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Analysis & Design of

Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

Strength Design Method


Analysis & Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams.

When compression steel is used, the nominal resisting moment of the steel is
assumed to be consisted of two parts.
1- The part due to the compression concrete and the balancing area of tensile
reinforcement.
 a
M n1  As1 f y  d  
 2
2- The part due to compression steel and the balancing area of tensile
reinforcement.
M n2  As f y d  d  if compression steel is yield
M n2  As f sd  d  if compression steel is not yield
 a
M n  M n1  M n 2  As1 f y  d    As f y d  d 
 2

d'

A'S A'S
= d + d-d'
AS AS1 AS2

The strain in the compression steel is checked to determine whether or not it has
yielded. With the obtained strain, the compression stress is determined.
 c  d  
f s    0.003 Es
 c  
And the value of As 2 is computed with the following expression:
As 2 f y  As f s

Also, the net tensile strain in the extreme tensile steel ( εt ) should be calculated to
check the ductility of the section.
 t  0.005 Ø = 0.9
0.004   t  0.005 Ø < 0.9

To determine the strain and thus the stress in both tensile and compression steel,
the location of the N.A ( the value of 'c') should be determined using the following
quadratic equation:
73
Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

 c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c1cb  As  0.003Es
 c 

Balanced and maximum steel ratio requirements:


f
b  b    s ( Balanced steel ratio)
fy
f
 max   max    s ( Maximum steel ratio)
fy

Analysis Procedure:

1- Find the location of the N.A ( the value of 'c' ) using the quadratic equation:
 c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c1cb  As  0.003Es
 c 
2- Solve the above equation for 'c' then find 'a':
a  1c
3- Compute the strains in compression steel and tensile steel.
 c  d 
a- Check the yielding of compression steel;  s   0.003
 c 
fy
if  s   y  Then compression steel yields and As 2  As
Es
fy  c  d 
if  s   y  Then compression steel is not yield and f s   0.003  Es
Es  c 
f
and As 2  s As
fy
b- Calculate the strain of the extreme tensile steel  t to check section ductility.
d c
t   0.003
 c 
4- As1  As  As 2
5- Calculate the design moment strength:

  a  fy
M n    As1 f y  d    As f y d  d  if  s   y  and;
  2  Es
  a  fy
M n    As1 f y  d    As f sd  d  if  s   y 
  2  Es
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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

Analysis Examples:

Ex.1)
Determine the design moment capacity of the beam section shown below. Use
f c  21MPa and f y  420MPa . 65 mm

2 Ø 28
680 mm
545 mm

Sol.)
As  4  1018  4072mm 2 4 Ø 36

As  2  616  1232mm 2


Find the location of the N.A ; 350 mm
 c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c1cb  As  0.003Es
 c 
 c  65 
4072  420  0.85210.85c350  1232 0.003  200,000
 c 
1710240c  5310.37c 2  739200c  48048000
5310.37c 2  971040c  48048000  0
c 2  182.86c  9047.96  0
182.86   182.862  49047.96 182.86  263.87
c   223.4mm
2 2
a  1c  0.85223.4  189.9mm
Check the yielding of compression steel;
 c  d  223.4  65  420
 s   0.003   0.003  0.0021   y   0.0021
 c   223.4  200000
 Compression steel yields ( f s  f y ) and As 2  As  1232mm 2
As1  As  As 2  4072  1232  2840mm 2
Check section ductility;
d c  610  223.4 
t   0.003   0.003  0.00519  0.005
 c   223.4 
 Section is ductile and   0.9

75
Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method
  a 
M n    As1 f y  d    As f y d  d 
  2 
  189.9  
  1232  420610  65  10  806.72kN .m
6
M n  0.92840  420 610 
  2  

Ex.2)
Determine the design moment capacity of the beam section shown below. Use
f c  28MPa and f y  420MPa . 65 mm

2 Ø 22
680 mm
Sol.) 545 mm
As  4  707  2828mm 2
As  2  380  760mm 2
4 Ø 30
Find the location of the N.A ;
 c  d 
As f y  0.85 f c1cb  As  0.003Es
 c  350 mm
 c  65 
2828  420  0.85280.85c350  760 0.003  200,000
 c 
1187760c  7080.57c 2  456000c  29640000
7080.5c 2  731760c  29640000  0
c 2  103.35c  4186.15  0
103.35   103.352  44186.15 103.35  165.61
c   134.48mm
2 2
a  1c  0.85134.48  114.3mm
Check the yielding of compression steel;
 c  d   134.48  65  420
 s   0.003   0.003  0.00155   y   0.0021
 c   134.48  200000
 Compression steel is not yield and ;
 c  d 
f s   0.003Es  0.00155  200000  310MPa
 c 
f 310
As 2  s As  760  561mm 2
fy 420
As1  As  As 2  2828  561  2267mm 2
Check section ductility;

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

d c  610  134.48 


t   0.003   0.003  0.0106  0.005
 c   134.48 
 Section is ductile and   0.9
  a 
M n    As1 f y  d    As f sd  d 
  2 
  114.3  
  760  310610  65  10  589.3kN .m
6
M n  0.92267  420 610 
  2  

Design of doubly reinforced concrete beams:

Sufficient tensile steel can be placed in most beams and bigger section can be used
so that compression steel is not needed. But, if section dimensions is restricted and
the required steel area exceeded the maximum steel ratio  max , then compression
steel should be used.

