. The significance of water harvesting involve
increasing ground water level, mitigating the effects of drought, reducing the runoff and increasing
the infiltration rate, reducing the flooding of roads and low lying areas, reducing soil erosion, land and
soil conservation, improving the ground water quality, increasing copping intensity, sustaining soil
productivity ultimately water harvesting technique is the best way for increasing agricultural
productivity.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/04
Rainwater harvesting: A new aspect in rainfed agriculture
Yamlesh Nishad, Uttam Kumar Diwan, Deepika Unjan and Surbhi Jain
College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidalaya Raipur, Chhattisgarh

The majority of the population in the Arid and Semi-arid areas depend on agriculture and pastoralism
for subsistence. These activities face many constraints due to predominance of erratic rainfall patterns,
torrential rainfall which is majority lost to run-off, high rate of evapotranspiration further reducing
yields, weeds growing more vigorously than cultivated crops and competing for scarce reserves of
moisture, low organic matter levels and high variables responses to fertilizers. There is a need of a
more efficient capture and use of the scarce water resources in Arid and Semi-arid areas. An
optimization of the rainfall management, through water harvesting in sustainable and integrated
production systems can contribute for improving the small-scale farmers’ livelihood by upgrading the
rainfed agriculture production. Rainwater harvesting is a process of direct collection of precipitation
falling on the roof or on the ground for productive purposes (like agricultural and human use related to
2

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

water). In recent years, rainwater harvesting system has becoming more and more important in India.
It is very effective in providing water supply, disaster prevention, alternative water source, and does
not create water right conflicts. Over the years, rainwater harvesting has emerged from the past limited
small and large farm pond use, and expanded to providing water supply for widespread agricultural,
industrial, and residential uses. Rain water harvesting has played a very important role for the well-
being of people and agriculture in dry areas. The reason for that there is no pumping from
groundwater, facility of check dams and convenience of water through lined canals, pipes etc. On the
other hand, the rising cost of water as well as the ecological concerns; have also resulted to accept the
rainwater as a solution for water scarcity.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/05
Effect of various filtration media and layer thickness on physical and
chemical properties of grey water
S. T. Patil, M. S. Mane, S. S. Prabudesai, S. B. Nandagude, M. C. Kasture and U.
S.Kadam
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, C.A.E.T., Dapoli

The present study was carried out on grey water generated from Jayaprabha girl’s hostel, Dr. B. S.
Konkan Krishi Vidayapeeth, Dapoli located in the humid and tropical region on the west coast of
Maharashtra. The experimentation was aimed at the effect of various filtration media on physical and
chemical properties of grey water for recycling purpose. The media used for study were sand (0.42
mm), Grit (6-8mm), Gravel (15-25 mm), Brick pieces (25-30 mm) and Charcoal (12-16 mm)
(Miguntana et al., 2014. Ukpong., 2012.). The effective depth of the media were decided by filtering
grey water through individual selected media layer of 15, 30 and 45 cm and its effect on physical and
chemical properties of grey water were studied. The study shows pH and Bicarbonate of treated grey
water were found most desirable in Sand medium at layer thickness of 45 cm and Potassium being the
beneficial nutrient for plant growth was found most desirable in sand medium at layer thickness of 15
cm than any other combinations. The lowest EC and TDS of treated grey water were found in Grit
medium at layer thickness of 45 cm and Magnesium at layer thickness of 30 cm than any other
combinations. The Nitrogen promotes succulence in forage crops and leafy vegetables (Aher., 2010).
However it considered essential nutrient for plant growth which found desirable in Brick medium at
layer thickness of 45 cm. Also excess amount of Sodium present in irrigation water can adversely
affect soil structure and plant growth. The Sodium and RSC of treated grey water found desirable in
brick medium at layer thickness of 45 cm while SAR and calcium found desirable in brick medium at
layer thickness of 30 cm than any other combinations. Efficient depth and type of filtration media was
decided on the basis of four chemical parameters viz., pH, EC, SAR and RSC etc. which shows
combination of coarse Gravel 15 cm, Grit 45 cm, Sand 45 cm and Brick pieces 30 cm removes
undesirable constituents efficiently. The physical properties of untreated grey water shown turbidity
value 80 NTU while treated water shown drastic reduction up to 30NTU (Uvegeset al. 2013).
Reduction of odour and colour is also substantial. Sand had highest porosity of 39 per cent (Zaidun
Abundi, 2011, Susanna CiukKarlson, 2012) followed by Grit37per cent, Gravel 32per cent and Brick
31per cent. Voids ratio varied due to consistence and packing of medium. Sand had highest voids
ratio of 0.63 followed by Charcoal 0.63, Grit 0.59, Gravel 0.44 and Brick 0.46. More porosity and

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

greater voids ratio allows finer filtration. The bulk density of porous medium depends greatly on
degree of compaction. Gravel had highest dry and wet bulk density (1.12 and 1.27 gm cm-3) as
compared to other media. It plays a vital role in determination of volume of filtration media. The bulk
density and particle size of media were directly proportional to each other. The hydraulic conductivity
was affected by porosity of media and particle size. The particle size of Brick pieces was 25-30 mm.
Therefore, The hydraulic conductivity was greater in Brick pieces (123 m.day-1) followed by Gravel
(85.11 m.day-1), Charcoal (53.50 m.day-1), Grit (19 m.day-1) and Sand (4.5 m.day-1) (Susanna
CiukKarlson, 2012). The hydraulic conductivity of sand governs the filtration efficiency and
hydraulic retention time (HRT).

ETEWP-2016/NRM/06
Climate resilience based natural resource conservation technology for
wheat in the rice-wheat cropping pattern
P. D. Verma, Parmanand, S. K. Tamrakar and Narendra Agrawal
Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raipur (Bhatapara), (CG)

The study was conducted in the district Balodabazar-Bhatapara of Chhattisgarh state under Project
National initiative on climate resilience agriculture (NICRA) by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bhatapara
through coordinating institution ICAR-CRIDA Hyderabad. Climate Resilience Based Natural
Resource Conservation Technology typically results in increased crop water availability and agro-
ecosystem productivity and reduced soil erosion. To evaluate the potential of conservation agriculture
to improve soil water balance and agricultural productivity, the In-situ moisture conservation
technique of Natural Resource Conservation module under NICRA project was demonstrated and
calibrated using the data of a field experiment in NICRA Adopted village Bakulahi, Climatic
vulnerability of the village is Draught. The average annual precipitation at the site is 863 mm, 73% of
which falls during the growing season. The trial of four year was carried out during Rabi 2012-13,
2013-14, 2014-15, and 2015-16 on forty farmer’s field of NICRA Project adopted village Bakulahi of
Bhatapara block of the district with size of trial is one acre. The data collected from the field were
analyzed and the result of the study in respect of percentage increase in yield in recommended
practice increased 13.09% over farmers practice. The average yield in ZTSD method was recorded
27.18 q/ha over conventional sowing it is 24.06 q/ha. The B:C ratio was observed higher side in
ZTSD is 2.61 as compared to conventional method sowing of wheat is 2.01. The additional wheat
production from Zero tillage technology gives about Rs. 6300/- per hectare additional income. The
finding have clearly established that wheat sowing can be advanced at least 1-17 days over
conventional tillage (Broadcasting method), enabling to harvest an advantage that cannot be obtained
by using recommended varieties for late sown condition.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/07
Impact of broad bed furrow technology on water productivity and lodging
of soybean
Parmanand, P. D. Verma, S. K. Tamrakar and Narendra Agrawal
Project National Initiative on Climate Resilience Agriculture, KVK, Raipur (Bhatapara), C.G.

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

In-situ rainwater management can be carried out either through land configuration techniques or
adoption of suitable tillage practices with major emphasis on soil water and nutrient management
(SWNM) through selective mechanization and improved cropping systems to sustain productivity and
soil quality. This can be achieved by utilizing broad bed furrow (BBF) technology because it provides
effective drainage during excess rains, while serves as in-situ moisture conservation during dry spells,
thus mitigating the detrimental effects of both extreme situations especially for soybean crop. A field
study was carried outtwelve farmers field of Mohbhatta village of Simga block of the district Baloda
bazar - Bhatapara of Chhattisgarh state with size of trial is one acre to determine the impact of sowing
techniques on yield of soybean under farmers’ conditions. For this purpose, broad bed planting
technology was introduced in the study area to compare it with the conventional sowing of soybean
by broadcasting and seed planter methods. Six-row Broad Bed Furrow Machine was used to plant
soybean on 2.35 cm broad bed-furrow system. Results indicated percent change in yield in broad bed
furrow method (43.07%) as compared to soybean sown by traditional method. The average yield in
broad bed furrow method recorded 19.60 q/ha. The B: C ratio was observed 3.13 due to drainage of
excessive rain water from the fields and stronger plant anchorage on the beds. Similarly, 40 to 50%
saving in irrigation water was recorded with broad bed furrow method of soybean in comparison with
flood irrigation of controlled plots. Results indicated that broad bed furrow technology has a lot of
potential to increase water productivity of soybean.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/08
Characteristics of surface and ground water in conjunction to somaninala
watershed in chhattisgarh
L. K. Ramteke, M. P. Tripathi and P. Katre
Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

The characterization of surface and ground water of Somaninala watershed Chhattisgarh and different
tube wells of their surrounding areas with respect to irrigation water quality. The pH, EC, HCO 3, Cl,
Ca, Mg, Na and K was recorded under good to normal limits and CO3 was absent in surface and ground
water at pre and post monsoon. In general the post monsoon values were lower than pre monsoon
values. Similarly, SAR, SSP and KSR recorded good to permissible limits where as RSC was absent
in both the season. The stream of Somaninala watershed severely not affected the ground water.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/09
Optimal crop planning in the environment of conjunctive water use for a
watershed situated in the Mandhar branch canal command
Janhavi, P. Katre, M. P.Tripathi, Dileshwari and Pushpendra Singh
SV College of Agriculture Engg. & Tech. & Research Station, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, CG

In the present study, an integrated conjunctive water use environment was coupled to linear
optimization model in order to carry out land use and water resources planning. For evolving
optimal crop and irrigation plan TORA software was used. The present study was carried out in the

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

watershed comprising command area of distributory no. 14 of Mandhar branch canal covering five
villages of Dharsiwa and Arang blocks of Raipur district. Various water balance components of the
study area were worked out viz. rainfall, runoff, groundwater and evapotranspiration. For runoff
estimation SCS-CN method was used. Availability of surface water from canal was also analyzed.
Ground water availability was worked out by using GWARA software, estimation of
evapotranspiration was carried out by DSS-ET model. 3.95 Mm3 water was found as crop water
requirement based on present cropping pattern. It was found that there is deficit of 0.57 Mm3 of water
in existing conjunctive water use practices in kharif and surplus of about 0.1852 Mm3 in the rabi
season. The optimal cropping pattern considered cost of cultivation of different crops, cost of canal
water and groundwater development for developing optimal crop plan in the present conjunctive
water use environment. It was found that optimal crop plan assigns 631.7 ha (about 95 percent of net
sown area) to the paddy and 33.2 ha to vegetables in kharif season and remaining 5 percent to the
other crops whereas in rabi season 51.57 ha, 22.2 ha and 8.89 ha area to gram, wheat and rabi
vegetables respectively. 94 percent of total crop water requirement of kharif should be met out by
surface water and remaining by groundwater that will maximize the net benefit of the farmers of the
study area.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/10
Crop residue management and tillage methods for conserving soil and
water in semi-arid regions
Shaivalini Chauhan and R. K. Bajpai
Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

Soil degradation reduces soil productivity and is a serious problem on much of the land in semi-arid
regions. To avert continued degradation, the soil productivity balance must be shifted from degrading
processes to conservation practices. The abstract focuses on conservation agriculture, defined as
minimal soil disturbance and permanent soil cover (mulch) combined with rotations, as a more
sustainable cultivation system for the future. Cultivation and tillage play an important role in
agriculture. Crop residue management and conservation tillage are on the positive side of the balance.
When adequate residues are available and conservation tillage is used, soil erosion is greatly reduced
and water conservation is enhanced. Water conservation is important for improving crop yields in
semi-arid regions, especially where irrigations is not used. A major constraint to residue management
in many countries is low production and widespread use for other purposes. In such cases, clean
tillage and appropriate support practices such as contouring, furrow cropping, strip cropping and
terracing may provide adequate soil and water conservation benefits. Where these are not adequate,
alternative management practices should be implemented to ease the demand for residues, thus
permitting more of them to be retained on the land for soil and water conservation purposes. Some
alternative practices include limited or selective residue removal, substituting high quality forages for
residues as animal feed, alley cropping, using wasteland areas more effectively, improving the
balance between feed supplies and animal populations, and using alternative fuel sources. Particular,
crop residues can be used to increase the phytoavailability of essential mineral nutrients, reduce the
phytoavailability of toxic mineral elements, improve soil physical properties, and promote a beneficial
soil biota.

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/NRM/11
Rainwater harvesting to enhance water productivity of rainfed agriculture
Bindiya Painkra, Bharat Lal, Madhulika Singh and Preeti Painkra
College of Agriculture,Indira Ghandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Water is essential to all life-human, animal and vegetation. It is therefore important that adequate
supplies of water be developed to sustain such life the majority of the population in India living from
rainfed agriculture (FAO, 1995), and largely depend on small-scale subsistence agriculture for their
livelihood security (Rockström, 2000). In semi-arid regions (SAR) the rainfall has extreme temporal
and spatial variability and generally occurs as storms of high rainfall intensity, resulting in agricultural
droughts and intra-seasonal dry spells (ISDS) that reduce the yield of rainfed agriculture. Statistically
in SAR, severe crop reductions caused by an ISDS occur once to twice out of 5 years, and total crop
failure caused by annual droughts once every 10 years (Rockström, 2000). Insufficient, erratic and
unreliable rainfall pattern makes supplementary or full irrigation indispensable in SAR. Irrigation
expansion limitations, high population growth and scarcity of arable land are factors which call for
more food production under rainfed agriculture. To make rainfed agriculture the main source of food
and livelihood security for rural communities, the yield gap between the actual yield and the
maximum yield must be reduced. To close the gap, water productivity of rainfed agriculture has to
increase. An option for improving water productivity will be the reduction of non-productive soil
evaporation (ES) in favour of productive plant transpiration (T). Supplemental irrigation of rainfed
crops by the use of Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is a likely viable option to increase water
productivity at production system level (Oweis et al., 2001; SIWI, 2001). RWH has the potential to
provide enough water to supplement rainfall and thereby increase crop yield and reduce the risk of
crop failure (Oweis et al., 2001; Critchley et al, 1991).

ETEWP-2016/NRM/12
Integrated watershed management in India: an overview
Y. S. Dhruw, Altaf Mirza and Anjay Singh
Department of Agricultural Extension, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (CG)

The integrated watershed development program with participatory approach was emphasized during
mid 1980s and in early 1990s. This approach had focused on raising crop productivity and livelihood
improvement in watersheds along with soil and water conservation measures. Watersheds need to be
owned and managed by the people. The rural population has to have a strong commitment and
therefore the villagers need incentives; they need tangible economic benefits from the investments in
the watersheds. Such benefits cannot be created through non-participatory top-down projects.
Watershed programs need to be initiated with knowledge-based entry-point activities at the
community level that result in tangible benefits for the farmers. Integrated watershed management
demands a multi-disciplinary approach. Suitable capacity building measures for all stakeholders
involved, including national and state ministries, are strongly recommended. A watershed represents a
logical natural unit for the management or study of water resources, and, as water is intricately linked
to land use and management, to land. The outlet to which the watershed drains is a natural integrator
7

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

responding to activities within the watershed. In focusing on a particular watershed it is more likely
that all aspects of land and water management are considered, and that priorities for the basin will be
better identified.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/13
Impact of climate change on agriculture in India
Y.S. Dhruw, Govind Prasad and Revendra sahu
Department of Agricultural Extension,College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

Climate is one of the main determinants of agricultural production. Throughout the world there is
significant concern about the effects of climate change and its variability on agricultural production.
Researchers and administrators are concerned with the potential damages and benefits that may arise
in future from climate change impacts on agriculture, since these will affect domestic and
international policies, trading pattern, resource use and food security. In developing countries, climate
change will cause yield declines for the most important crops. Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian
economy and provides food and livelihood security to a substantial section of the Indian population.
The impact of climate change as witnessed in recent times has immense potential to adversely affect
agriculture in this country in a variety of ways. As a large part of the arable land in India is rain-fed,
the productivity of agriculture depends on the rainfall and its pattern. Agriculture will be adversely
affected not only by an increase or decrease in the overall amounts of rainfall but also by shifts in the
timing of the rainfall. Climate Change is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting
agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run off. It affects agriculture in more
ways than one. It can affect crop yield as well as the types of crops that can be grown in certain areas,
by impacting agricultural inputs such as water for irrigation, amounts of solar radiation that affect
plant growth, as well as the prevalence of pests.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/14
Fluoride incidence in groundwater
Bharat Lal, Bindiya Painkra, Hareesh Kumar, S. S. Sengar, M.P. Tripathi
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Water is a prime natural resource and is considered as a precious national asset. “Water is life”. Water
is available in two basic forms i.e. Surface water and Ground water though groundwater contributes
only 0.6 % of the total water resources on earth. But, in the era of economic growth, groundwater is
getting polluted due to urbanization and industrialization (Krishanaraj et al., 2015). Fluorine has been
rated as the 13th most abundant element on earth and is dispersed widely in nature (Amini et al.,
2016). In India, fluoride was first detected in drinking water at Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh in
1937 (Arif et al., 2015). Fluoride in drinking water has become a serious problem in the world as 200
million people, mostly from tropical countries, are vulnerable to dental and/or skeletal fluorosis.
Sporadic incidences of high fluoride content in groundwater has been reported from India, West
Indies, Sri Lanka, China, Mexico, Italy, Spain, North and South America and Holland ( Singh et al.,
2015 & Chandrajith et al., 2012). In India, its occurrence in top aquifer system is endemic to many
places of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, Bihar and

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Kerala. It is estimated that fluorides affect about 25 million people in 150 districts in India and
peoples are at risk including 6 million children’s suffering from fluorosis because of consumption of
higher fluoride (Singh et al., 2015 & Gupta et al., 2012). The main source of fluoride in groundwater
is considered to be fluoride-bearing minerals such as fluorspar (CaF2), fluorapatite [Ca5 (PO4)3F],
cryolite, and hydroxylapatite in rocks (Shekhar et al., 2012). Fluoride's effects depend on the total
daily intake of fluoride from all sources. About 70–90% of ingested fluoride is absorbed into the
blood, where it distributes throughout the body, with the rest excreted, mostly via urine; in adults
about 60% is retained. About 99% of retained fluoride is stored in bone, teeth, and other calcium-rich
areas, where excess quantities can cause fluorosis (Upadhay 2013). Fluoride in drinking waters might
help prevent tooth decay if the level of fluoride intake is within the permissible limit of 0.5 and 1.5
mg/L (WHO 2004) help prevent tooth decay but if consumed in excess of 1.5 mg/L over long periods
of time produces severe effects on human health, such as dental and skeletal fluorosis (crippling
bond), osteoporosis, hip fracture, arthritis, mental retardation and premature (Shekhar et al., 2012 &
Reddy et al., 2010).

ETEWP-2016/NRM/15
Optimization of soil and water pollution through agricultural drainage
Suranjana Bara and Vivek Kumar Kurrey,
Dept. of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Artificial drainage, commonly referred to as tile drainage or surface ditch drainage, has intensified in
the Midwest in the latter half of the 20th century. Drainage allows for higher yield and productivity on
wet soils, serving as an incentive to convert land and wetlands that were considered marginal into
cropland, and to expand tile drainage on already productive land for earlier planting and improved
yields in wet years. While drainage has been a profitable practice for farmers, it can be a major factor
allowing increased levels of nutrient pollution to waterways. Its contribution to freshwater and
saltwater eutrophication and hypoxia is especially problematic in the highly-agricultural Mississippi
River Basin (MRB). Reducing the nutrient pollution associated with agricultural drainage is the main
aim to reduce water and soil pollution. The 2012 Agricultural Census revealed that nationally, more
than 48 million acres are tile drained and 42 million are artificially-drained by ditches. Within Upper
MRB states, approximately 34% of cropland is tile-drained and 13% is artificially drained by ditches;
a total of 60 million acres of cropland are drained within the Upper MRB. Its show that increased tile
drainage increases nitrate-N loads downstream. Increased drainage generally, including surface
drains, increases stream flow volume, in stream sediment erosion, and phosphorus and nitrogen loads
downstream. Essentially, the extent of artificial drainage is so great that, unless its negative impacts
are intentionally countered by best management practices (BMPs) through large scale initiatives,
water quality in the MRB will continue to decline.

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/NRM/16
The effects of water resource and its conservation: the conditions for
success
Birendra Tigga, Yogesh Upadhyay and Lemesh Kumar Pandey
College of Agriculture Research Station Korea, Baikunthpur

Water is an important natural resource and it is basis for our life. We use water for drinking,
irrigation, industry, transport and for the production of hydro-electricity. Water is a cyclic resource
which can be used again and again after cleaning. The best way to conserve water is its judicious use.
Unlike investment in large water resource systems, these efforts, by and large, lack hydrological
planning and sound economic analysis: research on the impact of local water harvesting/groundwater
recharge activities in India is very sparse. In arid areas, wherever water has been brought for
irrigation, saline and alkaline tracts have emerged, rendering the soil infertile. Wasteful use of water
should be checked. There are complexities in the economic evaluation of RHW, due to lack of
scientific data on inflows, runoff collection and storage efficiency, beneficiaries, value of the
incremental benefits generated and scale considerations. With the higher degrees of basin
development, the marginal benefit from water harvesting at the basin level reduces, while marginal
cost increases. Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation can play a crucial role in conserving scarce
water resources in dry areas. matka irrigation, Drip irrigation and sprinkles can save anywhere
between 30 to 60 per cent of water. As a result, there is a constant shortage of water that is either good
for drinking or home and industrial use. Areas on the planet that have long faced water shortage were
able to combat this problem by harvesting what little rain water they received. This slowly started
spreading to areas where there was plenty of rainfall. As a result, the modern day rainwater harvesting
system was bought into place.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/17
Water harvesting and its management through farm pond and
utilization of conserved water for vegetable crops
C. R. Subudhi, Sagara Chandra Senapati and Rageswari Subudhi
Dept. of Soil and Water Conservation and Engineering, College of Agricultural. Engg. and
Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar

A trial was conducted during 20007 to 2009 at All India Coordinated Research Project for Dry land
Agriculture Phulbani, Orissa, India., with an objective to obtain the water loss and economics of the
lined ponds .There were three treatments T1-Lined pond with soil cement plaster (6:1) 8cm thickness,
T2-Unlined pond, T-3-No pond.10% of the cropped area was dug for construction of the pond in
Lined and Unlined pond treatments. The size of the pond is 7m top widths, 1m-bottom width, 3m
heights, and 1:1side slope. The water harvested in pond was reutilized for the pumpkin crop, which
was sown only in Lined pond treatment, as there was no water available in unlined pond so the crop
was not sown there. The water loss was 17 lit/day/m2 in lined pond and 831 lit/day m2 in unlined
pond. Provision of dugout pond in 10 % area of the plot at the downstream side with 8 cm thickness
soil cement plaster (6:1) gave 41% higher cauliflower equivalent yield compared to no pond. The B:
C ratio was found to be 2.25 in lined pond. The payback period for lined pond (soil cement plaster 6:1
10

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

of 8 cm thickness) is 5 years and unlined pond was estimated at 2 years. The light textured well-
drained upland soils in North Eastern Ghat Zone provide scope for cultivation of vegetables during
rainy season. Harvesting of this run-off water in farm pond with proper lining will conserve the run-
off water and recycling of this water for life-saving irrigation will protect the crop from drought/dry
spell grown in 90% of land area. The ponds will be helpful for sustainability in productivity of dry
land crops. Soil structure and organic matter status decide the water holding capacity of the soil.
Keeping those points in view, the present experiment involving two water management systems (no
pond and pond) has been designed.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/18
Soil and water conservation techniques in degraded watershed of
kandhamal district, Odisha
Ch.Rajendra Subnudhi and Rageswari Subudhi
College of Agricultural Engg. & Tech., Orissa University of Agriculture Echnology,
Bhubaneswar- Orissa, India

A trial was conducted on farmers field at Sudreju watershed of Kandhamal district of Orissa, India
located within 20030’16’’ to 20031’24’’N latitude and 84017’8’’ to 84018’14’’ E longitude with an
altitude of 75m above mean sea level. The trial was conducted during 2001-02 & 2002-03.Kharif
paddy (cv.Lalat) was transplanted. The project was conducted under National Agricultural
Technology Project (Rainfed Rice Production System-7) at All India Coordinated Research Project
for Dryland Agriculture (OUAT),Phulbani, Orissa with following objectives. To check erosion of up
stream field. To store water in the field to a desired depth. To increase the rice yield. The following
treatments were triedT1- Brushwood structure T2- Loose boulder structure T3- No structure There
were seven replications and design was R.B.D. Date of transplanting : August Date of harvesting :
Last week of October to First week of NovemberDuring 2001,there was no effective drought spell,
but during 2002,drought spell occurred during 6th –14th ,18th –27th July,14th –21st September,28th
September to 13th October and20th October onwards. There was no serious incidence of pest and
disease. Soil was acidic(pH-5.42).Organic Carbon-4.35 g/kg. Also loose boulder structures conserve
more moisture compared to no structure. So loose boulder structures should be recommended in
degraded watersheds of Kandhamal district of Orissa to conserve soil and moisture and to increase the
yield of rice.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/19
Interventions for sub-surface drainage in vertisols
Pushpendra Kumar Singh, Kriti Dubey
Dept.of SWE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.)

India, maximum area of vertisols is found in Maharashtra (29.9 Mha) followed by Madhya
Pradesh(16.7 Mha). In India about 4.528 million hectare (Mha) and 7.006 Mha is having waterlogging
and salinity problems respectively. The Bhopal region receives 1070 mmaverage annual rainfall and
huge amount of rainfall (about 343 to 556 mm)may be received from 1 to 5 consecutive days
respectively at 10year recurrence interval. High intensity of rainfall combined with poor physical

11

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

properties of vertisols lead to flooding, surface ponding and / or water logging making them
unproductive for cropcultivation during Kharif season. The present study was taken up at Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) farm, to investigate important soil properties and
drainage parameters for designing the sub-surface drainage system for vertisols of Bhopal. For
designing sub surface drainage system for Vertisols of Bhopal, important soil properties were
measured/ determined and metrological data from CIAE observatory for last 27 years (1983 to 2007)
were analyzed. The sub surface drainage system for soybean crop in vertisols was designed. For the
designed sub-surface drainage system for soybean crop in vertisols, the sub surface drain spacing is
found to be 20 m at 1.0 m drainage depth. Corrugated perforated PVC pipe of 72/80 mm diameter is
required for effective disposal of drainage discharge. In order to save the drains from choking by the
sediment carried in drainage water, the use of geo-textile envelope/filter material is suggested.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/20
Design of farm pond for supplemental irrigation during kharif season at
C.A.E.C. farm
Suryakant Sonwani, Jeet Raj, Suryakant Yadav, Tarun Kumar, Pushpraj Diwan
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Chhattisgarh Agricultural Engg. college, Durg

The farm pond was design for supplemental irrigation during kharif season of 2015-16 at Durg,
Chhattisgarh. It has been done through topography survey Hydrologic and hydraulic design of farm
pond. Total farm area has about 8.56ha among the rice crop was cultivated in 6.44 ha area during
kharif season. In study probabilistic estimates of rainfall were made at six levels of exceedance
probability viz. 25,40,50,60,75 and 80 percent by fitting appropriate distribution . It was found that
during 23-23 Standard metereological weak (nursery period) and during 37-40 SMW (reproductive
stage), the rainfall deficits were of higher magnitude indicating need for supplemental irrigation. Soil
texture of the farm was investigated with the help of sieve analysis and hydrometer test, contour map
also prepared. Direction of slope was revealed using prepared contour map. Runoff available
computed at different probability level by curve number method. Pond capacity is decided based on
rainwater deficit. Proper dimension of pond inlet, outlet, and silt trap was suggested using trial and
error method. It is observed that an optional crop planning is required to allocate resources in the
farm. The capacity of farm pond was found to be 0.6609 ha-m. Rain water could be reduced 40%
during kharif season. Proposed pond facilitated total supplemental irrigation of 8.5 cm depth to an
area of 6.5 ha rice.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/21
Management of sloppy lands through soil conservation technologies in
Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh
Dr. T.D. Pandey, Dr. R.B. Tiwari, Dr. R. K. Sukla, Dr Geet Sharma and Dr. Dinesh
Pandey

India is one of the major agricultural countries with more than 70% of the population depending upon
it. Indian agriculture depends on monsoon which is not uniform over the years. Nearly, three fourth of
the cultivable land in India is dependent on mansoon which is contributing nearly 42% of the total

12

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

production from agriculture. The productivity of any crop mainly depends on two natural resources
land and water in addition to management practices. Therefore, conservation of these two natural
resources is essential for the sustainability of rainfed agriculture. This could be done by using
watershed method. The concept of watershed for development is gaining importance over the years.
The Bastar plateau zone of Chhattisgarh state has completely land locked geographical area of 39.114
thousand square kilometer. It is situated between 27°34’ North latitude and 80°15’ to 82°15’ East
longitudes with altitude ranging from 550-760m above mean sea level. The annual rainfall in the
region ranges from 1200-1600mm. Out of total geographical of the zone, only 22.35% about 8.74
lakh hectares is under cultivation which is by and large monocropped. The cropping mostly depends
on rains. On the basis of land topography, soil type and its physico-chemical properties, the farming
situations i.e. upland (58%), mid land (22%) and low land (20%) have been identified. Farming
system research designed to evolve strategy for land utilization in various topographical situations.
National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Agriculture was started in 1998 to support the
research work in the watershed area in different aspects to improve the soil physico chemical
properties, to increase the soil moisture content in the soil, to increase the productivity and to reduce
the soil loss through erosion in sloppy lands of Bastar plateau. For this purpose a community land as
well as farmers land under Potanar village of Tokapal block in west Bastar was selected for
implementation of soil conservation technologies programme in the year 2001to 2004. The total area
was 5.0 hectares with 0-5% slope (1.980 ha.), 5 to 10% slope (1.326 ha.), 10-15% slope (1.460 ha.)
above 15% slope (0.240 ha.) The various measures to control soil erosion adopted were as follows.
Mechanical measures:
* Contour cultivation. * Bunds in mid Slope. * Gully control. * Stone fencing. * Straggered
trenching.
Biological (Vegetative Barriers) :
* Lemon grass. * Arhar. * Paragrass. * Urd and moong. * Mulberry. * Stylosynthus hamata.* *
Marvel grass (Dicanthium spp) * Sisal.
Farming:
* Mixed farming. * Inter cropping. * Strip cropping. * Use of mulch. * Vegetable crops.
Hedge Rows:
* Morus alba. * Leucaena leucocephala* Gmelia arborea.
The soil of treated site was highly vulnearable to soil erosion. The Dicanthium annulatum, and
Pennisetum pedicelletum and lemon grasses were sown on the upper portions of land in alternate rows
as soil conservative barriers. The productivity of green fodder varied from 195 quintal to 215
quintal/ha. The market value of green fodder was (on an average) Rs. 3690/ha (the fodder sold @
Rs.18/q). Cashewnut, Drumstick and Sisal were planted to the land in the high slope. The cashew and
drum stick on an average, attained the height of 1.10 m to 1.98 m and 2.16m to 2.58 m and diameter
of 11.8 m to 18.80 m and 8.60 cm to 12.42 cm, respectively after the completion of three years. The
soil loss was recorded in cashew, drum-stick and sisal combination. The two rows of sisal were
planted in between two rows of cashew and drumstic and the soil loss was found 3.68 t/ha/year. In
silvi-pastoral system consisting of Morus alba, Gmelia arborea, Leucaena leucocephala with grasses
like, Dicanthium, annulatum, Pennisetum pedicellatum, lemon grass, para grass & stylo vegetation,
the soil loss estimated was 2.16 t/ha/year.

13

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/NRM/22
Rainwater harvesting through farm pond for enhancing water productivity
in vegetable crops under rainfed condition
M. B. Nagdeve, R. S. Patode, N. R. Palaspagar
AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola- 444104 (M.S.)

Natural conservation of water and efficient use of this natural storage and at the same time making
arrangements for additional recharge of groundwater aquifer by one way or other, to replenish the
used groundwater becomes our responsibility. We should make maximum use of the easily available
normally wasted, local renewable source of water that is rainwater. In most part of the country,
occurrence of high intensity rainfall events may results in floods. In these areas dry spells even within
the monsoon periods are not uncommon, resulting in fluctuation in crop production. In these areas it
would be wise to harvest the runoff water for supplemental irrigation to different crops by
constructing farm ponds to store and recycle it. Farm ponds hold great promise as a life saving device
for rainfed and vegetable crops in the areas characterized by low and erratic rainfall. The stored pond
water can be used as protective irrigation during critical stages of crop growth depending upon the
crop water requirement and availability of water. Rainwater harvesting is essential in view of the fact
that rainfall, which is a source of fresh water, occurs in very short spells and runs off as a waste unless
arrangements are made for its storing. In this paper the results of enhancement of water productivity
of vegetable crops by using farm pond for rainwater harvesting and reuse of water through micro-
irrigation are presented. The micro irrigation systems like in-line drip and micro-sprinkler were used
to apply irrigation to small vegetable plots at the experimental field of AICRP for Dryland
Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. It was observed that in the vegetable
like Okra, Cluster Bean, Brinjal, Sponge Guard, Bitter Guard, Fenugreek, Spinach, Corriander,
Carrot, Radish, and Tinda the water use efficiency was in the range of 1.05 - 4.50 kg/m3. The total
income from these small vegetables plots during the season 2015-16 is Rs.7868. Computed total
income from these vegetables is Rs.73395/ha.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/23
A study on design and construction of temporary gully control structures
using wastage materials
B. L Sinha, Gaurav Kumar, Gunja Dhruw, Kuldeep Sahu, Bhupendra Kumar and R K
Sahu
BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research Station, Mungeli

Soil erosion is one of the major problems confronting agriculture worldwide. It is a major threat to the
soil resource, soil fertility, productivity, and, lastly to food and fiber production. Keeping in view the
above facts, a study on design and construction of gully control structures for soil and water
conservation was carried at BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology & Research
Station, Chattisgarh in 2015. Soil and water conservation structures namely single row brush wood,
double row brush wood, loose stone, gunny bag and gabion check dam, respectively were constructed
and evaluated. For construction of structures, there was used wastage and broken fencing poles which
were procured from college campus fenced in place of wooden poles. Wire mesh for gabion structures

14

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

was procured as wastage wire mesh used for college fencing. Other materials such as boulders and
Ipomea sticks were available near the field. Empty gunny was also collected from same buildings site.
It was observed that importance of gully control structures by reducing the original gradient of the
gully channel and the structures were diminished the velocity and the erosive power of runoff and
recharged the ground water. Run-off during peak flow has been conveyed safely by check-dams. It
was also observed that successful runoff reduction and sediment deposition in upstream side also. The
performance of the structures was evaluated on the basis silt deposition and percentage depth of water
ponding. The total silt deposition in upstream side of gully plugging structures was found to be 90.51
quintal which indicates the good features of soil conservations. The maximum 39.58 quintals
sediment deposition was observed in upstream side of loose stone structures wile minimum of 7.85
quintals was recorded in double row brush wood structure. The maximum percentage depth of water
ponding of 90% in gunny bag structure and minimum depth of water ponding 60% in single row
brush wood structure.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/24
Coal mining vs agriculture in chhattisgarh: A question of sustainability
Tirath Kumar, R. K. Sahu and G. K. Nigam
Department of SWE, Faculty of Agricultural Engg., IGKV, Raipur, (CG)

Coal mining adversely affects the eco-system as a whole. Increasing demand for open caste mining
process requires huge land. These lands sometime are acquired at the cost of cultivable land. Coal
mining has direct impact over agriculture in the study region and residual impacts of mining bring far
reaching consequences. The task is to bring out the issues related to coal mining activities and their
impact on vegetation and agriculture in adjoining areas through this study. The most significant
agricultural and environmental changesin coal mined areas have been the removal of the sub-tropical
deciduous forest cover and changes in the surface run off and ground water levels. However, the
greatest agricultural impact of mining has been on the land itself. Mining has degraded the land not
only by denuding it of its forest cover, and choking up the natural drainage lines, but has also
destroyed the agricultural potential of this region. Vast areas in the Chhattisgarh hills coal belt have
become derelict due to abandoned and active surface and underground mines. Removing coal from
the ground is impossible without causing disruption to surrounding land and ecosystems. This
disruption is commonly greater in surface mining than in deep mining. In the past, the only concern
was the efficient production of coal and the detrimental effect on the environment was often ignored.
Mining activities can disturb watercourses. The re-landscaping of areas as a result of the removal of
top soils and coal affects the natural flow of water through the region.However, times have changed
and now mining operations in most regions of the country are legally required to ensure that the mine
site be returned to a minimum standard.There are other causes of land degradation which are
associated with mining. Land may become less productive and therefore degraded due to deposits of
coal dust and other suspended particulate matter (SPM). Soil cover, the most valuable constituent of
the earth crust sustaining biological domain is marginally disturbed along the fracture planes. Soil
erosion is prominent in case of thick seam working under shallow cover due to steep slope. The
balance of soil is however least disturbed and is possible to be reclaimedfor the useful purpose. Tilting
of land, development of cracks, formation of undulating trough and change in drainage
pattern,followed by erosion of soil cover of the mining area. The effect of these disturbances is

15

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

manifested in the form of loss of the agricultural land, erosion and drying of the green cover and loss
of biodiversity.Leaving aside the ill effect of spoil heaps, the agricultural land loses fertility because
of following;i. With the increase in slope of the land; fertile soil is eroded and carried down steam. ii.
Soil in filled in the cracks and fractures formed due to the subsidence. iii. Spoil mixed coal with iron
pyrite increases the acidity of the soil. iv. Acidity of the soil leaches the aluminum component of the
soil to physiotoxic level and causes loss of potassium.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/25
Role of artificial small scale water harvesting structures in agriculture
Tirath Kumar, Prafull Katre, V. K. Choure and K. P. Sahu
Department of SWE, Faculty of Agricultural Engg., IGKV, Raipur, (CG)

The significance of traditional water harvesting structures is very well realized in the current context
of increasing competition and conflict over water for multiple uses in India. The emphasis since the
British rule in the country has been on the expansion of big and medium irrigation based on the
principles of modern science and centralized management and administration. As a result the
traditional systems of natural small water harvesting structures (SWHSs) have deteriorated sharply.
This has accentuated the water crisis in the country. Having noted the fact that the SWHSs could
make a very significant contribution in resolving the water crisis, it is essential that some concrete
efforts were made to understand the conditions and important issues related to these structures.
Keeping this in view, a project was given to the Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) by the
Society for Promotion of Wastelands Development (SPWD), New Delhi in 1998 to prepare a status
paper on the traditional SWHSs in India, in which also shows importance and utility of SWHSs. The
scope for installation of large and medium irrigation projects is limited due to lack of availability of
proper sites, paucity of funds, equity issues and other social factors in many regions of the country.
Therefore the installation of ‘small but decentralized structures’ for water harvesting has a great
potential in the times to come. A recent initiative in Chhattisgarh, India to promote government
funded, small scale artificial rainwater harvesting structures (Farm Pond, Percolation Tank, Stop
Dams and Subsurface Dams) in villages has shown substantial economic and livelihood benefits. In
contrast to the many poorly functioning, community managed rainwater harvesting programs, the
individual or decentralized small scale rainwater harvesting structures have led to significant
improvements in availability of irrigation water, a revival of the agricultural economy of the region,
and substantial increases in farmer incomes and livelihoods.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/26
Rainwater harvesting
Vinita Zhodape, Dharmendra Khokhar, Arti Guhey
Dept.of Plant Physiology, Agril. Biochem., Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, COA, IGKV,
Raipur, (C.G.)

Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing
it to run off. These stored waters are used for various purposes such as gardening, irrigation etc. The
term rainwater harvesting is being frequently used these days, however, the concept of water
16

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

harvesting is not new for India. Water harvesting techniques had been evolved and developed
centuries ago. Ground water resource gets naturally recharged through percolation. But due to
indiscriminate development and rapid urbainzation, exposed surface for soil has been reduced
drastically with resultant reduction in percolation of rainwater, thereby depleting ground water
resource. Rainwater harvesting is the process of augmenting the natural filtration of rainwater in to the
underground formation by some artificial methods. "Conscious collection and storage of rainwater to
cater to demands of water, for drinking, domestic purpose & irrigation is termed as Rainwater
Harvesting." Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater: Surface runoff harvesting and Roof
top rainwater harvesting. In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods. In rooftop harvesting, the
roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It is a
system of catching rainwater where it falls It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial
recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps
in augmenting the ground water level of the area.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/27
Remediation of contaminated water
Vinita Zhodape, Millap Ram Sahu, Nisha Chandel, Uma Ekka
Dept. of Plant Physiology, Agril. Biochem., Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, COA, IGKV.

Water quality can be improved by two approaches: proactive (water pollution control) or reactive
(treatment or remediation of polluted water). Potential water contaminants (as discussed under Water
Pollution) are prevented from coming into contact with water. It is probably not very practical to
achieve 100% isolation of water from the contaminants, but measures to limit the extent of pollution
should be adopted. For instance, direct dumping of sewage, wastewater, industry processing waters
and other chemicals into water bodies with the expectation that the wastes will be assimilated into the
water environment should be stopped and has been stopped in several countries where it was
previously practiced. Leakages from tanks, pipelines, landfills, etc should be minimised with proper
engineering and regulatory practices. Most governments now have guidelines for tanks (above ground
or underground), pipelines and other infrastructures to prevent accidental discharges to land or water
bodies. There are also transportation guidelines for offshore movement of petroleum products. In
water treatment or remediation, Not with standing the level of water pollution measures taken, we still
have tremendous spills to water bodies, leaks of tanks and pipes, leachates to underground water
aquifers from landfills and septic systems etc. Polluted water bodies are remediated using a
combination of certain technologies and provisions of Government or local authority developed acts,
regulations and guidelines.

17

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/NRM/28
Biological soil conservation
Vinita Zhodape, Uma Ekka, Ritu Rani Minz
Dept. of Plant Physiology, Agril. Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, COA, IGKV

Deep Tillage, One of the reasons for low yields in semi-arid areas is the limited amount of moisture
available to crop roots. The available moisture will be increased if the rooting depth is increased and it
has been shown that in some cases deep tillage can help. Deep tillage is beneficial for some crops but
not all, and on some soils but not all. Also deep tillage requires greater draught power which is
usually in short supply in semi-arid areas. Ripping or sub soiling can be beneficial, either to increase
the porosity of the soil, or to break a pan which is reducing permeability. The deep placement of
fertilizer can also be used to encourage more rooting at depth, but again the application of this
technique to subsistence farming will be difficult. Another, Conservation Farming includes any
farming practice which improves yield, or reliability, or decreases the inputs of labour or fertilizer, or
anything else leading towards improved land husbandry, which we have defined as the foundation of
good soil conservation. Sometimes there is a long history of traditional farming and soil conservation
practices which have been tested and developed over periods of time which are long enough to
include all the likely variations of climate. There is also the point that the agricultural scientist very
often still lacks the recipe for certain success and we cannot require farmers to adopt new practices
that are only 50 percent successful." Possible new techniques should have the same basic
characteristics as traditional practices, they should be easy to understand, simple to apply, have low
inputs of labour or cash, and must show a high success rate i.e. a high rate of return.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/29
Effect of mound height on groundwater recharge rate through recharge
shaft
Pushpendra Kumar Singh, V. P. Verma, M. P. Tripathi and Janhavi
Dept. of SWE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur

Ground water recharge is the process by which water percolates down the soil and reaches the water
table, either by natural or artificial methods. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment
of moisture in the soil water system and recharge of ground water. In field conditions where
the top surface impedes infiltration of water, recharge shaft can prove to be an effective device to
enhance recharge. The present study was proposed with the major objective to develop a
mathematical model to estimate the ground water recharge through the shaft. The model takes into
account the various dimensions of shaft as well as the hydraulic characteristics of the area. For the
validation of model the predicted values of rate of recharge of shaft has been compared with the
observed values. It was found that recharge rate of shaft and mound height are increasing as the
hydraulic head increases and recharge rate of shaft with and without taking into account the mound
formation closely matches as the hydraulic head increases. There was insignificant impact of mound
height on recharge rate of shaft. The minimum mound height was found as 1.52 m and 1.70 m and
maximum 1.75 m and 1.96 m with diameter of shaft 2.0 m and 2.5 m respectively. The minimum
recharge rate of shaft without mound incorporation was found as 37.44 l/s and 43.14 l/s and

18

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

maximum 44.71 l/s and 51.39 l/s with diameter of shaft 2.0 m and 2.5 m respectively. The minimum
recharge rate of shaft with mound incorporation was found as 38.05 l/s and 43.99 l/s and
maximum 45.75 l/s and 52.72 l/s with diameter of shaft 2.0 m and 2.5 m respectively.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/30
Climate variability and trend analysis at bastar district of chhattisgarh
state
Deepika Unjan, G.K. Das, Uttam Diwan, J.L. Chaudhary
Dept of Agrometeorology, IGKV, Raipur

Chhattisgarh is situated between 17° to 24.5° degrees north latitude and 80.15° to 84.24° east latitude.
Its positioning on the Tropic of Cancer makes the Chhattisgarh climate warm. As is usual with the
tropical climate, the summers in Chhattisgarh are warm and the winters are cool. During a typically
hot summer day, the mercury can shoot up to 45 degree Celsius. The climate of Chhattisgarh shows a
major shift from the sultry heat to the pleasantly cold during the winters. The winters can be chilly
with the mercury plummeting to hit the 10 degree Celsius mark. Chhattisgarh also receives a fair
amount of rainfall with the annual average rainfall of around 1200 mm. Chhattisgarh state has three
agro climatic zones viz, Chhattisgarh plain, Bastar plateau and Northern hills region. Its climate is of
dry sub- humid type. The major portion of rain received by south-west monsoon (about 95 % during
the period from June-September). The onset of monsoon is around 10th June in the southernmost tip of
Bastar plateau and extends over the entire state by 25th June. Bastar district is an important center of
Bastar plateau zone of Chhattisgarh state, lies between 19.12°N and 81.95° E. The analysis was
carried out using long term meteorological data (1980-2014) recorded at S.G. CARS, Jagdalpur
(Bastar). The outcome indicates that daily maximum temperature varied between 29 to 32°C over 35
years, with decreasing trend of annual average maximum temperature by -0.016°C per year, similar
trend was observed for i.e minimum temperature -0.026 °C per year. The minimum temperature
fluctuated between 16.3-19 °C while the relative humidity was found in decreasing trend of -0.14%
per year over last 35 year. The long term mean annual rainfall of Bastar district is 1412.3 ± 131.4 mm
whits CV of 9.4% only indicating that is highly stable and dependable. The rising trend of monsoon
rain (June –September) at rate of 1.96 per year was also observed during the study period. On that
basis we can plan our agriculture and allied operation for getting maximum output in Bastar plateau
zone.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/31
Rainfall climatology for strategic crop planning in chhattisgarh state
G.K. Das, J.L. Chaudhary, Rajesh Khavse , Sanjay Bhelawe and Deepika Unjan
Department of Agrometeorology, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Chhattisgarh state, situated in eastern India stretches between 80˚ 15′ to 84˚ 24′ E longitude & 17˚ 46′
to 24˚ 5′ N latitude. Its total geographical area is about 13.5 million hectare. Rice crop is grown in 3.7
million hectares and rainfed rice production has always remained a challenge in the state. This state
has three agro-climatic zones viz., Chhattisgarh plains, Bastar plateau and Northern hills region. Its
19

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

climate is mainly of dry sub-humid type. Under wide range of farming situations and soil conditions,
except upland light soil, rice is widely accepted and grown by the farmers depending upon their socio-
economic conditions during kharif season and also as summer crop in some regions. While, in rabi,
there are fewer options for the stakeholders and farmers to take profitable and/or suitable crops. Under
these circumstances, they generally follow rice – wheat, rice – mustard and rice – winter vegetables
under partially or assured irrigation and rice- fallow, rice – utera (Lathyrus, chickpea and linseed)
under rainfed situation. Most of the farming community still adopt traditional method/ technique of
rice cultivation. They grow rice in each and every possible space whether it is suitable or not suitable
for rice crop cultivation. Illiteracy and lack of knowledge about technological advancement going on
in the field of agriculture are important factors which limit the production and productivity of rice per
unit area and per unit time. The onset of monsoon in Chhattisgarh state is around 10th June in the
southern most tip of Bastar plateau and extends over the entire area by 25 th June. The monsoon starts
withdrawing from northern parts from mid September and by 25th September it is completely
withdrawn from the entire state. In the entire Chhattisgarh state scarcity of water is a critical limitation
for adoption of modern technology to increase productivity of traditional rainfed rice growing areas.
Studies on rainfall variability across the Chhattisgarh state can prove to be highly informative based
on updated statistics. Now state has 27 districts therefore it requires to generate information about
rainfall climatology and trends to prepare strategic plans to boost up production and productivity of
crops per unit area and time. There are 58 stations which are having the complete datasets of rainfall
and accordingly the annual and seasonal rainy days and rainfall information has been compiled first
on stations basis. Further, the information has been brought in concise format on district basis. This
information will be helpful for district level crop planning and management strategies.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/32
Trend analysis of temperature variation in northern hill zone of
chhattisgarh
Rajesh Khavse, G. K. Das, Sanjay Bhelawe and J. L. Chaudhary
Dept. of Agrometeorology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswadhylaya, Raipur C.G.

Ambikapur is representative district of Northern hills zone of Chhattisgarh located at latitude 23.130N,
longitude 82.140 E and altitude of 663 m above Msl. Weather data recorded at meteorological
observatory established at RMD college of Agriculture, Ambikapur during 1985 to 2014 where
considered for study purpose. The trend analysis of Mean rainfall is confirmed by Mann-Kendall
trend test for both maximum and minimum temperature during 5 years and 10 years moving average
which was done for the period of 30 years. The outcome of trend analysis for 5 years and 10 years
moving average indicates that the maximum temperature of northern hill zone is increasing over the
period whereas in case of minimum temperature it is in decreasing during the study period. Similar
trend was observed for maximum and minimum temperature analysed during all four season i.e.
winter, summer, rainy and post rainy. The coefficient of variation estimated for maximum
temperature varied between 2.8% (in post rainy season) to 4.8% (In winter Season) over the last 30
years. In case of minimum temperature the highest CV. Value 11.8% was recorded in winter season
and the lowest value (1.1%) was associated with rainy season. Decade wise seasonal trend analysis
indicated that increasing trend for minimum temperature was noticed in 2nd decade of study period of
i.e 1995-2004.minimum temperature was decrease during rest of the decades winter season of first
20

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

and second decades (1985-1994, 1995-2004) Sumer season of second and third decades (1995-2004,
2005-2014) and rainy season of third decades (2005-2014) recoded increasing trend of maximum
temperature. The maximum temperature of Northern hill zone was in deceasing trend in post rainy
season all over the three decades.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/33
Trend and variability analysis of rainfall and temperature at raipur district
of chhattisgarh plain
J.L. Chaudhary, G.K Das and Sanjay Bhelawe
Department of Agrometeorology, IGKV, Krishak Nagar, Raipur (C.G.)

Rainfall and temperature are most important weather parameters which affect the growth,
development and production of all crops and agricultural activities. About 70 percent of Indian
agriculture is under rainfed condition where rainfall play very crucial role. To fulfil the growing needs
of ever growing population we have to increase our production and productivity from unit area and
time. The information about trend and variability of rainfall as well as temperature at district level
would be demand of present changing climate scenario and very important for district level crop
planning and preparation of development plan. Keeping this fact in mind an attempt has been made to
analyse the long term meteorological data (1985-2014) available in department of Agrometeorology,
IGKV, Raipur. The outcome of results indicate that the long term mean annual rainfall of Raipur
district was 1209.5 mm with CV of 24.34% which means annual rainfall of Raipur district is highly
stable and dependable. On the other side in monsoon season (during June –September) the rising trend
of rainfall was observed and the rate is@ 9.26 mm per year during the study period. Daily maximum
temperature varied between 15.5 to 47.6°C over 30 years, with annual increasing trend of 0.0137°C
per year, while the minimum temperature was found to increase at rate of 0.0685°C per year and
fluctuated between 3.6 to 34.1°C.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/34
Trend and variability in pan evaporation at Raipur
Sanjay Bhelawe, G.K Das and J.L Chaudhary
Department of Agrometeorology, IGKV Krishak Nagar, Raipur (C.G.)

Evaporation is one of the most important components of hydrological cycle having a significant
impact on crop water requirements. It has a great significance in the applicagtion of need based
irrigation to the crop. The present analysis was carried out using the long term data on open pan
evaporation collected for a period of 30 year (1985-2014) from the department of Agrometeorology,
IGKV, Raipur (C.G.). Significant variation has been observed in monthly open pan evaporation at
Raipur. In summer months the highest rate of evaporation was observed i.e. 371.39, 293.55 and
261.55 mm during May, April and June, respectively. While during winter period decreasing rate of
evaporation was observed i.e. 82.69, 90.79 and 91.79 mm during December, January and November,
respectively. Raipur experiences mean annual evaporation of 1956.63 mm. During the past 30 years

21

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

whereas the value of maximum annual pan evaporation was 2273.1 mm in 2002 while the lowest
value of evaporation was 1570.2 mm in 2000. The decreasing trend of pan evaporation was observed
over last 30 year i.e. -1.394 mm on annual basis.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/35
Impact of global warming on aquatic life and in their ecosystem
Arti Kujur and Vivek Kumar Kurrey
Dept. of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh,

Temperature has been increase due to global warming on the last few decades. Entire environment
affected as well as aquatic animal and their ecosystem ,with global climate change researches forecast
changes occurs in fish habitat decreasing water quality of natural water resources, aquatic ecosystem
are quite vulnerable to climate changes. Climate changes devastating to salmon, trout and many
species of aquatic plant and animals’. The biota of Lakes seriously affected by the global warming
trend. Temperature is one of the most important factors of the water bodies and necessary for growth,
breeding, spawning of fish’s .risen temperature in any water body influenced physiology activity,
breeding and spawning also.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/36
A study: effect of opencast mining on soil properties, runoff, soil erosion
and sediment yield
Gaurav Kant Nigam, R. K. Sahu, Jitendra Sinha, M. P. Tripathi and Yatnesh Bisen
Dept. of Soil and Water Engg., SVCAET, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.)
Most of the coal production (81%) in India comes from open cast mines. Opencast mining in huge
forest areas results into loss of biodiversity, nutrient qualities and microbial activities of the soil
system. It releases huge amount of mining wastes as overburden dump materials that are prone to soil
erosion and create problems of sedimentation and water quality, affecting agriculture. Scarcity of land
and water resources has compelled the policy makers to search waste lands and mined areas to
augment/improve these resources for use in agriculture and allied sectors while maintaining the local
ecology and hydrology. The present study was undertaken in Chirimiri open cast mines, with
objective to address these problems, and suggest preventive measures.Initiating the study with
reconnaissance survey of the opencast mine area, field samples of overburden dump materials were
analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and compared with native soil samples. Assessment of
soil erosion from overburden dump materials was made by RUSLE method and was compared with
direct field measurements by placing plastic sheets (100 micron) duly anchored in D/S portion of
overburden dump and weighing the deposited sediments. Daily surface runoff as estimated by USDA-
SCS curve number method, Bottle sampling method was used for the determination of sediment yield
at lower end of erosion face of overburden dump sand near drainage outlet of opencast mine. The
results of study indicated that surface runoff constituted31.7% of monsoon rainfall. The runoff was
comparatively low due to forest cover and light texture of the overburden dump and native soil. The
pH values were slightly more acidic in nature of the overburden dump material as compared to the
native soil samples. The EC, organic carbon, N, P, K and water holding capacity of overburden dump

22

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

materials was quite low as compared to native soil. The soil loss from overburden dumps as estimated
by the RUSLE method (62.7 t ha−1 yr−1) was quite close (+13.2%) to the direct field measurement
54.44 t ha−1. The texture of deposited sediments/soil was relatively coarse as compared to native soil.
The sediment samples were found acidic in nature. Direct field measurement indicated that the
sediments exhibited low values of EC, organic carbon, water holding capacity, N, P, and K as
compared to native soil that makes it less productive as compared to native soil. The sediment yield of
drainage effluent was found to be negligible. The estimated surface runoff was found to be 4133
m3/ha. For controlling soil erosion of overburden dumps, mechanical and vegetative measures have
been suggested along with installation of sediment traps inside and outside the mines. It would
facilitate flow of almost sediment free runoff entering inside mines where after further sedimentation
drainage effluent would be disposed of to either natural outlets or after due treatment would be
supplied to drinking/domestic water supply. Properly laid out drainage system and water harvesting
tanks have also been suggested for safe disposal of runoff and water storage to augment groundwater
and improve local hydrology. There is good scope to backfill the mines with the overburden dump
material in the form of well laid out terraces to support plantation and later on used for leguminous
fodder/grass production.

ETEWP-2016/NRM/37
Rainwater management for drought alleviation, crop diversification and
intensification
G.P. Pali, R.M. Savu, Birbal Sahu and Dhiraj Khalkho
Department of Agronomy, IGKV, Raipur (C.G)

Chhattisgarh is one of the most drought prone regions of eastern part of India although it received
1200-1600 mm rainfall annually. Drought is the major source of risk and common phenomena in
Chhattisgarh, occurs once in every 2-3 years due to uneven rainfall distribution and long dry spells
causes huge losses of crop and ground water depletion, which ultimately lead to migration of rural
population for in –search employment in town, city areas that is grate threat of human life. As a result
Chhattisgarh state particularly Bastar region of Chhattisgarh experienced three drought years (2008,
2009 in succession year) and 2015 experienced in individual year severe drought, means Chhattisgarh
mai “ Pani ka nahin, Prabandhan ka akal” solution- Rainwater Management. Rainwater
harvesting through on-farm reservoirs (OFRs) on higher aspects of rice-landscape is first line of
defense against drought (first row). The stored water seeps laterally and slowly to low-laying rice
fields (second row) which do not require any irrigation. A shallow water table is maintained as a
result of lateral seepage (interflow) mainly from OFRs, which provides efficient filling and quick
recharge of wells and ditches after use of water for irrigation (third row onwards) Midland OFRs also
have similar effect. Shallow water table conditions due to water harvesting resulted in efficient
recharge of wells, mid-land on-farm reservoirs and ditches after their use for irrigation for saving rice
from drought. The water in these structures allowed cultivation of post-rice crops like wheat, mustard,
gram and vegetables at different clusters. Rainfed rice was almost totally wiped out in Bastar region
of Chhattisgarh over large area during 2008-09 and 2009-10 bringing down rice yield levels to 835
and 985 kg/ha respectively against normal average yield of about 1600 kg/ha. Drought also affected
the crop in other agro-climatic zone of Chhattisgarh state. Conclusion:
• Saving rice from drought
23

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

• Low cost of construction


• Water availability during long dry spells
• Possibility for double cropping
• Increasing groundwater recharge
• Store in-situ rainfall or harvest surface runoff from surrounding areas depending upon the
available rainfall in a region

Theme 2– Mechanization in Agriculture for Enhancing Water Productivity

ETEWP-2016/FM/01
Design and development of vacuum cylinder metering mechanism for
planting of bold seeds
Priya Sinha, Ajay Verma and V. N. Victor
Dept. of FMPE, FAE, IGKV, Raipur

Groundnut, maize and pigeonpea are major bold seeds crop in India. Planting of these bold seeds is a
very drudgery and time consuming operation. To address this issue, there is a need to design and
develop the vacuum cylinder metering mechanism for planting of bold seeds like groundnut, maize
and pigeonpea. The design of the seed metering cylinder (length 1630 mm and diameter 80 mm) was
based on the physical property of the bold seeds. It was made of an M.S. sheet. Seeds are held to the
metering hole of the cylinder by suction pressure. The size of circular metering orifice was kept as 2.5
mm. Total 54 orifices having same size was made on the seed metering cylinder at 9 different
locations. Each location is having 6 orifices, at an angular distance of 60 0. The vacuum rod and the
metering cylinder are placed concentrically. The length of the rod is 2320 mm and the diameter of rod
is 25mm. The size of the hole in the vacuum rod is 6 mm and total no. of holes are 18, placed at 9
different locations (2 on each location at an angular distance of 1800). Vacuum is created in this rod
and goes down the vacuum cylinder. The metering cylinder rotates over rod and pick up the seeds
through the seed hopper while passing through it. To evaluate the performance of vacuum cylinder
pickling % & metering efficiency of metering mechanism were considered under different suction
pressure i.e. for groundnut seed 4500 Pa, 5000 Pa and 5500 Pa, for maize seeds 3500 Pa, 4000 Pa and
4500 Pa while for pigeonpea seeds 1500Pa, 2000 Pa and 2500 Pa. On the basis of superior
performance the optimum suction pressure inside the vacuum cylinder for groundnut seed was found
to be 5000 Pa with a metering efficiency of 106.67 % and maximum picking percentage of 96%.
Similarly the optimum suction pressure for maize seed was found to be 4000 Pa with a metering
efficiency of 108.88 % and maximum picking percentage of 97% while for pigeonpea seed these
values were found to be 2000 Pa, 110 % and 92 %. Hence it was concluded that the designed and
developed vacuum cylinder metering mechanism is capable and suitable for planting of bold seeds
like groundnut, maize & pigeonpea.

24

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/FM/02
Development of light weight five row animal drawn multi crop planter
Navneet Kumar Dhruwe, V. M. Victor, S.V. Jogdand, A. K. Akhilesh Chandrakar,
Amit Namdeo
Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, SVCAET and
RS, IGKV, Raipur

This study was undertaken to design, fabricate and evaluate the performance of a prototype animal
drawn planter capable of planting chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea, ground nut and wheat seeds at
predetermined spacing and depths. Physical properties of seeds involved in the study were
investigated to optimize the design of the planter’s components. The prototype light weight five row
animal drawn multi crop planter, consisting of a frame, seed hopper, seed metering devices, seed
tube/spout, drive wheels and 'T' type furrow opener. The row spacing is adjustable. It has been kept
20, 25 and 30 cm. The light weight five row animal drawn multi crop planter have overall dimension
1600 mm x 1000 mm x 1240 mm, height of hopper from ground level was 900 mm and total weight
of the machine was 56 kg. Calibration of planter for chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea, ground nut,
wheat seeds and granular fertilizer (DAP) was carried out. The average seed rate under laboratory
testing of developed planter for chick pea (JG74), green gram (BM4), pigeon pea (PUSA855), ground
nut (GG3), wheat (GW273) and fertilizer (DAP) were found to be 81.84, 17.92, 19.85, 98.58, 115.68
and 103.77 kg/ha respectively. The desired opening exposure scale was identified 5, 7, 7, 2, 4 and 6
with metering roller No. 3, 4, 4, 2, 5 and 3 respectively for above mentioned crops. The light weight
five row animal drawn multi crop planter was tested for planting of chick pea, green gram, pigeon
pea, wheat and ground nut crop in the kharif season. The performances were evaluated in terms of
percent seed miss index (MISI, % seed skip), per cent seed multiple index (MULI, % redundancy),
seed rate of the selected seed, depth of planting, plant count/stand, field capacity, field efficiency,
labour cost and economics owning and operating. The investigation revealed that the sphericity of
chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea, wheat and ground nut were 59%, 75%, 84%, 82% and 69%
respectively. Per cents of visible mechanically seed damaged by the planter were 0.03, 0.03, 0.04,
0.01 and 0.07 for wheat, chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea and ground nut, respectively. The
developed planter,sown acceptable plant population within the row of 2 m. According to roller design,
the desired number of plant for wheat, chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea and ground nut crops were
obtained 18, 18, 18, 12 and 12 respectively. The plant population was found to be 17, 16, 14, 14 and
12 plants within rows of 2 m length for wheat, chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea and ground nut,
respectively, compared to desired number of plant population are 18, 18, 18, 12 and 12 plants for
wheat, chick pea, green gram, pigeon pea and ground nut, respectively. The mean field capacity, field
efficiency was found to be 0.22 ha/h (4.5 h/ha) and 79.78% respectively. The speed of operation was
1.75 km/h and the average draft required to pull the multi crop planter was 43.21 kgf. The only cost of
the machine was determined as Rs 10940/-. The cost of operation was found to be Rs 321.78 per ha.
Based on the performance evaluation results, it was concluded that the prototype planter can be
efficiently, effectively and economically used by the majority of farmers.

25

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/FM/03
Multiplier effect of zero tillage technology on resource conservation in rice
wheat cropping system: evidence from farmers field by front line
demonstration
P. D. Verma, Parmanand, S. K. Tamrakar, and Narendra Agrawal

The study was conducted in the district of Balodabazar-Bhatapara of Chhattisgarh state. The trial of
four year was carried out during Rabi 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, and 2015-16 on fourty eight
farmers field of Maldi, Bakulahi, Tikuliya and Mohbhatta village of Bhatapara and Simga block of the
district with size of trial is one acre. The data collected from the field were analyzed and the result of
the study in respect of percentage increase in yield in recommended practice increased 13.09% over
farmers practice. The average yield in ZTSD method was recorded 27.18 q/ha over conventional
sowing it is 24.06 q/ha. The B:C ratio was observed higher side in ZTSD is 2.61 as compare to
conventional method of sowing of wheat is 2.01. The additional wheat production from Zero tillage
technology gives about Rs. 6000/- per hectare additional income. The finding have clearly established
that wheat sowing can be advanced at least 1-15 days over conventional tillage (Broadcasting
method), enabling to harvest an advantage that cannot be obtained by using recommended varieties
for late sown condition. The critical field observation revealed that the technology has merit for
promotion and technical feasibility with an opportunity for providing self employment through
custom hiring services. Subject to further investigation on long term impact of the technology on soil
health and productivity of the system, it definitely provides answer for economic security in future
specially with multifarious use of the machine in the district Balodabazar-Bhatapara of C.G. and also
opening new vistas for resources conservation whether fuel, crop residues, seed, water, fertilizer, man
power or wear and tear of machinery are concerned. In ZT appears good attraction for the farmers to
adopt the technology on large scale.

ETEWP-2016/FM/04
Effect of weed management on weed dynamics, growth, yield attributes
and yield of direct seeded rice (oryza sativa l.) under minimum tillage
Kamla Gandharv and N.K. Choubey
Department of Agronomy, COA, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.), India

Among weed management practices, hand weeding twice at 25 & 45 DAS (W7) produced
significantly highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, total No. of tillers meter -2, leaf area, leaf
area index, number of effective tillers meter-2, test weight (g), Crop growth rate, Absolute growth rate.
Highest grain yield (4.21 t ha-1) , straw yield (5.52 t ha-1) and harvest index (51.54 %) was recorded
under hand weeding twice at 25 & 45 DAS (W7), followed by Chemical weeding with bispyribac
Sodium @ 20 g ha-1 25 DAS (W1), gave grain yield (4.03 t ha-1), straw yield (5.25 t ha-1) and harvest
index (51.37 %) . The lowest was recorded under unweeded check (W8). In the experimental
field,Commelina benghalensis L., Cyanotis axillaris Schult. F., Cyperus difformis L., Echinochloa
colona (L.) Link, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Kunth were dominant weeds. The lowest weed
density, weed dry matter production and relative weed density were recorded under hand weeding
twice at 25 & 45 DAS (W7), followed by Chemical weeding with bispyribac Sodium @ 20 g ha -1 25
26

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

DAS (W1). The highest economic return in terms of gross income (Rs. 42949.00) were obtained from
hand weeding twice 25 & 45 DAS (W7), highest net income (26063.00) and B:C ratio ( 1.69) were
obtained under chemical weeding with bispyribac sodium @ 20 g ha-1 25 DAS (W1).

ETEWP-2016/FM/05
A case study on power availability and level of mechanization in adopted
village of chhattisgarh plains
Jitendra Kumar Joshi, A.K.Dave and B.P.Mishra
Dept. of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

Survey is carried out to know the power availability and level of mechanization in adopted village of
Chhattisgarh plains. This survey is conducted in Girrod village of the agro climate zone in
Chhattisgarh state and this was revealed that the average percentage share of tractive power,
stationary power, draught animal power, cropping intensity and irrigation intensity of Chhattisgarh
was 1.15 kW/ha, 0.27 kW//ha, 0.23 kW/ha, 171.64% and 54.72% respectively of cultivable area.
Average farm power availability of this village was found to be less than the national average (1.6
kW/ha). The result revealed that the village had sufficient indigenous implements, cultivator,
rotavators, tractor and hand tool like indigenous plough, Kopar, biasi plough, spade wooden mallet
and pick axe. The village had insufficient man power, draught animal, reaper, harvester irrigation
facility and weeders. Mechanical power is just used to perform land preparation, threshing and milling
operations, while other farm operations are still done completely by manual. Although mechanized
farm operations need more power, the total operation hours would decrease significantly. The study
indicated a dire need of increasing farm power availability and farm mechanization in this agro
climatic zone to increase the productivity of the land. The results also suggested that efforts should be
taken to continuously encourage farmers to adopt mechanical power technologies in order to carry out
farm operations timely and short period, and to make farm production process more productive and
efficient.

ETEWP-2016/FM/06
Comparative performance of rotavator tillage with tractor drawn tillage
Piyush Pradhan, Ajay Verma and Rajesh Naik
Department of Farm machinery and Power Engineering IGKV Raipur

Tillage is the important operation for crop production, where rotavator helps to create a desire soil
tilth quality with fewer passes. A field experiment was conducted to study the comparative
performance by measuring the pulverization index, performance index and energy requirement for
preparation of seed bed with tractor drawn implements and rotavator. The tractor drawn implements
tillage system with rotavator tillage system. Different combinations of tillage system selected for
study were ploughing, ploughing and cultivating, ploughing and disc harrowing, ploughing and
Rotavating, Single operation of rotavator and double operation of rotavator. From the study it was
observed that the combination of ploughing and rotavating gave the highest performance index of
83.26% pulverzation index of 2.79 cm and energy consumption 2302 MJ/ha followed by rotavator
operation observed performance index 73.42% ,pulverzation index 2.92cm and energy consumption
1238 MJ/ha. Comparing with other combinations of tillage systems by considering field performance
27

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

index, pulverization index and energy requirement the combination of double rotavator operations
was found to be most suitable combination of tillage system for seed bed preparation.
ETEWP-2016/FM/07
Field performance of different puddlers and weeders under system of rice
intensification in midland situation
Priti Tiwari, V.M. Victor, M.P. Tripathi and P. Katre
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur(C.G.)

A field experiments conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Indira
Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). The performance of the plough and puddlers, puddling
effect on selected soil properties, quality of puddling and physiological responses of bullocks were
investigated in terms of puddling index, regermination of weeds, bulk density, moisture content and
measure of puddling quality. The energy requirement of different treatments and cost of operation of
different combination of plough and puddlers were also investigated. The research results revealed
that the different animal drawn puddler including zig-zag puddler, rotary blade puddler and tendua
iron plough respond differently on the basis of grain yield strew yield and harvest index. In case of
zig-zag puddler; grain yield, straw yield and harvest index was found to be 5.57 q/ha, 86.1 q/ha and
39.28%, respectively. Similarly, grain yield 62.21 q/ha, and HI 42.54% was recorded in case of rotary
blade puddler. Further, the grain yield of 45.74 q/ha, straw yield of 84.5 q/ha and HI of 35.1% was
recorded in case of tendua iron plough. The field performance of zig-zag puddler, rotary blade puddler
and tendua iron plough in case of 10 days weeding efficiencies were found to be 65%, 75%, and 59%
and, respectively. In case 15 days, weeding efficiencies were 61.6%, 67.2% and 61.7%, respectively.
In case of 30 days weeding the efficiencies were 62.5%, 84% and 61.9%, respectively. The field
performance of Ambika paddy weeder with speed of 1.57 km/hr the theoretical field capacity was
found to be 0.015 ha/hr, whereas, effective field capacity of 0.012 ha/hr, field efficiency 80%, energy
required 255.39 MJ/ha, and cost of operation Rs. 1300.5 per ha was obtained.

