UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS FUERZAS ARMADAS “ESPE”

Nombre: Adrian Coello Docente: Ing. Francisco Carrasco

NRC: 1720

Fecha: 25/08/2015

Asignatura: Algebra Lineal

Trabajo.

1. Comprobar si es un espacio vectorial (x,y,z) ⨁ (x’,y’,z’)=(x+x’,y+y’,z+z’) y cʘ(x,y,z)=(x,1,z)

α)

i. u⨁v=v⨁u

(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’,y’,z’)=(x’,y’,z’) ⨁ (x,y,z)

(x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) = (x’+x, y’+y, z’+z)

ii. u ⨁ (v+w) = (u+v) ⨁ w

(x,y,z) ⨁ [(x’,y’,z’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z’’)] = [(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’,y’,z’)] ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z’’)

(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’+x’’, y’+y’’, z’+z’’) = (x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z’’)

(x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, z+z’+z’’)=(x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, z+z’+z’’)

iii. 0 ⨁ u = u

0 + (x,y,z) = (x,y,z)

(x+0, y+0, z+0) = (x,y,z)

(x,y,z) = (x,y,z)

iv. u ⨁ (-u) = 0

(x,y,z) ⨁ (-x,-y,-z) = 0

(x-x, y-y, z-z) = 0

(0, 0, 0) = 0

0=0

β)

i. c⨀(u⨁v) = c⨀u ⨁ c⨀v

c⨀(x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) = c⨀(x, y, z) ⨁ c⨀(x’, y’, z’)

(x+x’, 1, z+z’) = (x, 1, z) ⨁ (x’, 1, z’)

(x+x’, 1, z+z’) ≠ (x+x’, 2, z+z’)

ii. u⨀(c+d) = c⨀u ⨁ d⨀u; k=c+d

u⨀k = c⨀(x, y, z) ⨁ d⨀(x, y, z)

(x, 1, z) = (x, 1, z) ⨁ (x, 1, z)

(x, 1, z) ≠ (2x, 2, 2z)

iii. 1⨀u = u

1⨀(x, y, z) = (x, y, z)

(x, 1, z) ≠ (x, y, z)

iv. c⨀(d⨀u) = (cd) ⨀ u

c⨀(x, 1, z) = (x, 1, z)

(x, 1, z) = (x, 1, z)

∴ No es espacio vectorial, porque no es cerrado bajo la multiplicación.

2. Considere V de ternas ordenadas de la forma (x, y, 0) y defina operaciones como (x, y, 0) ⨁

(x’, y’, 0) = (x+x’, y+y’, 0) y c⨀(x, y, 0) = (cx, cy, 0)

α)

i. u⨁v=v⨁u

(x,y,0) ⨁ (x’,y’,0)=(x’,y’,0) ⨁ (x,y,0)

(x+x’, y+y’, 0) = (x’+x, y’+y, 0)

ii. u ⨁ (v⨁w) = (u⨁v) ⨁ w

(x,y,0) ⨁ [(x’,y’,0’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,0’’)] = [(x,y,0) ⨁ (x’,y’,0)] ⨁ (x’’,y’’,0)

(x,y,0) ⨁ (x’+x’’, y’+y’’, 0) = (x+x’, y+y’, 0) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,0)

(x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, 0) = (x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, 0)

iii. 0 ⨁ u = u

0 + (x,y,0) = (x,y,0)

(x+0, y+0, 0+0) = (x,y,0)

(x,y,0) = (x,y,0)

iv. u ⨁ (-u) = 0

(x,y,0) ⨁ (-x,-y,-0) = 0

(x-x, y-y, 0-0) = 0

(0, 0, 0) = 0

0=0
β)

i. c⨀(u⨁v) = c⨀u ⨁ c⨀v

c⨀(x+x’, y+y’, 0) = c⨀(x, y, 0) ⨁ c⨀(x’, y’, 0)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0) = (cx, cy, 0) ⨁ (cx’, cy’, 0)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0) = (c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0)

ii. u⨀(c+d) = c⨀u ⨁ d⨀u; k=c+d

u⨀k = c⨀(x, y, z) ⨁ d⨀(x, y, z)

