UNIT 3.

EL SUSTANTIVO
1. Definición
Un sustantivo es una palabra que nombra algo: una persona, una cosa o un lugar. En una frase, los nombres pueden jugar el rol de sujeto,
objeto directo, objeto indirecto...

2. Tipos de nombres

- Nombrar personas:

Albert Einstein; the president, my mother, a girl...

- Nombrar lugares:

My bedroom, Disneyland, Mount Vesuvius

- Nombrar cosas, a veces intangibles. Algunas incluso pueden ser hipotéticas o cosas imaginarias.

Shoe, faucet, freedom, The Elder Wand, basketball

3. Nombres propios vs. Nombres comunes

Un nombre propio es un nombre específico de personas, lugares o cosas, y son siempre escritos con la primera letra en mayúsculas.

Does Tina have much homework to do ? (¿Tiene tina muchos deberes que hacer?)

-Tina es el nombre de una persona en específico

I would like to visit Old Faithful. (Me gustaría visitar Old Faifthful)

- Old Faithful es un nombre especifico de un fenómeno geológico.

Lo contrario de un nombre propio es un nombre común, a veces conocido como nombre genérico. Un nombre común es el nombre genérico
de un objeto en una clase o grupo y no se capitaliza a menos que aparezca al principio de la frase.

The girl crossed the river. (La chica cruzó el río)

Girl es un nombre común; No sabemos la identidad de la niña al leer la frase, aunque sabemos la acción que realiza. River es también un
nombre común.

TIPOS DE NOMBRES COMUNES

- Concrete noun; nombre concreto. Es algo que puede ser percibido por los sentidos, algo que es real.

I heard the doorbell. (Escuché el timbre)

My keyboard is sticky. (Mi teclado está pegajoso)

- Abstract noun, nombre abstracto. Es algo que no puede ser percibido por los sentidos.

We can’t imagine the courage it took to do that. (No podemos imaginarnos el coraje que tomó hacer eso)

- Collective noun, nombre común. Denota a un grupo o colección de personas o cosas.

The pack of lies is disgraceful. (La cantidad de mentiras es vergonzoso)

‘Pack of lies’ se usa como nombre colectivo. Nombres comunes se usan con verbos en singular, ya que son una entidad.

Pride of lions is also a collective noun.

4. Nombres como sujetos

Toda frase debe tener un sujeto,y el sujeto siempre va a ser siempre un nombre. El sujeto va a sero estar haciendo lo que diga el verbo.

Maria is happy. (María está feliz)

 Maria es el sujeto de la frase y el verbo correspondiente es una forma del verbo to be.

5. Nombres como objetos

Un objeto, puede ser un objeto directo (el sustantivo que recibe la acción realizada por el sujeto ) u objeto indirecto (recibe de forma indirecta
la acción).

Give the books to her.

‘Books’ es el objeto directo (lo que le da), y ‘her’ es el objeto indirecto (a quien le dan los libros).

6. PLURAL
Estos requieren verbos plurales.

La mayoría de plurales en inglés se pueden formar añadiendo ‘-s’ o ‘-es’ a la forma singular, aunque hay excepciones.

Cat ---- Cats

Tax ---- Taxes

House --- Houses

7. Nombres contables vs. Incontables

Nombres contables son nombres que pueden ser contados. Puedes ser usados con ‘a/an, the, some, any, a few, and many’

Here is a cat.

Here are a few cats.

Here are some cats

Nombres incontables son sustantivos que vienen en un estado o cantidad la cual es imposible contar, los líquidos son incontables, asi como las
cosas que actúan como líquidos (arena, aire). Son considerados singular. Y pueden ir acompañados the ‘some, any, a little, y much’.

An IQ test measures intelligence.

EJERCICIOS

1. Choose the correct option.

1. There are a lot of beautiful _____.

a) Trees

b) Tree

2. How many _____ do you have in your bag?

a) Keys

b) Key

3. There was a woman in the car with two _____.

a) Men

b) Man

4. There are two ____ in the shop.

 a) Woman

b) Women

5. These _____ aren’t very sharp.

a) Scissors

b) Scissor

6. There are three ____ on my desk.

a) Book

b) Books

7. I like your _____. Where did you buy it?

a) Trouser

b) Trousers

8. I don’t like ____. I’m afraid of them.

a) Mouse

b) Mice

9. I have four _____.

a) Dictionaries

b) Dictionary

10. I have two ____.

a) Baby

b) Babies

2. Transform the sentence into saxon genitive.

a) The house of Tom

b) The help of his friends

c) The trousers of my brother

d) The plays of Shakespeare

e) The work of the good learners

f) The book of the teacher

g) The pencil of the student

h) The tools of the employees

i) The hat of his father

j) The street of Olsztyn

3. Which one is correct?

1. my birthday is next friday.