ETEWP-2016/FM/08
Techno-economic evaluation of single row animal drawn maize planter
cum fertilizer applicator as an attachment with desi plough
M. Banjare, R.K. Naik, Dileshwari
Department of FMPE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, I.G.K.V., Raipur

The developed animal drawn maize planter cum fertilizer applicator as an attachment with desi
plough was fabricated and tested for sowing of maize seeds. The machine consisted of desi plough,
power transmission unit, seed and fertilizer hoppers, metering mechanism for seed and fertilizer. The
MET, ERI and PE were observed 11.30, 4.07 and 92 %. The theoretical seeding rate (Rst), seeding
mass rate (Rsm), seed rate and fertilizer rate were found to be 55556 seed per ha, 12.78 kg per ha,
12.92 kg/ha and 6.85 kg/ha for maize crop respectively. The average miss index, multiple index and
mechanical damage were recorded 8.33 %, 10.00 % and 1.65 %. The average no.’s of seed collected
in 20 revolutions of ground wheel was found to be 160 with SD (σ) was found to be 2.07 and CV of
1.30 % for maize. The percentage of cell fill for maize was found to be 100 %. The seeds were
planted at an average depth of 5.57 cm for maize, in the field. The average plant to plant spacing in

28

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

the field was found to be 30.17 cm for maize. Soil pulverization i.e. mean diameter of soil clod size
was observed 36.46 mm, which is used for seed bed of maize plantation. The average draft was found
to be 43.91 kgf for maize and with average power requirement of 0.228 hp for maize. The average
speed of operation was found to be 1.41 kmph for sowing of maize. The field efficiency of the maize
planter was found to be 77.65 %. The energy consumed by the animal drawn single row maize planter
was found to be 194.28 MJ/ha. The estimated cost of the unit of developed animal-drawn maize
planter came out to be Rs. 1941/-.The cost of operation was found to be Rs. 34.54 per hour which
included hire charges of bullock with operator.

ETEWP-2016/FM/09
Development of low cost sugarcane harvester for chhattisgarh region
R. K. Naik, Md. Tahsin Ashraf and D.K. Rai
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

In India agriculture is facing serious challenges like scarcity of agricultural labour, not only in peak
working seasons but also in normal time. This is mainly for increased nonfarm job opportunities
having higher wage, migration of labour force to cities and low status of agricultural labours in the
society. In manual harvesting to cut one acre of sugarcane 15-16 labours are required they take 3 days
to cut one acre. By using this machine problem of the labour crises can be reduced. Comparing with
manual harvesting only 18% of labours are required, it makes the process faster hence reduces most of
the harvesting time and labour required to operate the machine is also less. A low cost sugarcane
harvester was developed at IGKV, which is more efficient and having simple mechanism for cutting
the sugarcane at a faster rate and should low cost that is affordable by the rural farmers, easy to
maintain and less laborious to use. The machine consisted of main parts i.e. engine (petrol, 3.73 kW,
3000 rpm), gear box (20:1), coupling, frame, cutter frame, counter shaft, horizontal shaft, vertical
shaft, cutter and ground wheel. All this parts of a machine was mounted on the frame. The wheel was
attached to this frame. The petrol engine was mounted on the frame which provides the power to the
wheels to move by means of a gear and chain mechanism and it also provides the power to the cutter.

ETEWP-2016/FM/10
Assessment of 8 row paddy drum seeder for sowing of paddy in distt.
dhamtari, C.G.
Amit kumar sinha, Priya sinha and S.S. Chandrawanshi
KVK Dhamtari
Rice (Oryza Sativa) is major crop in the dhamtari district of C.G. and the about 80 to 90 % of rice
cultivation area the farmers doing traditional methods for sowing of paddy i.e. broadcasting,
broadcasting of spouted seed and manual transplanting. These method have some problem i.e. poor
yield, improper plant population etc. to overcome these type of problems and to make awareness of
agril. machineries the present investigation “Assessment of 8 row paddy drum seeder for sowing of
paddy in distt. Dhamtari, C.G.” was carried out at village Mudpar , Distt. Dhamtari. In the
investigation, we used two different methods of paddy sowing i.e. T 1- traditional method-
broadcasting of spouted seed & T2- sowing of pre-germinated seed by 8 row paddy drum seeder. The
observations were recorded during experiment i.e. No. of tiller per m2, net income Rs/ha yeild q/hand

29

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

B:C ratio. The results shown that the treatment T1 and T2 gave the average net income 18000 Rs./ha,
25878 Rs./ha respectively. In traditional method gave yield (q/ha.), no. of tillers per m2 and B:C ratio
were recorded 35 q/ha, 255 and 1.54 respectively. Sowing of paddy by paddy drum seeder gave yield
(q/ha.), no. of tillers per m2 and B:C ratio were recorded 39.3 q/ha, 274 and 1.82 respectively. These
results revealed that the sowing of paddy by It is a best suited technlogy for the farmers as compare to
broadcasting ( lehi method) of spouted seed , it gives 12.28 % increases in yeild and help to make
easy the weeding operations also.

ETEWP-2016/FM/11
Status of bullock carts and comparative evaluation of different types of
cart available in chhattisgarh plains
Nikhil Kumar Patre, Er. M. Quasim
Dept. of FM&P, SVCAET & RS, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

Bullock cart is the backbone of transportation and travelling in the rural area. Despite various kinds of
transportation sources the use of bullock carts is not decreased in the rural area. Whose main reason is
its low transportation cost, its reach to impassable areas and its availability on time. In Chhattisgarh,
the use of bullock carts is wide and traditionally. There are few changes in the bullock cart with the
passage of time, such as the use of iron wheel and frame, but these changes are without any technical
considerations. Because of this reason villagers are not utilizing the cart at its full efficiency. In order
to reduce these problems, a study on the features and design of bullock carts was undertaken in
Chhattisgarh plains region. For this study, 24 villages from 8 districts of Chhattisgarh plains are
surveyed. In the survey, the measurement of bullock cart and its annual use pattern by the farmers was
recorded. From the survey it was found that four types, which are iron frame with iron wheels type
(IFIW), wooden frame with iron wheels type (WFIW), iron frame with wooden wheels type (IFWW)
and wooden frame with wooden wheels type (WFWW) bullock carts are used by the farmers in the
region. The dimensions of these carts were, average length 4.29 m, width 1.49 m and height 0.85 m,
position of axle from front and rear side was 2.87 m and 1.40 m respectively, the average height of
yoke from ground to yoke was 1.06 m, average horizontal distance between yoke and axle was 2.45
m, average ground clearance 0.48 m, diameter of axle 0.048 cm, average diameter of wheel 1.17 m
and average length of yoke was 1.81 m. On an average bullock cart was used 75 days annually for
one-hectare land holding by the farmers. The testing of the four types of bullock carts, which are used
by the farmers, was carried out. The bullock carts were tested for five payloads which are, tare weight,
500, 700, 900 and 1100 kg, the draught (kg), speed (km/h), power requirement (kW) and wheel
slippage (%) were evaluated. Among all types of cart, The lowest draught (17.56 kg at tare weight and
35.22 kg at 1100 kg) and power requirement (0.27 kW at tare weight and 0.39 kW at 1100 kg) were
found in IFIW type cart whereas the highest draught (22.45 kg at tare weight and 45.64 kg at 1100kg)
and power requirement (0.32 kW at tare weight and 0.50 kW at 1100 kg) was found in WFWW type
cart,. The highest speed (4.10 km/h at tare weight and 2.99 km/h at 1100 kg) was found in IFIW type
cart and lowest speed (3.67 km/h at tare weight and 2.76 km/h at 1100 kg) was found in WFWW type
cart. The lowest slippage (2.30% at tare weight and 0.88% at 1100 kg) was found in IFIW type cart
and highest wheel slippage (3.36% at tare weight and 1.63% at 1100 kg) found in WFWW type cart,
among all types of cart. After the study, modifications in the bullock cart were suggested to improve
its efficiency such as to increase the carrying capacity of the bullock carts up to 1500 kg payload. The
30

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

bearing provision were suggested between wheel and axle assembly to minimize the friction,
improvement in yoke to reduce the injuries in neck of bullocks, rubber lining on the wheels of cart to
minimize the damage of road and to reduce the overall manufacturing cost of the cart.

ETEWP-2016/FM/12
Development and testing of manually operated prilled urea applicator
Sameer Mandal , Tirath Kumar, A.K. Jamuar, Shweta Yadav and Soni Badra
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur

In India urea is available in prilled form. Prilled urea application in paddy field is an innovative
technology to reduce the nitrogen fertilizer losses in the field. Manual application (Broadcasting) of
prilled urea in the field by hand between three seedlings is very much time consuming, costly and
back breaking task. As a result different models of applicator were developed in home and abroad.
Scientists from research centres in BARI and BRRI developed guti urea applicator. Besides, an
innovative farmer tries to develop guti urea applicator known as HIPA model. But all the applicators
have some technical problems such as high missing rate, holding more than one guti per cup, high
force requirement to operate and high self-weight. Most of the applicators are manually pushed or pull
type. So in this research an applicator was designed and developed to operate by manually but
application in the form of prilled. So there is much less chance of missing and losses. This applicator
is design and developed especially for those areas where urea is available in prilled form. This
applicator is required more power to operate in muddy field due to its weight. For this reason having
some difficulties to identifying the capacity of the applicator, field capacity of the applicator, depth of
application and efficiency. Average applicator capacity found in laboratory test is satisfactory. By
selecting lightweight materials like plastics for making this applicator is more efficient and field test
can be done easily. An average effective filed capacity found that is 0.14 ha/hr and effective depth of
application is 4 to 5 cm.

ETEWP-2016/FM/13
Effect of animal drawn puddling equipments and its intensity on
percolation losses of water in inceptisols rice (oryza sativa l.) field
V. M. Victor, A. K. A. Lawrence and A.K. Dave
Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engg., SVCAET&RS, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

Percolation loss of water in rice fields is a major factor of low water use efficiency. Approximately
75% of water applied to rice crop is lost through deep percolation during submergence of field.
Hence, it is cultivated under puddled field condition so as to minimize the percolation losses and to
enhance the water and nutrient use efficiency of plant. Puddling is a process of soil dispersion and
subsequent settlement of soil which ultimately helped in reducing the water losses. With the increased
level of puddling, the distribution of finer particles of soil increased owing to the breakdown of
natural aggregates. Draught animals are still the major source of farm power for small and marginal
farmers. Hence, keeping in view the above, a field experiment was conducted to study the effect of
different animal drawn puddling equipments on the percolation losses of water in rice field. The five
different types of animal drawn puddlers viz. lugged wheel puddler, zigzag puddler, rotary blade

31

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

puddler, disc harrow cum puddler and indigenous plough (farmers practice) with two level of intensity
(two and three passes were used for the study. Percolation rate of water was measured after 12, 24, 36
and 48 hours of puddling operation. Results revealed that average percolation rate as measured after
24 hours of puddling rate was considered appropriate for all the tested treatments as within this period
the process of settlement of suspended soil particles was almost over. The percolation rate decreased
with increase level of puddling from two to three passes for all the puddling equipments. However,
within the different puddling equipments, rotary blade puddler with three passes gave best result
(minimum percolation rate 0.31 mm/h after 24 hours of puddling) to reduce the percolation rate
compare to other tested treatments. The results also showed that percolation rate of water decreased
with increase values of puddling index.

ETEWP-2016/FM/14
Studies on some engineering properties of rice straw based briquettes
Yogesh Singh Thakur, M. Quasim and V. M. Victor.
Dept. of Farm Machinery & power Engineering, SVCAET & RS, FAE, IGKV,Raipur(C.G.)

The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to
grow. This is call for sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy
technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower
environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. In India biomass is the most dominant
source of energy and is used significantly in the domestic sector notably charcoal and wood fuel.
Despite huge amount of agricultural waste generation in the rural areas, the rural folks use charcoal
and wood fuel, which leads to deforestation. In this study rice straw, rice husk, saw dust and cow dung
was used in different ratio. Results revealed that maximum (16.23%) and minimum (9.56%) ash
content was obtained in rice straw and cow dung (10:40), briquette and saw dust, rice straw and cow
dung (10:05:40) briquette respectively. The optimum volatile matter was found in rice straw and cow
dung briquette as (66.09%) and minimum (63.29%) saw dust briquette. The saw dust briquette
contained maximum fixed carbon percentage (19.97%) and minimum (10.04%) was determined in
rice straw and cow dung briquette.

ETEWP-2016/FM/15
Studies on draught ability of he-buffaloes for primery tillage implements
A.K Chandraker, A.K.Dave, S.V. Jogdand, V.M.Victor, N.Kerketta
Dept. of FMPE, SVCAET&RS, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalya, Raipur(C.G.)

Draft animals, particularly bullocks and buffaloes, hold an important place in our agricultural farming
and will continue to do so for many more year’s to come especially in Chhattisgarh. Indigenous tools,
implements and draft animal power are still used by the farmers of Chhattisgarh for crop production.
Indigenous tools, implement and draft animal power has various advantages and special features. A
pair of local buffaloes (930 kg/pair) of non descript breed was studied for estimating its draftability by
using CIAE animal loading car. The physiological parameters of buffalo and other factors were
recorded to observe fatigue score and power output. It was found that the pulse rate, respiration rate
and body temperature increased with the increase of draft load and duration of work. It was observed

32

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

that the local buffaloes could pull a draft load of 10% (93.3 kg draft) without excessive fatigue on a
dirt road. The average power output per pair during four hours of operation in the summer season was
maximum at 12% draft load. The forward speed reduced with increase is operating time and draft
load. The fatigue score was well below 20 points in the summer season up to for 8 - 10% loading
condition limiting to three hours operation.The comparative study suggests that Mould Board plough
stood first on the basis of draft requirement and capacity of ploughing as compared to Deshi and
Tendua Iron plough. On the basis of size of buffaloes, draft capacity and observation on ploughing
implements, it is suggested that the implements such as: Mould Board plough,Tendua Iron plough,
Indira seed drill, Planker, Harrow patela, Puddler can be operated using buffaloes as the power source.

ETEWP-2016/FM/16
Feeding strategies to improve efficiency of bullocks during field operations
with agricultural implements
Neelmani Kerketta, Akhilesh Chandraker, V.M.Victor and S.V.Jogdand
Dept. of FMPE, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Raipur, I.G.K.V., Raipur

An experiment was conducted in Ranisagar village of block Arang in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh,
where bullocks are being used for primary tillage by majority of farmers and depend upon the rain for
farming practice. A total of 12 bullock pairs were selected for the study and they were divided into
three groups (Control, I & II) of four pair each. One group was kept as control group. Bullocks of this
group were maintained on the existing feeding practice. Bullocks of Group I were fed with
recommended feed mixture prepared with available ingredients along with supplementation of
mustard cake (Improved farmer feed) Group II was fed with balanced concentrate mixture computed
from feed ingredients available in the market. The concentrate mixture was offered as per the
requirement of animal on body weight basis. All animal were offered ad lib. paddy straw. The
experimental feeding was continued for 45 days prior to expected date of first rain. At the end of
experimental period it was observed that increase in average body weight gain of Group II was
highest (6.37%) followed by Group I (5.65%). The lowest increase in body weight gain (0.38%) was
observed in control group. The studies on physiological parameters revealed higher body temperature,
respiration rate and pulse rate in bullock pairs of control group than experimental groups (Group I and
Group II) after 4 hours of ploughing works at the end of experimental feeding. The increase in body
temperature (° F )were 2.33%, 1.37 % and 1.37 %, pulse rate (beats/min) were 93.11 %, 51.03 % and
55.58 %, respiration rate (blows / min) were 247.85 %, 152.86 % and 148.08 % in control, Group I
and Group II, respectively. The observation on fatigue score revealed that there was no change in
fatigue score of bullocks of control group after 4 hours of work after experimental feeding. But in
Group I and II fatigue score decreased by 13.51 % and 14.67%, respectively. Similarly, increase in
speed by 15.32 % and 21.88% and in power output by 14.77% and 22.93% in Group I and II,
respectively was observed. The present studies concluded that daily feeding of improved farmer feed
(Rice bran- 2 kg, lathyrus bhusa -2kg, Lathyrus chuni- 0.5 kg and 300 g mustard cake} is sufficient to
fulfill the nutrient requirement of working bullocks of average 300 kg body weight for normal work.
Since feeding of concentrate mixture is not economical, feeding improved farmer feed to bullocks
prior to working season could be recommended to enhance their work capacity.

33

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/FM/17
Testing and performance evaluation of tractor drawn seed-cum
fertilizer drill for sowing of ragi
Meena Kanwar, Mansingh Banjare, Dileshwari and Janhavi
Dept. of Farm machinery and Power Engineering, FAE, IGKV Raipur

A seed cum fertilizer drill was used for sowing of Ragi at SVCAET, IGKV, Raipur. The seed rate of
Ragi was kept at 5 kg/ha. The seeds were sown by filling the seeds of respective crop in the required
section of seed hopper in Ragi the row to row spacing was 30 cm. Exposure scale 4 and 5 selected
with metering roller 4 for Ragi metering roller 5 exposure scale 3 gives nearest value for desired
fertilizer seed rate. The effective field capacity for Ragi of the machine was found to be 0.45 ha/h
with field efficiency 77. The cost of operation was Rs.580 per hr and energy requirement was 1859
MJ/ha for sowing. Different treatments were used for sowing Ragi by seed drills including different
seed and DAP ratios. Treatment T-7 yielded maximum over others mixture ratios for Ragi also. T-7
treatment was Ragi Seed: DAP ratio of (1:1). This ratio gave maximum Ragi yield (2.9 tonne/ha). It
may be due to better and early fertilization of crop, because seed and fertilizer placed together. In
broadcasting method Grain yield was obtained for Ragi was significantly high, which was recorded as
0.63(tonne/ha). Straw yield obtained 0.41(tonne/ha). This is due to the fact that the machine has
greater coverage width and least amount of overlapping due to shovels, which increases efficiency of
the machine.

ETEWP-2016/FM/18
Performance evaluationof power operated medicinal nut sheller
R. A. Bangale, P. A. Turbatmath, R. V. Sanglikar
Dr. A. S.College of Agril. Engg., Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar
(M.H.)

Presently shelling of medicinal nuts like Hirada , Ritha etc. is done manually by using hammer or
stone, also some research is done on handle operated shelling machines. Both of these methods are
labour intensive and time consuming for shelling. So as to avoid labour problem and to reduce the
time of operation, Therefore a power operated medicinal nut sheller was developed on the basis of
shear principle.The performance of developed power operated medicinal nut sheller was conducted to
obtain capacity of machine, percent shelling nuts and percent broken seeds. The capacity of the
machine has been observed to be 104 kg-h-1 and 174 kg-h-1 for Hirada and Ritha nuts respectively.
Shelling efficiency of nuts was 84 per cent and 81 per cent for Hiradaand Ritha respectively. Percent
broken seeds were observed as 28 per cent and 7 per cent for Hirada and Ritha respectively.

34

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/FM/19
Performance Evaluation of Tractor Drawn Multi Crop Inclined Plate
Planter
Manisha Sahu, Dr. Ajay Verma
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

Sowing is one of the important agricultural operations for raising crops. Proper application of
fertilizer at proper location has also a good effect on crop growth and yield and seed rate, proper
placement of seed fertilizer and row spacing are also necessary. Traditional method of sowing with
conventional seed drill is not much suitable for growing the crop. The result is very low production.
There are many faults such as not proper seed rate, not maitain seed to sed spacing so several types of
planter developed by various research organzation and agricultural institutions. Nine row tractor
drawqn multi-crop nclined plate planter was developed at C.I.A.E bhopal for sowing of different
crops. Thirty five horse power tractor was used to operate the plantere. The calibration of seed and
fertilizer rate was done in the laboratory of FAE and RS, IGKV Raipur. Performance was also
evaluated in the field. Speed ratio must be maitained from ground wheel to metering shaft was 2.5:1
for precise application of seed and fertilizer. The seed rate was found 20.60 kg/ha for maize crop and
fertilizer rate was found from 125.4 kg/ha. It maintain the proper seed to seed distance in a row 25 cm
and 60 cm, respectively. The wheel skid was in tolerable lmit as it was recorded 4.53%. The field
capacity was 0.77 ha/h and field efficiency was 83%. The pant populatonn was found 10-12 plants per
squqare meter. The cost of sowing per hactare was 3.2 tmes economical than conventional seed drill
method.

ETEWP-2016/FM/20
Auger-type granular fertilizer distributor: mathematical modeling and
dynamic simulation for precision application
Manisha Sahu, Ajay Verma
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

The objective of this study was to model mathematically and to simulate the dynamic behavior of an
auger-type fertilizer applicator (AFA) in order to use the variable-rate application (VRA) and reduce
the coefficient of variation (CV) of the application, proposing an angular speed controller θ' for the
motor drive shaft. The input model was θ' and the response was the fertilizer mass flow, due to the
construction, density of fertilizer, fill factor and the end position of the auger. The model was used to
simulate a control system in open loop, with an electric drive for AFA using an armature voltage (V A)
controller. By introducing a sinusoidal excitation signal in VA with amplitude and delay phase
optimized and varying θ' during an operation cycle, it is obtained a reduction of 29.8% in the CV
(constant VA) to 11.4%. The development of the mathematical model was a first step towards the
introduction of electric drive systems and closed loop control for the implementation of AFA with low
CV in VRA. The uniformity of application, expressed by the application rate CV can be reduced by
acting on the angular speed of the auger's drive shaft during a cycle. By acting appropriately in the
armature voltage of a DC electric motor and permanent magnet, the angular speed of the drive during
an operating cycle of the fertilizer auger applicator can vary. The actuation signal (armature voltage)
35

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

can be optimized by adjusting amplitude and lag. The dynamics of the electric motor has no
substantial influence on the response application rate.

Theme 3 – Advance Irrigation System for Enhancing Water Productivity

ETEWP-2016/AIS/01
Influence of irrigation and fertigation on yield, production efficiency and
economic returns of drip irrigated potato
Narendra Agrawal, M. P. Tripathi, S. K. Tamrakar, P. D. Verma and P. Kashyap
Dau Kalyan Singh Agriculture College and Research Station, Bhatapara

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season of September 2015 to February 2016 at
the Borsi Farm, Dau Kalyan Singh Agriculture College and Research Station, Bhatapara. The
experimental design was randomized block with fertigation levels as main treatments and drip
irrigation schedules as sub treatments. The treatments were also compared with control.
(Conventional application of water and fertilizer). The experimental plots of 30 x 2m were prepared
for transplantation of the seedlings of potato. The row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing were 1.0 and
0.45 m respectively. Drip Irrigation schedules comprised of fertigation levels included F1 (80 per cent
RDF), F2 (100% RDF), F3 (120% RDF) and I1 (0.6 CPE), I2 (0.8 CPE), I3 (1.0 CPE). The control I4
was furrow irrigation. Thus ten treatment combinations were studied with three replications. The drip
irrigation (I1, I2 and I3) was scheduled at an alternate day as desired by the treatments and depending
on pan evaporation. The fertilizer dose of N: P: K (120:240:120 kg/ha) was considered for the
irrigated potato. The fertilizers were applied through irrigation water in drip irrigated plots through
venturi while in surface irrigated plots whereas they were conventionally applied in soil by ring
placement. Combination fertilizer of grade of 19:19:19, MOP, SSP and urea were used as source. The
results of the study revealed that 80% water and 100% WSF through drip gave the maximum yield of
231.98 q/ha, which is 30.43 per cent more over control. The other biometric observations like number
of branches, height of plants, tuber length, tuber width, tuber diameter, number of tubers and weight
of tubers were recorded maximum same treatment. The results also revealed that the water used by the
crop was maximum in control (778.14 mm), water use efficiency was recorded maximum in 60%
water (83.10 q/ha-mm) and water saving was maximum in 60% water (67.75%). The net return from
produce of Rs. 1,23,320 and the benefit cost ratio (1:2.13) was found to be highest under 80% water +
100% WSF and same was lowest in control.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/02
Response of cauliflower to fertilizer levels and irrigation schedules under
drip irrigation
Narendra Agrawal, M. P. Tripathi, S. K. Tamrakar, P. D. Verma and P. Kashyap
Dau Kalyan Singh Agriculture College and Research Station, Bhatapara

36

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season of September 2015 to January 2016 at
the Borsi Farm, Dau Kalyan Singh Agriculture College and Research Station, Bhatapara. The
experimental design was randomized block with fertigation levels as main treatments and drip
irrigation schedules as sub treatments. The treatments were also compared with control.
(Conventional application of water and fertilizer). The experimental plots of 30 x 2m were prepared
for transplantation of the seedlings of cauliflower. The row-to-row and plant-to-plant spacing were
0.60 and 0.45 m respectively. Drip Irrigation schedules comprised of fertigation levels included F1
(80 per cent RDF), F2 (100% RDF), F3 (120% RDF) and I1 (0.6 CPE), I2 (0.8 CPE), I3 (1.0 CPE).
The control I4 was furrow irrigation scheduled at 1.2 IW/CPW with 60 mm depth of irrigation. Thus
ten treatment combinations were studied with three replications. The drip irrigation (I1, I2 and I3) was
scheduled at an alternate day as desired by the treatments and depending on pan evaporation. For
control (I4) furrow irrigation was 60 mm depth of water was applied when CPE reached to 60 mm
(IW/CPW ratio of 1.2). The fertilizer dose of N: P: K (200:125:125 kg/ha) was considered for the
irrigated cauliflower. The fertilizers were applied through irrigation water in drip irrigated plots
through venturi while in surface irrigated plots whereas they were conventionally applied in soil by
ring placement. Combination fertilizer of grade of 19:19:19, MOP, SSP and urea were used as source.
The results of the study revealed that 80% water and 80% WSF through drip gave the maximum yield
of 230.98 q/ha, which is 30.43 per cent more over control. The other biometric observations like
length, width, diameter and girth of heads were recorded maximum and the number of leaves, length
of stalks and maturity days were recorded minimum under same treatment. The results also revealed
that the water used by the crop was maximum in control (710.44 mm), water use efficiency was
recorded maximum in 60% water (103.36 q/ha-mm) and water saving was maximum in 60% water
(73.35%). The net return from produce of Rs. 1,86,852 and the benefit cost ratio (1:2.23) was found to
be highest under 80% water + 80% WSF and same was lowest in control.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/03
Advanced irrigation management practice through AICRPAM –NICRA
agro advisory services in Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh
Gurupreet Singh Gandhi, Anshul Jain and Manoj Beck
Dept. of Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur

Study was conducted during 2015 at Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh to quantify economic
benefits through adopting the agromet-advisory in their day to day agricultural operations. For this
purpose, two groups of farmers were selected namely, a group adopting the agro met advisories
regularly in their operation (AAS farmers) and other group of farmers not aware of agromet advisories
(Non-AAS farmers). 100 farmers (both AAS and Non AAS) from 2 villages namely Malidih and
Jhalkhamaria have been identified and AAS information issued for only 50 farmers in two villages
during Rabi season and care was taken to implement the advisories by this group. Crop situation of
these farmers was compared with nearby fields having the same crops where forecast is not adopted
categorized as non AAS farmers. Further Expenditure incurred by the farmers from land preparation
till the harvest at every stage has been worked out and crop growth and yields were monitored
regularly in the farmer’s field belonging to both the groups. The crop growth and yield was observed
to be good and high in case of farmers who have adopted the AAS information regularly compared to

37

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

the farmers who have not adopted the AAS information. The farmers who have adopted the Agromet-
advisories in their day to day operation have realized an additional benefit of Rs.313 in wheat crop
from the saving of irrigation water. It was observed that cost of cultivation comes down by 5.3 percent
by the farmers who follow AAS. Net cost: benefit ratio of AAS and non AAS farmers was found
1:1.31 and 1:1.19 respectively.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/04
Water balance and fertigation in vegetable production
Omesh Thakur, Vijay Kumar, Vivek K. Kurrey
Dept. of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Agricultural systems seek to maximize the yield and quality of crops and minimize the costs of
production, while maintaining sustainability. A prerequisite for achieving this objective is an optimal
and balanced water and nutrient supply. Protection of the environment, land and water resources is
another crucial factor that demands the tuning of plant nutrient supply with uptake by crops. In most
area were vegetables are grown, mineral nutrients and irrigation were provided to reduce nutrient and
moisture stress and maximize production. Where water is expensive or short supply drip irrigation is
replacing surface and sprinkler irrigation, it is generally used in black polythene mulch on high value
crops. Fertigation is a key-factor in modem intensive irrigated agriculture and its origin can be
attributed to the development of soil-less culture, frequently termed hydroponics. Fertigation allows
precise timing and uniform distribution of applied nutrients to meet the crop nutrient demand with
ensures substantial saving in fertilizer usage. Proper fertigation management requires the knowledge
of fertigation rate and nutrient uptake by the crop to ensure maximum crop productivity. So, Drip
fertigation not only ensures proper utilization of irrigation water, but also is an effective way to
improve the yield quality of crops.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/05
Climate change and socio-economic impacts on agriculture and agro-
environments
Surbhi Jain, Deepika Unjan, Uttam Kumar Diwan and Yamlesh Nishad
Dept. of Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, I.G.K.V., Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Climate play an important role in agriculture production; wholly the agriculture is depends upon the
monsoon and mostly affected by uncertain climatic conditions. At present climate change is a major
hurdle in terms of agricultural production. Exponential growth of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses in
the atmosphere is causing climate change. It affects agriculture, forestry, human health, biodiversity,
snow cover and aquatic to mountain ecosystems. Climate change is one of the complex problem
facing mankind today. This is evident from observations of increases in the global average air and
ocean temperatures, widespread, melting of snow and ice, and the rising global average sea level. It
poses a variety of challenges with wide-ranging effects. It is projected to have significant impacts on
conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. Agriculture
is the mainstay of the Indian economy and provides food and livelihood security to a substantial
section of our population. Due to climate change monsoons become unpredictable; as a result, rain-
38

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

fed crop cultivation suffering in a big way and especially the total cereal production will go down if
appropriate steps are not taken. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports state
that human activities have tremendously influenced the global water cycle by impacting the global
carbon cycle. Environmental stress on crops may increase, which may become more vulnerable to
insects, pathogens and weeds. The changes in precipitations and evapotranspirations trends, droughts,
floods and tropical cyclones will have a negative impact on agriculture production. winter
precipitations is projected to decline in the further, and hence, will result in increasing the demand of
water for irrigating Rabi crops. Kharif crop production will also have to cope with heavy floods and
droughts. Increased temperature will favour the growth of weeds and their shifting to the higher
latitudes. As a result, environmental stress on crops may increase, which may become more
vulnerable to insects, pathogens and weeds. India is highly sensitive to climate change in term of its
effect on water supply for irrigation need and in future perilous situation may be occur if proper steps
are not taken to remedy.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/06
Haveli system of farming in central india
R.N. Shrivastava, M.K. Awasthi, R.K. Nema
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, J.N.A.U. Jabalpur (M.P.)

Ground water recharge is now becoming a matter of concern but in Indian agriculture it has always
been considered. Haveli system of farming, practiced in black cotton soil area of central India is an
age old practice which gives a good recharge in monsoon and assured good yield in Rabi. In Haveli
system rain water is held in bunded fields generally from II week of July to the end of October then
this water is drained and crops are taken. In order to understand the complete phenomenon of this
system this study was undertaken in a Haveli intensive area of Jabalpur district. Patan and Shahpura
are two such blocks covering geographical area 60734 ha and 81548 ha respectively and the Haveli
area of Patan and Shahpura block was estimated to be 31984 ha and 34533 ha respectively. Three
villages, namely Shahsan and Dhaneta of Patan block and Ghunsor village of Shahpura block were
selected randomly for the study having Haveli area of 6260 ha , 3940 ha and 14987 ha respectively.
Basic information was collected through survey and then Haveli fields were demarcated and
dimension of bunds, depth of water stored, moisture after drainage, crops taken and other agricultural
practices were studied. A SMW wise timetable of different activities conducted in this system is
prepared. Haveli farmers were divided in four groups ie big, medium, small and marginal and relevant
in formation were collected through questionnaire. it was observed that the medium and big of
farmers have more adoption of Haveli cultivation. Thus, a complete study of Haveli cultivation was
made and presented in this paper. It was concluded that this system is beneficial to farmers as
compare to non haveli farmers as they require more field operation, more irrigation,more seed rate
and more fertilizer.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/07
Study of climatic water balance for different districts in chhattisgarh
Chandraprakash, Diwakar Naidu
SVCAET RS, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV Raipur, Chhattisgarh

39

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Chhattisgarh State of India is mainly dependent on rainfall during the south west monsoon season
(June to September). For cliamte water balance study in different districts of Chhattisgarh is divided
in three Agro Climatic zones for undivided 16 districts as carried out from 1960-2013 for 63 years . It
is compute in different stations and for different years was by using the book-keeping procedure of
Thornthwaite’s and Mather (1955). For computation of PET we apply Penman’s equation by
CROPWAT model with sunshine hour, relative humidity, wind speed, temperature were taken as
input. PET taken as input for computing Soil moisture storage, Actual evapo-transpiration (AET),
Water deficit & Water surplus. Studies on water balance revealed that the spatial variability of AET
is in the range of 1008.1 mm in Jashpur to 756.0 mm in Dantewada. Water surplus which varies from
112.2 mm(Kabirdham) to 583.1 mm(Jashpur). The Water deficit conditions starts after the withdrawal
of the south-west monsoon. In general, water deficit stats from 4th October onwards and in few
districts it starts from 15th October. The annual water deficit amount in the state varies from 508.0 mm
in Jashpur district to as high as 986.0 mm in Raipur district. This study is beneficial for Compulsion
of Rain water harvesting structure in domestic as well as water sources. Water balance was observed
that the Chhattisgarh average rainfall matches with 30-40% probability level of rainfall. If planning is
carried out with average rainfall there is every possibility that two out of three years the rainfall may
go below average.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/08
Effect of drip irrigation on growth and water use of summer rice
Hemlata, Jitendra kumar, A. L. Rathore, Sangeeta Joshi, and Ambika Tandon
Department of Agronomy, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Summer rice has sizeable area in India (4.83 m ha) and Chhattisgarh state (0.197 m ha) and also have
increasing trend with creation of irrigation resources. Flooding is common method for irrigation to
summer rice causing huge wastage of water from rice field through seepage, percolation and surface
evaporation and unproductive loss of ground and surface water. Effort to create new avenues for
irrigation are not realizing due to diverting created potential for growing summer rice therefore
sizeable area remain fallow after kharif rice as a result cropping intensity of the state is hovering
around 136% from more than a decade. Drip irrigation may save huge quantities of water in summer
rice and can enhance sizeable area of Rabi and summer crops in the existing water resources but
adoptable research work is not yet initiated. Therefore, one experiment was conducted with objectives
to workout suitable irrigation method to summer rice with dripper and lateral spacing and frequency
and time of drip irrigation during summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 at the Research Farm, Indira
Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh). The experiment was conducted in strip plot
design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three dripper and lateral spacing i.e.
Lateral and dripper spacing at 50 cm (50L50D), Lateral at 50 cm and dripper at 40 cm spacing
(50L40D) and Lateral at 60 cm and dripper at 50 cm spacing (60L50D) in main plots and four
frequency and time of irrigation i.e. irrigate one hour daily (1H1D), two hour every 2nd day (2H2D),
three hours every 3rd day (3H3D) and two hours every 3rd day (2H3D) in sub plots. IR 64 was taken as
Test variety of rice.Direct seeded rice established in two weeks in all the treatments whereas 50L40D
and 1H1D matured in 128-130 days and 60L50D - 2H3D required 130 -135 days in maturity. Growth
parameters, yield attributes and seed yield was remarkably higher in 50L40D and 50L50D amongst
40

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

lateral and dripper spacing and 1H1D and 2H2D in frequency and time of irrigation. Significant
variation with maximum water use was recorded in 50L40D with 1H1D treatment (1562 mm).
Maximum water use efficiency (WUE) was found in 50L40D with 1H1D treatment. Energy input was
significantly higher in 50L40D with irrigation for three hours on every 2 nd day. Highest net return and
benefit: cost ratio was obtained in 50 cm lateral and 40 cm dripper spacing irrigating daily for one
hour. Thus, drip irrigated can be recommended for maximizing yield and net returns of summer rice
and saving of electric energy in lifting of ground water and maximizing water use efficiency (4-5 kg
ha-1mm-1). The lateral should be placed at 50 cm spacing and dripper at 40 or 50 cm inline spacing
and the drip system should be operated for one hour daily or two hours on every 2 nd day for
optimizing productivity and maximizing returns and water use efficiency.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/09
Water productivity of wheat affected by improved irrigation management
Rakesh Kumar Turkar and R.K. Nema
Soil and Water Engg. Department, College of Agricultural Engg., JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)

The study was carried out to assess the present irrigation system under the wheat crop and improve its
water productivity at Ghatera Babaji tank Command area. Looking to the fact that in irrigation
management planning farmer or water user is the most important component for improving irrigation
scenario considering the importance of irrigation management and the water users participation in
increasing water productivity of wheat. To reduce the irrigation problems and irrigation water applied
match with crop water needs, this requires uniform application of water and accurate measurement of
soil water depletion. Water supplies are highly inadequate and do not permit realization of potential
yield of the crop. Estimate shows that the available water supply is only 60% of required realizing
potential yield. The overall irrigation efficiency of 35 per cent needs to be improved to enhance water
productivity of wheat from 0.89 to 1.16. Tail reach has highest water productivity obtained 0.97
kg/m³. Improved irrigation method namely border and sprinkler are to be adopted to improve
application efficiency from 66% to 80% and canal lining must be undertaken to reduce seepage from
29.0 m³/M m² to an acceptable range of 6-8 m²/M m².