(kx, ky, 0) = (cx, cy, 0) ⨁ (dx, dy, 0)

(kx, ky, 0) = (cx+dx, cy+dy, 0)

(kx, ky, 0) = (x(c+d), y(c+d), 0)

(kx, ky, 0) = (kx, ky, 0)

iii. 1⨀u = u

1⨀(x, y, 0) = (x, y, 0)

(x, y, 0) = (x, y, 0)

iv. c⨀(d⨀u) = (cd) ⨀ u

c⨀(dx, dy, 0) = (cdx, cdy, 0)

(cdx, cdy, z) = (cdx, cdy, 0)

∴ Si es espacio vectorial.

3. Considere V de ternas ordenadas de la forma (x, y, z) y defina operaciones como (x, y, z) ⨁

(x’, y’, z’) = (x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) y c⨀(x, y, 0) = (cx, y, z)

α)

i. u⨁v=v⨁u

(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’,y’,z)=(x’,y’,z’) ⨁ (x,y,z)

(x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) = (x’+x, y’+y, z+z’)

ii. u ⨁ (v⨁w) = (u⨁v) ⨁ w

(x,y,z) ⨁ [(x’,y’,z’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z’’)] = [(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’,y’,z’)] ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z’’)

(x,y,z) ⨁ (x’+x’’, y’+y’’, z+z’) = (x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,z+z’’)

(x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’) = (x+x’+x’’, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’)

iii. 0 ⨁ u = u

0 ⨁ (x,y,z) = (x,y,z)
(x+0, y+0, z+0) = (x,y,z)

(x,y,z) = (x,y,z)

iv. u ⨁ (-u) = 0

(x,y,z) ⨁ (-x,-y,-z) = 0

(x-x, y-y, z-z) = 0

(0, 0, 0) = 0

0=0

β)

i. c⨀(u⨁v) = c⨀u ⨁ c⨀v

c⨀(x+x’, y+y’, z+z’) = c⨀(x, y, z) ⨁ c⨀(x’, y’, z’)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0) = (cx, y, z) ⨁ (cx’, zy’, z)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0) = (c(x+x’), c(y+y’), 0)

ii. u⨀(c+d) = c⨀u ⨁ d⨀u; k=c+d

u⨀k = c⨀(x, y, z) ⨁ d⨀(x, y, z)

(kx, y, z) = (cx, y, z) ⨁ (dx, y, z)

(kx, y, z) = (cx+dx, 2y, 2z)

(kx, y, z) = (x(c+d), 2y, 2z)

(kx, y, z) ≠ (kx, 2y, 2z)

iii. 1⨀u = u

1⨀(x, y, z) = (x, y, z)

(x, y, z) = (x, y, z)

iv. c⨀(d⨀u) = (cd) ⨀ u

c⨀(dx, y, z) = (cdx, y, z)

(cdx, y, z) = (cdx, y, z)

∴ No es espacio vectorial, porque no es cerrado bajo la multiplicación.

4. Considere V de ternas ordenadas de la forma (0, y, z) y defina operaciones como (0, y, z) ⨁

(0, y’, z’) = (0, y+y’, z+z’) y c⨀(0, y, z) = (0, 0, cz)

α)

i. u⨁v=v⨁u

(0,y,z) ⨁ (0,y’,z)=(0,y’,z’) ⨁ (0,y,z)

(0, y+y’, z+z’) = (0, y’+y, z’+z)

ii. u ⨁ (v⨁w) = (u⨁v) ⨁ w

(0,y,z) ⨁ [(0,y’,z’) ⨁ (0, y’’,z’’)] = [(0,y,z) ⨁ (0,y’,z’)] ⨁ (0,y’’,z’’)

(0,y,z) ⨁ (0, y’+y’’, z+z’) = (0, y+y’, z+z’) ⨁ (0,y’’,z+z’’)