Design Procedure:

1- Calculate the factored applied moment.


2- Calculate  max and check if    max then design as a doubly reinforced beam.
Or calculate Mu max and compare with Mu
3- calculate As1 where: As1   max bd
4- Assume   0.9 and calculate M n1 :
 fy 
M u1  M n  max f y bd 2 1  0.59 max 
 f 
c 
5- M u 2  M u  M u1
6- Find the location of the neutral axis and check the yielding of compression steel
As1 f y a
a and c 
0.85 f cb 1
 c  d 
 s   0.003
 c 
fy M u2
a- If  s   y  Then compression steel yields and As 2  As 
Es f y d  d 
fy  c  d 
b- If  s   y  Then compression steel is not yield and f s   0.003  Es
Es  c 
M u2 f
As  and As 2  s As
f sd  d  fy

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

7- As  As1  As 2

Design Examples:

Ex.3)
A beam is limited to the dimensions shown below. If M u  1225kN.m , determine
the required steel area. Use f c  21MPa and f y  420MPa .

Sol.)
 0.851 f c  0.003 
  max      0.0135 70 mm
 f  0.003  0. 005 
 y 
Mu 1225  106
Ru    7.94
bd 2 0.9  3507002 700 mm
fy 420
   23.53
0.85 f c 0.8521
1  2R  

 1 1 u
  fy 
 350 mm

1  2  7.94  23.53 
 1  1    0.0284   max  0.0135
23.53  420 

 Design as a doubly reinforced concrete beam.


As1   max bd  0.0135  350  700  3307mm 2
 fy 
M u1  max f y bd 2 1  0.59  max 
 f 
c 
 420 
M u1  0.9  0.0135  420  3507002 1  0.59  0.0135 6
  10  735.7kN .m
 21 
M u 2  M u  M u1  1225  735.7  489.3kN.m

Check to see if compression steel yields;


As1 f y 3307  420
a   222.32
0.85 f cb 0.85  21  350
a 222.32
c   261.55mm
1 0.85

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

 c  d   261.55  70  fy 420
 s   0.003   0.003  0.0022   y    0.0021
 c   261.55  Es 200000
70 mm
 compression steel yields.
2 Ø 30
M u2 489.3  106

As  As 2    2054mm 2
f y d  d  0.9  420700  70
700 mm
 Use 3Ø30  As  3707  2121mm 2
As  As1  As 2  3307  2054  5361mm 2 8Ø 30
 Use 8Ø30  As  8707  5656mm 2

350 mm

Ex.4)
Design a rectangular beam with maximum permissible dimensions shown in the
Figure below for M D  230kN.m and M L  305kN.m . Use f c  28MPa and
f y  420MPa .
100 mm

500 mm

Sol.)
M u  1.2230  1.6305  764kN.m
375 mm
 0.851 f c  0.003 
  max     0.0181
 f  0.003  0.005 
 y 
 420 
M u ) max .  0.9  0.0181  420  3755002 1  0.59  0.0181 6
  10  538.7kN .m
 28 
M u  764kN.m  M u ) max  538.7kN.m

 Design as a doubly reinforced concrete beam.

As1   max bd  0.0181  375  500  3394mm 2


 fy 
M u1  max f y bd 2 1  0.59  max 
 f 
c 
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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Lecture.9 Strength Design Method

M u 2  M u  M u1  764  538.7  225.3kN.m

Check to see if compression steel yields;


As1 f y 3394  420
a   159.7
0.85 f cb 0.85  28  375
a 159.7
c   187.9mm
1 0.85
 c  d   187.9  100  fy 420
 s   0.003   0.003  0.0014   y    0.0021
 c   187.9  Es 200000
 compression steel is not yield.
 c  d 
f s   0.003Es  0.0014  200000  280.68MPa
 c 

M u2 225.3  106
As    2230mm 2
f sd  d  0.9  280.68500  100
 Use 6Ø22  As  6380  2280mm 2
f 280.68 100 mm
As 2  s As  2230  1490mm 2
fy 420
As  As1  As 2  3394  1490  4884mm 2 6 Ø 22

 Use 8Ø28  As  8616  4928mm 2 500 mm

8Ø 28

375 mm

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm

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