ETEWP-2016/AIS/10
Effect of fertigation scheduling and mulching technique in three cultivars
of guava (Psidium guajava L.) under ultra high density planting in
Chhattisgarh
Puneshwer singh paikra, G. D. Sahu, Nisha Chandel, Kisan Kumar
Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2014-15 in winter season at research field of
Precision Farming Deveopment Centre (PFDC), Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design
(FRBD) with three replications and nine treatments namely 60% RDF, 80% RDF 100% RDF silver
mulch + 60% ET, silver mulch 80% + ET and without mulch 100% + ET. The objective to study the

41

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

effect of fertigation scheduling on crop growth, yield attributes and yield of guava under ultra high
density planting system of guava and efficiency of mulching technique in guava crop. Results
revealed that all the growth parameters like plant height, plant girth, plant canopy spread, number of
fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per hectare and fruit weight were recorded highest with
Lalit variety 80% RDF and silver mulch + 80% ET, which ultimately gave the highest yield.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/11
Challenges for integrated water resources management
Satyendra Kumar Gupta
OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

The increased demands for water and land in India as a consequence of the population growth and
economic development has reportedly have been accelerated from the year to year. The spatial and
temporal variability of human induced hydrological changes in a river basin could affect quality and
quantity of water. The challenge is that integrated water resources management (IWRM) should cope
with complex issues of water in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner, without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. The ideas of good
governance through integrated water resources management (IWRM) are predicated on bringing
together our understanding of water from many domains, thus the provision of knowledge and
information is an important part of any enabling environment. Strategies put forward so far have been
based on developing systems to integrate existing data from many sources then using different
analytical methods such as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This paper reviews some of the
challenges associated with such approaches, ranging from the practical problems of data provision to
the more fundamental ones associated with adopting such a positivist, techno-scientific framework. It
becomes obvious that new approaches are needed which take on board important research findings
emanating from fields such as social theory and geographical information science. Integrated
watershed management requires a host of inter-related information to be generated and studied in
relation to each other. Remote sensing technique provides valuable and up-to-date spatial
information on natural resources and physical terrain parameters. Geographical Information System
(GIS) with its capability of integration and analysis of spatial, multi-layered information obtained in
a wide variety of formats both from remote sensing and other conventional sources has proved to be
an effective tool in planning for watershed development.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/12
Production of horticulture crops under drip environmental in india
Sanjay Kumar Verma, Deepti Patel, Geet Sharma & R.K. Bisen

Water gives life and in crucial to development all over the world. It waters the fields; nurtures the
crops and stock; provides recreation; it support mines, industry; electricity generation and it provide
life for plants and animals that make up ecosystems. Water is become scarcer day by day due to
increasing competition for water by multiple potential water users and water qualities issues. The
present share of the water for agriculture in India is around 85% which is expected to go down to 75%

42

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

in the near future as the demand for industrial and domestic purposes is expected to grow at a much
higher rate. Thus the future challenge to the water resource managers lays in production more crops
with reduced water availability. This can be achieved only by increasing irrigation effectively of the
paddy dominated irrigation projects has been estimated as 26% while for non paddy areas, it has been
estimated at approximately 40%. One of the methods suggested to increase the irrigation efficiency is
shift to pressurized irrigation system. Irrigated agriculture plays a major role in the livelihoods of
nations all over the world and although irrigation is one of the oldest known agricultural techniques,
improvements are still being made in irrigation methods and practices. During the last three decades,
micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development. Drip irrigation is the most
efficient method of irrigating. While sprinkler systems are around 75-85% efficient, drip systems
typically are 90% or higher. What that means is much less wasted water. Drip irrigation involves
frequent application of water in and around the root zone of the plants through a network of pipes
along with suitable emitting device. Drip irrigation (sometimes called trickle irrigation) works by
applying water slowly, directly to the soil. The high efficiency of drip irrigation results from two
primary factors. The first is that the water soaks into the soil before it can evaporate or run off. The
second is that the water is only applied where it is needed, (at the plant’s roots) rather than sprayed
everywhere.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/13
Effect of different operating pressures on the hydraulic performance of
drip irrigation system
Shashi Kant, Jitendra Sinha, M. P. Tripathi and Nilima Jangre
Dept. of soil and water Engineering, SVCAET, IGKV, Raipur

Design, operation and selection of drip irrigation system depends upon the hydraulic parameters such
as effect of pressure on discharge, manufacturing coefficient of variation, mean flow rate deviation,
uniformity coefficient and application efficiency. Present study was conducted to evaluate the
hydraulic performance of drip irrigation system of 1.3 lph inline emitter on a levelled field in the
Department of soil and water engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur.
Hydraulic performance of drip was carried out on discharge, coefficient of variation, emitter flow rate,
uniformity coefficient and application efficiency at varying pressure viz. 0.7, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 kg/cm2.
The results revealed that different hydraulic measures such as coefficient of variation (0.0311) and
emitter flow variation (5.384) was found minimum at 1.5 kg/cm2 pressure. These parameters were
found maximum at 0.7 kg/cm2 with coefficient of variation (0.1) and emitter flow variation (48.07).
Similarly, uniformity coefficient (96.83%) and application efficiency (94.98) was found maximum at
1.5 kg/cm2 pressure. These parameters were found minimum at 0.7 kg/cm2 pressure, uniformity
coefficient (90%) and application efficiency (84.37%). The study was helpful in getting an optimized
pressure value for efficient operation of the drip irrigation system.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/14
Rainwater harvesting through farm pond for enhancing water productivity
in vegetable crops under rainfed condition
43

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

M.B. Nagdeve, R.S. Patode, N.R. Palaspagar


AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola

Natural conservation of water and efficient use of this natural storage and at the same time making
arrangements for additional recharge of groundwater aquifer by one way or other, to replenish the
used groundwater becomes our responsibility. We should make maximum use of the easily available
normally wasted, local renewable source of water that is rainwater. In most part of the country,
occurrence of high intensity rainfall events may results in floods. In these areas dry spells even within
the monsoon periods are not uncommon, resulting in fluctuation in crop production. In these areas it
would be wise to harvest the runoff water for supplemental irrigation to different crops by
constructing farm ponds to store and recycle it. Farm ponds hold great promise as a life saving device
for rainfed and vegetable crops in the areas characterized by low and erratic rainfall. The stored pond
water can be used as protective irrigation during critical stages of crop growth depending upon the
crop water requirement and availability of water. Rainwater harvesting is essential in view of the fact
that rainfall, which is a source of fresh water, occurs in very short spells and runs off as a waste unless
arrangements are made for its storing. In this paper the results of enhancement of water productivity
of vegetable crops by using farm pond for rainwater harvesting and reuse of water through micro-
irrigation are presented. The micro irrigation systems like in-line drip and micro-sprinkler were used
to apply irrigation to small vegetable plots at the experimental field of AICRP for Dryland
Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. It was observed that in the vegetable
like Okra, Cluster Bean, Brinjal, Sponge Guard, Bitter Guard, Fenugreek, Spinach, Corriander,
Carrot, Radish, and Tinda the water use efficiency was in the range of 1.05 - 4.50 kg/m3. The total
income from these small vegetables plots during the season 2015-16 is Rs.7868. Computed total
income from these vegetables is Rs.73395/ha.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/15
Water balance studies on finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in midland
situation of Chhattisgarh plains
Karnika Dwivedi, M. P. Tripathi, Yatnesh Bisen, Priti Tiwari and Dileshwari
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engg., IGKV, Raipur

This study deals with the water management technology on finger millet (Eleusine coracona) which
was carried out in alfisol of midland situation of Chhattisgarh plains during the summer seasons of the
years 2014 and 2015 at Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (IGKV), Raipur. Two main treatments
of moisture conservation including soil mulch and without mulch and five sub treatments i.e. T1 (30
percent Soil Moisture Depletion Level), T2 (40 percent Soil Moisture Depletion Level), T3 (50
percent Soil Moisture Depletion Level), T4 (60 percent Soil Moisture Depletion Level) and T5 (70
percent Soil Moisture Depletion Level) were considered in this study. Split plot design was adopted
by considering the mulch as main plot and irrigation at different moisture depletion level (SMDL) as
sub plot with plot size of 5 x 5 m2. All the recommended agronomical practices were adopted for
finger millet to conduct irrigation water management study during summer seasons of two
consecutive years i.e. 2014 and 2015. The results of this study showed that there was significant
difference among all the treatments. The interaction effect of soil mulch with 60 percent SMDL
44

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

revealed that significantly higher yield (21.34 q/ha) of finger millet was found with soil mulch
condition. Further irrigation at 50 percent SMDL produced 20.85 q/ha yield of finger millet with soil
mulch conditions. However, highest Water Use Efficiency (WUE) was recorded (5.00 kg/ha-mm) in
case of soil mulch with 50 % SMDL. Cumulative yield and growth parameters data revealed that there
was significant reduction in the yield of finger millet in case of application of water at 70 % SMDL.
The water balance was also performed for the year 2014 and 2015 by analyzing the soil moisture data
taken from 0-30 cm depth before and after each and every irrigation during the entire grow period of
finger millet. The results of water balance study indicated that the water applied under both soil mulch
and without mulch condition was almost equal to the moisture retained in the soil at particular
irrigation. On the basis of results of two consecutive years trial, it can be concluded that the water
requirement of summer finger millet was found to be about 36.4 cm, which can be fulfill with nine
number of irrigations.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/16
Evaluation of irrigation methods for chickpea-coriander intercropping in
vertisols of Chhattisgarh plains.
Jhalesh Kumar, M. P. Tripathi, P. Katre and Dhiraj Khalkho.
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET & RS , FAE , IGKV, RAIPUR (C.G.)

The present study entitled “Evaluation of Irrigation Methods for Chickpea-Coriander


Intercropping in Vertisols of Chhattisgarh Plains” was carried out during rabi seeason of 2015-16. The
field experiment was carried out at Research cum Instructional Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) to study the effective and efficient irrigation methods for
realization of higher return and find out the effect of different irrigation methods on yield of chickpea
and coriander. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design five treatments with four
replications. The treatments comprised of four different irrigation methods viz. flood irrigation,
furrow irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation in chickpea-coriander intercropping. In
control we gave only cum-up irrigation for germination of seed. The cultivar, JG-130 and GD-1 were
shown on 22 November 2015 with seed rate 60 kg/ha and 8 kg/ha in chickpea and coriander
respectively. The soil of the experimental field was neutral in reaction, clayey in texture, with low
nitrogen, medium phosphorus and high potassium.The effect of different irrigation methods in
chickpea and coriander intercropping was studied. It is necessary to quantify the economics and water
use efficiency of various irrigation methods. Hydraulic parameters of furrow irrigation, sprinkler and
drip irrigation was studied. The soil moisture depletion at 15 cm depth of soil was evaluated by using
TDR.The maximum horizontal and vertical front advance from emitter at 1.2 kg cm-2 were observed
to be 18, 24, 32, 35, 38, 40 cm and 23.8, 27.9, 33.5, 37.4, 39.6, 42.1cm, respectively. Uniformity
coefficient, application efficiency, distribution efficiency, water storage efficiency and water use
efficiency were found larger in drip irrigation method as compare to other irrigation methods. Water
use efficiency was recorded highest in drip irrigation (4.71 kg/ha-mm of water) followed by sprinkler
irrigation (4.30 kg/ha-mm of water), furrow irrigation (3.97 kg/ha-mm of water), flood irrigation (3.94
kg/ha-mm of water) and minimum was recorded under flood control (2.08 kg/ha-mm of water).The
higher yield 11.78 q ha-1 were recorded in drip irrigation system followed by sprinkler irrigation
(10.75 q ha-1), furrow irrigation (9.93 q ha-1), flood irrigation (9.86 q ha-1) and lowest yield found in
control (5.22 q ha-1). Pre-harvest data viz. plant population, plant height, no. of branches per plant and

45

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

dry matter production per plant was observed of both chickpea and coriander crops. Post-harvest data
viz. no. of pod per plant, no. of seed per plant, weight of 100 seeds, grain and straw yield was
observed of both chickpea and coriander crops.The highest benefit cost ratio (2.03) was found in
sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation then followed by control (2.02), flood irrigation (1.80), furrow
irrigation(1.74) and lowest was found in control (1.10).

ETEWP-2016/AIS/17
Innovative water use in rice for enhanced water productivity
R.K. Sahu, Ajay Verma
BRSM College of Agril. Engg. & Tech. and Res. Station, Mungeli

Development of irrigated rice systems that require less water than traditional flooded rice is a
compulsion in view of today’s increasing water scarcity. Irrigated rice systems that require less water
than traditional flooded rice is the need of hour. In irrigated aerobic rice systems, rice grows in non-
flooded and non-saturated soil under supplemental irrigation. The development of such systems
should start with the identification of promising technologies for example system of rice
intensification, dry sowing of rice by precision planter and the quantification of yield potential, water
use, field water outflows, and water productivity. In this paper, we report on the results of growing
different tropical upland and lowland rice varieties under system of rice intensification during two
seasons in 2010–2012 at the Farmer’s field in three districts of Chhattisgarh.The highest yields under
SRI were realized in the dry season with the improved rice variety (5.7 t ha−1) and the lowland hybrid
rice. (7.2 t ha−1). These high yields were obtained in relatively wet soil with seasonal-average soil
moisture ranging from field capacity to saturation. On an average, the mean yield of all varieties was
32% higher under SRI than under flooded conditions in the dry season and 22% higher in the wet
season. Total water input was 1240–1880 mm in flooded fields and 790–1430 mm in SRI fields. On
average, SRI fields used 190 mm less water in land preparation, and had 250–300 mm less seepage
and percolation, 80 mm less evaporation, and 25 mm less transpiration than flooded fields. Without
plastic sheets to prevent seepage in flooded fields, the water productivity of rice (with respect to
rainfall and irrigation water input) under SRI conditions was 32–88% higher than under flooded
conditions. We conclude that the concept of SRI holds promise for farmers that do not have access to
enough water to grow flooded lowland rice. More research is needed into the development of water
management strategies for improved / hybrid varieties and precision planter for dry sowing. The
optimization of crop and water management and the sustainability of SRI under continuous cropping,
needs further rigorous study under different farming situations of the states.
ETEWP-2016/AIS/18
The impact of irrigation on crop productivity at kharang command area of
bilaspur district of chhattisgarh
K.K Choudhary, A.K. Agrawal,Sumit Mahajan and K.K. Sandey
College of Dairy Science and Food Tech., Raipur (C.G.)

Development of irrigation is considered as the principle means of overcoming climatic constraints for
enhancing agricultural production. With a view to increase the crop productivity in Kharange

46

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Command Area of Bilaspur District, this study was undertaken to assess the change brought by canal
irrigation for Paddy in Kharif and Wheat in Rabi Crops. Before commencement of this investigation,
farmers were utilizing flood irrigation and because of this tail area of the command was not getting
sufficient quantity of water and simultaneously, it resulted in total unavailability of water for Rabi
Crops. The farmers were motivated and adopted irrigation through field channel which resulted in
water availability in tail area of the command area in Kharifas well as in Rabi for growing wheat and
other Rabi Crops. The net return due to impact of change in irrigation method was quite sizable. The
data were collected in terms of net returns (Rs./hr) for all the crops viz paddy wheat lathyrus and
linseed of sample farmers before and after change of irrigation system. The results of this
investigation established that change of irrigation system improved net profit of the farmers by
realizing higher yields of various Kharif Crops and introduction of new crop during Rabi season. In
this way change of irrigation system in the referred command area proved to be potent instrument for
adding to farmers income of the total command area.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/19
Development of different arrangement of furrow irrigation technique with
combination of moisture conservation for summer maize ( zea maya L.) in
mid land situation of Chhattisgarh plains
Yatnesh Bisen, M. P. Tripathi, Karnika Dwivedi, Priti Tiwari, N. S. Raghuwanshi,
Dhiraj Khalkho and G. K. Nigam
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur

This research article deals the development of different furrow irrigation technique with combination
of moisture conservation for increasing the water use efficiency as well as yield of summer maize in
midland situation of Chhattisgarh plains. In this research we carried out a three years field experiment
(2014-2016) on summer maize at research farm of IGKV, Raipur to evaluate five treatment of system
of furrow irrigation i.e. T1 (application of water in each row), T2 (application of water in alternate
row), T3 (application of water in skipped pair row), T4 (application of water in pair row) and T5
(application of water in reverse skipped pair row) with combination of two moisture conservation
(paddy straw mulch and without mulch). These treatments were replicated three times. Split plot
design was adopted by considering the moisture conservation as main plot and system of furrow
irrigation as sub plot with plot size of 5 X 5 m2. We also evaluate yield, yield components, net
irrigation, water use efficiency, number of irrigation and benefit cost ratio for the different treatment
combination. The results shows that for different treatments the effect of paddy straw mulch with
application of water in each row performed better as significantly higher yield (45.93 q/ha) of maize
was recorded followed by paddy straw mulch with application of water in paired row in which the
yield was recorded as 45.52 q/ha. However, highest water use efficiency (10.73 kg/ ha-mm) was
found in the case of paddy straw mulch with application of water in pair row followed by paddy straw
mulch with application of water in alternate row which gave water use efficiency as 10.10 kg/ ha-mm.
Cumulative yield and growth parameters data revealed that there was significant reduction in the yield
of maize after application of water in reverse skipped pair row. On the basis of results of three
consecutive year’s trial, it can be concluded that the water requirement of summer maize was about 42

47

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

cm which can be fulfilled with ten numbers of irrigations. The depth of water application in each
irrigation can be about 37 mm.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/20
Effect of level of irrigation and micro nutrient (zinc and sulphur) on
growth and yield of onion.
Geet Sharma, P. K. Keshry, A.K. Swarnakar, A. K. Sahu, and Davesh Pandey
TCB, College of Agriculture and Reaserch Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2014at TCB, College of Agriculture and Research
Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001 on Sandy loam soil to study the effect of level of
irrigation and micro nutrient (zinc and sulphur) on growth and yield of onion. N-53 cultivar of onion
was taken as test crop The treatments consisted four levels of irrigation as main plot i.e. (120%
CPE (I1), 100 % CPE (I2), 80 % CPE (I3), and 60 % CPE (I4)) and micronutrient as sub main i.e.
Control (M1), Zn @ 5 kg/ha as (M2), Sulpher @ 20 kg/ha (M3) and Zn (5kg/ha) + S (20 kg/ha) (M4) as
sub main plot. The experiment was laid out in a Split plot design and replicated thrice. Under
different irrigation levels, irrigation at 60% CPE produced significantly higher bulb yield (263.96
q/ha) than irrigation at 120% CPE, 100% CPE and 80% CPE. Similarly, under different
micronutrients Zn-5 kg/ha + S-20 kg/ha (M4) produced significantly higher bulb yield (244.65 q/ha)
than control (M1) and Zn-5 k/ha(M2) but at par with S-20 kg/ha(M3). Water Expanse varies from
23.21 to 43.21 cm (2 to 7 irrigations) with Water Expanse Efficiency of 610.25 to 772.88 kg/ha-cm in
I1 to I4 irrigation levels. Higher Net Return of Rs. 244593/- was found under 7 irrigations (I4 )
followed by 5 irrigation Rs 228009/ in I3. Similarly, application of Zn-5 kg/ha+S-20 kg/ha gave
higher net return (Rs 231070/-) with higher WEE (765.48 kg/ha-cm) followed by S-20 kg/ha.

ETEWP-2016/AIS/21
Effect of different levels of irrigation and fertility on growth and yield of
late sown wheat
A. K. Sahu, A.K. Swarnakar, Geet Sharma, Davesh Pandey and P. K. Keshry
TCB, College of Agriculture and Reaserch Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2013 at TCB, College of Agriculture and Research
Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001 on Clay loam soil to study the effect of different
levels of fertility and irrigation on growth and yield of late sown wheat . The treatments consisted 3
levels of fertility,i.e. 60:40:20 NPK kg/ha (F1), 80:50:30NPK kg/ha. (F2) and 100:60:40 NPK kg/ha.
(F3) as main plot and 4 irrigation levels at different critical growth stages i.e. five irrigations at CRI,
tillering, late jointing, flowering and milk stage (I1), four irrigations at CRI, tillering, flowering and
milk stage (I2), three irrigations at CRI, late jointing, and milk stage (I3) and two irrigations at CRI,
and flowering (I4) as sub plot. Experiment was laid out in a Split plot design with four replications.
Variety HD 9232 of wheat was taken as test crop. The application of 100:60:40 NPK kg/ha
produced significantly higher grain yield (47.23 q/ha) of wheat than the application of 60:40:.20 and
80:50:30 NPK kg/ha. Provision of 5 irrigations produced significantly higher grain yield (43.81q/ha)

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

than the application of 3 irrigation and 2 irrigation but at par with 4 irrigation . Water expense varies
from 13.04 to 25.04 cm with water expense efficiency 174.96 to 303.94 kg/ha- cm in 5 irrigation to 2
irrigation, respectively. Higher net return of Rs. 44352/- was found under 5 irrigation followed by 4
irrigation (Rs. 43075/-).

ETEWP-2016/AIS/22
Effect of different levels of water and interculture tools on growth and yeild
of rice under sri (medagskar) system
Devesh Pandey, A. K. Sahu, A.K. Swarnakar, Geet Sharma and P. K. Keshry
TCB, College of Agriculture and Reaserch Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2013 at TCB, College of Agriculture and Research
Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001 on clay loam soil to study the effect of different
levels of water and interculture tools on growth and yield of rice under SRI ( Medagaskar) system.
The experiment was laid out under split plot design and replicated thrice. The treatments consisted 4
levels of irrigation, i.e. continuous submergence of 3 to 5 cm of ponded water after tillering
(I1), Irrigation at 1 day after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW) (I2), Irrigation at 3 days after
disappearance of ponded water (DADPW) (I3) and Irrigation at 5 days after disappearance of ponded
water (DADPW) (I4) as main plot and 4 levels of weed control practices i.e. . Hand weeding at15 -20
DAT and 35-40 DAT (W1), Mechanical weeding – Ambika Paddy Weeder 2 times (W2), Mechanical
weeding by conoweeder 2 times (W3) and No weeding (control) (W4) as sub plot. Cultivar MTU 1010
of rice was taken as test crop. Paddy grain yield (67.05 q/ha) and straw yield (97.88 q/ha) were
significantly higher in intercultural tool-Ambika paddy weeder 2 times than no weeding but at par
with hand weeding twice and Conoweeder 2 times. Under different water regimes, 3DADPW
produced higher net return of Rs. 76362/ha with 87.80 kg/ha-cm WEE which save 15.33% water as
compared to continuous submergence. Mechanical weed control measures - Ambika paddy weeder
and Conoweeder gave higher net return of Rs. 75535/ha and 75004/ha with higher benefit cost ratio
2.49 and 2.47, respectively.

Theme 4 – Agronomical Management of Crops for Enhancing Water Productivity


ETEWP-2016/Agro/01
Arsenic accumulation of common plants from contaminate soils
Neha Sahu, Akhilesh and K. Kulmitra,
Indira Gandhi Kriski Vishwavidalaya, Raipur

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between soluble concentrations of
arsenic (As) in soil and its accumulation by maize (Zea mays), English ryegrass (Lolium perenne),
rape (Brassica napus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) on two different soils: a calcareous Regosol
(silty loam) and a non-calcareous Regosol (sandy loam). Arsenic (Na2HAsO4 _7H2O) was applied to
obtain comparable soluble As concentrations in the two soils. In both soils, soluble As concentrations,
extracted with 0.1 M NaNO3, were found to correlate better with As concentrations in plants after 4
month of growth than total soil concentrations, extracted with 2 M HNO3. With all four plant species,

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

the relationship between the soluble As concentration in the soil and As that in the plants was
nonlinear, following ‘‘Michaelis-Menten’’ kinetics. Similar soluble As concentrations in the two soils
did not result in a similar As concentration in the plants. Except for maize, arsenic transport from
roots to shoots was significant, resulting in As concentrations in the leaves and grains above the Swiss
tolerance limits for fodder and food crops (4 and 0.2 mg As kg)1, respectively). Based on these results
we suggest that beside As solubility, P availability and P demand, which are plant specific, have to be
taken into account to predict the uptake of As by crop plants from As contaminated soils and to
predict the risk of arsenic entering into the food chain.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/02
Assessment of critical growth stages of kharif rice in dharsiwa block of
raipur district in chhattisgarh
Dileshwari, M. P.Tripathi, Janhavi, P. Katre, Karnika and Mansingh Banjare
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

Rainfall is the primary source of water, but it comes usually in short duration spells within a year,
while the plants, need water throughout their life cycle. Plant water deficit are due to inadequate of
rainfall. Susceptibility of agricultural production system to such risks can be accessed from the
characteristics of rainfall, soil and plants. Besides direct availability of rainfall, a part of it is carried
forward over time acting as a soil moisture reserve during water stress in the absence of rainfall.
Looking to the rainfall pattern and dry spell period in rice grain areas study was carried out to assess
the critical growth stages grain to stress in a sub-watershed of 1285 ha area which is a part of the
Chhokranala watershed. The study sub-watershed covers five villages, namely Baroda, Tekari,
Bhurkoni, Chapora, and Samaria in Dharsiwa block of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh. Using
historical rainfall data of 44 years (1969-2012), probabilistic estimates of rainwater at different
growth stages of rice crop were worked out. Evapotranspiration requirement at the same crop growth
stages was also estimated for the study area. The computed ET requirement was then compared with
the probabilistic rainwater availability to determine surplus and deficit rainfall amounts at different
crop growth stages. It was found that during nursery and reproductive stages of the rice crop is likely
to experience sensitivity due to acute rainwater deficit 80 mm during these stages and supplemental
irrigation is essential during these stages to protect the crop from moisture stress and drought
condition. On the basis of this study it is concluded that supplemental irrigations need to be provided
either from canal water supplies or groundwater or any other source of water and the period in which
excess water 166.2 mm are available need to conserve water to fulfill water demand in critical growth
stage to realize full potential yield of rice.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/03
Managing fertilizers to improve soil health
Neha Sahu, Akhilesh, K. Kulmitra, Roshan Kumar ,Toshima Kushram, Mukesh sahu
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur., University of agricultural sciences,Bangalore

Soil fertility, or the soil’s reserve of crop nutrients, is broadly equated with soil quality and soil health.
A fertile soil is a productive soil if growing conditions are favorable, e.g. adequate soil moisture and

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

aeration, and neither too hot or too cold for crop growth Fertilization practices need to be “balanced”.
The amounts of major nutrients added in fertilizers must be based on what is already in the soil and
what is removed in the crops. Fertilizer use efficiency implies the extent to which added nutrients are
taken up by the target crop. In the case of N, efficiency is rarely above 50%, leading to losses from the
field and potential negative impacts on the environment; current research is aimed at improving
efficiency. Fertilizer use efficiency can be improved by adopting fertilizer best management practices.
Contrary to popular notions, the use of mineral fertilizers can enhance soil health, through increasing
SOM as a result of the greater root growth associated with improved crop yields; this is often
accompanied by enhanced microbial activity.Fertilizer use can result in reduction in some soil
organisms, but these effects are relatively short-lived and occur only at the site of the fertilizer
application band. Application of ammonium-based N fertilizers can adversely affect soil health by
inducing soil acidity. In terms of effects on soil health, crop production or the environment, there is
no conflict between mineral fertilizers and organic nutrient sources; quite the contrary, their use is
complimentary. Soil health improvement in terms of SOM content is possible when nutrients
contained in different organic materials available on the farm (manures, crop residues, etc.) are
applied and supplemented with mineral fertilizers to meet the nutrient requirements of the crops.
Mineral fertilizers are indispensable to ensuring food security for the world’s population of over 7
billion people. Fertilizer use is also likely to increase with expansion of farming to less fertile areas as
a result of competing demand for land use, as well as negative consequences of climate change. The
sustainable use of fertilizers for mankind will have to be based on sound scientific principles and
practices.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/04
Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of rice (oriza
sativa l.) in inceptisol
Yugal Kishor Sahu, A.K. Chaubey, Prahalad Kumar and A.S. Rajput
Dept. of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, I.G.K.V., Raipur, Chhattisgarh

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on
growth and yield of rice (Oriza sativa L.) in Inceptisol on the research farm of College of Agriculture
and Research Station, Janjgir-Champa, an out campus of IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) during kharifseason of
2014.The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications comprising
ten treatments. Results revealed that the treatment STCR dose with 5 t FYM for YT 50 q ha-1 (T10)
was found to be significantly superior not only over control (T1) but also over rest of the treatments in
increasing the plant height, dry matter, total and effective tillers of rice except 100% GRD + 5 t FYM
ha-1 (T5) which was statistically similar to T 10 in case of dry matter, total and effective tillers of rice.
STCR dose with 5 t FYM for YT 50 q ha-1 (T10) registered significantly higher values of panicle
length and total filled grains panicle-1 over control.As regards to grain and straw yield of rice,
significantly higher value was noted in treatment STCR dose with 5 t FYM for YT 50 q ha-1 (T10) as
compared to rest of the treatments, however it was statistically similar to treatments 100% GRD
(100:60:40) (T4), 100% GRD+ 5 t FYM ha -1 (T5) and 100% GRD+ 10 kg BGA ha-1 (T7). Integrated
use of organic manures along with optimum doses of chemical fertilizers increased the growth
parameters and yield of rice.

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/Agro/05
Soil health: the foundation of sustainable agriculture
Akhilesh K Kulmitra, Mukesh Kumar Sahu, Neha Sahu, Toshima Kushram, Roshan
Chandraker
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

Soil health is presented as an integrative property that reflects the capacity of soil to respond to
agricultural intervention, so that it continues to support both the agricultural production and the
provision of other ecosystem services. The major challenge within sustainable soil management is to
conserve ecosystem service delivery while optimizing agricultural yields. It is proposed that soil
health is dependent on the maintenance of four major functions: carbon transformations; nutrient
cycles; soil structure maintenance; and the regulation of pests and diseases. Each of these functions is
manifested as an aggregate of a variety of biological processes provided by a diversity of interacting
soil organisms under the influence of the abiotic soil environment. Analysis of current models of the
soil community under the impact of agricultural interventions (particularly those entailing substitution
of biological processes with fossil fuel-derived energy or inputs) confirms the highly integrative
pattern of interactions within each of these functions and leads to the conclusion that measurement of
individual groups of organisms, processes or soil properties does not suffice to indicate the state of the
soil health. A further conclusion is that quantifying the flow of energy and carbon between functions
is an essential but non-trivial task for the assessment and management of soil health.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/06
Studies on growth parameters and nutrient uptake of sweet corn in relation
to different crop geomtery and nutrient management under chhattisgarh
plain ecosystem
Nirjharnee Nandeha, Y.K. Dewangan and Prem Lal Sahu
Department of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Raipur

This investigation was undertaken during rabi season of 2013-14 at the Research cum Instructional
Farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G). The treatments comprised of three
planting geometry 45 cm x 20 cm , 45 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 30 cm, respectively and six levels of
nutrient management practices Control, 50 per cent RDF, 100 per cent RDF (100:60:40 kg NPK ha -
1
), 50 per cent RDF+ Vermicompost (@ 3 tonnes ha-1, 100 per cent RDF+ Vermicompost (@ 3
tonnes ha-1) 150 per cent RDF, which was carried out in split plot design with three replications.
Sweet corn var. Sugar-75 was sown on 27th November 2013 and harvested on 3rd March 2014. The
results revealed that all the growth parameters viz. higher plant height (119.12 cm), dry matter
accumulation and SPAD value (43.67), were improved in wider crop geometry of 60 cm x 30 cm
(G3). Total uptake of nitrogen (9.20 and 117.75 kg ha-1), phosphorus (1.20 and 15.19 kg ha-1) and
potassium (8.65 and 91.16 kg ha-1) was higher under 150 per cent RDF treatment during both at initial
and at harvest stage. As regards the nutrient management, an application of 150 per cent RDF proved
to be better in terms of growth, yield attributes and nutrient uptake.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/07
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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Performance of different weed management practices on growth, grain


yield and weed dynamics of Chickpea(Cicer arietinum).
Aarti Verma, Samir Tamrakar
Krishi Vigyan Kendra,Bhatapara, IGKV, Raipur

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013-14 at farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Bhatapara, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.) to study the effect of different weed management practices on
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum).The chickpea variety vaibhav was sown on 15th November,2013, using
experimental techniques of randomized block design with three replications. In cultural weed control,
one HW(Hand weeding) at 15 DAS (days after sowing) + one HW at 45 DAS (T 3) give highest yield
because of completely controlled weed free situation but in case of chemical control highest growth
parameters and 100-seed weight DAS (T5) pendimethaline @ 1.25 kg ha-1 + one HW at 45 DAS
followed by pendimethaline @ 1.25 kg ha-1 + quizalofop – ethyl@ 150 g ha-1.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/08
Estimation of genetic parameters for yield traits in rice (oryza sativa l.)
under aerobic condition
Prabha R. Chaudhari, D. Sharma, S. Bhandarkar, A. Tandon, S.K. Nair , B. Sharma,
M. parikh, Ambhure R. Rao and A.K. Sarawgi
Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop feeding half of the world’s population. Over 17
million ha of Asia’s irrigated rice may experience “physical water scarcity” and 22 million ha may
experience “economic water scarcity” by 2025. The increasing water scarcity highlights the need to
improve the water productivity of rice, and its ability to tolerate periods of water shortage, to ensure
adequate food for future generations. Aerobic rice cultivation is a promising approach for dealing
with the emerging water shortage and maintaining sustainable rice production. In plant breeding
programs to determine the nature of the relationships between yield and yield components that are
useful as selection criteria to improve the crop yield. This study was conducted to determine the
nature of relationship between grain yield and yield components and to identification of elite
genotypes under aerobic condition. The present study was conducted at Department of Genetics and
Plant Breeding, I.G.K.V.V., Raipur during Kharif 2015-16. The material comprises fifty two
genotypes along with checks were planted in RCBD design with two replications under aerobic
condition. Phenotypic correlation coefficient among different characters was carried out as per
procedure suggested by Miller et al., (1958). The path coefficient analysis was done as suggested by
Dewey and Lu. (1959). Analysis of variance for the design of experiment indicated that significant
variation due to genotypes for all the characters revealed that the genotypes differ significantly for all
the characters under study Correlation coefficient analysis indicated that biological yield per plant
had the highest positive effect followed by days to fifty percent flowering, panicle length and plant
height on grain yield per plant . The path coefficient analysis indicated that filled grain per plant,
spikelet fertility percent and test weight had maximum direct effect on grain yield. PC scores of
genotypes genotype 52 and genotype 51 was ranked first and second for yield attributing traits under

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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

aerobic condition.. Identified genotypes may be used as donor to improve the yield and quality traits
in varietal development programme and some of the rice genotypes may also be used directly for
cultivation purposes.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/09
Soil health: the foundation of sustainable agriculture production
Shaivalini Chauhan and R K Bajpai
Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.)

The soil sustains most living organisms, being the ultimate source of their mineral nutrients. Good
management of soils health ensures that mineral elements do not become deficient or toxic to plants,
and that appropriate mineral elements enter the food chain. Soil health management is important, both
directly and indirectly, to sustainable crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human
health. Healthy agricultural soils are able to balance a range of functions to meet the needs of both
farmers and the community. Healthy soils function to sustain soil biota and plant life, store and cycle
water and nutrients, decompose organic matter, inactivate toxic compounds, suppress pathogens and
protect water quality. Soil health is a systems concept that implies that the soil functions as a balanced
living system. It implies that the interactions among the soil’s internal components are optimal and
that the interactions of the soil with its external environment and the production system are
sustainable. Soil degradation and poor water quality are symptoms of poor soil health. Soil biological
activity, surface cover, organic matter content, pH and water availability are highly interactive and
hence important soil health properties. Different chemical, physical and biological properties of a soil
interact in complex ways that determine its potential fitness or capacity to produce healthy and
nutritious crop. To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will
be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate soil conservation practices.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/10
Improvement of soil health and soil quality through agricultural
technologies
Yogesh Upadhyay, Lemesh Kumar Pandey, Birendra tigga, N.K.Mishra
College of Agriculture and research station, Baikunthpur Korea (C.G.)