(0, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’) = (0, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’)

iii. 0 ⨁ u = u

0 ⨁ (0,y,z) = (0,y,z)

(0+0, y+0, z+0) = (0,y,z)

(0,y,z) = (0,y,z)

iv. u ⨁ (-u) = 0

(0,y,z) ⨁ (-0,-y,-z) = 0

(0-0, y-y, z-z) = 0

(0, 0, 0) = 0

0=0

β)

i. c⨀(u⨁v) = c⨀u ⨁ c⨀v

c⨀(0, y+y’, c(z+z’)) = c⨀(0, y, z) ⨁ c⨀(0, y’, z’)

(0, 0, c(z+z’)) = (0, 0, cz) ⨁ (0, 0, cz’)

(0, 0, c(z+z’)) = (0, 0, cz+cz’)

(0, 0, c(z+z’)) = (0, 0, c(z+z’))

ii. u⨀(c+d) = c⨀u ⨁ d⨀u; k=c+d

u⨀k = c⨀(0, y, z) ⨁ d⨀(0, y, z)

(0, y, z) = (0, 0, cz) ⨁ (0, 0, dz)

(0, 0, kz) = (0, 0, cz+dz)

(0, 0, kz) = (0, 0, z(c+d))

(0, 0, kz) = (0, 0, kz)

iii. 1⨀u = u

1⨀(0, y, z) = (0, y, z)

(0, 0, z) ≠ (0, y, z)

iv. c⨀(d⨀u) = (cd) ⨀ u

c⨀(0, 0, dz) = (0, 0, cdz)

(0, 0, cdz) = (0, 0, cdz)

∴ No es espacio vectorial, porque no es cerrado bajo la multiplicación.

5. Considere V de ternas ordenadas de la forma (x,y) y defina operaciones como (x,y) ⨁ (x’,y’) =
(x+x’, y+y’) y c⨀(x,y) = (cx, cy)

α)

i. u⨁v=v⨁u

(x, y) ⨁ (x’,y’)=(x’, y’) ⨁ (x,y)

(x+x’, y+y’) = (x’+x, y’+y)

ii. u ⨁ (v⨁w) = (u⨁v) ⨁ w

(x, y) ⨁ [(x’,y’) ⨁ (x’’, y’’)] = [(x,y) ⨁ (x’,y’)] ⨁ (x’’,y’’)

(x,y) ⨁ (x’+x’’, y’+y’’) = (x+x’, y+y’) ⨁ (x’’,y’’,)

(0, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’) = (0, y+y’+y’’, z+z’’)

iii. 0 ⨁ u = u

0 ⨁ (x,y) = (x,y)

(x+0, y+0) = (x,y)

(x,y) = (x,y)

iv. u ⨁ (-u) = 0

(x,y) ⨁ (-x,-y) = 0

(x-x, y-y) = 0

(0, 0) = 0

0=0

β)

i. c⨀(u⨁v) = c⨀u ⨁ c⨀v

c⨀(x+x’, y+y’) = c⨀(x, y) ⨁ c⨀(x’, y’)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’)) = (cx, cy) ⨁ (cx’, cy’)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’)) = (cx+cx’, cy+cy’)

(c(x+x’), c(y+y’)) = (c(x+x’), c(y+y’))

ii. u⨀(c+d) = c⨀u ⨁ d⨀u; k=c+d

u⨀k = c⨀(0, y, z) ⨁ d⨀(0, y, z)

(kx, ky) = (cx, cy) ⨁ (dx, dy)

(kx, ky) = (cx+dx, cy+dy)

(kx, ky) = (x(c+d), y(c+d))

(kx, ky) = (kx, ky)

iii. 1⨀u = u

1⨀(x, y) = (x, y)

(x, y) = (x, y)

iv. c⨀(d⨀u) = (cd) ⨀ u

c⨀(dx, dy) = (cdx, cdy)

(cdx, cdy) = (cdx, cdy)

∴ Si es espacio vectorial.