a. My birthday is next friday.
b. My birthday is next Friday.
c. My Birthday is next Friday.
2. he loves italian food.
a. He loves italian food.
b. He loves Italian food.
c. He loves Italian Food.
3. independence day is celebrated on july 4.
a. Independence day is celebrated on july 4.
b. Independence day is celebrated on July 4.
c. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4.
4. gerry speaks english, french and spanish.
 a. Gerry speaks english, french and spanish.
b. Gerry speaks English, French and Spanish.
5. the highest mountain is mount everest.
a. The highest mountain is mount Everest.
b. The highest mountain is Mount Everest.
6. his favourite season is summer.
a. His favourite season is summer.
b. His favourite season is Summer.
7. she lives in london and i live in paris.
a. She lives in london and I live in paris.
b. She lives in London and i live in Paris.
c. She lives in London and I live in Paris.

8. do they like shakespearean sonnets?

a. Do they like shakespearean sonnets?
b. Do they like Shakespearean sonnets?
c. Do they like Shakespearean Sonnets?
9. the nobel prize in literature was first awarded in 1901.
a. The Nobel prize in literature was first awarded in 1901.
b. The Nobel Prize in literature was first awarded in 1901.
c. The Nobel Prize in Literature was first awarded in 1901.
10. we spent our holidays in the south of france and stayed at a nice hotel.
a. We spent our holidays in the south of France and stayed at a nice hotel.
b. We spent our holidays in the South of France and stayed at a nice hotel.
c. We spent our holidays in the South Of France and stayed at a nice hotel.

4. Decide wheter the woords in bold are nouns or verbs.

A. We read books. →
B. She rides a horse. →
C. My parents are nice. →
D. They play the drums. →
E. He often helps his brother. →
F. Frank never has lunch at school. →
G. I don't like carrots. →
H. Her friends live in a flat. →
I. John often gets up late. →
j. Peggy comes home from school at 3.30 pm. →

5. Pon en plural y traduce.

A. Boy.

B. Tree.

C. King.

D. FIower.

E. Waiter.

F. Man.

G. Woman.

H. This.

I. Queen.

J. Door.

6. Pon en negativo y traduce. 1.

That is a king. 2. This is a house. 3. Those are kings. 4.These are boxes. 5.That is a red tomato. 6.There is a face in the window. 7.There

are cIasses there. 8. It is a king. 9. The boy is there. 10. The tree is green.

7. Pon en interrogative y traduce.

1.That is a tomato. 2.This is an actor. 3.That is a door. 4.Those are exercises. 5. The dog is in the
room. 6. The pen is on the tabIe. 7. That is a map. 8. The map is in the cIass. 9. The boy is there. 10. The tree is
green.
8. Traduce al español.

A. The teacher and the boys are in the cIass. The teacher is near the door. The boy is near the tabIe.

B. This is the schooI. It has waIIs, windows and one door. There are tabIes for the pupiIs. How many doors are there in
the schooI? There are four doors. Behind the chair there is a box. It has books, one pen, one watch and two maps.

ADJECTIVES
1. Definición

Describen el aspecto de los sustantivos. Cuando un adjetivo está describiendo un nombre, podemos decir que los modifica.

Pueden describir sentimientos o cualidades, nacionalidad u origen, características, la edad, las medidas, color, de que material esta
hecho, la forma.

2. USOS

Los adjetivos en ingles son invariables. No cambian su forma debido al género ni al número.

This is a hot potato.

Para enfatizar o reforzar el significado del adjetivo, se usan los adverbios ‘really’ o ‘very’ delante del adjetivo

This is a very hot potato.

Los adjetivos, aunque normalmente se usan delante del sustantivo, pueden aparecer detras de verbos como ‘to be, to seem, to look & to taste’.

Los adjetivos ‘involved, present & concerned’ pueden aparecer antes o despues del sustantivo al que modifican, pero con distintosignificado dependiendo
de la posición

Adjective placed after the Meaning Adjective placed before the Meaning
noun noun

I want to see the I want to see the people who It was an involveddiscussion. The discussion was
people involved. have something to do with this detailed & complex.
matter.

Here is a list of the Here is a list of the people who The presentsituation is not The current situation is
people present at the meeting. were at the meeting. sustainable. not sustainable.

I need to see the I need to see the man who has A concerned father came to A worried father came
Adjective placed after the Meaning Adjective placed before the Meaning
noun noun

man concerned by this been accused. see me today. to see me today.

accusation.

3. Orden de los adjetivos

Cuando hay varios adjetivos en una frase, tienen que seguir un orden:

Quantity four, ten, a few, several

Value/Opinion delicious, charming, beautiful

Size tall, tiny, huge

Temperature hot, cold

Age old, young, new, 14-year-old

Shape square, round

Color red, purple, green

Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese

Material glass, silver, wooden