Soil health is presented as an integrative property that reflects the capacity of soil to respond to
agricultural intervention, so that it continues to support both the agricultural production and the
provision of other ecosystem services. It is proposed that soil health is dependent on the maintenance
of four major functions: carbon transformations; Nutrient cycles; Soil structure maintenance and the
regulation of pests and diseases. The major challenge within sustainable soil management is to
conserve ecosystem service delivery while optimizing agricultural yields. Analysis of current models
of the soil community under the impact of agricultural interventions confirms the highly integrative
pattern of interactions within each of these functions and leads to the conclusion that measurement of
individual groups of organisms, processes or soil properties does not suffice to indicate the state of the
soil health. A further conclusion is that quantifying the flow of energy and carbon between functions
is an essential but nontrivial task for the assessment and management of soil health. Other restorative
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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

technologies representing successful ways by which farmers have dealt with poor quality soil were
also documented (use of Schizostachyum lumampao, Heliconia spp and Barringtonia racemosa as soil
stabilizers). The soil quality indicators used helped farmers understand the chain of cause and effect
that links farm decisions to productivity and better health of plant and soil.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/11
Fly ash an improving soil properties and yield of rice under degraded land
Bharat Lal , K. Tedia and S. S. Sengar
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, I.G.K.V., Raipur, Chhattisgarh,
India

A field study was carried out on a sandy loam soil at the KVK farm of Janjgir Champa, Chhattisgarh
to study the effect of enriched fly ash (FA) on rice and soil characteristics of inceptisol during. The
test crop was rice var. MTU-1010. The application of different treatment FA combinations increased
paddy yield compared to 100% GRD. However the control treatment failed to produce the yield in
degraded land. Among the treatments, the 75% GRD +60t FA ha-1 + 5t FYM ha-1 gave highest paddy
yield (42.6 q ha-1) than all other treatments. The straw yield was not significantly influenced by FA
treatments, but the beneficial effect of enriched fly ash on higher rice straw yield was observed. The
application of 75% GRD + 60 t FA ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 (T8) produced significantly highest number
of total tiller (8.07) and effective tiller (7.53) but 75% GRD + 40 t FA ha-1 + 5 t FYM ha-1 (T7)
produced maximum panicle length (21.12 cm) and filled grain ( 81.67) and higher test weight in
100% GRD ( 25.85g) . The highest decrease in bulk density was observed in the 75% GRD + 60t FA
ha-1 applied with and without FYM (1.49 Mg m-3). Application of 75% GRD + 60 t FA ha-1 + 5 t
FYM ha-1 (T8) in rice showed the maximum water holding capacity (43.42%) and porosity (42.07%)
but particle density was not significantly influenced by different combination of FYM , FA and
Fertilizers.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/12
Morphological and growth parameters and Yield traits of rice
(Oryza sativa L.) under different moisture regimes
Navneet Kumar Mishra and Dr. Arti Guhey
Dept. of Crop Physiology, Agricultural Biochemistry and Herbal Science, COA, IGKV,
Raipur

Among the breeding lines R-RF-90, Mahamaya and MTU-1010 ranked relatively superior regarding
there morpho- physiological and yield traits. Least reduction in yield was noticed in R-RF-89 and
Vandana in rainfed and transplanted (TSD) condition. The maximum flag leaf area of rice genotypes
was noticed under irrigated condition (39.75 cm2) which was comparable with transplanted condition
(37.95 cm2). Minimum flag leaf area was obtained in direct sown condition (34.78 cm2). Samleshwari
(47.64 cm2) exhibited highest value of flag leaf area at flowering stage.Maximum leaf area index was
observed under irrigated condition (6.16), however, it showed at par values or significantly similar to
transplanted condition (6.01). IR-64 (8.58) exhibited highest value of LAI at flowering stage. R-RF-94
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(592.6 cm2g-1) performed better and attained higher value of SLA than check Samleshwari (282.45
cm2g-1). Poornima (6.85 gcm-2) performed better and attained higher value of SLW than check
Samleshwari (3.99 gcm-2). Among the breeding lines R-RF-90, Mahamaya and MTU-1010 ranked
relatively superior regarding there morpho- physiological and yield traits. Least reduction in yield was
noticed in R-RF-89 and Vandana in rainfed and transplanted (TSD) condition.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/13
Role of organic matter in maintaining soil health
Mithun Kumar Mishra, Sonali Harinkhere and Anupama Xalxo
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry,IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)
Soil organic matter (SOM) has been called “the most complex and least understood component of
soils” Soil organic matter is complex because it is heterogeneous (non-uniform) and, due to the
biological factors under which it was formed, does not have a defined chemical or physical structure.
Soil organic matter is that portion of the soil that consists of biological residues from plants, animals,
and microorganisms. Organic residues supply not only readily available nutrient sources, but also the
building blocks of humus—the product that is left after decomposition ends. Humus increases and
maintains soil fertility. It possesses a negative charge, which attracts positively-charged nutrients and
holds them. Humus can be thought of as a bank that holds nutrients and slowly releases them in
response to plant or microorganism needs. Soil organic matter is not distributed evenly throughout
the soil and breaks down at various rates by multiple agents that are influenced by the unique
environmental conditions in which they are found. The chemical and nutritional benefits of organic
matter are related to the cycling of plant nutrients and the ability of the soil to supply nutrients for
plant growth. Organic matter retains plant nutrients and prevents them leaching to deeper soil layers.
Microorganisms are responsible for the mineralization and immobilization of N, P and S through the
decomposition of organic matter (Duxbury, Smith and Doran, 1989). Thus, they contribute to the
gradual and continuous liberation of plant nutrients. Available nutrients that are not taken up by the
plants are retained by soil organisms. In organic-matter depleted soils, these nutrients would be lost
from the system through leaching and runoff. Organic matter and biodiversity of soil organisms are
the driving factors in this restoration. Decreases in numbers and types of soil organisms and available
substrate (organic matter) lead to a decrease in resilience, which in turn can result in a downward
spiral of degradation

ETEWP-2016/Agro/14
Influence of rice establishment methods on nutrient uptake in chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L) under rice- pulse cropping system
Rahul Kumar, R.N.Singh, S.S.Sengar, Alok Tiwari, A.K.Singh, Anurag, Tapas
Chowdhary and Deepak Kumar Chandrakar.
Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur

The present investigation carried out during kharif and rabi season of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at
research farm, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.) to evaluate the Influence of rice
establishment methods on nutrient uptake in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) under rice- pulse cropping

56

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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

system. In this study, three rice establishment methods (viz. puddled transplanting rice, unpuddled
transplanted rice and direct seeded rice) were used and its residual effect on water and nutrient
management practices (viz. rainfed farmer’s practice, rainfed improved practice, farmer’s practice
with life saving irrigation and improved practice with life saving irrigation) The experiment was laid
out in split plot design and replicated three times adopted in chickpea were assessed in respect of
changes in chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake and productivity of chickpea. Nutrient uptake
and Nutrient use efficiency, physiological efficiency, internal efficiency, recovery efficiency and
partial factor productivity of nitrogen under chickpea was found significantly higher in direct seeded
rice than puddled and unpuddled transplanted rice establishment methods. Among different water and
nutrient management practices non significantly influenced of The chickpea seed yield and attributing
characters was significantly affected by nutrient management practices. The highest seed yield was
obtained under improved practice with life saving irrigation and lowest under rainfed farmer’s
practice. The direct seeded had significant residual effect in improving nutrient uptake and nutrient
use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, internal efficiency, apparent recovery,
partial factor productivity of direct seeded rice establishment methods during rabi followed by
unpudled transplanted rice stood first. However, direct seeded rice establishment methods of rice
followed by unpuddled transplanted rice for chickpea proved to be more remunerative as compared to
the other treatments.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/15
Vermicomposting: A better option for organic solid waste management and
soil health
Sonali Harinkhere, V.K. Samadhiya, Mithun Kumar Mishra and Rakesh Giri Goswami
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

The rapid increase in the volume of waste is one aspect of the environmental crisis, accompanying
recent global development. Vermi composting is the better option to tackle with this problem and also
for maintaining soil health. About 2,350 years ago Aristotle has said, “Earthworms are intestines of
the earth.” Only in the twentieth century has the truth in this statement been verified and found
correct. Earthworms redistribute organic materials within the soil, increase soil penetrability and,
influence ion transport in soils. Root distribution may be modified and microbial activity increased by
their burrowing and feeding activities. The best alternative of the present day’s environmental
degradation is to make proper use of the available unutilized organic biodegradable wastes in order to
convert them into compost within a short period. Vermicomposting is a promising method of
transforming unwanted and virtually unlimited supplies of organic wastes into unstable substrates.
Vermicomposts are finely-divided mature peat-like materials with a high porosity, aeration, drainage
and water-holding capacity and microbial activity which are stabilized by interactions between
earthworms and microorganisms in a non-thermophilic process (Edwards and Burrows, 1988).
Vermicompost contains most nutrients in plant available form such as nitrates, phosphates and
exchangeable calcium and soluble potassium (Edwards, 1998; Orozco et al., 1996). Vermicompost
works as a ‘soil conditioner’ and its continued application over the years lead to total improvement in
the physical, chemical and biological quality of all soils even the ‘sodic soils’. It has very ‘high
porosity’, ‘aeration’, ‘drainage’ and ‘water holding capacity’ thus reducing the demand of water for
irrigation. Vermicomposting technology using earthworms as versatile natural bioreactors for
57

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

effective recycling of organic wastes to the soil is an environmentally acceptable means of converting
waste into nutritious composts for crop production.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/16
Estimating productivity in chhattisgarh plain zone for the future climate
condition using dssat v.4.5-rice model
Praveen Kumar Verma, Narendra Agrawal and R.B.Tiwari
DKSCARS, Bhatapara (C.G)

Crop forecasting through anticipation of future weather pattern and timely decision of proper
agricultural management practices to avoid sudden crop failure is one of the advanced way of
sustainable agriculture. Crop growth simulation model can be successfully used to asses the yield
under changing climatic condition which may be useful for developing adaptation and mitigation
measures. Considering the fact, an attempt has been made to predict the future yield of rice in plane
region of Chhattisgarh using Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v 4.5)
model. Raipur stations were selected and the DSSAT output of these stations up to Average 2080 was
used in the model. Management combinations simulated were three sowing dates (D1-11th june, D2-
21th june and D3-29th june 2011) and (D1-10th june, D2-15th june and D3-22th june 2012) for kharif
rice cv. Karma masuri under rainfed and irrigation condition. Thirty three year (1981-2012) weather
data (Max T, Min T, Rainfall and Radiation) was collected from Department of Agrometeorology,
IGKV, Raipur. First, the DSSAT v4.5 model was calibrated and validated for locally popular medium
duration varieties of kharif season (2011 &2012) Rice, namely, karma Masuri. The result showed that
the early and late sowing dates gives lower yield as compared to optimum sowing dates. The
decrement in the yield of rice in early sowing (1st week of july) dates and late sowing (last week of
july) may probably be attributed to the increasing temperature in the future. The weighted yield was
observed more than actual yield in central Chhattisgarh.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/17
Long-term impact of manure and fertilization on active soil organic pool
and enzymatic activity: A review
S.K. Joshi, G.P. Nag, R.K. Dewangan
College of Horticulture & Research Station, Jagdalpur

A better understanding of suitable nutrient management practices is crucial not only for maintaining
soil health but also for better crop production on sustainable basis. The active soil organic pool and
enzymatic activity are considered as the good soil health indicators as they react rapidly to the
nutrient addition and management practices. The objective of this review was to discuss the effect of
long term nutrient management practices on change in active soil organic pool under various
cropping systems. The results published in many research papers suggested that the active soil
organic fraction is significantly influenced by nutrient management practices and addition of organic
manure with or without chemical fertilizers significantly improved active fraction over fertilization
and control. Similarly; the significantly greater enzymatic activity were observed in organic manure
58

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

addition. Thus, it can be concluded from above study that the application of organic manures can
improve soil health and sustain crop production over fertilizer addition and no fertilization.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/18
Medium duration rice varieties: proficient genotypic water management
strategy
Prafull Kumar, S C Yadav, Yatnesh Bisen, Kiran Tigga
S G College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, IGKV, Raipur

Water productivity is emerging as potential tool for sustainable agricultural yield in the threatening
era of climate change. Finding out efficient agronomic practices to manage available soil water is
traditional way to conserve this priceless resource. However, precisely physiological observation plant
mechanism, minimum amount of water is certainly required to give considerable crop yield and the
equation becomes more complicated when long duration crop varieties are grown i.e. longer the crop
duration – higher the water requirement. Since rice is predominating crop of Chhattisgarh state, crop
improvement platform must be set to breed for genotypes with medium duration so that water can be
conserved in genotypic fashion. Considering the background, experiment was undertaken with
seventeen advanced generation material to assess mid-durational rice genotypes for yield adaptability
and suitability for plateau agriculture of Chhattisgarh. The local check (Chandrahasini) found to be
good standard to identify test entries 4154 kg/ha yield. IR 64, the National check, had yield
superiority over six genotypes whereas eleven genotypes viz., HKR 08-62 (4487 kg/ha), UPRI 2012-
18 (4615 kg/ha), OR 1929-4 (4744 kg/ha), MTU 1156 (4718 kg/ha), Lalat (4564 kg/ha), RH 664
(5000kg/ha), BPH 115 (4756 kg/ha), CN 1752-18-1-9-MLD 19 (5833 kg/ha) and HKR 08-83 (4487
kg/ha) recorded higher yield. Regarding sink strength and population, Lalat was found to be
comparative superior (308) over other checks i.e. 212 in national check and 276 in local check. With
respect to regional check, US 312 (326), UPRI 2012-18 (337), MTU 1156 (309), HKR 08-92 (318),
RH 664 (311), CN 1752-18-1-9-MLD 19 (337) and Bio-452 (327) had higher panicle population
which shows the basis of yield superiority. Days to flowering is very critical to assess the
appropriateness of checks because delayed flowering brought about by lengthy vegetative growth
span increase the grain yield invariability or vise versa. Based on present experiment variety
Chandrahasini was found suitable with experimental protocol and with 120 DAS crop growth span
and 40 Qt/ha grain yield, concluded as suitable genotypic tool for water conservation.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/19
Conservation tillage for crop intensification in rainfed areas of
chhattisgarh
Mukesh Kumar Pandey

A major portion of cultivated area in Chhattisgarh is rainfed. Assured irrigation in Rabi season is not
more than 7 % of cultivated area. Residual moisture available after the harvest of rice is precious for
taking second crop in potential low land and mid lands. Besides the risk of grazing by animals, theft
etc. Moisture conservation and its timely cultivation for establishment of second crop in Rabi season

59

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

is a challenging task. Zero till seed cum fertilizer drill is one of the useful machine operated by
tractor. Direct sowing of 2 Rabi crops viz Chickpea and wheat were attempted at 14 locations for 3
years. The crops were established successfully with timeliness in these locations. The satisfactory
yields were obtained in most of the locations, crops and years. The analysis of the finding of these
result suggest that if the sowing of Kharif rice is advance with suitable tractor operated machineries
with mid late duration (125 – 135 days) rice verities, the Rabi crops established with better vigour,
good vegetative growth and take the advantage of late duration rains and favourable climatic
conditions resulting in higher production and productivity under rainfed conditions. These results
indicate the better prospects of crop intensification by establishing second Rabi crops
utilizing/conserving residual moisture. The yields of chickpea ranged from 1.41 t/ha while using zero
till drill, 1.56 t/ha with use of roto till drilling as compare to the yield of 1.24 t/ha in conventional
tillage. The yield advance was highest in case of roto till drill (0.32 t/ha) followed by zero till drill
(0.17 t/ha) as compared to conventional tillage. Similarly the yields of wheat ranged from 13.5 to 14.8
q/ha. with an average of 14.06 q/ha using zero till seed cum fertilizer drill as compared to that
obtained under conventional tillage that ranged from 10.0 to 10.8 q/ha ( with average of 10.56q/h)
thus the yield advantage was 3.5q/ha.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/20
Associative effect of rhizobium and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on yield
and nodulation of moong (Vigna radiata) crop in acidic soil condition
Kondra Hrishabh, Diptimayee Dash and S. B. Gupta
Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, COA, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur.

Moong [Vigna radiata] is an important legume, but the average productivity of the crop is far below
the potential yield level because of its cultivation on marginal lands is done without any inoculation.
Inoculation of legumes with strains screened for stress tolerance ability can improve nitrogen fixation
and yield in acid soil. A field experiment laid out in RBD was conducted during 2015-16 at the Farm,
Krishi Vigyyan Kendra, Korba district (C.G.) comprising 12 treatments (10 acidity tolerant PSB
isolates, one standard and one un-inoculated control) to find out effective PSB isolate given as dual
inoculation with Rhizobium for enhancement of yield of moong under acid soils condition. PSB
isolates present in culture deposits of Agricultural Microbiology Department, College of Agriculture,
Raipur revived, screened for phosphate solubilization ability under stress conditions (i.e. at pH 5.0
and temperature 50 ̊C). Effect of screened stress tolerant 10 local PSB isolates were evaluated with
PSB national check (IARI; H-27) as dual inoculation along with Rhizobium on the growth
performances of moong in field in Korba District of Chhattishgarh under acidic soil condition.
Significant increase in grain yield (5.81 to 9.71 qha-1) was found with the isolate, PSB-K-196
followed by PSB-K-69 over uninoculated. Nodulation (nodule no./plant and dry weight of nodules
mg plant-1 ) was found significantly maximum (31.48 and 46 respectively) in inoculation of PSB-K-
196 followed by PSB-K-69 against other isolates while at control it was found minimum (18.24 and
21 respectively) at 40 DAS. P uptake by Moong significantly increased from 2.07 kg ha-1 at control to
4.32 kg ha-1 and 4.08 kg ha-1 with inoculation of PSB-K-196 and PSB-K-69 respectively in grain.
Isolates PSB-K-196 and PSB-K-69 can be used along with Rhizobium inoculation to formulate
location specific potential phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer for moong crop in order to enhance
productivity under acidic soil condition.
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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/Agro/21
Yield maximization of IGKV developed HYV of rice.
Dinesh Pandey, T.D.Pandey, R.K.Sukla, H.P.Agrawal & V.K.Verma.
TCB College of Agriculture & Research Station Sarkanda, Bilaspur.

The experiment entitled “Yield maximization of IGKV developed high yielding variety (HYV) of
rice” was carried out during kharif (2015) at Instructional farm TCBCARS Bilaspur. The Bilaspur is
situated at 20o 12’9’’ North latitude and 82o12’12’’ East longitude and at an altitude of 292.3 meters
above mean sea level. The soil of experimental plot was clay-loam in texture (Vertisols), neutral in
reaction (pH7.1), and low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and high in available
potassium content. The experiment was conducted with two IGKV developed rice varieties i.e.
Rajeshwari & Maheshwari as main plot and seven different nutrient managements & spacing i.e.
20x10 sq.cm. with RDF (80:60:40 Kg NPK/ha- check), 20x10 sq.cm. with 125% RDF (10% N at
flowering) + 5t FYM/ha, 15x10 sq.cm. with 125% RDF (10% N at flowering) + 5t FYM/ha, 20x10
sq.cm. with 150% RDF (K in two splits & 10% N at flowering) + 5t FYM/ha, 15x10 sq.cm. with
150% RDF (K in two splits & 10% N at flowering) + 5t FYM/ha, 20x10 sq.cm. with 150% RDF (K
in two splits & 10% N at flowering) + 10t FYM/ha &15x10 sq.cm. with 150% RDF (K in two splits
& 10% N at flowering) + 10t FYM/ha as sub plot in split plot design with three replications.
Experiment was sown in 16 july , 2015 and harvested at 28th Nov, 2016. Higher grain yield (q/ha) was
recorded under treatment (20x10 sq.cm. with 150% RDF (K in two splits & 10% N at flowering)
which was at par with treatments 20x10 sq.cm. with 125% RDF (10% N at flowering) + 5t FYM/ha),
15x10 sq.cm. with 125% RDF (10% N at flowering) + 5t FYM/ha and 15x10 sq.cm. with 150% RDF
(K in two splits & 10% N at flowering) + 10t FYM/ha, this might be due to highest number of tillers,
panicle length (cm) & test weight (g) said treatment. Almost similar trained was recorded for straw
yield. However, non- significant difference were recorded for test weight, seed & straw yield (q/ha)
among varieties. Higher net returns (Rs./ha) & B:C ratio was recorded by Maheshwari than that of
Rajeshwari. Among nutrient levels treatment (20x10 sq.cm. with 150% RDF (K in two splits & 10%
N at flowering) gave higher grass returns (Rs.119866 /ha) however, highest net return(Rs./ha) & B:C
ratio were recorded under treatment 20x10 sq.cm. with RDF (80:60:40 kgNPK\ha -check).

ETEWP-2016/Agro/22
Assessment of arsenic content in soil, water and rice crop (oryza sativa l.)
in ambagarh chowki block of rajnandgaon district (chhattisgarh).
Neelam Baghel, K. K. Sahu and Rakesh Banwasi
Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry,COA, IGKV, Raipur

An investigation was conducted on “Assessment of Arsenic content in soil, water and rice crop
(Oryza sativa L.) in Ambagarh Chowki block of Rajnandgaon district (Chhattisgarh)” during the
Kharif season of 2015-16 with the following objectives:-To find out arsenic content in different
sources of irrigation water of different villages of Ambagarh Chowki block, to evaluate the arsenic
content in different soil types and to determine arsenic content in rice crop of the affected villages.The
presence of As in the ten villages viz. Atargaon, Biharikala, Dhadutola, Jadutola, Joratarai, Kaudikasa,
61

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Magatola, Sangli, Sonsaytola and Telitola of Ambagarh Chowki block, Rajnandgaon district was
detected in more than 250 samples of water, soil and rice plant samples were analyzed for As and
some other chemical parameters during pre and post monsoon seasons. Data showed that the mean
value of concentration of As in hand pumps water were 0.278 mg L-1, much above the WHO
recommended As limit (0.01 mg L-1 for drinking water). It was also reported in tube wells water
(0.276 mg L-1) were much above the FAO recommended As limit (0.10 mgL-1), whereas canal and
nala water were below the FAO recommended As limit. The recorded that highest concentrations of
As were found in hand pumps (0.773 mg L-1) and tube wells (0.557 mg L-1) in Kaudikasa village. The
mean As values of post-monsoon water were slightly less as compared to pre-monsoon water. The
overall ranged of As concentration in soil types in pre-monsoon season (2.25-7.63 mg kg-1) and (1.90-
6.49 mg kg-1) in post-monsoon season. It ranges `below the maximum acceptable limit for agriculture
soil of 20 mg kg-1as recommended by the European Community (EC). The highest concentrations of
As were seen in the Vertisols (5.34 mg kg-1) as compared to Alfisols (5.07 mg kg-1) and Inceptisols
(4,13 mg kg-1). In rice plant, higher mean value accumulations of As were noticed in the root (0.30 mg
kg-1) as compared to the straw (0.060 mg kg-1) and grain (0.055 mg kg-1). Recorded, the accumulation
of As in parts of rice plant did not exceed the permissible limit (1.0 mg kg-1) according to WHO
recommendation. The highest accumulated As values were (0.157 mg kg-1) root, (0.099 mg kg-1)
straw and (0.069 mg kg-1) grain recorded from Atergaon, Joratarai and Atergaon, respectively.To
determine from the results that the ground water (hand pumps and tube wells) in found to be highly
affected by As. Concentrations in ground water were above than the WHO guidelines (0.01 mg L -1).
The immediate and long term impact of using this contaminated water for irrigation in paddy soils As
may be transfer from water to soil and it subsequently accumulation in rice plant. Concentrations of
As of study area soil were found below 20 mg kg-1. Which were under acceptable limit for agriculture
soils. As accumulation was found higher in root part of rice plant. The grains of rice were found safe
for consumption with in under accumulation of As (0.055 mg kg-1). Recommended that all hand
pumps confirmed as having more than 0.01 mg L-1, As content be capped immediately, supply of low-
cost, As filters were used to the affected villages and irrigation water can be managed by changing
irrigation practices.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/23
Impact of utera cultivation as in situ comemation practice at nicra village
kharghana with variety “mahatiora”
Rajiv Dixit, A.Shukla, Shilpa Kaushik and J.Yadav
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bilaspur

The Monocropping is one of the major problem with the crop cultivation practices of farmers of
Bilaspur district. The major reason’s for this being the effect of climate change i.e. from Kharif to
Rabi season. The land vacated by rice crop has usually no irrigation facility for sowing of other
profitable winter crops. The excess water in the field was less than 3-5 cm before sowing seeds. Thus,
to make the cultivation practices as climate resilient, utera cultivation as insitu conservation practices
was introduced with variety “Mahatiora”. This practice refer to the somung of lathyrus seeds in
standing rice got at 15-20 days prior to it’s harvest.The total geographical area of Bilaspur district is
5,81,849 ha. Out of which, only 80,000 hcetare is under the utera cultivation of latharyus. More then

62

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

60% of area under lathyrus is established under utera or paira (catch gapping) conditions. Due to the
technological dissemination of this practice, the utera cultivation of Mahatiora increased by 30 ha to
50 ha in year 2015-16.the yieldof Mahatiora incrased by 5q/ha in comprison to local Khesari of 3q/ha
. the change in yield is 66.6 % .

ETEWP-2016/Agro/24
Utilization of moisture from kharif submerged fallow land for chickpea
cultivation
Ravish Keshri, S. K. Verma, Kunal Chandrakar and S. M. Ali Humayun
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mahasamund (C.G.)

Sahid Vir Narayan Singh Kodar Dam is located at the Kowajhar village of Mahasamund district of
Chhattisgarh. 16 villages (5 fully and 11 partially) of that area is affected in submergence. At the tail
end of reservoir most of the cultivable are is under submergence which can be brought under
cultivation in rabi season with some management. Nayakbandha is the small tribal village located in
the Mahasamund district of Chhattisgarh state adjacent to the Kodar dam reservoir. The most of the
fertile land remain submerged under water during monsoon season and kharif cultivation is not
possible. The cultivation of only rabi crop is possible with suitable land management practice. Most of
the farmers are tribal and poor. Some farmers cultivate land with local variety of seeds in small
patches if economic condition permits or minimum inputs are available with them and the major part
of the land remains fallow in the rabi season. In the recent past the production of pulse crop is reduced
and hike in the price of pulse make farmers to agree to cultivate the pulse crop rather than other crop
or in rice fallow land. The primary survey and field observation are carried out to decipher the
possibility of rabi crop in the that area. This area was selected for feasibility study of chickpea
cultivation to use the residual moisture and land resource. The 50 acre lands were sown by improved
variety of chickpea (Jaki-9218) after seed treatment with Rhizobium @ 5 gm/kg seed and PSB culture
@ 5 gm/kg seed and improved recommended package of practice were adopted for chickpea
cultivation. The average yield obtained in this area is the 12.55 q/ha while The average net income is
Rs. 26660/- per hectare which is quite good enough as an extra income from kharif submerged land
which is generally not utilized in rabi season. This activity encourage for cultivation of crop in rabi
season as it will help to the poor farmers for getting extra income which will play a major role in
upliftment of the socio economic status of poor farmers.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/25
Evaluation of ceres-wheat model for the selected wheat variety of raipur
Harsh Vardhan Puranik, Uttam Kumar Diwan, G.K.Das, J.L.Chaudhary, N.
Manikandan and Rajesh Khavse
Dept. of Agrometeorology, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

Wheat is important cereal crop which grown worldwide including India. The production and
productivity of wheat in our country is still below as compared to advance countries. Climate plays an
important role in wheat production. In changing climatic scenario & era of global warming the
production and productivity of wheat may decline drastically. Even 0.3 0 C to 2 0C temperature may
create dangerous situation especially in agriculture sector. Production and productivity of wheat is
63

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

mainly govern by temperature in Rabi season. Crop simulation model can be used as a tool for
agricultural risk analysis. The CERES-Wheat model is used to analyse the suitability of the wheat
cultivars and to determine the optimum planting date of wheat in Raipur District. Model is able to
predict phenological developments accurately. This can be used for decision making for crop
management and improving the resource use efficiency. For precise assessment of direct and indirect
impacts of climate change on wheat crop model could be one among the cost effective and time
saving tools, well calibrated and validated crop simulation model could be used for evaluating the
impact of climate change on agriculture. A field experiment was conducted at Research and
Instructional Farm, IGKV, Raipur (CG) during Rabi seasons of 2014-15 using three varieties
(Kanchan, CG 1013, GW 273) and three dates (D1 – 25 Nov.; D2 – 05 Dec.; D3–15 Dec.) of sowing.
CERES-Wheat model of DSSAT v 4.6 was used to simulate the phenology and grain yield of wheat.
Calibration of genetic coefficients was done and then the model was validated. The model was
calibrated with two years data (2012 and 2013) and validated with 2014 data. The model predicted
very well the days to maturity and grain yield. But, model could not predict well the days to anthesis.
However, model could predict anthesis date with 54 % accuracy and maturity date with 96%
accuracy. This indicates that, further refinement of genetic coefficient of Kanchan variety of wheat is
required to improve model performance under Agroclimatic condition of Raipur district of CG plan
zone.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/26
Development of genetic coefficient of popular rice cultivar mtu 1010 for
raipur district of chhattisgarh using ceres-rice model
Uttam Kumar Diwan, G.K. Das, H.V. Puranik, Deepika Unjan, J.L.Chaudhary,
N. Manikandan and Rajesh Khavse
Dept. of Agrometeorology, IGKV, Raipur

Rice is the most consumed cereal grain in the world constituting the dietary staple food of more than
half of the world population. Apart from food rice is also directly with the culture as well as economy
of many countries. Chhattisgarh state popularly known as “Rice Bowl of India’’ occupies an area
around 4580.54 thousand hectare and with the production of 7838.53 thousand metric tons and
productivity of 1711 kg per hectare (Anonymous, 2012). CERES-Rice model was able to predict
phonological development accurately. The CERES-Rice model can be used for decision making for
crop management, development of genetic coefficient and improving the resource use efficiency.
Genetic coefficients are cumulative heat unit and photoperiod requirement of a variety so that the crop
will progress to next stage once cumulative heat unit requirement prior to that stage is met out. These
are mathematical constructs designed to mimic the phenotypic outcome of genes under different
environments to influence: (i) life cycle including fractional allocation to different phases, (ii)
photosynthetic, (iii) vegetative, (iv) rooting, and (v) reproductive processes. The present investigation
was carried out at research farm of IGKV, Raipur during 2012, 2013 and 2014 with the objective to
develop genetic coefficients for the rice variety MTU 1010. This is one of the most commonly grown
rice variety in Chhattisgarh state. Experimental data for the years 2012 and 2013 were used for
calibration purpose and the data of 2014 was used for validation purpose. From the outcome of the
analysis, it can be concluded that the model has accurately predicted the anthesis and maturity date up
to 59 and 81 percent respectively. The coefficient of determination for grain yield is 0.58. When the
64

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

model was validated with data of 2014, the error percentage between simulated and observed value
was within the accepted limit of 10%. The outcome of the model would be helpful to estimate the
approximate yield of rice and accordingly government can plan in advance for export or import of
food grain as per situation arises. Still there is scope of refinement of model to increase its
authenticity.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/27
Efficacy of SRI with or without Urea Briquettes in Rice Durgeshwari
Variety in Bastar Plateau
Dushyant Pandey, Rahul Sahu, G. P. Ayam
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, I.G.K.V., Bastar (C.G.).

An on campus field study on “Efficacy of SRI with or without urea briquettes in Rice Durgeshwari
variety” was carried out at Farm premises of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bastar during kharif 2015 - 16 to
calculate the efficiency of SRI with or without urea briquettes in midland, with the RDF 80:60:40 of
NPK per hectare in treatment with urea briquettes resulted in maximum effective tillering is 22
tillers/hill, whereas on treatment without urea briquettes with the RDF 100:60:40 gives average
effective tillering is 19 tillers/hill. On comparison of these methods it was found that trial with urea
briquettes was superior in terms of yield with 45.14 q/ha followed by without urea briquettes 41.55
q/ha. However straw yield is also exceeding in T 1, finally the B:C ratio of Durgeshwari with urea
briquettes is 1.72 which is higher than other treatment without urea briquettes 1.59. This study shows
the superiority of urea briquettes placement in between rows of transplanted paddy on non-placement
with timely transplanting and increment in the production of rice.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/28
Effect of tillage methods, sowing date and different irrigation levels on
sweet corn at bastar plateau zone of chhattisgarh
Ashwani Kumar Thakur, Rajendra Lakpale, Dhiraj Khalkho, S. C. Mukherjee, and
Yatnesh Bisen
SG College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur (CG)

This field experiment was conducted at the S. G. College of Agriculture and Research Station,
Jagdalpur (Chhattisgarh). The experiment was laid out in a Split-split-plot design. Leaf area index in
different tillage and date of sowing at different days of observations recorded significantly similar
results, however, M2 and D4 recorded maximum leaf area index at all the growing stages. In different
irrigation levels, I6 recorded significantly higher leaf area index at 30, 60 and 90 DAS which was at
par with I5, I2 and I3 at 30 DAS and I5, I4 and I3 at 60 and 90 DAS. 50% flowering, number of cobs
plant-1 and plot-1, weight of cobs with and without cover recorded non-significant differences by
different tillage methods, however weight of cobs with cover recorded significantly highest in
conventional tillage than the minimum tillage. In case of different date of sowing, D1 was recorded
significantly higher 50 % flowering, number of cobs per plant and plot among all the other treatments
and weight of cobs with and without cover was recorded similar results during experimentation. In
65

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

different irrigation levels shows significant effect, number of cobs per plant and plot, weight of cobs
with and without cover was recorded significantly highest in treatment I6 but, 50% flowering was
recorded significantly highest in treatment I1 which was at par with I4 and I3. Higher gross were
recorded under interaction treatment of M2, D1 and I6 significantly income, net income and B: C ratio
ha-1 among all the treatments during experimentation.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/29
Crop intensification through water harvesting in tribal area of Uttar
Bastar Kanker district
Birbal Sahu, Atul R Dange, Devchand Salam, Prafull Rahangale & Suresh Markam
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kanker, IGKV Raipur

Uttar Bastar Kanker is the tribal dominating district, where agriculture is the main occupation of
people. Most of the cultivated area of the district i.e. 65% comes under rainfed farming. An irrigation
facility is limited, which is 35% &18% in the kharif and rabi season respectively. the total kharif crop
area is 2.37 lakh ha. Whereas rabi crop area is 0.53 lakh ha. this is because of lack of irrigation
facilities in the district. However average rainfall of the district is 1355 mm, which is optimum but the
distribution of rainfall is erratic and some time long dry spell causes drastic yield reduction in rice
crop. To overcome this problem harvesting of rainwater is one of the solution for providing life saving
irrigation to kharif crops and successding rabi crops. With a view of the above problem KVK Kanker
has done water conservation activities under Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP-
2) and convergence with MGNAREGA in nine villages of kanker block. There were 24 water
harvesting structures constructed for harvesting of rainwater i.e. pond, stop dams as a result of which
195 ha area converted in to double cropping and farmers income increased from Rs. 20000 per ha to
Rs. 32000 per ha in the operational area . In spite of this 12 ha wasteland comes under mango
plantation.
ETEWP-2016/Agro/30
Participatory irrigation management : an overview
Ashish Kumar Gupta and M.L. Sharma
Department of Agricultural Extension, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) is a type of participatory development, which has been
focused on top-down development agendas of international agencies working with centralized
government bureaucracies. Participatory irrigation management (PIM) makes explicit efforts to
support local decision-making by granting legal authority to farmers for specific management
functions. Typically these functions include the tasks of cleaning and maintaining the canals or pipes
that convey the water, the responsibility for allocating water among the users, settling the inevitable
disputes that will arise, and representing the collective interest of the irrigation users to the higher
government authority (usually an Irrigation Department). By granting legal authority and
responsibility to farmers for managing their irrigation systems, or their sections of larger networks,
local farmers can operate according to customary (traditional) rules and cultural norms. The social
and cultural capital of local farming communities is respected and supported. Irrigation management
through participatory arrangements provides a basis for local initiative and cultural
diversity. Participatory irrigation management (PIM) broadly refers to formation of groups of water
66

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

users i.e. farmers in a formal body for the purpose of managing parts or whole of an irrigation system.
The bodies are often called Water User’s Associations (WUA). Participatory irrigation management
(PIM) results in increase in irrigated area, equity in irrigation of head and tail areas, reduction in the
cost of silt clearance of the minors etc.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/31
An economic analysis of prveling irrigation system for enhancing cror
production in Chhattisgarh
Vijay K. Choudhary, Y. S. Rajput, Ajay K. Koshta & S. K.Joshi
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

The main objectives of this paper are to examine the prevailing irrigation system on crop production
in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. The specific objectives of the study are to examine the cropping
pattern and cropping intensity under assured and protective irrigation , to determine the income and
employment under assured and protective irrigation , Identify the constraints and suggest suitable
measure to overcome them in order to improve crop production. Eighty farmers were selected
randomly from four villages namely, Murra, Dhusera, Parsati, and Khilora from Abhanpur block of
Raipur district. To collect the required information on the basis of irrigation facility for different crop
production i.e. assured and protective irrigation facility and other aspects of crop production for the
present study. The primary data were collected from the crop growers of Kharif, rabi and summer
through personal interview method with the help of well prepare scheduled and questionnaire.
Different sources of irrigation and irrigated area of, Chhattisgarh is collected from secondary sources.
The aggregate family size was found to be 6.3 in assured and 5.87 in protective irrigated house hold
of the districts. The average irrigated area was observed about 100% in assured and 66.56% in
protective irrigated farm of the study area. Most of the irrigated area (95, and 5 percent) in assured
irrigated farm households of Raipur district is covered under tube wells and wells while (84 percent,
and 16 per cent) percent area is by canal and pond in protective irrigated sampled households. The
average cropping intensity is 210% and 165 % in assured and protective irrigated farm respectively in
the study area.The per hectare cost of cultivation of paddy is estimated as Rs.27345.37, Rs.30657.90,
Rs.34895.74 and Rs.36483.69 at marginal small medium and large farms respectively in assured
irrigated farms whereas Rs.25584.87, Rs.30657.90 Rs.32886.50, Rs.34520.42 in protective irrigated
farms. The average per hectare production was observed as 42.95 quintal in assured irrigated farm and
40.80 quintal in protective irrigated farm. The average gross return ranges from Rs.68713.45 to
Rs.65214.10 in assured and protective irrigated farms. The average net return per hectare was
estimated as Rs.35874.59 in assured irrigated farm and Rs.34376.45 in protective irrigated farm. The
output input ratio was observed as 1:2.50 and 1:2.10 in assured and protective irrigated farm
respectively . The per family annual income was observed to be Rs.210068.4 and Rs.457730.10 in
both of farm of Raipur district whereas the farm, off farm and non-farm income was differ as
Rs.114227.80, Rs.3267.35, Rs.92573.28 and Rs.63676.75, Rs.12284.76, Rs.381768.60 in assured and
protective irrigated farm household. The per family average employment pattern was 1074.90 man-
days in assured and 1219.94 man-days in protective irrigated farm household in the study area.
Whereas the farm, off farm and non-farm employment pattern was 227.78 man-days, 69.59 man-
days, 784.53 man-days and 177.10 man-days, 132.95 man-days, 909.91 man-days in assured and
protective farm households in the study area. High growth of digging the tub wells, lack of awareness
67

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

about water harvesting, lack of utilization of conjunctive source of irrigation, lack of non-availability
of water harvesting structure, pond canal with in nearby villages, lack of proper supply of irrigation
water, recycling and proper management in field of the study area. Lack of money to afford the
construction of water resource was reported by farmers of study area. Adequate water availability has
brought about changes in the cropping pattern levels and pattern of input utilization, yield and returns
of number of crops.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/32
Effect of moisture conservation practices and integrated nutrient
management on productivity of rainfed maize
P. K. Keshry, Geet Sharma, A. K. Sahu, Davesh Pandey and A.K. Swarnakar
TCB, College of Agriculture and Reaserch Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 at TCB, College of Agriculture and
Research Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001 on sandy loam soil to study the effect
of moisture conservation practices and integrated nutrient management on productivity of rainfed
maize. Cultivar Hybrid 4212 of maize was taken as test crop. The treatments consisted of main,
sub, sub-sub main plot i.e. flat (F1) and furrow ridge bed (F2) as main plot, integrated nutrient
management (RDF :: 100:60:40 NPK Kg/ha (S1), 75% of RDF + 25% of N through FYM (S2) and
75% of RDF + 25% of N through Poultry Manure (S3) ) as sub main and without mulch (M0) &
mulch by paddy straw@ 4t/ha (M1) as sub-sub main plot laid out in a double split plot design,
replicated thrice..Different sowing method did not showed any significant difference on growth and
yield attributing parameters except test weight. F2 (Furrow ridge bed) recorded significantly higher
test weight of 280.37 g than F1 (Flat bed). However, the grain yield was not significant differ but
treatment Furrow ridge bed gave higher grain yield (43.38 q/ha). Similarly, under different nutrient
management practices all the parameters of growth and yield were not significant differ but the
treatment 75% RDF + 25% N through FYM produced higher grain yield (46.04 q/ha) and straw yield
(59.49 q/ha). Mulching with paddy straw (M1) produced significantly higher grain (47.95 q/ha) and
straw yield (61.11 q/ha) in comparison to without mulch(M0). Paddy straw mulch save the 18.53%
moisture than the without mulch and increased the grain yield of 13.76%.