6. Determine si los siguientes vectores generan 𝑅 2.

a) (1, 2) (-1, 1)
1 −1 0
( ⋮ )
2 1 0
1 −1 0
( ⋮ )
0 3 0
1 −1 0
( ⋮ )
0 1 0
1 0 0
( ⋮ )
0 1 0
∴ Si genera 𝑅 2.

b) (0, 0) (1, 1) (-2, -2)

Al vector (0, 0) no se lo toma en cuenta ya que es el origen:

1 −2 0
( ⋮ )
1 −2 0
Es combinación lineal ya que tiene filas y columnas iguales ∴ no genera 𝑅 2.

7. Determine todo los números reales 𝜆 tales que el sistema homogéneo (𝜆𝐼𝑛 − 𝐴)𝑥 = 0 tiene
una solución no trivial.
1 1 −2
(−1 2 1)
0 1 −1
𝜆 0 0 1 1 −2 𝜆−1 1 −2
(0 𝜆 0) − (−1 2 1 ) = ( −1 𝜆 − 2 1 )
0 0 𝜆 0 1 −1 0 1 𝜆+1
𝜆−1 1 −2
| −1 𝜆 − 2 1 | = (𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 − 2)(𝜆 + 1) + 0 + (2)(1)(−1) − [0 + (−1)(−1)(𝜆 − 1) + (𝜆 + 1)(1)(−1)]
0 1 𝜆+1

𝜆3 − 2𝜆2 − 𝜆 + 2 = 0
Por la división de Ruffini obtenemos los siguientes valores:
 𝜆=1
𝜆=2
𝜆 = −1
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑙.
8. Determine una base para el espacio nulo de la matriz A dada.
1 2 3 −1
2 3 2 0
𝐴=( )
3 4 1 1
1 1 −1 1
1 2 3 −1 0 1 2 3 −1 0 1 −5 3 3 0
0 −1 −4 2 0 0 1 4 −2 0 0 1 4 −2 0
( ⋮ )=( ⋮ )=( ⋮ )
0 −2 −8 4 0 0 −2 −8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −1 −4 2 0 0 −1 −4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑊 = {𝑉1, 𝑉2 }

𝐶1 = 5𝐶3 − 3𝐶4; 𝐶3 = 𝑟, 𝐶4 = 𝑡

𝐶2 = 4𝐶3 − 2𝐶4
𝑋1 𝐶1 5𝑟 −3𝑡
𝑋2 𝐶2 −4𝑟 2𝑡
( )=( )=( )+( )
𝑋3 𝐶3 𝑟 0
𝑋4 𝐶4 0 𝑡
5 −3
−4 2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 = {𝑟 ( ) + 𝑡 ( )}
1 0
0 1

2 3
9. Encuentre los valores propios de 𝐴 = ( )
3 −6

2 3 𝜆 0 2−𝜆 3
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼𝑛 = ( )−( )=( )
3 −6 0 𝜆 3 −6 − 𝜆

2−𝜆 3
| |=0
3 −6 − 𝜆
(2 − 𝜆)(−6 − 𝜆) − (3)(3) = 0

−12 − 2𝜆 + 6𝜆 + 𝜆2 − 9 = 0
𝜆2 + 4𝜆 − 21 = 0
Factorando:
 (𝜆 + 7)(𝜆 − 3) = 0

∴ 𝐿𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝜆 = −7 𝑦 𝜆 = 3.

2 4 3
10. Diagonalice la siguiente matriz 𝐴 = (−4 −6 −3)
3 3 1
2 4 3 𝜆 0 0
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼𝑛 = (−4 −6 −3) − (0 𝜆 0)
3 3 1 0 0 𝜆

2−𝜆 4 3
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼𝑛 = ( −4 −6 − 𝜆 −3 )
3 3 1−𝜆
2−𝜆 4 3
| −4 −6 − 𝜆 −3 | = 0
3 3 1−𝜆
(2 − 𝜆)(−6 − 𝜆)(1 − 𝜆) − 36 − 36 − [9(−6 − 𝜆) − 9(2 − 𝜆) − 16(1 − 𝜆)]

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜: − 𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 + 4

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜: − (𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 2)2

Con 𝜆 = 1
1 4 3 0 1 4 3 0 1 4 3 0 1 0 −1 0
(−4 −7 −3 ⋮ 0) = (0 9 9 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 1 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 1 ⋮ 0)
3 3 0 0 0 −9 −9 0 0 −9 −9 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 −1 0
(0 1 1 ⋮ 0) = 𝑥 − 𝑧 = 0; 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
0 0 0 0
1
𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 = (−1)
1
Con 𝜆 = −2

4 4 3 1 1 3/4 0 1 1 3/4 0 1 1 3/4 0

(−4 −4 −3) = (−4 −8 −3 ⋮ 0) = (0 −4 0 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 0 ⋮ 0)
3 3 3 3 3 −1 0 0 0 −13/4 0 3 3 −13/4 0
1 0 3/4 0 1 0 3/4 0 1 0 3/4 0
= (0 1 0 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 0 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 0 ⋮ 0)
0 0 −13/4 0 0 0 −13/4 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
= (0 1 0 ⋮ 0) = (0 1 0 ⋮ 0)
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
−1
𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 = ( 1 )
0
 ∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑦𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑠 3 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠.
11. Encuentre la distancia entre los vectores 𝑢 = (1, 7, 3) 𝑦 𝑣 = (4, 13, 0)
1 4
𝑢 − 𝑣 = (7) − (13)
3 0
−3
𝑢 − 𝑣 = (−6)
3

𝑢 − 𝑣 = √(−3)2 + (−6)2 + (3)2

𝑢 − 𝑣 = 3√6
12. Sean 𝑦 = (7, 6, 3) 𝑦 𝑢 = (4, 2, 6) encuentre la proyección ortogonal de y sobre u.
𝑦∙𝑢
𝑦= 𝑢
𝑢∙𝑢
(7, 6, 3) ∙ (4, 2, 6)
𝑦= ∙ (4, 2, 6)
(4, 2, 6) ∙ (4, 2, 6)
58
𝑦= ∙ (4, 2, 6)
56
29 29 89
𝑦=( , , )
7 14 14
13. Encuentre las coordenadas [𝑉]𝑆 y [𝑉] 𝑇 dados los siguientes conjuntos
2 1 1
𝑆 = (0 2 1)
1 0 1
6 4 5
𝑇 = (3 −1 5)
3 3 2
𝑣 = (4, −9, 5)
2 1 1 4 1 1/2 1/2 2 1 1/2 1/2 2 1 1/2 1/2 2
[𝑉]𝑆 = (0 2 1 ⋮ −9) = (0 2 1 ⋮ −9) = (0 2 1 ⋮ −9) = (0 1 1/2 ⋮ −9/2)
1 0 1 5 1 0 1 5 0 −1/2 1/2 3 0 −1/2 1/2 3
1 0 1/4 7/4 1 0 1/4 7/4 1 0 0 4
(0 1 1/2 ⋮ −9 /2) = (0 1 1/2 ⋮ −9 /2) = (0 1 0 ⋮ −5)
0 0 3/4 3/4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
−3
[𝑉]𝑆 = (−6)
3

6 4 5 4 1 2/3 5/6 2/3 1 2/3 5/6 2/3 1 2/3 5/6 2/3

[𝑉] 𝑇 = (3 −1 5 ⋮ −9) = (3 −1 5 ⋮ −9 ) = (0 −3 5/2 ⋮ −11) = (0 1 −5/6 ⋮ −11/3)
3 3 2 5 3 3 2 5 0 1 1/2 3 0 1 1/2 3
1 0 25/18 28/9 1 0 25/18 28/9 1 0 0 78/24
(0 1 −5/6 ⋮ −11/3) = (0 1 −5/6 ⋮ −11/3) = (0 1 0 ⋮ −73/24)
0 0 4/3 1 0 0 1 3/4 0 0 1 3/4
 78/24
[𝑉] 𝑇 = (73/24)
3/4