ETEWP-2016/Agro/32
Effect of different levels of water and spacing on growth and yield of rice
under sri (medagaskar) system
A.K. Swarnakar, , Geet Sharma, P. K. Keshry, Davesh Pandey and A. K. Sahu
TCB, College of Agriculture and Reaserch Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2015 at TCB, College of Agriculture and
Research Station, IGKV, Sarkanda, Bilaspur (C.G.)-495001 under AICRP on Irrigation
Water Management on clay loam soil to study the effect of different levels of water and
spacing on growth and yield of rice under SRI(Medagaskar) system. Variety MTU-1010 of

68

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

rice was taken as test crop. The treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation i.e.
continuous submergence of 3 to 5 cm of ponded water after tillering (I1), irrigation at 1 day
after disappearance of ponded water (I2) , irrigation at 3 days after disappearance of ponded
water (I3) and irrigation at 5 days after disappearance of ponded water (I4) as main plot
and 3 level of plant spacing i.e. 20 x 20 cm. (W1), 25 x 25 cm (W2) and 30 x 30 cm (W3)
as sub main plot. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design replicated four
times. The grain and straw yield under different water regimes Irrigation at 1 day after
disappearance of ponded water (1DADPW) produced significantly higher grain yield (55.06
q/ha) and straw yield (61.37 q/ha) than 5DADPW but at par with 3DADPW and Contd.
subm. Similarly under different spacing W1 produced significantly higher grain yield (56.31
q/ha) than W2 and W3 and straw yield (61.72 q/ha) than W3 but at par with W2. Interaction
effect was not significant.Under water regimes I2 gave higher net return of Rs. 53313/- with
73.80 kg/ha-cm WEE with save 8.5% water as compared to I1. Similarly under different
spacing W1 and W2 gave higher net return of Rs. 53940/- and Rs. 49743/- with higher benefit
cost ratio 1.55 and 1.49 respectively.

Theme 5 – Geospatial Techniques & Hydrological Modelling in Enhancing Water


Productivity

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM /1
Application of remote sensing and gis with hydrology and crop modeling
Sangeeta Kujur, V.K. Singh, Neelima Netam, Vandana Ekka
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur Chhattisgarh

The rapid development and integration of spatial technologies such as Geographic Information
Systems and remote sensing, have created many new tools for Extension professionals, but have also
widened the "digital divide," leaving many with little understanding of the technology and potential
applications. Remote sensing provided a means of classify land cover and for identifying agricultural
regions within the county, while the GIS allowed the spatial organization of soil and weather data
inputs to the model. Results show that spatial variability in simulated county yield is often large and
corresponds closely with soil moisture availability. It provides observation of changes in hydrological
states, which vary over both time and space that can be used to monitor hydrological conditions and
changes. Sensors used for hydrological applications cover a broad range of electromagnetic spectrum.
The GIS technology provides suitable alternatives for efficient management of large and complex
databases. GIS modeling was used to support decision-making on agricultural product development
and distribution, natural resource management, environmental rehabilitation, and institutionalization
of indigenous environmental knowledge. Crops area estimates are based on two approaches which are
Satellite data supervised classification and area frame sampling system. GIS and crop models can be
integrated, providing predictions that combine the spatial perspective of GIS with the stronger
representation of temporal processes of simulation models. Control data were acquired through field
measurements, which were conducted throughout the growing periods of both years and also
accompanying the satellite overpasses. The combination of remote sensing data with the model led to
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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

an improvement of the spatial heterogeneity of the crop development and yield. The use of ground
truth data to improve the modeling accuracy can be made possible.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/2


Land use management plan of a micro-watershed using geospatial
techniques
Madhukar Patel and Dhiraj Khalkho
Department of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET&RS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur

False color composite (FCC) of IRS-P6 LISS IV geocoded data was interpreted in conjunction with
Survey Of India (SOI) toposheet on 1:50000 scale to extract information on existing land use/land
cover, slope, soil health and texture for characterization and mapping of farming situation in the micro
watershed Dhangaon. The revenue map (1:4000 scale) was digitized and converted to vector shape
file with attributes of field details like owners name and khasra number, crop grown etc. This revenue
map was overlapped to the FCC of satellite data for retrieving the true land characterization of the
micro watershed. Four farming situation viz. Bhata, Matasi, Dorsa and Kanhar were identified,
characterized and mapped based on the soil sampling analysis and peoples participating research
interaction of the village. The integration of soil, slope, land use, land cover and cadastral maps under
GIS environment has brought out the total cultivable land percentage of the four farming situations
covering an area of 579.76 ha of the village Dhangaon. Under Bhata farming situation ccovering an
area of 15 ha was identified and suggested for upland early maturing variety of paddy like purnima,
Danteshwari etc., along with farming of promising variety of pigeon pea and soybean. Matasi with 60
ha of current fallow was identified for cultivation of medium variety like I.R.-36 and Karma Masuri,
and it was also found favorable for cultivation of soybean. Dorsa and Kanhar farming situation with
40 ha and 34 ha respectively current fallow and barren was identified for long duration paddy variety
like Swarna and M.T.U.-1001. A total of 149 ha of land can be brought under cultivation with good
management practices.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/3


Prioritization of watershed for management using morphometric analysis
through geospatial technology
Shilpi Rani Bhattacharya, M.P. Tripathi, Dhiraj Khalkho and Love Kumar
Dept. Of SWE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, IGKV, IGKV, Raipur, (C.G.)

The prioritization of watersheds is prerequisite for effective development and management with the
available resources. It is a scientific process of watershed delineation and monitoring, which is widely
adopted in India and abroad. This research article deals with the morphometric analysis of the Tesua
watershed is located in Mungeli district of Chhattisgarh was selected for this study through GIS and
prioritization of watersheds for implementing the watershed management programme for its effective/
sustainable development. The study watershed is totally rainfed and ground water level is very high.
Availability of water is to managed properly in the study watershed. For the prioritization of
watershed holistic integrated techniques involving geoinformatics has been found to be effective for
watershed development, therefore used in this study. Morphometric analysis involves a set of
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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

parameters like; aerial aspects, linear aspects, relief aspects, the geoinformatics technique has
capability to perform analysis using these morphometric parameters. The satellite imageries of IRS-
P6 LISS-IV of October 2014 is used in this study. Based on Morphometric parameters of 4 sub
watersheds priorities for conservation and management of natural resources has been suggested.
On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that sub watershed 4G3f2h ranked first, 4G3F2j
ranked second, 4G3F2k ranked third and 4G3F2g ranked fourth. The sub-watershed 4G3F2h is most
critical and given first priority and therefore considered top priority for management.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/4


Hydrological modeling for identification of erosion prone areas of a small
agricultural watershed in Chhattisgarh
Priti Tiwari, M. P. Tripathi, Yatnesh Bisen, Rituraj Shukla and Karnika Dwivedi
Dept. of SWE, FAE, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

In this study, GIS interface version of SWAT model known as ArcSWAT was calibrated and validated on
daily and fortnightly basis and used for identification of critical sub-watersheds of Dhangaon watershed.
The watershed and sub-watershed boundaries, drainage networks, slope, and soil texture maps were
generated using ArcGIS. Supervised classification method was used for land use/cover classification from
satellite imageries of the years 2009 and 2012. Manning's roughness coefficient 'n' for overland flow and
channel flow, Fraction of Field Capacity (FFC) and ET methods were calibrated for monsoon season of
the years 2009-2010. The model was validated for the years 2011and 2012 using the respective rainfall
and temperature data. Calibration and validation results revealed that the model was predicting the daily
and fortnightly surface runoff and sediment yield satisfactorily. Sensitivity analysis showed that the
annual sediment yield was inversely proportional to the overland and channel 'n' values whereas, sediment
yields were directly proportional to the FFC. Capability of the model for generating rainfall was also
evaluated for the period of 2007 through 2012. The model simulated monthly rainfall was having close
agreement with that of observed rainfall. Also the model predicted monthly runoff and sediment yield
using generated daily rainfall compared well with observed runoff and sediment yield during simulation
period of 2007 through 2012 (monsoon seasons only). After testing, the model was applied for
identification of critical sub-watersheds of Dhangaon watershed. The critical sub-watersheds were
identified on the basis of average annual sediment yield during the period of 2007 through 2012 using
observed daily rainfall and temperature. The ranking (priority) of different critical sub-watersheds was
done according to the annual sediment losses for developing the management plans. The sub-watersheds
SW3, SW 4, SW 9, SW 7, SW5, SW8 and SW1 were found to be critical, hence recommended for
management purpose.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/5


Identification of suitable locations for groundwater recharging for semi-
critical blocks in Chhattisgarh plains using geospatial techniques
M. P. Tripathi, D. Khalkho, P. Katre, Yatnesh Bisen and Priti Tiwari
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET& RS, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

The state of Chhattisgarh receives about 16.3 Mham rainfalls out of which 2.8 Mham (17%) is lost
through evaporation, 9.4 Mham infiltrate into the ground, out of which 2.2 Mham converted into
groundwater and 7.2 Mham available as soil moisture. It is reported that the groundwater
development of the state is about 35 % and it falls under safe category. However out of 146 blocks 21
blocks falls under semi critical category and 2 blocks under critical category of 14 districts. Whereas,
one block i.e. Gurur block of Balod district falls under over exploited category. Proper groundwater
recharging may drastically change the scenario of groundwater availability of the area. It needs
appropriate groundwater recharge locations, which can identified by using satellite data and GIS. In
this study suitable locations for groundwater recharge structures were identified on the basis of
various standard methodology and available data. Groundwater recharge plan for the semi-critical
blocks of different districts i.e. Durg, Dhamtari, Balod and Bemetara of Chhattisgarh plains was
developed using various thematic maps including classified satellite image, lineament map, drainage
map, slope map and groundwater fluctuation map. Also various recharge structures along with their
sizes are suggested for the semi-critical districts of Chattisgarh. On the basis of this study it was
concluded that 84, 75, 58 and 68 per cent area of Durg, Dhamtari, Balod and Bemetara districts,
respectively was found to be suitable for artificial recharge and finally 107 locations were identified
for check dams, where as 59 location were identified for percolation tanks in Durg district; 101
locations were identified for check dams, whereas 59 location were identified for percolation tanks in
Dhamtari district; 120 locations for check dam and 74 locations for percolation tank in Balod district
and 130 locations for check dam and 59 locations for percolation tank in Bemetara district were
identified.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/6


Estimating the effects of landuse and landcover on groundwater storage in
indira sagar canal command area
Rituraj Shukla, Priti Tiwari, Deepak Khare, M. P. Tripathi
Dept. of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian IIT, Roorkee, Uttarakhand

Effect of land use changes on ground water is noticed more in urban areas because of increase in
settlements by human interaction. Increased impervious area due to land use change has been major factor
in contributing to decreased infiltration. The ground water storage is depleting due to fact that the
extraction of groundwater to fulfill the demand of rapidly growth urbanization with constant surface water
available and portion of the water infiltrating for groundwater storage is reduced due to increase in
imperviousness. Estimating and managing groundwater resources require the integration of large amount
of high quality data from a variety of sources. This study aims of estimating the effects of different
strategies for groundwater recharge and storage. Therefore, land-use changes, groundwater recharge,
groundwater storage equations, preparation of digital elevation model and drainage density scenarios
were setup and their effects on water balance and groundwater dynamics analyzed with the help of
ERDAS IMAGINE 2011 and Arc GIS 10.1. The results of the study indicate that, overall rates of
groundwater storage are predicted to be increase as a result of Land-use and land-cover changes.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/7

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

GIS aided soil mapping of available macro and micronutrients in durg


district of chhattisgarh
L.K. Srivastava, V.N. Mishra, G.K. Jatav and Rakesh Banwasi
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, COA, IGKV, Raipur

A systematic set of geo-referenced samples was collected from the Durg district covering the entire
area using GPS (Global positioning system) and fertility status map was generated by integrating the
individual nutrient cation map in GIS. In general, the soils were low in soluble salts, slightly acidic to
alkaline in reaction and medium to high in organic carbon conten t. The average values of available N,
P and K were 239, 11.29 and 482 kg ha-1 in soil of Durg block; 270, 12.02 and 500 kg ha-1 in soil of
Patan block and 245, 15.40 and 500 kg ha-1 in soil of Dhamdha block, respectively. In Durg block,
75% were low and 25% soil samples medium in N; 60% low and 40% medium in P; where 20%
medium and 80% soil sample found high in K. In Patan block, 48% were low and 52% soil samples
medium in N; 83% low, 12% medium and 5% high in P; where 9% medium and 91% soil sample
found high in K. In Dhamdha block, 62% were low and 38% soil samples medium in N; 44% low,
46% medium and 10 % high in P; where 12% medium and 88% soil sample found high in K. As
regards deficiency of micronutrients, 13, 8, 5 and 2% were deficient in Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn,
respectively in Durg block; 17, 3, 9 and 5 % were deficient in Zn, Fe and Mn, respectively in Patan
block and 12, 5, 14 and 5 % were deficient in Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn, respectively in Dhamdha block.
Results of the study indicate that the soils of Durg district were low to medium in nitrogen and
phosphorus and high in potassium.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/8


Forecasting peak flood data of mahanadi river basin, odisha for design of
hydraulic structures
Kajal Panigrahi, Mayuree giri, B. Panigrahi
Dept. of Civil Engg., Trident Academy of Tech., Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

Mahanadi river basin in most of the western regions of the state. There are frequent flood irrigation to
crops in most of the western regions of the state. There are frequent flood problems in this basin
causing vast damages to both cropped and non-cropped areas. In this paper, a study was undertaken to
predict the peak flood discharge of Mahanadi river basin of Odisha by various probability distribution
functions. Five stations in the middle reach of the basin were selected for the study. Daily discharge
data of 41 years for the stations were used for the analysis. For frequency analysis of peak flood data,
a software “FLOOD” was used and flood data at different probability of exceedences were forecasted
by 12 probability distribution functions (PDFs). The 12 PDFs used in this study are i.e. Normal, Log-
Normal, Pearson Type III, Log Pearson Type III, Weibull, Generalised Pareto, Extreme Value Type
III, Gumbel Maximum, Gumbel Minimum, Generalised Extreme Value, Exponential and Gamma
through the software FLOOD. The statistical analysis revealed that Generalised Pareto was the best fit
distribution for the stations under study. Accordingly values of peak flood discharge were predicted
by this best fit distributions at different probability of exceedences of the Mahanadi river basin. These

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

predicted flood data can be used for hydraulic design of flood control structures in the Mahanadi basin
of Odisha.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/9


Crop modeling and GIS as a tool for enhancing water productivity with
special reference to horticultural crops
Sanjay K. Dwivedi
Dept. of Agronomy, Indira Gandhi Krish Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

The horticulture sector encompasses a wide range of crops e.g., fruit crops, vegetables crops, potato
and tuber crops, ornamental crops, medicinal and aromatic crops, spices and plantation crops. The
amount of water used by a particular crop depends on a number of factors, including crop growth
stage and environmental conditions. In the Indian context, a higher competition in water use is
projected in the future, particularly in the states like Chhattisgarh where rainfed conditions prevail. As
water demand increases, water related problems could happen along the way. Accordingly, issues on
water availability and its use could be crucial to study and search ways and means to cope up with the
present trends. Sound water management practices play a key role in the solution of problems related
to water availability and use. Water use in agriculture is considered to be the highest among other
users because of water intensive processes involved in it. Beside from the crop water requirements,
water losses add a huge volume to the total water wastage in agriculture. Based on this argument,
there is a greater possibility to save water in agriculture, which can be used for other purposes
thereafter. To explore this option, analysis at the crop level is essential. The objective of the study was
to apply CROPWAT model to compute water requirements of different horticultural crops, thereafter
GIS tools were applied for generation of different maps with respect to season. The methodology was
applied to the three different agro-climatic zones of the Chhattisgarh state i.e. Northern hills,
Chhattisgarh plains and Bastar plateau. Nine horticultural crops were considered in the analysis viz.,
fruit crops; mango, papaya, guava, banana, vegetable crops; tomato, brinjal, peppers, onion and
cucurbits. The water requirements of different selected locations of the three agro-climatic zones of
Chhattisgarh were used as a representative of the different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh. The
water requirement of different horticultural crops varied in different areas. Among fruits crops,
banana and mango crop needs about 1645 mm of water in Raipur while it is 1253 in Jashpur.
Similarly, for Guava the water requirement is highest (1549 mm) in Raipur while is lowest (1206 mm)
in Jashpur. Water requirement of Papaya crop for Raipur is 1606 mm, while the lowest value (1227
mm) was predicted in Jashpur. Among vegetable crops, the highest water requirement (818 mm) was
computed for brinjal crop for Raipur station whereas the lowest (663 mm) was computed for Jashpur
in case of brinjal crop. Thus, computing the exact water requirements of the crops in the region may
help in formulating the region and crop specific irrigation schedule resulting in reducing the water
wastage, bringing down the irrigation costs and thereby upscaling water productivity towards
livelihood of disadvantaged rural farmers of Chhattisgarh state.

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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/10


Natural resources management planning of micro watershed using remote
sensing and gis
Love Kumar, Dhiraj Khalkho, Prafull Katre, M. P. Tripathi, S.K. Patil, and G. K. Nigam
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur Chhattisgarh

Watersheds are natural hydrologic units and the boundaries of which rarely coincide with the
administrative boundaries viz., village, taluk etc. Further, watersheds are spatial in nature and
delineation of them into a unit such as sub, mini and micro watershed varies from person to person
and agency to agency. Satellite remote sensing data have the advantage of providing up-to-date and
comprehensive information needed for systematic and scientific planning of watershed development
activities. It provides spatial information on drainage, stream, tank, land-use/land cover, geology, soils
and many other natural entites etc. Cadastral or Revenue map is normally a parcel based, and up-to-
date land information system containing a record of a piece of land. Cadastral maps shows the relative
location of all parcels in a given village or tehsil or district. They commonly available in range from
scales of 1:4000 to 1:10000. Information in the textual or attribute files of the cadastral, such as land
value, ownership, or use, can be accessed by these unique parcel codes (Kasra numbers) shown on the
cadastral map. Maniari watershed is situated in Lormi block of Mungeli district and located between
210 11’0”and 210 34’0” N and 81028’30” and 81057’30” E. It falls in SOI topographical map no. 64
F/12 (1: 50,000). The Maniari watershed covers geographical area of 1085.65 Km2. The general
elevation of the area ranges from 262 to 980 m above mean sea level (MSL). The annual average
rainfall of the area is 1158 mm. For the study False Color Composite (FCC) of IRS-R2 LISS IV
geocoded data was interpreted in conjunction with survey of india (SOI) toposheet on (1:50000) scale
to extract information on existing land use/land cover, slope, aspect, and physiography along with
other secondary data for characterization and mapping of farming situation in the Maniari Small
watershed. The revenue map of 1:4000 scale was digitized and converted to vector shape file with
attributes of field details like owners name and khasra number etc. This revenue map was overlapped
to the FCC of mosaic satellite data for retrieving the true land characterization of the Small watershed.
Four farming situation were identified, characterized and mapped as per the local names of viz. Bhata,
Matasi, Dorsa, Kanhar. based on the soil sampling analysis and peoples participating research
interaction in the villages.The geodatabase in digital format was created by preparing all the spatial
information of the sub watershed no. 4G3F4n comprising of 40 villages and 25535 farm fields.Total
1217.77 ha, 129.76 ha and 23.37 ha of current fallow under Matasi, Dorsa and Kanhar farming
situation respectively during Kharif and 2870 ha under Kanher farming situation during Rabi can be
brought under cultivation utilizing the additional developed water resource of 12.43 Mm3

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/11


Site suitability mapping for water storage structures using remote sensing
& gis for a small watershed of lormi block in mungeli district
Love Kumar, Dhiraj Khalkho, Prafull Katre, M. P. Tripathi, S.K. Patil, and Yatnesh
Bisen
Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur Chhattisgarh

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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Water plays a vital role not only in fulfilling basic human need for life and health but in socio-
economic development also. As the primary source of water is rainfall, so it becomes necessary for us
to harvest it effectively we can maximize the storage and minimize the wastage of rain water. Water
storage is like an insurance mechanism and acts as a barrier against the variability of the rainfall
regimes and therefore increases the resilience of the stakeholder against dry spell during the rainy
season. Water storage structures are one of the important Water storage structures are one of the
important components of watershed development which not only collects and stores water but also
utilized for infiltration purpose to recharge the ground water. The construction of water storage
structure requires a considerable investment. Decision making and planning about the required
number and type of water storages structures to be constructed using remote sensing and GIS is
extremely important to avoid huge investment. Maniari watershed is is situated in Lormi block of
Mungeli district and located between 210 11’0”and 210 34’0” N latitudes and 81028’30” and 81057’30”
E longitudes (Fig 1). It falls in SOI topographical map no. 64 F/12 (1: 50,000). The Maniari watershed
covers geographical area of 1085.65 km2. The general elevation of the area ranges from 262 to 980 m
above mean sea level (MSL). In the present study an attempt is made to determine the suitable site for
water storage in Maniari watershed using remote data and geographic information system (GIS)
technique. Based on the various physical characteristics of the basin, Multi-Criteria Evaluation
technique is being applied to determine the most suitable water storage sites. For this purpose
hydrologic soil group, land use, lineament, slope, stream order and Geology data is required. Different
layers were formed based on the mentioned data and given equal weightage to all the layers. A scale
value in the range 1 to 5 is used in which „1‟ is for least suitable and „5‟ is for highly suitable. These
layers are overlay in GIS to produce the site suitability map of the study area. As per the multi-criteria
evaluation technique, there are about 93 locations coming under the category of highly suitable sites.
This mapping helps in selecting potential site for water storage structures.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/12


Development of thematic maps for seonath basin of chhattisgarh using
remote sensing and geographic information system techniques
Gaurav Kant Nigam, M. P. Tripathi, S. K. Ambast, D. Khalkho and Yatnesh Bisen
Dept. of Soil and Water Engineering, SVCAET&RS, FAE, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

A thematic map focuses in a specific idea or theme. Thematic maps serve the different purposes such
as they provide specific information about particular locations, general information about spatial
patterns and can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps. In recent years, application of
satellite data and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools have been successfully explored to
generate adequate data on the spatial variations in drainage characteristics which provide an insight
into hydrologic conditions, hence for the watershed management. The satellite remote sensing has the
ability to provide synoptic view of large area and is very useful. The image interpretation techniques
are less time consuming than the ground surveys, which coupled with limited field checks yield
valuable results. Using GIS tools and satellite based remote sensing, various resources maps were
generated. The research study was undertaken to generate various thematic maps for Seonath Basin of
Chhattisgarh. The base maps such as watershed boundary, drainage network were prepared with the
help of Survey of India topographical map and Geographical Information System (GIS). The satellite

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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

data of LANDSAT 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager) and TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) 30 meter
resolution image of 28thSeptember 2015 and 5th October 2015 of the study area were used after the
conversion of 15 meter resolution for generating land use/land cover map using ERDAS IMAGINE
9.2 software. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 1 Arc-Second Global of 30 meter was used
for the preparation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM)of the study area and can also be used for the
morphometric analysis. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was also used for the automatic
delineation of Drainage network and preparation of watershed map of the study area. Other thematic
maps of the study area such as soil texture map, soil depth map, geology map, slope map, contour
map, lineament map, district boundary map, rainfall gauge location map, city and village map were
prepared for the study area using the GIS 10 software. The land use/land cover images of the study
area were categorized into ten different classes. The results indicate that most of the area about 49%
falls under the low land paddy and very small area about 0.31% falls in shallow water body. The
study area consisted of six soil series, most of them were cultivable. The slope maps of the study area
were classified in five classes and result showed that about 75%land area of total study area of slope
was less than 1% that should undergo cultivation. Whereas, for the topography having slope of about
more than 50%, conservation practices are necessary for cultivation purpose and on the remaining
piece of land different plantations should be taken.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/13


Geospatial techniques for efficient land and water resource planning of
village dabo of mungeli district
Dhiraj Khalkho, Love Kumar, M. P. Tripathi, S. K. Patil, G. K. Nigam and Y. Bisen
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

False colour composite (FCC) of IRS-P6 LISS IV geocoded data was interpreted in conjunction with
survey of India (SOI) toposheet on 1:50000 scale to extract information on existing land use/ land
cover, slope, aspect and physiography for characterization and mapping of soils in the Village Dabo
of Block and District Mungeli (Chhattisgarh). The revenue maps of 1:4000 scale was digitized and
converted to vector shape file with attributes of field details like owners name & caste and coverage
area, perimeter etc. This revenue map was overlapped to the FCC of mosaic satellite data for
retrieving the true land characterization of the project area. Two farming situations were characterized
and mapped as per the local names of the agro climatic zone viz. Matasi and Dorsa comprising of
52.3% and 47.7% area respectively. The village was classified into nine land use classes and found
that the total agricultural land comprising of harvested fields, lowland paddy, midland paddy and
soybean crop covering a total area of 250.46 ha. Total of 420 farm fields were digitized and converted
to vector layer and micro level land and water resources management plan was developed for the
same. Total five new small ponds and two check dam were proposed as per the best identified site for
harnessing of runoff and recharging of ground water.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/14


Impact of urbanization on water resources: modelling and simulation of
surface runoff and groundwater recharge over land use change
Manish Kumar Sinha, M. K. Verma, K. Baier, R. Azzam

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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Dept. of Engg. Geology and Hydrogeology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

The on-going rapid and dynamic urbanization in India shows an interesting, but complex setting in
which hazards and risks arise for water. In urban environment, due to human activity and/or
anthropogenic conditions, significant deterioration of water quantity as well as quality occurs that
leads to various health issues. Inefficient/ improper/ excess utilization of chemicals, seepage &
leakages from the sewerage systems and the discharge of untreated water from non-existent or
malfunction in treatment facilities also get release to water body and finally lead to ground water
pollution in the entire locality.This research aims to develop a relationship between human activities
in terms of landuse change and present changing water quantity and quality due to urbanization. Thus
this research work model water quantity and quality in certain discipline like surface hydrology,
groundwater hydrology.Hence, an interdisciplinary approach has been incorporated for in-depth
modelling between landuse and water resources with explicit characterization. Two difference
modelling scenarios namely; SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) and MODFLOW, has been
employed for surface water management and groundwater management respectively. The key issue of
use of these models are the different modelling platform in which they work. This has been resolved
by using a new modelling platform called OpenMI (Open Model Interface). Both models has been
tightly coupled so that they can share the real-time data in single model window. This research at the
local level (micro level) develops the information to make decisions for sustainable water
management in cities. Also this study will reveal a transparent fundamental framework for modelling
Interaction between urbanization and water resources, although this study provides a support system
to overcome the environmental burdens due to urban landuse change.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/15


Flood plain mapping and modeling of ungauged basin using h &h model
Triambak Baghel, Nikita Sinha, Ishtiyaq Ahmad, M. K. Verma
National Institute of Technology Raipur, India

Overland flooding is generally a cause of extreme rainfall event or changes in hydrological response
from the rivers or streams. The anthropogenic activities such as land use land cover changes as
construction/alteration on natural streams are also causes’ flooding. Flood leads to losses of lives and
properties. Therefore it becomes necessity to study flood plan map of that particular area/site. In this
study Geographical Information System based modeling of micro catchment has been carried out to
obtain flood plain map for 100 year return period in an ungauged basin. A lose coupled HEC-HMS
(Hydraulic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modelling Simulation) and HEC-RAS (Hydraulic
Engineering Center – River Analysis System) modeling has been adopted to simulate rainfall runoff
relationship in the area. Due to unavailability of gauging site on the catchment aquantification of peak
runoff in the stream has been done using well known SCS-Curve Number method. Further the
calculated peak runoff of the stream is used as an input for RAS model for generation of flood plan
map. The resulting flood plain map has been use for planning and rerouting of access water from the
catchment.

78

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/16


Land use land cover analysis and accuracy assessment using landsat sensor
data
Nikita Sinha, Preeti Rajput, Manish Kumar Sinha, Ishtiyaq Ahmed
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, India

An application of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques are the
major technological advancement used in recent scientific research studies. In this study RS and GIS
has been successfully applied for the assessment of dynamic change in the urbanization of Raipur city
in Chhattisgarh state in India. Historical data base, temporal imageries and field metadata has been
utilised to access the change in the landuse landcover(LULC) of Raipur city since year 1972 to 2015.
After some significant literature review, Landsat satellite images are found to be best suitable and
available for this study so those are used for the landcover classification. In this paper, a
spatiotemporal analysis using a time series data of Landsat, aims at detection of the urban growth
pattern and changes during six consecutive time periods in the Raipur urban agglomeration. Landsat
ETM+, TM and MSS sensor data has been used to create LULC maps of the study area using ERDAS
Imagine software. A supervised classification has been applied with different clarifiers to generate the
LULC maps. The result shows significant changes in LULC from 1972 to 2015 which leads
unbalanced urbanization to natural resource management. A spatio-temporal variation has been
mapped to see/analyse the dynamic behaviour of urban sprawl of Raipur city. The resulting maps are
verified by ground controlling points and also accuracy assessment has been performed which shows
80-90% correct results. The idea behind this study is to understand the emerging urban growth
pattern, to quantify the future changes of urban sprawl in Raipur city and to support the planning
process and policies makers to guide or redirect spatial growth in the city.

ETEWP-2016/GT & HM/17


Soil quality ranking of a small sample size using AHP
Nirmal Kumar
Division of Remote Sensing Applications, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning Nagpur, Maharashtra

Principal component analysis (PCA) is the most popular approach to define an appropriate minimum
data set (MDS) and their weights for integrating these to Soil Quality Index (SQI). However,
analyzing a small sample size with PCA will easily produce errors of inference. Our objective was to
develop a soil quality assessment protocol for cotton growing soils of Hinganghat, a major cotton
growing tehsil of Wardha district. A small sample size of six soil series with varying properties
namely, Bothali, Chanakpur, Waigaon, Hewan, Karla, and Lasanpur, reported to occur in the tehsil
were selected. Soil organic matter, soil depth, soil drainage condition, and clay with associated
properties were selected as MDS. For defining scores and weights to integrate them in a SQI,
Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used. AHP is widely used multi-criteria decision method
which determines the weight based on pair-wise comparisons of parameters according to relative
importance. The weights of the parameters selected were found to be in order: depth (56%), clay
(26%), organic carbon (12%), and drainage (6%). The scores were also defined by AHP of the sub
79

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

criteria of each parameter. The result indicates the SQ of the soil series decreases in order from
Bothali – Hewan – Lasanpur – waigaon – Karla – Chanakpur. This method counts both quantitative
and qualitative factors, and, is fit for small sample size.

Theme 6 – Precision Farming & Green House Technology for Improving Water
Productivity

ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/1


Plasticulture interventions in soil and water management of hill agriculture
Deepti patel, Sanjay Kumar Verma and R.K. Bisen

Use of plastics (plasticulture), a significant member of the petrochemical industry in agriculture has a
great scope in the management of soil and water. Plastic interventions are capable of enhancing
production and productivity of horticultural crops in the hill region. It is reported that, in many places
plasticulture has increased the average yields of different vegetables, by 75 to 100% and the use of
plastic mulch in combination with drip irrigation has been shown to cut water usage by 50-75%.
Plasticulture has many advantages in terms of in-situ moisture conservation, conveyance of irrigation
water and removal of excess water (subsurface drainage), water harvesting and in efficient irrigation
and fertigation etc. In soil management, the plasticulture is important for cultivation along the hill
slope without adequate conservation measures and rapid loss of tree over from the mountains have
rendered them susceptible to accelerated soil erosion, landslides and loss of habitat.

ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/2


Studies on different level of fertigation and different types of mulch on
yield & quality attributes of tomato under natural ventilated polyhouse
Dr. P. C. Chaurasiya, Dr. R. K. Mishra & Sunidhi Mishra
IGKV, Potato & Temperate Horticulture Research Station, Mainpat, Surguja, Chhattisgarh

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) belong to family Solanaceae is an extremely popular and
widely grown vegetable in the world .It is grown for its edible fruits, which can be consumed either
fresh as Salad or consumed after cooking or utilized in preparation of range of processed product like
sauce, ketchup, puree, paste, powder, soup and canned whole fruit chips green fruits are used for
preparation of pickles and chutney. Water soluble fertilizers more effective for suitability of nutrient
to plant and enhance to plant growth, development and quality of yield of Tomato. Mulching is very
important technique for crops and uses of different types of mulching evaluation of effective mulch
for saving of water, control of weed and absorption of nutrients and improve the fruit quality of
Tomato. The experiment was conducted under natural ventilated polyhouse at Potato Research
Station, Mainpat, Surguja, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Chhattisgarh in the year 2015-16.
Five levels of fertigation viz. 80% RDF, 100% RDF, 120% RDF, 140% RDF and control sub-factor
viz. plastic mulch, Sarai leaves and without mulch. The design adopted for experiment was split plot
design with two replication using the spacing between row to row and plant to plant 45x60 cm.

80

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plant in each plot with different characters i.e.
plant height, number of leaves per plant, days to first flowering, days to first fruiting and yield was
also analyzed at maturity. Maximum plant height was observed under the treatment T 4 followed by
treatment T2 while, minimum plant height was obtained in control similar result was found of number
of leaves per plant. Maximum fruit yield was found under the treatment T 1 (80%RDF with plastic
mulch).

ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/3


Precision farming and its importance in agriculture
Toshima Kushram, Mukesh Kumar Sahu, Akhilesh K Kulmitra, Neha Sahu, Roshan
Chandraker
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

Nonstop supply of pollutant free huge food production for the ever-increasing population as well as
the challenges of market and globalized markets creates scope of introduction and adoption of modern
technologies in agriculture. Precision farming provides a new solution using a systems approach for
today's agricultural issues such as the need to balance productivity with environmental concerns. It is
based on the implementation of advanced information technologies. Precision agriculture is a
management system that is information and technology based, is site specific and uses one or more of
the following sources of data: soils, crops, nutrients, pests, moisture, or yield, for optimum
profitability, sustainability and protection of the environment. This concept is sometimes called
precision farming or site-specific management. The idea is to know the soil and crop characteristics
unique to each part of the field and to optimize the production inputs within small portions of the
field. Precision farming aims at maximum production efficiency with minimum environmental
impact. Currently it is the potential for improved productivity as well as profitability that is driving
precision farming rather than the more serious issue of long-term sustainability.

ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/4


Review of hydroponic techniques for production of fruit crops
G.L. Sharma and K.L. Patel
Dept.of Fruit Science, IGKV, Raipur

Hydroponics is the technical nomenclature for all forms of cultivation in nutrient solution without
using soil. The word hydroponics is derived from two Greek words: hydro, water and ponos (from
Greek), which means work. The combination of words means "work with the water" and implicitly,
means the use of solutions and chemical fertilizers for growing plants in the absence of soil (Catellane
and Araujo, 1995). Hydroponic cultivation of plants is an ancient technique of cultivation. Plant
growth in water is reported in hieroglyphic files dating hundreds of years before Christ, which
describes the cultivation of plants in the River Nile. It is believed that the first use of hydroponic
cultivation as a tool was in ancient Babylon, in the famous hanging gardens, known as one of the
seven wonders of the ancient world (Prieto Martinez, 2006). Woodward, in 1699, probably conducted
the first experiments testing growing plants in liquid medium without the use of solid substrates. In
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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

1804, Saussure made one of the first attempts to analyze the factors involved in growing plants in
nutrient media, establishing the requirement to provide nitrogen in the form of nitrate to the solution
of cultivation. In the nineteenth century intensive research were performed involving nutrient
solutions and plant growth. Researchers like Sachs, Boussingault and Knop performedvarious
experiments with nutrient solution that helped to determine the essentiality of certain chemical
elements for plant growth (Dechenet al., 2006). Thus, even in tropical countries with abundant land,
hydroponics has been used quite successfully. In addition to the high capacity of production,
independent of climate and soil conditions, hydroponics also offers high quality products and reduced
use of pesticides when compared to the traditional cultivation in soil (Castellane and Araujo, 1995).
ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/5
Precision agriculture: an opportunity for today’s farmer
Ashulata Netam, Mansingh Banjare, R.K.Naik and Dileshwari
Department of FMPE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, I.G.K.V., Raipur

Agriculture is the base of Indian economy. There is a need to provide better technological solutions to
the farmers for the precision agriculture. Precision agriculture(PA) highlights the increased efficiency
that can be realized by understanding and dealing with the natural variability found within a field. The
goal is not to obtain the same yield everywhere, but rather to manage and distribute inputs on a site
specific basis to maximize long term cost/benefit. Input costs and decreasing commodity prices, the
farmers are looking for new ways to increase efficiency and cut costs. The objectives of this perusal
are to collect information about precision farming technology and its opportunities. PA technologies,
such as Global Positioning Systems, Geographic Information Systems, remote sensing, yield
monitors, mapping and guidance systems for variable rate application, made it possible to manage
within-field variation on large scales. Precision farming is information-intense and geographical
positioning is the backbone and an essential tool to record all the site-specific information about the
field, weed patches, crop canopy, soil texture and previous yields. Now a day, PA allows farmers to
increasingly integrate and take control of the production process in order to improve the profitability
of the farm operation and reduce production risk. Results of the study show that there are many
opportunities and challenges for adoption of precision agricultural techniques around the world.
Although the form of precision practices may be different from one place to another place, depending
upon the creative mindset of farmers, practitioners, scientists and consultants local to the area of
interest.

ETEWP-2016/PF & GHT/6


Importance of GIS & GPS in precision farming
M. Banjare, Ashulata Netam, R.K. Naik and Dileshwari
Department of FMPE, SVCAET & RS, FAE, I.G.K.V., Raipur

Precision farming is a phrase that captures the imagination of many concerned with the production of
food, feed, and fiber. The concept of precision farming offers the promise of increasing productivity
while decreasing production cost and minimizing environmental impacts. Precision farming conjures
up images of farmers overcoming the elements with computerized machinery that is precisely
controlled via satellites and local sensors and using planning software that accurately predicts crop

82

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

development. This image has been called the future of farming. Precision farming lends itself to most
agricultural applications and can be implemented at whatever levels are required. Precision farming is
based on information technology, which enables the producer to collect information and data for
better decision making. Precision farming is a pro-active approach that reduces some of the risk and
variables common to farming. GIS is a useful tool for the assessment and management of agricultural
resources. GIS plays an important role in the development of expert systems in different fields of
agriculture as an essential technology for the decision support system. Geographic information system
(GIS) which is emerged by calculating the present context allows us to produce a complex view about
the land’s characteristics. Thus, it provides making appropriate decisions in the field of farming. Tools
such as GPS, GIS, and RS are used to determine variability and different factors and elements in a
farm. Fast processing by GIS systems and increasing the accuracy of satellite images data with the
help of data collected from location experimental data provide appropriate solutions. Pest and disaster
control, crop estimation and evaluating the status of plant growth are provided at a very wide level by
satellite data and reduce the adverse effects of plans on the environment and smooth the ways to
achieve sustainable, environmental, and dynamic agriculture development.

Theme 7 – Adoption of Water Management Technologies for Enhancing Water


Productivity

ETEWP-2016/WMT/1
Need of market intelligence in agribusiness sector
Prishila Kujur
Dept.of Agricultural Economics, IGKV Raipur (C.G.)

Market Intelligence will empower the farmers and agricultural and allied producers to take advantage
of the global opportunities. To increase the productivity, profitability and market access of the
farming community would be achieved by providing them technical knowledge, market intelligence
and market network to support diversification and intensification of agricultural production aimed at
responding to market demand. The compiling and dissemination of the agricultural market
information and intelligence facilitating greater volumes of trade in the sector. These are vital,
because such data are not only a key input for planning and decision-making by agricultural market
participants, but also for effective government policy making and administrative decision-making.
The availability of authentic trade data including market prices and quality standards and
specifications required by various markets would enable our farmers, processors, exporters and policy
makers to take informed decisions. APEDA has set up a portal named "Indian Agri Trade Junction" as
a part of APEDA for providing comprehensive international market intelligence. The recent private
initiatives are e-choupals, which have been linked to the internet and connected to hubs which are in
turn linked with State office for administrative work. Many agribusiness portals enable access to large
amount of agribusiness related information covering Agricultural and Food Industry. These are being
developed to address the information, knowledge and business requirements of farmers, trade channel
partners and agricultural input/output companies. The KVKs, Directorates of Extension of State
Agricultural Universities, and district level agriculture offices should be more strengthened by

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

providing a postharvest technology wings, consisting of scientist, agribusiness professional,


technicians and demonstration units, equipped with market intelligence on specific commodities.
Market intelligence activities and competence needs to be strengthened to meet the increasing global
competition. The need for market intelligence is even more crucial in the agriculture sector where
India has a vast untapped potential.

ETEWP-2016/WMT/2
Sustainable water management strategies in chhattisgarh
Rewendra Kumar Sahu, Subhodh Pradhan, Vivek Kumar Kurrey and Vikas Ramteke
Department of Agricultural Extension, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, (C.G.)

All sites for water storage and harvesting are “nature’s gift and national assets and must be used with
utmost care and planning. The national water resource strategy provides the framework for the
protection, use, development, conservation, management and control of water resources for the
country as a whole. It also provides the framework within which water will be managed at regional or
catchment level, in defined water management areas. Development of sustainable water management
strategies for Chhattisgarh involves identification of vulnerability and adaptation possibilities,
followed by an effect analysis of these adaptation strategies under different possible futures. Recent
scenario studies on water management were mainly ‘what-if’ assessments in one or two future
situations. The future is, however, more complex and dynamic. It involves general trends and
unexpected events in both the water and the social system. Moreover, the two systems interact:
society responds to events and the state of the water system changes in response to management.
Agricultural scientists and watershed experts, both at the Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur, and from farmers’ organizations and NGOs have made several recommendations. They
suggested location-specific interventions after taking into account the differences in topology and
terrain across the state, and the accompanying differences in soil texture and moisture retention, etc.
Based on all these considerations and after identifying the problem, an appropriate cropping regime,
including fertilizers to be used, has been drawn up.

ETEWP-2016/WMT/3
Mera gaon mera gaurav: A holistic approach for farmers
Lemesh Kumar Pandey, Yogesh Upadhyay, Birendra tigga, P.K Jaiswal
College of Agriculture and research station, Baikunthpur Korea (C.G.)

India is basically a farming based country and it is most important to access the impact of technology
time to time, for the transfer of maximum number of technologies among the farmers. PM had started
great programme for the success of the “Lab to land” programme. In this connection Scientists may
interact with the farmers in their own situations and try to solve their problems. All 20,000 scientists
are involved for achieving this goal thus collaboration with the university and the ICAR scientist had
play great importance to achieve the target oriented services; provided by them for the maximum
utilization of technologies. Based on the research findings programmes may be conducted as per their
need.and interventions of the technologies should be also may be analyzed. Programmes are centrally
organized and implemented at the village level and technologies are transfer through various media

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Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

and programmes. Some technologies are adopted and rejected by the community best on the farmer
situations. “Mera Gaon mera gaurav” has great approach for transfer of maximum numbers of
technologies. Scientist are directly interact with the farmers and solve their issues in their own
situations .finally it is concluded that it is best way to analysis the problem at village level and made
programme for success of the maximum technologies adoption at village level.

ETEWP-2016/WMT/4
Impact of water saving direct seeded rice technology at nicra village
kharghna
Shilpa Kaushik, A. Shukla, Rajiv Dixit, J. Yadav
Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Bilaspur

Rice is a principal crop of District Bilaspur Chhattisgarh . It is being generally said that “
Ricecultivation (monocrop and poverty go together”. It indicates that poverty of farmers of District
Bilaspur can not be eliminated through rice cultivation alone. Bilaspur district is situated between 21 0
41’ & 23o 7’ and 810 21’ & 830 19’ E at elevation of 231 above sea level. The climate of the district is
sub-tropical.In the farmer field initially the the farmers are not interested in doing summer ploughing
because they though that chemical measure are the best way to control weeds. But DSR technology
was demonstrated in village Kharghna by KVK Bilaspur for FLD with Mahamaya rice variety. In
DSR technology the line sowing of rice using seed drill with seed rate of 40 kg/ha & application of
pre emergence herbicide , Pyrasosulphuron 10% WP @ 197.6gm/ha and Post emergence Bisbyribac
sodium 247ml/ha herbicide for the control of weeds. After application of DSR technology the farmers
were now accepting this technology. This technology improves the economic status of the farmer and
helps in timely sowing of Rice and saves 25% and water saving, 27% and Diesel saving ing for
pumping respectively . Labour saving 35-40 labour per ha and most important fact is the early
maturity of the crop (7-10 days) and time saving for Rabi crop.

ETEWP-2016/WMT/5
Recent technology developed for wastewater treatment
Jahaar Singh, Bhimeshwari Sahu and Upendra Kumar Nag
Department of Plant Pathology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater - which is water no longer needed or
suitable for its most recent use - into an effluent that can be either returned to the water cycle with
minimal environmental issues or reused. The use of conventional water and wastewater treatment
processes becomes increasingly challenged with the identification of more and more contaminants,
rapid growth of population and industrial activities, and diminishing availability of water
resources.There are innovative technologies that have been recentlyintroduced to the US wastewater
market that can be used to minimize capital costs and energy footprintfor disinfection. Some most
techniques are emerging treatment technologies, including membrane filtration, advanced oxidation
processes, and UV irradiation, hold great promise to provide alternatives for better protection of
public health and the environment. However, nearly 30 percent of the municipal facilities produced
and discharged effluent at higher levels of treatment than the minimum federal standards for

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

secondary treatment.Membrane bioreactor is a form of activated sludgeprocess which replaces gravity


settling of conventionaladvanced oxidation processes and uses micro filtration or ultrafiltration)
membranes as a physical barrierfor the final clarification. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) is an
emerging biological treatment process which utilises advantages of both activated sludge process and
membrane filtration. Due to therobustness, reliability and flexibility, MBR technology isgaining wide
acceptance in field of wastewater treatment.Mature wastewater disinfection technologies, including
ultraviolet (UV) and ozone disinfection, have beena focus of both fundamental and applied research,
resulting in significant improvements in the efficiencyof these systems. While there have been
significant advances in UV and ozone technologies, there aresometimes challenges with capital costs
and consistent disinfection performance, particularly for facilitieswith high peaking factors or with
low UV transmittance or high total suspended solids.

Theme 8 – Interdisciplinary Approach for Sustainable Natural Resources Management

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./01
Temperature optimization of shrink wrap packaging machine for packing
of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) pulp briquettes in HDPE film
Bhagwat kumar
SV College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology and Research Station IGKV, Raipur

Tamarind is major Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) of Chhattisgarh state. The total estimated
production of tamarind as per the data obtained from the CG Mandi board and the Chhattisgarh Minor
Forest Produce Marketing Federation (CGMFP Fed) is approximately 5-8 Lakh Quintals. Its value
addition work fetch better remuneration and improve agriculture based livelihood opportunities. An
attempt was made to assess the optimum shrink temperature for packaging of tamarind briquettes in
HDPE (130µ). 13×9×2 cm3 Of tamarind pulp (flesh) briquettes were wrapping with HDPE film and
sample of wrap tamarind briquettes were individually shrink in different temperature 200, 250, 280,
300 and 320 °C at residence time 7-10 second. Physiological assessment of packaging materials and
tamarind pulp briquettes (moisture, color) was done immediately after shrink packaging. Packaging
material defect fish eyes, weak seal was found at 200 and 250 °C, burn out/burn hole, hot spot occur
at 300 °C and at 320 °C smoking with burn out/burn hole, hot spot was observed. Moisture and color
of tamarind pulp briquettes was found no change on 200, 250, 280 and 300 °C while 320 °C shrink
temperature tamarind pulp moisture slightly decreased and color increased with respect to without
shrink tamarind pulp briquettes. No packaging defect, moisture and colour changes of pulp were
found at shrink temperature 280 °C.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./02
High income generate through processing and value addition in
ornamental plants
Mukesh Kumar Sahu, Akhilesh K Kulmitra, Toshima Kushram, Neha Sahu, Roshan
Chandraker

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Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Due to change in lifestyle the demand for flowers is increasing day by day especially in urban areas.
During the peak season may be festivals, religious ceremonies, valentine day, marriages etc., there is a
great demand of flowers and farmer get a good price. However floriculture is presently considered as
the most lucrative agro-enterprise in terms of profit making but in case of glut or off season the
demand is less and supply is more farmers do not get remunerative price. Due to highly perishable
nature, most of these flowers are being wasted, therefore, value addition is a very good alternative to
avoid wastage and utilize glut. Value addition in floriculture increases the economic value and
consumer appeal of any floral commodity. Value addition means increasing the value of a raw
product anytime between harvesting and sale of the final product through changes by processing.
Different kinds of value-added products are nowadays formulated and marketed by the companies
which include essential oils, flavours, fragrance, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds,
insecticidal and nematicidal compounds, pigments and natural dye, vanilla-based products, gulkand,
rose water etc. Besides floristry items, flower arrangements and floral ornaments are important value
addition with the fresh flowers and other ornamentals.
ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./03
Medicinal plants and their value addition
Laxmi singh and Preeti painkra
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, IGKV, Raipur

Medicinal plants are those plants which are rich in secondary metabolites and are potential source of
drugs. Medicinal plants are considered as natures antidotes against human ailments and disorders. In
India medicinal plants comprises approximately 8000 species and account for around 50% of all the
higher flowering plant species of India. The world demand for medicinal plants and its products are
ever increasing; furthermore herbs are building blocks to a series of value added derivatives such as
alkaloids, food supplements, herbal oil, oleoresins, crude drugs, ground herbs, herbal powder etc.
Value addition of the medicinal plants is very much essential for commercial exploitation as well as
medicinal value of the raw drugs. Even authenticated plant material may not be a desired quality and
not conforming to the physiochemical parameters of the concentration of the active constituents. Such
material is liable to be rejected or accepted at very low price, causing not only economic loss to the
cultivators or collectors. Value addition can be achieved directly by improving the quality of the
cultivated plant material (collection in the proper season, harvesting, processing, grading, sorting,
cleaning, packaging and microscopic examination) and indirectly by quality assurance of the plant
material or semi processing of the material to a value added product like powder, tables/ capsules,
extracts etc. Increasing interest by multinational pharmaceutical companies and domestic
manufacturers of herbal based medicines is contributing sufficient economic growth of the global
medicine plant sector. Value addition can be done locally but skill upgradation, assured supply side
position and efficient market for value added products are constraints.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./04
Genetic diversity, heritability and agro-morphological characterization in
bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.].

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Lav Kumar, Dr. J. Trivedi, Dr. D.Sharma, Dr. A.dixit, Bhanupratap Jangde, Pappu Lal
Bairwa
Department of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

The present investigation was conducted during the year 2015-16 at Research cum Instructional Farm,
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.). The experiment was comprised of sixty nine
genotypes of bottle gourd and laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The
analyses of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes were highly significant for
all characters. The genotype IBG-61 was found highest yield and earliest flowering was noted in IBG-
69 earliest. The highest heritability was recorded for the characters days to 50% flowering, node
number of first female flower, node number of first male flower, number of branches per plant,
days to first female appears, days to fruit set, 100 seed weight, days to first fruit harvest, fruit
yield per plot, days to first male flower appears, fruit length, fruit girth. The divergence analysis
revealed the presence of appreciable amount of genetic diversity in the tested genotype sixty nine
genotypes were grouped into five clusters. The intra and inter cluster distance were computed for all
the clusters. Result indicated that the genotypes belongs the cluster IV viz. IBG-31, IBG-56, IBG-58,
IBG-59, IBG-61, IBG- 65,IBG- 67, and IBG- 68.may be utilized as parents for hybridization in future
breeding programmes. Inter crossing of genotypes from diversed clusters showing superior mean
performance may help in obtaining higher fruit yield per plant with growth and fruit characters of lead
components in bottle gourd for Chhattisgarh plains.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./05
Influence of pesticides on environment and wildlife ecology
Maya Shree Mahipal, Devendra Nishad, Gajendra Chandrakar and Yashpal Singh
Nirala
Department of Entomology, COA and RS, Korea, Chhattisgarh, India

Pesticides are toxic chemicals designed to be consciously released into the environment. Pesticides
may impact wildlife when a part of its habitat or food supply is modified.Although each pesticide is
meant to kill a certain pest, a very large percentage of pesticides reach a destination other than their
target. Instead, they enter the air, water, sediments and even end up in our food. Pesticides easily
contaminate the air, ground and water when they run off from fields, escape storage tanks, are not
discarded properly and especially when they are sprayed aerially. The use of pesticides decreases the
general biodiversity in the soil. If there is no chemicals in the soil there is higher soil quality, and this
allows for higher water retention, necessary for plants to grow. Pesticides that can be found in soil,
hindered the nitrogen fixation for the growth of many large plants, which is necessary. As a result of
this, large decline of crop yields. Honeybees are pollinators, they can be killed when application of
pesticides to crops are in blooming stage. This creates a decrease in crop pollination and
reproduction. Birds are being harmed by pesticide use, several bird species lost due to accumulation
of pesticides in their tissues. For birds and mammals, fungicides used in farming are slightly toxic, but
may kill off earthworms, which can in turn reduce populations of the birds and mammals that feed on
them. Another way their affects is that some pesticides come in granular form, mistaking birds and
other wildlife for grains of food and may eat the granules. Herbicides may reduce food, cover, and

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

nesting sites needed by insect, bird, and mammal populations; insecticides may diminish insect
populations fed on by bird or fish species; insect pollinators may be reduced, thereby affecting plant
pollination.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./06
Neglected and underutilized vegetable crops of chhattisgarh
Vivek Kumar Kurrey
Department of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, (C.G.)

Vegetables are the important components among horticultural crops in the diversification of
agriculture to provide food and nutritional security for the ever-growing population of the country.
Chhattisgarh has a wide variety of climate and soils in which more than hundred types of vegetables
are grown, but maximum emphasis has been given to a limited number of vegetables only.
Chhattisgarh is known for its vast resources of underexploited vegetables which are the store house of
nutrients and phyto-chemicals and some are having medicinal uses also. Consumption of these crops
has significant health promoting effects. These are considered as protective foods since they can
reduce the risk of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular problems, cancers and various other
degenerative diseases. Importance of nutritional quality of underutilized vegetables in human is very
important. Underutilized cucurbit crops include sweet gourd, ridge gourd, smooth gourd, snap melon
etc. High content of protein is reported in spine gourd among cucurbits. Crops like chow-chow and
pointed gourd have specific adaptability to certain areas. Protein rich underutilized legumes include
jack bean, sword bean, winged bean, dolichos bean etc. Cruciferous vegetables are rich in sulphur
containing glucoside called glucosinolates and sprouting broccoli has the powerful anticancer
components ever detected. Leafy vegetables are rich sources of fibre and minerals like Chench
(Corchorus acutangulus Lam.), Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and Amaranthus etc. In addition
to commonly used leafy vegetables, Underexploited crops have certain features like adaptability to
low input agriculture, resistance to pests and diseases, contribute to food and nutritional security and
provide environmental services. Attempts should be made to bring underutilized vegetable crops out
of shadows into main stream as these crops are efficient in producing edible dry matter, rich in
nutrients and can definitely be utilized as alternate sources towards achieving the goals of food and
nutritional security.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./07
Studies on integrated nutrient management in gladiolus with special
reference to growth, yield and flower quality
Saurabh Jha and Shri.G.L.Sharma
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

The field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Farm, Department of Horticulture, IGKV Raipur
(C.G.) during the rabi season of 2010-11. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design
(RBD) with four replications. The cultivar under this investigation was candyman . There were ten
treatments combinations under the study namely, T1: Control, T2: 50 % RDF, T3: 75% RDF, T4:
100% RDF, T5: FYM 10 t/ha, T6: 50% RDF+FYM 10 t/ha, T7: 75% RDF+FYM 10 t/ha,T8:
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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Vermicompost Only 3 t/ha, T9: 50% RDF+Vermicompost 3 t/ha, T10: 75% RDF+Vermicompost 3
t/ha. The Recommendad dose of fertilizer i.e. 120:80:60/ha.The result indicated that the T7 (75%
RDF+FYM 10 t/ha) performed better in growth character namely, days to sprout, numbers of sprouts,
number of leaves per plant, girth of plant base, width of leaf, height of the plant up to tip of leaf, days
to spike emergence, diameter of corm, weight per corm, total corm weights per plot and number of
corms per plant. However length of the spike, number of florets per spike, vase like of cut spikes was
found maximum in treatment T10 (75% RDF+Vermicompost 3 t/ha).The cost and return associated
with the cultivation of gladiolus Cv. ‘ candyman ‘ in the experiment clearly indicates that the net
return and benefit cost ratio were highest in treatment T7 (75% RDF+FYM 10 t/ha).

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./08

Partial root zone drying technique for water saving in fruit crops
Vikas Ramteke, Vivek Kurrey, Kanchan Thakur, G. P. Nag and Pooja Yadav
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

Water shortage is the most important constraint in agricultural production especially in arid and semi-
arid areas of the world. Climate change and expanding land use in horticulture have increased the
pressure on water resources. Successful attempts have been made regarding the use of deficit
irrigation methods, namely regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) to
improve water use efficiency (WUE) in various fruit crop species. The PRD irrigation is a novel
improvement of deficit irrigation in which half of the root zone is irrigated alternatively in scheduled
irrigation events. PRD bases on biochemical responses from the plants to achieve a balance between
the vegetative and reproductive development through the hydric stress, consequently, there is a
significant improvement in yield by water unit applied. The dryness on one side leads to a decrease of
plant transpiration without exhibiting symptoms of severe stress. PRD is a successfully alternative
irrigation compared to full irrigation (FI) that can save irrigation water up to approximately 50%
without significant yield loss; it may also improve the yield quality. The wetted and dried sides of the
root system are alternated on a 10- to 14-day cycle. PRD irrigation reduced significantly stomatal
conductance when compared with plants receiving water to the entire root system. Both systems
require high management skills, and accurate monitoring of soil water content is recommended. Drip
and other forms of micro-irrigation facilitate the application of RDI and PRD. Hence use of PRD as
tool for saving water in areas receiving less rain without disturbing the productivity and also increased
quality especially in Fruit crops has vast scope.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./09
Role of lawn grasses for reduction of pollution
Abhilash Shukla, Vikas Ramteke, Sushil Kashyap and Manisha Netam
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur

Lawn is the key to a beautiful tomorrow. Turf is considered an “anti pollutant” unapproached by any
artificial means. A thick green lawn prevents soil erosion, and subsequent stream pollution, helps
control heat pollution and reduces noise pollution. More important is the fact that it replenishes the

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

oxygen supply in the air we breathe. An average lawn can replenish the air with enough oxygen for
eight people. Not only that turf absorbs and detoxifies sulfur dioxide, a critical air pollutant associated
with the burning of fossil fuels Lawn absorb 1088.63 – 1632.93 kg CO2 per acre per year and create
half kilogram O2 per 1 square foot per day. From a global perspective, grasslands store approximately
34% of the global terrestrial stock of carbon while forests store approximately 39% and agro-
ecosystems approximately 17 percent (World Resources Institute 2000). Unlike forests where the
vegetation is the primary source of carbon storage, most of the grassland carbon is stored in the soil.
Grasslands, because of their expanse and high carbon density, are a prominent part of that global
carbon cycle. One of the most significant roles of native grasslands is that they act as a repository of
carbon already stored. Therefore, where possible, leaving large tracts of native prairie intact will
likely have the greatest overall benefit.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./10
Ornamental grasses for soil conservation
Manisha Netam, Vikas Ramteke, Abhilash Shukla and Sushil Kashyap
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya, Raipur

Inappropriate farming system and utilization of natural resources are among the major causes for the
current land degradation in India. To control soil erosion cheap, replicable and sustainable
conservation measures need to be implemented. Contour grass hedges and micro-basins have been
proved to be very effective in reducing soil and water loss on sloping croplands in tropical and
subtropical regions. Grasses are rapid growing long lived easily propagated, adaptable to adverse
climate, saline and drought tolerant in nature. The use of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.)
makes a better option for soil erosion and sediment control and nutrient trapping in a wide range of
environments. Soil bulk density, CEC, Organic Matter, Total Nitrogen, Available Phosphorous, and
Potassium contents significantly higher for soil with vetiver than for without vetiver grass soil in
certain researches. In option grass hedges such as Pennisetum (Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linn.)
Spreng.) averagely decreased overland flow by 68% and soil loss by 79%; correspondingly
Arundinella (Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) C. Tanaka) hedges decreased overland flow by 55% and soil
loss by 67%. Hence use of grasses and hedges for managing the soil erosion may reduce the soil loss
and can increase ground water recharge with decreasing runoff.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./11
Studies on flowering and physical characters of jamun genotypes (Syzygium
cuminii Skeels)
Chongtham Allaylay Devi, G.S.K. Swamy, Nagesh Naik, Mukesh L. Chavan, G.J.
Suresha and Sumangala Koulagi
Dept. of Fruit Science, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, UHS, Bagalkot

An experiment was conducted to know the variability on flowering and physical characters of jamun
genotypes (Syzygium cuminii Skeels). Observation on the flowering and physical characters of fruits
were recorded on six genotypes. Significant difference was observed among the genotypes for the

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

characters studied. Genotype AJG-58 showed early initiation of flower (Late February), maximum
number of panicles (94.00), number of flowers (2983.25) and minimum duration (80.75). Genotypes
AJG-20 found to be recorded maximum number of fruit (1644), number of fruit harvested (882), fruit
length (33.32) and maximum fruit width was recorded in Konkan Bahadoli (21.62). Maximum fruit
weight and pulp weight was recorded in AJG-85 (9.50 and 6.93, respectively). Seed length (17.93)
and seed width (10.43) was found maximum in Konkan Bahadoli followed by AJG-20 (11.10 and
4.36, respectively). Maximum seed weight was recorded in AJG-20 (2.40) followed by AJG-85
(2.37). These two genotypes can be utilised in making jamun seed powder which is of high medicinal
importance for diabetic patients. These characters could be considered as important traits for breeding
programme.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./12
Studies on fortification of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) pulp in the
preparation of Idli mix
Bhawna S. Shirsat, S. Patel and P. A. Borkar
Department of Agril. Engg., College of Agriculture, Dr. B.S.K.K.V. Dapoli, Ratnagiri (MS)

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) belongs to the family Moraceae. The present investigation is
devoted to study the possibilities and effect of fortification of jackfruit pulp in the preparation of Idli
mix. Idli is a traditional cereal – legume based naturally fermented steamed food product with a soft
and spongy texture which is highly popular and widely consumed as a food throughout the India.
Jackfruit is available in plenty in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. Jackfruit is normally
used in the preparation of curries and pickling. It is highly perishable with a short shelf-life of about
10 days for matured and 4-5 days for ripened fruits. Efforts have been made to use the fresh and
dehydrated jackfruit bulbs in the preparation of Idli mix. The fortification of jackfruit bulbs was done
with the aim of improving the food values of the obtained Idlies as jackfruit has nutritional values as it
contains good amount of Vitamin A and Vitamin C. Three types of Idlies namely, first the standard
Idlies (rice + black gram) as control (2:1:: rice: black gram), second the Idlies incorporated with fresh
jackfruit pulp along with the rice and black gram mix and the third Idlies prepared with dried
jackfruit bulb powder along with the rice and black gram mix. The combination of all the ingredients
has been varied to arrive at the acceptable quality of the prepared Idli. The developed products were
analyzed for textural, colour and organoleptic properties and the obtained results were compared with
the standard Idlies. These scores were compared with standard or the control. The developed Idlies
with fresh pulp and powder were highly accepted by the subjects and notable changes in textural
properties Idlies was observed when compared with the standard. The Idlies prepared with a
combination of 55% rice, 30% black gram dhal and 15% jackfruit fresh pulp scored the highest
acceptance among all the preparations. It showed a hardness of 111.67 g, yellowness index 140.0.
Sensory evaluation indicated a good score of 8.8 for texture, 8.5 for colour, 8.5 for flavour and 8.6 for
overall acceptability

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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./13
Quantitative characters of rice genotypes for resistance against bacterial
leaf blight.
Ashwarya L. Tandon, V.S. Thrimurty, N. Khare and S. D. Chaliganjewar
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Research Station, Janjgir-
Champa, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.)

Gene x Environment (GE) interactions are well known in influencing the gene expression. Bacterial
blight (BB) of rice is the most important disease influencing heavy losses under congenial conditions
in all the rice growing areas of the country in general and in Chhattisgarh rice bowl in particular. In
the present studies response of resistance genes identified against BB is studied under Chhattisgarh
condition. Resistant to infection / disease development in response to phenotypic characters were
studied in the selected genotypes. This experiment was conducted during Kharif 2007-08.Twenty five
days old seedlings of above mentioned 89 rice genotypes were transplanted in two meter row length
with a distance of 20 cm x 15 cm. Three replications with three rows of each genotype were
maintained. When the plants were at maximum tillering stage, they were inoculated with
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by clip method. Five plants in each genotype were randomly selected
and their phenotypic characters were observed at seedling stage to flowering stage as per the
requirement and disease severity was recorded on flag leaves in randomly selected plants after 21st
day of inoculation. Performance of rice genotypes for disease severity (%), plant height (cm), number
of tillers, number of leaf, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm) and panicle length (cm) were recorded.
Their correlation between disease severity and phenotypic characters of rice plants was also studied.
Among the quantitative characters positive statistical correlation for plant height and leaf length was
observed in general. However, exceptions were also recorded in the genotypes where the plants were
tall but recorded less disease severity such as Chemposelak, Jawa-14; Zenith; CRMAS-2231-29; BJ-1
respectively. Similarly the leaf length also showed positive correlation with disease severity. For the
other characters like number of tillers per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf width and panicle
length negative correlation for disease severity was recorded in general.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./14
Kodo millet (paspalum scrobiculatum) for climate change laid agriculture
Prafull Kumar, Abhinav Sao, A K Thakur, R S Netam, Poonam Sahu
S. G. College of Agriculture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, IGKV, Raipur

Global warming is projected to have significant impact on conditions of affecting agriculture,


including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. Every small change in temperature and
rainfall has significant effect on the quality and quantity of fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, basmati rice
and aromatic and medicinal plants. According to World Bank Report “Turn down the Heat: Climate
Extremes, Regional Impacts and the case for Resilience” 2013, an expected 20C rise in the world’s
average temperature in the next decades will make India’s summer monsoon highly unpredictable.
The entire nature laid phenomenon is compelling for alternative crop which can tolerate the biotic and
abiotic stress. Kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is quite promising crop of rainfed and upland
agriculture due ephemeral genetics, lesser water requirement and higher stress tolerance. Looking for

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

these background information, experiment was framed to set experimental protocol for improvement
of this emerging stress cereal crop. Perusal of flowering span revealed that entries exhibiting 50
percent flowering by 65-75 DAS, beard good crop yield. In contrast, vary early blooming genotype
(PCGK-18, 50 DAS; PCGK-8 & 19, 50 DAS; PCGK-13, 59 DAS; BK-16, 59 DAS) exhibited
comparative lower yield owing to exceedingly short vegetative phase. BK-43 (18.50 kg/ha), BK-48
(18.20), BK-45 (18.0 kg/ha), BK-39 (17.50 kg/ha) and BK-38 and BK-40 (17.30 kg/ha) were found as
high fodder yielder genotypes and in correspondence to biomass significant higher end product was
also achieved. Grain yield was phenotypically positively associated with plant height, finger length,
days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity and fodder yield signifying the suitability of selection
indices. Plot grain yield was highest in genotype BK-48 (7.0 kg) followed by BK-36 (5.90 kg) and
BK-46 (5.60 kg) and the yield trend lied at 4.12 kg/plot. Based on stress simulated experiment it is
concluded that, climate change oriented agricultural reform will undeniably solicit for newer crop
species to sustain human being and minor millets e.g. Kodo millet would be matchless option of poor
and marginal farmers.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./15
Food extrusion produces quality products-An overview
Chandrahas Sahu, S. Patel, R.K. Naik and D. Khokhar
Department of Agril. Processing and Food Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

During the recent years quite a number of technologies in food processing have been emerged and
made an impact on the availability and variety of food products. Food extrusion is one of these latest
multidimensional food processing techniques. Great possibilities offered in food processing field by
the use of extrusion technology to modify physic-chemical properties of food components. Extrusion
cooking, as a multi-step, multi-functional and thermal/mechanical process, has permitted a large
number of food applications. Extrusion is a thermodynamic process which combines several unit
operations including mixing, cooking, kneading, shearing, shaping and forming. Effects of extrusion
cooking on nutritional quality are ambiguous. Beneficial effects include destruction of antinutritional
factors, gelatinisation of starch, increased soluble dietary fibre and reduction of lipid oxidation.
Changes in proteins and amino acid profile, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, vitamins, mineral content
and some non-nutrient healthful components of food may be either beneficial or deleterious. The
present review covers the formulation of composite flour, influence of process variables and feed
characteristics on physical, textural and nutritional properties of various extruded products. Mild
extrusion conditions (high moisture content, high screw speed, low barrel temperature) improve the
nutritional quality, while high extrusion temperatures (>180oC), low moisture contents (<14%), low
screw speed (<150 rpm) and/or improper formulation (e.g. presence of high-reactive sugars) can
impair nutritional quality adversely. To obtain a nutritionally balanced extruded product, careful
control of process parameters is essential.

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./16
Osmo-air drying of onion slices
P.S. Pisalkar, S. Patel, N. K. Mishra and D. Khokhar
Department of Agril. Processing and Food Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

The present study gives an account of effect of different pre-treatments (i.e. osmotic dehydration in
10, 15 and 20°Brix NaCl solution and drying air temperature of 50, 60 and 70°C) on drying behaviour
of onion slices (4 ± 0.1 mm) were investigated. The onion slices were dried in a laboratory model
tray dryer. Drying of onion slices occurred in falling rate period. Five thin-layer drying models (Ex-
ponential, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic and Power law) were fitted to the moisture ratio
data. Among the drying models investigated, the Page model satisfactorily described the drying
behaviour of onion slices. The effective moisture diffusivity of pre-treated samples was higher than
that of non-treated samples.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./17

Non timber forest products (NTFPs): A potential area for


entrepreneurship development
S. Patel
Department of Agril. Processing and Food Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur (CG)

Chhattisgarh is endowed with a rich forest wealth comprising about 44% of total geographical area.
The dweller or the tribes residing in the forest or in the vicinity of forest area collect non timber forest
products for their livelihood. The collected products are sold by them in open market as raw to the
middle man or the stockists. In the absence of awareness, skill and infrastructure facilities, the
collectors are forced to sale their community at a very cheaper price. On the other hand,
processed/semi-finished/finished products are sold at a very high price. This implies that the major
share of profit goes either to the agents or to the processor. Creation of processing and value addition
facilities in the production catchment will definitely be helpful not only in enhancing the profit of
collectors but also open up additional avenue for the employment generation. Training and skill
development of the collectors on minimal processing like, cleaning, grading, washing, drying etc. will
not only o help in the reduction of post harvest losses in many commodities but at the same time
fixing of suitable price also. The establishment of such facilities are the need of the day and also will
be helpful in up-scaling the related enterprises on NTFPs.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./18
Aloe vera processing: Development of gel powder through dehydration
Abhimannyu A. Kalne, S.Patel, A.K.Geda, P.K.Joshi, N.K.Mishra and P.S.Pisalkar
Centre of Excellence of Medicinal, Aromatic Plants & Non- Timber Forest Produce IGKV

Aloe vera gel is known for its therapeutic and cosmetic purpose since old time and today is being used
as an additive to processed fruit and vegetable products. The inner gel within aloe vera leaf is
responsible for the medicinal properties of aloe vera. Aloe vera gel is widely used in juice making and
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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

for formulation of blended juice with other fruits/vegetables. However, Aloe vera gel juice is not very
much popular due to their laxative effect and bitter taste and therefore many functional foods are
being prepared using aloe gel. Series of post harvest operations is followed for development of value
added products such as gel extraction, aloin removal, heating, dehydration and grinding to form a
powdered product. The removal of aloin from aloe vera leaf is important step during processing as the
direct consumption of aloin may hazardous to human health. An attempt was made to extract the inner
gel only without aloin part. Aloe leaves of 3 year old plants were collected and it’s top, bottom as well
as side portion were trimmed and put in vertical direction for 30 minutes to allow removal of aloin.
Aloe leaf surface is then removed and transparent gel cubes of 10 mm3 size were prepared. These
cubes are then introduced to drying in electric tray dryer at temperature of 50, 60 and 70 °C. The
drying time of 580 and 660 minutes was observed for drying at 70°C and 60°C The dried flakes
formed at 60 and 70°C were found to produce good quality dry flakes, whereas the drying at 50°C
temperature, gel cubes exhibited odd flavor and did not produced completely dried flakes even after
720 minutes. Dried flakes produced at 60 and 70° C were grinded using mixer grinder and powder
form of aloe gel was stored for further analysis.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./19
Genetic variability in rice bean (vigna umbellata)
Kiran Tigga, Jitendra Kumar Tiwari, Dinesh Kumar Thakur, Prafull sahu and
S.K.Sinha
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, RMD College of Agriculture and Research
Station, Ambikapur (C.G.)

Apart from tropical traditional pulses (viz. chickpea, pigeonpea) many other non-traditional potential
legumes such as rice bean etc. have gained attention as supplementary food crops. The present
investigation was carried out under the AICRN on Potential Crops at RMD College of Agriculture &
Research Station, Ambikapur. 20 genotypes were evaluated in replicated trials during kharif 2014 &
2015 for seed yield & its components. The results revealed that higher genotypic and phenotypic
coefficient of variation were observed for seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant and number
of branches per plant. Higher Heritability (bs) were observed for plant height and seed yield per plant.
All these characters were showed minimum role of environments. Therefore, direct selection of these
traits may be useful for improvement in seed yield and also further hybridization programme.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./20
Traditional method of bixin production from annatto fruit (bixaorellana l.)
N.K. Mishra, S. Patel, R.K.S. Tiwari, D. Khokhar and P.S. Pisalkar
Department of Agricultural Processing and Food Enfineering, IGKV, Raipur

Present paper describes tradition processing method to extract bixin (sindoor) from annatto (sindoori)
fruit (Bixaorellana L). Annatto is a small tree or shrub that grows wild in many parts of Chhattisgarh.
The seeds and the pulp surrounding them are the source of an orange-yellow dye commonly known as
sindoor (bixin) which is used world over as body paint and food colourant and plays a significant role
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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

in the food colour industry. The natural dye from the annatto seed is extracted in conventionally for the
use of colouring pickles, sweets, or in the preparation of snacks etc. and other edible commodities. It has
been in edible use since time immemorial particularly in the areas where it is available in plenty. There
are several easy methods being followed by the villagers. The most common practice is the water
extraction. Traditionally annatto colour is extracted from the matured ripened fruits. Fruit seeds (aril) are
separated from the fruit by hand in case of fresh fruits but they are threshed by beating heap of annatto
fruits with the help of a stick if the fruits are dried and separating arils after winnowing the mixture of
husk and arils. Aril lot is soaked in water at room temperature for sufficient time depending upon the
condition of the aril (whether dry or fresh). Sometimes hot or luke warm water is also applied particularly
when the arils are dried. Normally soaking is done for 1-2 hours. Soaked arils are agitated in the water
which facilitates the detachment of colouring pigments from the aril surface which get dissolved in water.
Sometimes gentle rubbing action with palms is also applied for effective/maximum extraction of
pigments. This is more pronounced when dried arils are used for the extraction. After sufficient agitation
or the detachment of pigment from the seed which is judged from the colour of the seeds, the seeds are
separated with the help of suitable screen. The filtrate containing annatto colour is then concentrated by
gentle heating on open pan till it converts into concentrated thick mass. Concentrated annatto colour or
the sindoor is either stored in glass jars or subjected to further drying for conversion into powder. Dried
mass is then grinded into powder with the help of mortar and pestle and packed into polyethylene bags.
ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./21
Decortications of mahua seed by assessment of manual mahua seed
decorticator in district- dhamtari, (c.g.)
Amit Kumar Sinha, S. Patel and C.K. Bakhara
KrishiVigyan Kendra, Dhamtari, Indira Gandhi KrishiVishwavidyalaya, Raipur

“Mahua (Madhucalongifolia)is an economically important non timber forest produce in Block-


Nagari , District Dhamtari.In dhamtari district the mahua seed is known as Torri. The tribalsof
dhamtari, are collect the mahua fruits after ripening and the fresh seed decorticated by beating the tip
of the seed with a small hammer or stone when other tip is placed in stone base andthey sold it to
middle men. It is very time consuming or lot of drudgery involved operation. To overcome these draw
backs and to increase the awareness of post harvest machineries and enhancing the income of tribals,
the present investigation “Decortications of mahua seed by assessment of Manual mahua Seed
Decorticator in district –dhamtari, C.G.”was carried out in villageSiltara block –Dhamtari and
Saraitola Block- Nagri, Distt. – dhamtari.The Mahua seed decorticator is an post harvest machinery
developed by College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology , OUAT, Bhubneswar, used to
decorticate the mahua seed. In the investigation we used two different treatments T1- Traditional
Practice T2- Decortication by Mahua Seed Decorticator. The observation were recorded at a time of
decortications i.e capacity kg/h, cost Rs/kg and efficiency % the result shown that the T1- gave the
average value of capacity 4kg/h, cost, 2.60 Rs/kg and efficiency – 99% and T2- gave average value of
capacity 10 kg/h, cost 1.30 Rs/kg. and efficiency 94%. Hence we conclude that this technology is best
suited technology for the tribal’s because it is 2.5 times faster in decortications operation as compare
to traditional practice and doing some minor adjustment in the gapping between static and rotating
part, the same machine we can use for decortications of Sal Seed also.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./22
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Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Post harvest losses of linseed crop in bastar plateau of chhattisgarh: an


economic analysis
O. P. Sonvanee, Dr. Hulas. Pathak and Vivek Kumar Kurrey
Dept. of Agril. Economics. COA, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.)

An attempt has been made in this study to examine the economic analysis of post harvest losses of
linseed crop in Bastar Plateau of Chhattisgarh state. The study was conducted in Tokapal and
Lohandiguda blocks in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state. Twelve farmers were selected randomly
from ten villages from these blocks to collect the required information on the cost of cultivation,
marketing and other aspects for the present study. The primary data was collected from the linseed
producers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared schedule and
questionnaire for the production and post harvest year for rabi linseed 2013-14. All the physical
harvest and post harvest losses at average farm were 3.58 kg. per quintal, 31.35 kg. per hectare and
5.22 kg. per farm. The monetary losses in average farms observed were Rs. 127.74 per quintal, Rs.
1175.87 per hectare and Rs. 195.97 per farm. Amongst all these activities, the highest losses were
observed in harvesting 1.54 kg./qtl. (45.43%) in the total post harvest losses at farm level followed by
drying 0.61 kg. per quintal(17.99%), threshing and winnowing 0.59 kg. per quintal (17.40%), storage
0.52 kg. per quintal (15.34%), other activities 0.11 kg. per quintal(3.24%) and transportation 0.02 kg.
per quintal (0.59%) in the total post harvest losses at farm level. Fitted regression equation explains
nearly 74.35 per cent variation in total post harvest losses due to inclusion of nine independent
variables. Total production, area under crop, education status of respondent, storage, transportation
and labour facility were found negatively non-significant. So, it can be conducted that the availability
of storage and proper threshing facility along with good management may reduce post harvest losses
in linseed. Lack of suitable site for drying (82.00%) and Storage structure (100.00) and rodent (non-
insect pest) (100.00) were major constraint during storage. Hence, for reducing harvest and post
harvest losses, proper implementation of post harvest technology at the farmer’s level is necessary.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./23
Antioxidants in vegetable crops
Ganesh Prasad Nag, Vivek Kumar Kurrey, Vikas Ramteke and D. P. Singh
Department of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, (C.G.)

Vegetables form an integral part of our daily balanced diet ensuring food security as well as
nutritional security. They contain significant levels of biologically active components that impart
health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Vegetables are considered as protective foods since their
consumption prevent the risk of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes and
certain cancers. They are good sources of antioxidants which are essential for the protection of
proteins and lipids, thereby preserving health and vitality. Antioxidants are substances that are capable
of quenching or stabilizing free radicals and play an important role in the body defence system. They
are called ëfountains of youthí due to their pronounced anti-ageing effect. Important antioxidants in
vegetables are carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, flavonoids, glucosinolates, singrin
and sulphur containing compounds. Carotenoids are red, orange or yellow coloured pigments found
abundantly in tomato, carrot, spinach and other green leafy vegetables. Its seems to be the use of

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natural carotenoids suppress liver cancer. They protect the skin from harmful UV radiations. Alpha,
beta and gamma forms of carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin have vitamin A activity. Lycopene, the red
coloured carotenoid pigment inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, lowers coronary risk and
prevents prostrate and uterine cancers. Xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin) are commonly
present in green leafy vegetables. Antioxidant vitamins have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and
other chronic diseases. Vitamin C prevents the formation of N-nitroso compounds, which are cancer
causing substances. Natural vitamin E is a complex of alpha, beta, gamma and delta to copherols and
to cotrienols. It protects lipid portions of the cellular membranes and prevents atherosclerosis.
Coenzyme Q10 is an easily oxidizing lipid soluble molecule which helps to maintain vitamin E in its
active form Phenolic compounds are important secondary plant products that have beneficial effects
on human health by reducing the occurrence of coronary heart diseases and age related eye problems.
Quercetin, a potent flavonoid, is mostly found in onion, kale, tomato and lettuce Tomato is rich in
melatonin, a hormone with antioxidant property. Cruciferous vegetables are rich in sulphur containing
glucosides called glucosinolates which get hydrolyzed in the presence of myrosinase enzyme to form
isothiocyanate, a potent anticancerous compound. Allicin is another sulphur containing compound
present in garlic. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) is a viable method for measuring
antioxidant capacities in biological samples.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./24
Neglected and underutilized vegetable crops of chhattisgarh
Vivek Kumar Kurrey, Ganesh Prasad Nag and Vikas Ramteke
Dept. of Vegetable Science, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Vegetables are the important components among horticultural crops in the diversification of
agriculture to provide food and nutritional security for the ever-growing population of the country.
Chhattisgarh has a wide variety of climate and soils in which more than hundred types of vegetables
are grown, but maximum emphasis has been given to a limited number of vegetables only.
Chhattisgarh is known for its vast resources of underexploited vegetables which are the store house of
nutrients and phyto-chemicals and some are having medicinal uses also. Consumption of these crops
has significant health promoting effects. These are considered as protective foods since they can
reduce the risk of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular problems, cancers and various other
degenerative diseases. Importance of nutritional quality of underutilized vegetables in human is very
important. Underutilized cucurbit crops include sweet gourd, ridge gourd, smooth gourd, snap melon
etc. High content of protein is reported in spine gourd among cucurbits. Crops like chow-chow and
pointed gourd have specific adaptability to certain areas. Protein rich underutilized legumes include
jack bean, sword bean, winged bean, dolichos bean etc. Cruciferous vegetables are rich in sulphur
containing glucoside called glucosinolates and sprouting broccoli has the powerful anticancer
components ever detected. Leafy vegetables are rich sources of fibre and minerals like Chench
(Corchorus acutangulus Lam.), Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and Amaranthus etc. In addition
to commonly used leafy vegetables, Underexploited crops have certain features like adaptability to
low input agriculture, resistance to pests and diseases, contribute to food and nutritional security and
provide environmental services. Attempts should be made to bring underutilized vegetable crops out
of shadows into main stream as these crops are efficient in producing edible dry matter, rich in

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

nutrients and can definitely be utilized as alternate sources towards achieving the goals of food and
nutritional security.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./25
Assessment of small scale cashew nut (anacardiumoccidentalel.) processing
unit
Rahul Sahu, S. Patel, D. Pandey, N. K. Mishra, G. P. Ayam
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, I.G.K.V., Bastar (C.G.).

An On Farm Trial (OFT) on assessment of small scale cashew nut processing was conducted at Krishi
Vigyan Kendra, IGKV, Bastar. The study was carried out for cashew nuts (AnacardiumoccidentaleL.)
grown by farmers of Bakawand block of Jagdalpur. A small cashew nut processing unit consisting of
steamer, cooker, shelling machine and dryer was assessed for its performance for the cashew nut
variety ‘Vengurla-4’. The unit was received at S. G. College of Agriculture & Research Station,
IGKV, Jagdalpur under the National Agricultural Innovation Project-3 entitled “Improving livelihood
security through integrated farming system models and allied enterprises in Bastar region of
Chhattisgarh”. Six treatments consisting of various combinations for pressure and time were evaluated
for the performance of unit. The study revealed that treatment combination (3.5 kg/cm2 for 25 minute)
followed by hot air drying (55oC for 6-8h) gave maximum recovery of whole kernels as well as
overall recovery of kernels with minimum moisture content, which is desirable for good quality
product in the market. Therefore, the treatment condition at 3.5kg/cm2 pressure for 25 minute
followed by hot air drying at 55oC for 6-8h duration for the given processing unit was found to be the
best giving maximum recovery of good quality kernels and overall total recovery of kernels with
minimum moisture content.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./26
Reduction of water utilization in cleaning-in-place by using ice pigging
Thyarla Aravind, A.K. Agrawal, Geetesh Sinha, K.S. Umapti, V. Suresh and B.
Prasanth
College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Raipur, (C.G.)

In modern food processing, cleaning is the primary treatment and this should be carried out
immediately after processing work is over. It is a precondition, for the production of hygienically
satisfactory and high quality products, that food product processing plant is scrupulously clean. In any
food industry cleaning process requires more water. Now-a-days water is most valuable. The
effectiveness of cleaning is dependent on ‘physical action’ or ‘force applied’ by a cleaning solution.
Therefore, high turbulent systems are desired for efficient cleaning. Utilization of proper pumps to
provide sufficient turbulence of the cleaning solution in and through the pipelines and equipment to
achieve maximum efficiency. For obtaining ‘physical action’ at fouled surfaces and smooth flow at
normal surfaces, some “smart material” is required that acts like a fluid squeezing through complex
geometries but behaves as ‘tough’ as it is a solid scraper which cleans the fouled surfaces. The
‘crushed ice in water’ or ‘ice pig’ is able to achieve many of the desirable characteristics of the smart
material.Ice pigging is an innovative method of removing fouling from topologically complex and

100

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Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

demanding ducts. The process involves pumping ice slurry, a mixture of ice particles and liquids
containing a freezing point depressant, through the fouled duct. The slurry acts in a similar manner to
solid pig, displacing material downstream of it as well as applying shear and hence mechanical
cleaning effort to the duct walls. Additional benefits of this technology include: increase in product
recovery within the lines, reduction in downtime required for cleaning, reduction in volume of
effluent produced and hence reduction in cleaning water and effluent processing costs, and reduction
in use of expensive and potentially environmentally harmful cleaning chemicals. Hence, in food
industry ice-pigging is suitable in different applications from simple pipe topologies to complex plate
heat exchangers.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./27
Efficacy of different stimulants in imparting resistance against
xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
Ashwarya L. Tandon, V.S. Thrimurty, N. Khare and S. D. Chaliganjewar
Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Research Station, Janjgir-
Champa, I.G.K.V., Raipur (C.G.)

Bacterial blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a common and destructive
disease of rice (Oryza sativa). Stimulants / catalase, being an antioxidant enzyme, play a major role in
combating the toxic effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. It played an important role
in inducing signal for disease resistance and development of systemic acquired resistance. It appears
to transude this signal by inhibiting catalase activity and generating increase level of reactive oxygen
species. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is the phenomenon whereby a plant’s own defense
mechanisms are induced by prior treatment with either a biological or chemical agent. The use of
SAR as part of a disease management strategy in relation to received little scientific investigation
despite offering some potential for pathogen control. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD.
Twenty five days old seedlings of 12 genotypes (including near isogenic lines and a susceptible
check) were studied as treatments. Genotypes (IRBB-1, IRBB-3, IRBB-4, IRBB-5, IRBB-7, IRBB-8,
IRBB-10, IRBB-11, IRBB-14, Zenith, IRBB-21 and TN-1) with three treatments i.e. salicylic acid
(200 ppm), oxalloacetic acid (200 ppm) and control (water). Stimulants could able to induce
resistance in rice plants which was reflected in the forms of suppressed bacterial leaf blight severity /
incidence as well as higher yield and yield components. Amongst chemical agents and their
concentrations, Salicylic acid at 200ppm concentration could induce more resistance and thus
effectively suppress disease severity followed by oxalloacetic acid. The mean maximum per cent
reduction was observed in IRBB-10 (Xa 10) (79.18 %) followed by IRBB-11 (Xa 11) (77.24 %);
Zenith (Xa-6) (76.23 %); IRBB-5 (Xa 5) (70.89 %) and IRBB-14 (Xa 14) (64.04 %). Present study
therefore revealed that bacterial leaf blight severity can be suppressed up to certain level by inducing
systemic acquired resistance using chemical.

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ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./28
Ways to promote livelihood security of tribal families through aromatic
plants cultivation and processing in Chhattisgarh
A.K.Geda, P.K.Joshi , S. Patel, A. Kalne
Centre of Excellence of Medicinal, Aromatic Plants & Non- Timber Forest Produce IGKV,
Raipur

The cultivation of aromatic plants has increased considerably since the beginning of seventies for
their production. Aromatic plants constitute the most variable alternative cash crops for growers and
are virtually gold mines for essential oil and pharmaceutical industries. Cultivation, processing and
value added products have enormous potential for skill and employment generation. The commercial
cultivation of aromatic plants has great potential in cropping system of Chhattisgarh due its unique
climate and geographical characteristics. The area under these crops increasing gradually due to
minimum maintenance and maximum returns subject to the marketing of produce through proper
agency. A series of projects and technical know are available on cultivation, extraction of essential oil
and isolation of principle constituents/natural isolates. The improved varieties of major aromatic
plants such as Lemon grass, Palma rosa, Java citronella, Vetiver grass, Mentha spp, E. Citrodera,
Patchouli, Ocimum, Ajawan, Nagarmotha are available for commercial extraction. Establishment of
processing unit is one of the important components, which reflect the better returns and quality of
finished products like essential oil isolates. The essential oil isolates, which are also called aromatic
isolate, are to be separated from oil for their further use. High-grade synthetic and natural material can
be obtained by fractional distillation. The quality assurance or control of the quality of the raw
materials, finished products and of process absolute necessity, if one is to produce goods for world
markets and human consumption. Through the proper processing technologies, the production of oils
from aromatic plants can be enhanced and also with the use of appropriate technologies their utility
can be further extended. The value addition to the oil for conversion into edible grade oil will
certainly help the Entrepreneurships development in Chhattisgarh state.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./29
Effect of different potting media on Sterculia urens seedling in nursery
Pratap Toppo, P.K. Joshi and A.Kalne
Centre of excellence on MAPs and NTFPs, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

Sterculia urens is a moderate sized tree belonging to the family Sterculiaceae. It is commonly known
as ‘gum karaya tree’ It is a major gum yielding tropical forest tree of India and it is valued for its gum
known as ‘Indian tragacanth’. The gum is a complex polysaccharide. It is used as an ingredient in the
preparation of emulsions, lotions, denture fixative powders and bulk laxatives. It has a wide
application in food, baking and dairy industries. The gum is in great demand both within and outside
India. Considerable part of the gum produced in India is exported. Tapping of the gum requires
stripping of the bark. As the tree is easily injured, indiscriminate tapping of young tree impairs their
viability. Unscientific tapping methods, poor seed viability is limitations for the availability of the
gum. In spite of the rich commercial importance, it grows only as a wild forest plant and is enlisted as

102

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

an endangered plant species in the Central India(Anonymous, 1976). Therefore a method to multiply
this plant using modern methods is needed.
.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./30
Sustainable harvesting of maida:( iitsea glutinosa) plant for resource
conservation, quality produce and livelihood security
Pratap Toppo, P.K. Joshi
Centre of excellence on MAPs and NTFPs, IGKV, Raipur (C.G.)

India has rich biodiversity of medicinal plants, which plays an important role in human life to get rid
off diseases since time immemorial. In the resent time there has been increased in interest of plant
based therapeutic practices to cure the several diseases.the demand of medicinal plant product has
been gone exponentially. Due to this cause medicinal plants are being overexploited and many of
them have been to be extinct. In the process the principle of sustainability which intrinsic part of
traditional system got overlooked. This practices has been resulted in overexploitation, habitat loss,
threat to plant species and even extinction. At the same time ,supply demand disparity resulted into
sub-quality medicinal plant produce.All these factors contributed to the need for conservation and
sustainable use of wild medicinal plant resources.sustanable harvesting of medicinal plants holds great
potential as a strategy for resources . Harvesting practices ,period and time ,stage and duration of
harvesting plays major role on herbage ,quality,productivity and population of plants.the paper gives
information about the sustainable harvesting of Iitsea glutinosa. The sustainable harvesting practice
is very useful in providing quality raw material to the pharmaceutical industry on sustainable basis.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./31

Physical and rheological properties of farmyard manure


Manisha Sahu, Ajay Verma
Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, IGKV, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)

The concentration of animal production system has increased efficiency and improved overall
economic return for animal producers. Land application at proper agronomic rates is the preferred use
for manures. Fertility of the soil appears to be adversely affected due to the imbalanced use of
nutrients viz., NP or N alone. Selected physical and rheological properties deemed to influence the
performances of handling and land application equipment were quantified for different types of
manure at different levels of total solids concentration (TS) ranging from 10% to 50% on a wet mass
basis. The selected properties included total solids concentration, bulk density, friction characteristics,
angle o repose and shearing behavior and were measured for dairy cattle, sheep, poultry, and pig
manure. The bulk density of all manure products was found to increase with TS and the values for
poultry and pig manure were not significantly different at the tested TS levels. The bulk density was
found 292 to 510 kg m-3 at different moisture content. The static friction coefficients of all manure
types with the exception of pig manure on the different surface materials [plywood, plastic, steel (bare
and painted )] did not exhibit large differences and a single linear equation was suggested to predict

103

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

the static friction coefficient as a function of TS. The angle of repose was 32, 37 and 42° at different
moisture content. The apparent viscosity of the tested manure products was well correlated to TS.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./32
Crop diversification under adverse climatic conditions through medicinal
plants and NTFPs in chhattisgarh for livelihood security
P.K.Joshi, A.K.Geda, A.Kalne, P. Toppo
Centre of Excellence of Medicinal, Aromatic Plants & Non- Timber Forest Produce, IGKV, Raipur

Chhattisgarh, the herbal state has enormous potential for production of commercially important
medicinal plants and availability of major non timber forest produces. Besides cultivation of some
medicinal plant species on agriculture land, approximate 44% forest area of the state has opened a big
avenue for sustainable harvesting of medicinal plants and enhancing the livelihoods among tribal
families. Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Medicinal plants
are rich in secondary metabolites and are potential sources of drugs Many of commercially important
medicinal plants such as Ashwgandha, Aloe vera, Sarpgandha, Tikhur etc. are now being cultivated
by farmers of Chhattisgarh. Similarly Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have been an integral part
of the rural life style and majority of tribal people are engaged in collection and trading of NTFPs. It
provides way of income generation to tribal people during the different time of year. Chhattisgarh is
bestowed with a wealth of medicinal and aromatic plants, most of which have been traditionally used
in Ayurveda, Yunani system of medicines and tribal healers for generations. Chhattisgarh is rich in bit
diversity. Many valuable and rare medicinal and aromatic plants have been reported from this state.
Bastar, the southern plateau of Chhattisgarh, holds reputed position in world bio-diversity map for its
unique bio-diversity.Chhattisgarh is known as the rice bowel of India, where rice is grown in more
than 38 lakh hectares. The upland rice area is less productive and may be replaced by potential high
value medicinally important plants even under adverse climatic conditions. The inclusion of such
medicinal plants in cropping system may be helpful for the farming communities for their economic
up-liftment and livelihood security. In addition, it is a well known fact that due to over-exploitation of
natural resources and destructive harvesting practices, extra pressure on some high valued medicinal
plant species has been created. Due to high demand of such plant based drugs in pharmaceuticals and
due to slow growth rate of such plants, number of endargment species is increasing day by day. To
overcome this sustainable and non-destructive harvesting of Medicinal plants and NTFPs is essential
to ensure the steady supply of these commercially valuable plants in near future through crop
diversification and inclusion of such crops under cultivation on cultivable land to fulfill the supply for
industry.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./33
An estimate of quantity of water requirement for largest milk and milk
product processing plant of chhattisgarh
A.K. Agrawal, Archana Khare, K.K Choudhary and K.K. Sandey
College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Raipur (CG)

104

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Brainstorming Workshop and Two days National Seminar On Emerging November,
Technologies for Enhancing Water Productivity 17 – 18, 2016

Water is most required utility in a dairy plant, which significantly affect the cost of processing and
energy requirement. Water is essentially required in many processes in dairy industry such as cleaning
of equipment, steam formation for supply of heat, reconstitution of milk and cooling of refrigerant etc.
The suitability of water for use in a dairy processing plant depends upon physical properties like
color, odour, flavor and turbidity; chemical properties like dissolved solids, gases, pH and hardness;
microbial contaminations like algae, pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms etc. In this way, most
of the functions of milk processing plant call for water of a high degree of purity. The processing
plant of Chhattisgarh Milk Federation, Urla, Kumhari has collected about 77,170 kg milk/day during
year 2015-16. This milk is being processed into various type of fluid milk variants (standardized,
toned and doubletoned) and some traditional Indian dairy products like khoa, peda, dahi, ghee,
paneer, shrikhandand salted butter milk etc.It is estimated that the water requirement of a dairy plant
engaged in fluid milk processing is approximately 6 times the quantity of milk handled; in traditional
dairy products like khoa 4 times; chhana/paneer8 times; and ghee requires 12 times quantity of milk
handled. In this way, there is great demand of high quality water who’s assured supply needed
throughout the year without failure.To achieve sustainable management, industry needs to focus on
low cost solutions like reduction in water consumption. There is a need to conserve water not only for
reducing consumption but also for employing measures for recovery and recycling processeswithout
compromising on the hygienic quality and safety of the milk products.

ETEWP-2016/Int. Disci./34
Value Addition: A Tool to Minimize the Post-harvest Losses in
Horticultural Crops
Nisha Chandel, Vivek Kumar Kurrey, Ritu Rani Minz and Kiran Nagraj
Department of vegetable science Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur

Fruits and vegetables provide an abundant and inexpensive source of energy, body-building nutrients,
vitamins, and minerals. However, most fruits and vegetables are only edible for a very short time
unless they are promptly and properly preserved. To make foods available throughout the year,
humans have developed methods to prolong the storage life of products, that is, to preserve them. The
rotting process can be postponed by adding preservatives, optimizing storage conditions, or applying
modern techniques. Preservation in one form or another has been practised in all parts of the world
since time immemorial, although scientific methods of preservation were developed only about a
hundred years ago. Preservation also assures a stable market to farmers and horticulturists and enables
them to expand their production without fear of a fall in demand. Fruits and vegetable preservation
industry are still in its infancy in this country. Until about 50 to 60 years ago, other well-known
methods of preservation such as jam, jellies, marmalades, etc. were confined to only a fewer larger
industries. One of the main difficulties in the path of the growth of the fruit and vegetable industry has
been the inadequacy of knowledge of the modern methods and techniques of preservation. So, to
overcome these difficulties, an attempt is made in this chapter to highlight various aspects of the
importance of various preservation methods and limitations to be considered during preservation of
fruits and vegetables.

105

Organised by: Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur and


Information Technology Research Academy (ITRA), New Delhi
Local Organizing Committee
Dr. M. P. Thakur, DES, IGKV, Raipur
Dr. S. S. Shaw, DI, IGKV, Raipur
Dr. O. P. Kashyap, DSW, IGKV, Raipur
Dr. R. K. Sahu, Dean, BRSM CAET&RS, Mungeli
Dr. S.S. Rao, Dean CoA, Raipur
Dr. S.S. Sengar, Director Farms, IGKV, Raipur
Dr. C.R. Gupta, Dean, RMDCARS, Ambikapur
Dr. S. R. Patel, Dean, TCBCARS, Bilaspur
Dr. S.C. Mukharjee, Dean, SGCARS, Jagadalpur
Dr. R. K. Dwivedi, Dean, SKCARS, Kabirdham
Dr. K. N. S. Banafar, Dean, CoA, Janjgir
Dr. R .B. Tiwari, Dean, CoA, Bhatapara
Dr. P. K. Chandrakar, Dean, CoA, Kanker
Dr. J. P. Harinkhere, Dean, CoA, Bemetara
Dr. P. K. Jaiswal, Dean, CoA, Korea
Dr. R.N. Ganguli, Dean, PKLSCoH, Rajnandgaon
Dr. A.L. Rathore, Dean, CoA, Rajnandgaon
Dr. N.K. Chaubey, Dean, CoA, Raigarh
Dr. D.S. Thakur, Dean, CoH, Jagadalpur
Shri. S.R. Verma, Registrar, IGKV, Raipur
Shri Shankar Jha, Comptroller, IGKV, Raipur
Er. Yashwant Sahu, SPP, IGKV, Raipur
Dr. B. P. Mishra, HOD, FMPE, FAE, Raipur
Dr. S. Patel, HOD, APFE, FAE, Raipur
Dr. N. Pandey, HOD, Agronomy, CoA, Raipur
Dr. R.K. Bajpai, HOD, Soil Science, CoA, Raipur
Dr. G. K. Das, HOD, Agrometeorology, CoA, Raipur

Dr. A. K. Sahu, Chief Scientist, AICRP on IWM

Dr. R. R. Saxena, ADR, IGKV, Raipur

Dr. R. Lakpale, ADR, IGKV, Raipur

Dr. V. Tripathi, ADR, IGKV, Raipur

Technical Session Committee


Dr. V. K. Pandey Chairman
Dr. B. P. Mishra Co-Chairman
Dr. S. Patel Co-Chairman
Dr. M. P. Tripathi Co-Chairman
Dr. B. L. Sinha Member
Shri Diwakar Naidu Member
Er. Abhimanyu Kalne Member
Er. Aryak Shori Member
Er. Priti Tiwari Member

Registration Committee
Dr. Devesh Pandey Chairman
Dr. V.M. Victor Co-Chairman
Er. Dhiraj Khalkho Member
Er. Prashant Pisalkar Member
Dr. (Smt.) Ambika Tandan Member
Mrs. Jyoti Bhatt Member
Mrs. Kirti jain Member

Invitation Committee
Dr. H.C. Nanda Chairman
Dr. L.K. Shrivastava Co-Chairman
Dr. V.M. Victor Member
Dr. Rama Mohan Savu Member
Dr. Nitish Tiwari Member
Er. Akhilesh Chandrakar Member
Sh. Vinay Bachkaiya Member
Transport Committee
Dr. B. P. Mishra Chairman
Dr. R.K. Naik Co-Chairman
Dr. Jitendra Trivedi Member
Dr. Amit Dixit Member
Er. Abhimanyu kalne Member
Er. Yatnesh Bisen Member
Publicity Committee
Dr. K.K. Sahu
Dr. B.C. Jain

Dr. Sunil Nag


Dr. P.K. Sangode
Food and Refreshment Committee
Dr. Ajay Verma Chairman
Er. Prafull Katre Co-Chairman
Dr. D. Khokhar Member
Dr. N. Lakpale Member
Dr. H.L. Sonboir Member
Er. Ravish Kesri Member
Sh. M. S. Baghel Member
Publication Committee
Dr. M. P. Tripathi Chairman
Er. Dhiraj Khalkho Co-Chairman
Dr. R. K. Naik Member
Er. Yatnesh Bisen Member
Er. Priti Tiwari Member
Sh. Babulal Diwan Member
Secretariat Committee
Dr. A. K. Sahu Chairman
Er. M. Quasim Co-Chairman
Dr. Narendra Agrawal Member
Er. P. S. Pisalkar Member
Sh. P. L. Sonwani Member
Smt Deepika Nikhade Member
Security and Disciplinary Committee
Dr. H.K. Chandrakar Chairman
Dr. G.K. Shrivastava Co-Chairman
Dr. R.N. Singh Member
Dr. Rajesh Naik Member
Er. Gangadhar Member
Accommodation Committee
Dr. S.V. Jogdand Chairman
Dr. Prashant Pandey Co-Chairman
Dr. Navneet Rana Member
Er. Neeraj Mishra Member

Stage & memento Committee


Dr. A. K. Dave Chairman
Dr. Jitendra Sinha Co-Chairman
Dr. G. L. Sharma Member
Dr. (Smt.) N. Kerketta Member
Dr. (Mrs.) Deepti Jha Member
Smt. Kirti Jain Member

Resource Generation Committee


Dr. S. Patel Chairman
Dr. Ajay Verma Co-Chairman
Dr. P.K. Joshi Member
Dr. S.S. Tuteja Member
Dr. Vivek Tripathi Member

Poster Session Committee


Dr. Madhav Pandey Chairman
Dr. Dhananjay Sharma Co-Chairman
Dr. Jitendra Sinha Member
Er. Rajesh Agrawal Member
Shri Gaurav K. Jatav Member

Medical Committee
Dr. Girish Ramole Chairman
Dr. V.K. Koshta Co-Chairman
Shri. R.K. Thakur Member
Smti Subuhi Nishad Member

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