14. Utilice el proceso de Gram Schmidt para obtener una base orto normal de los siguientes
vectores:

3
𝑢1 = ( 0 )
−6

8
𝑢2 = ( 5 )
−6

3 8 0
(0 5 ⋮ 0) ∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐿. 𝐼.
−6 −6 0

𝑢1 = 𝑣1

𝑢2 ∙ 𝑣1
𝑣2 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣
𝑣1 𝑣1 1

(8, 5, −6) ∙ (3, 0, −6)

𝑣2 = (8, 5, −6) − (3, 0, −6)
(3, 0, −6)(3, 0, −6)

𝑣2 = (−1, 5, −3)

Ortonormalizando:

𝑣1 (3, 0, −6) 3 −6
𝑤1 = = =( , 0, )
𝑣
| 1| √10 √10 √10

𝑣2 (−1,5, −3) −1 5 −3
𝑤2 = = =( , , )
|𝑣2 | √35 √35 √35 √35

3 −6 −1 5 −3
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = {( , 0, ),( , , )}
√10 √10 √35 √35 √35

15. Factorice mediante QR la siguiente matriz

𝐴 = 𝑄𝑅

𝑅 = 𝑄𝑇 ∙ 𝐴

1 −2 1
𝐴 = (−1 3 2)
1 −1 −4

Ortonormalizando las columnas de A, tenemos:

1/√3 0 2/√6
𝑄 = (−1/√3 1/√2 1/√6 )
1/√3 1/√2 −1/√6
 1/√3 −1/√3 1/√3
𝑇
𝑄 =( 0 1/√2 1/√2 )
2/√6 1/√6 −1/√6

1/√3 −1/√3 1/√3 1 −2 1

𝑇
𝑅 =𝑄 ∙𝐴=( 0 1/√2 1/√2 ) ∙ (−1 3 2)
2/√6 1/√6 −1/√6 1 −1 −4

√3 −2/√3 −5/3√3
𝑅=(0 √2 −2√3 )
0 0 1/3√96

16. Factorice mediante LU la siguiente matriz

1 2 3 1
𝐴 = (1 1 4) 𝑏 = (0)
2 3 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
𝐴 = (1 1 4) 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 𝑦 𝐹3 − 2𝐹1 = (0 −1 1 ) 𝐹3 − 𝐹2 = (0 −1 1 )
2 3 1 0 −1 −5 0 0 −6
1 2 3
𝑈 = (0 −1 1 )
0 0 −6

1 0 0
𝐿 = (1 1 0)
2 1 1

𝑦 = (𝐿 ⋮ 𝑏)

1 0 0 1
𝑦 = (1 1 0 ⋮ 0) = 𝑦1 = 1; 𝑦2= − 1; 𝑦3 = 1
2 1 1 2
1
∴ 𝑦 = (−1)
1

𝑥 = (𝑈 ⋮ 𝑦)

1 2 3 1 1 5
𝑦 = (0 1 1 ⋮ −1) = 𝑥3 = − ; 𝑥2= ; 𝑥1 = −1/6
6 6
0 0 −6 1

−1/6
∴ 𝑥 = ( 5/6 )
−1/6
17. Factorice la siguiente matriz mediante LU

4 −2 1 11
𝐴 = ( 20 −7 12) 𝑏 = (70)
−8 13 17 17

4 −2 1 4 −2 1 1 2 3
𝐴 = ( 20 −7 12) 𝐹2 − 5𝐹1 𝑦 𝐹3 + 2𝐹1 = (0 3 7 ) 𝐹3 − 3𝐹2 = (0 3 7)
−8 13 17 0 9 19 0 0 −2

1 2 3
𝑈 = (0 3 7)
0 0 −2

1 0 0
𝐿 = ( 5 1 0)
−2 3 1

𝑦 = (𝐿 ⋮ 𝑏)

1 0 0 11
𝑦 = ( 5 1 0 ⋮ 70) = 𝑦1 = 11; 𝑦2= 15; 𝑦3 = −6
−2 3 1 17
11
∴ 𝑦 = ( 15 )
−6

𝑥 = (𝑈 ⋮ 𝑦)

1 2 3 11
𝑦 = (0 3 7 ⋮ 15 ) = 𝑥3 = 3; 𝑥2= − 2; 𝑥1 = 1
0 0 −2 −6

1
∴ 𝑥 = (−2)
3

18. Factorice la siguiente matriz mediante QR

𝐴 = 𝑄𝑅

𝑅 = 𝑄𝑇 ∙ 𝐴

1 0 1
𝐴 = (0 2 1)
1 1 0

Ortonormalizando las columnas de A se obtiene:

1/√2 −1/3√2 2/3

𝑄=( 0 2√2/3 1/3 )
1/√2 1/3√2 −2/3
 1/√2 0 1/√2
𝑇
𝑄 = (−1/3√2 2√2/3 1/3√2)
2/3 1/3 −2/3

1/√2 0 1/√2 1 0 1
𝑇
𝑅 = 𝑄 ∙ 𝐴 = (−1/3√2 2√2/3 1/3√2) ∙ (0 2 1)
2/3 1/3 −2/3 1 1 0

√2 1/√2 1/√2
𝑅=(0 3/√2 1/√2)
0 0 1

19. Diagonalice la siguiente matriz

1 0 0
𝐴 = (1 2 3)
0 0 3

1 0 0 𝜆 0 0 1−𝜆 0 0
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼𝑛 = (1 2 3) − (0 𝜆 0) = ( 1 2−𝜆 3 )
0 0 3 0 0 𝜆 0 0 3−𝜆

1−𝜆 0 0
| 1 2−𝜆 3 | = 0 ≫ (1 − 𝜆)(2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆) + 0 + 0 − [0 + 0 + 0]
0 0 3−𝜆

(1 − 𝜆)(2 − 𝜆)(3 − 𝜆) = 0

𝜆=1

0 0 0 0
(1 1 3 ⋮ 0) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 𝑦 2𝑧 = 0 ≫ 𝑥 = −𝑦; 𝑧 = 0
0 0 2 0

−1
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 = ( 1 )
0

𝜆=2

−1 0 0 0
( 1 0 3 ⋮ 0) = −𝑥 = 0 ≫ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
0 0 1 0

0
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 = (1)
0
𝜆=3

−2 0 0 0
( 1 −1 3 ⋮ 0) = −2𝑥 = 0 ≫ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 𝑧; 𝑦 = 3𝑧 = 0
0 0 1 0
0
𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑜 = (3)
1

−1 0 0
𝑃=( 1 1 3)
0 0 1
−1 0 0
𝑃−1 = ( 1 1 −3)
0 0 1

1 0 0
𝐷 = (0 2 0)
0 0 3

𝐴 = 𝑃𝐷𝑃−1

−1 0 0 1 0 0 −1 0 0
𝐴=( 1 1 3) (0 2 0) ( 1 1 −3)
0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1
−1 0 0 −1 0 0
𝐴=( 1 2 9) ( 1 1 −3)
0 0 3 0 0 1

1 0 0
𝐴 = (1 2 3)
0 0 3

20. Suponga que {𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 } es un conjunto linealmente independiente de vectores en un

espacio vectorial V. Muestre que 𝑇 = {𝑊1 , 𝑊2 , 𝑊3 }donde 𝑊1 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 ; 𝑊2 = 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
y 𝑊3 = 𝑉3 también es linealmente independiente.

𝐶1 𝑊1 + 𝐶2 𝑊2 + 𝐶3 𝑊3 = 0

𝐶1 (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 ) + 𝐶2 (𝑉2 + 𝑉3 ) + 𝐶3 𝑉3 = 0

𝐶1 𝑉1 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )𝑉2 + (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 )𝑉3

𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐿. 𝐼 𝑝𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑝ó𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠.

∴ 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 = 0

∴ 𝑇 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒.