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Perpendicular to the
direction of motion direction of
fluid flow
For a body moving through a large mass of fluid, It can also be given as
FD= CDAV2/2 FL=CLAV2/2
where
CD, CL coefficient of drag & lift.
A= area is characteristic area
=mass density of fluid
Generally A is represented in terms of length taken as L2
Factors affecting drag and lift
R2
Vr V 1 2 cos
r
R2
V V 1 2 sin
r
By substituting r = R we can find out the resultant
velocity which is given by v= 2Vsinθ .The pressure p
at any point on the cylinder is given by Bernoulli
equation
1 2 1 2
p p 0 ρV ρv
2 2
So by substituting the value of v in the equation we can
find p as
1
p p0 V 2 2 V 2 sin 2
2
Equation is independent of sign of sinθ. Pressure
distribution is symmetrical about the mid-section .
drag on the cylinder is 0.
Real Fluid
Due to the viscosity by fluid, the pressure distribution is
modified.
Let thin circular cylinder of infinite length, placed
transversely in a fluid stream
Note that for a given cylinder of a given diameter
immersed in a given fluid the Reynolds number is
directly proportional to the velocity and therefore the
variation with Re No could be imagined as the variation
with velocity for a given cylinder.
In this case, as long as the boundary layer is laminar, the
point of separation are located on the u/s half portion of
the cylinder, but when the boundary layer becomes
turbulent, the point of separation shift farther d/s towards
the rear of the cylinder.
The pressure distribution diagrams are similar to that of
sphere.
flow pattern behind the cylinder is different from that
behind a sphere.
Vortex Shedding
For small velocities of flow (Re < 0.5), The inertia forces
are negligible and the streamlines are similar to that of
an ideal fluid. The pressure drag is negligible and the
profile drag consists mainly of skin friction. The drag is
proportional to the velocity and CD is inversely
proportional Reynolds number
No shear!
Problem 1
The electrical transmission towers, 10 m high are fixed 400
m apart to support 16 cables, each 2 cm in dia. If a 100
kmph wind is blowing transeversely across the cables,
make calculations for the total force to which each tower
would be subjected and the moment acting at the base of
each tower. Assume air density ρ = 1.2 kg/m3 and dynamic
viscosity μ = 1.65 x 10-5 N-sec/m2. Assume there is no
interference between the wires and take drag coefficients
as Cd = 0.95 for 103 < Re < 104 and Cd = 1.2 for 104 < Re <
105. Would the cables be subjected to self induced
vibrations and if so calculate the frequency of vortex
shedding.
Problem 2
A chimney in a stream power plant is 40 m
high. The diameter at the base is 4.5 m and
it gradually reduces to 2.5 m at the top.
Calculate the bending moment at the base
of the chimney when wind speed is 60 km/h.
ρ= 1.2 kg/m3; μ = 1.9 x 10-5 N-s/m2.
Drag on a sphere
24 D
Cd 1 2.1
Re D1
Where D1 is smallest lateral
dimension of the container
What we have seen till now that the above equation are
valid for Re≤ 0.2. But Swedish Physicist Oseen gave
equation which is valid Re<1.
24 3
CD 1 Re
Re 16
Effect of Reynolds number
By increase of Re the viscosity is reduced in the
predominant area.
It is restricted to a very small zone of boundary layer
formed closed to the sphere.
A separation of boundary layer begins from d/s to u/s
and point of separation move further forward towards
upstream as Re increases until Re≈ 1000.
A more or less stable position for the point of separation
is achieved which is about 800 from the upstream
stagnation point.
A large wake is produced .
It results in (form) drag about 95%. as compared to skin
friction drag which is 5% of total drag.
CD is independent in the range of 103 to 105 of Re.But CD
increases slightly from0.4 to0.5 in this range of Re
Upto Re<3×105 boundary may be considered to be
laminar and the pressure distribution around the sphere
on the U/S side upto the points of separation is almost
the same as Ideal fluid.
Point of separation
Drag on a Golf Ball
DRAG ON A GOLF BALL comes mainly from
pressure drag. The only practical way of
reducing pressure drag is to design the ball so
that the point of separation moves back
further on the ball. The golf ball's dimples
increase the turbulence in the boundary layer,
inertia of the boundary layer,
increase the _______
and delay the onset of separation. The effect
is plotted in the chart, which shows that for
Reynolds numbers achievable by hitting the
ball with a club, the coefficient of drag is much
lower for the dimpled ball.
Drag on a Flat Plate
Plate held parallel to flow
Total drag= friction drag
Formation of boundary layer
Magnitude depends upon the boundary layer
Inertia forces are predominant
F FR
L z
x
FD
direction of fluid
flow
Forces on a flat
surface
Flat Plate:
Streamlines
3
v2
p p0
U Cp 1 2
2 2
U
2
4 U
0 1 Point v Cp p
1 0 1 >p0
2 <U >0 >p0
3 >U <0 <p0
4 <p0
Points outside boundary layer!
Perpendicular to the flow
For ideal fluid flow pattern will be symmetrical on u/s &
d/s.
2.58
0
0
0
00
00
0
00
00
00
00
00
0
00
l
00
00
10
00
00
0
10
00
00
10
00
10
10
00
10
10
Ul
Rel =
n
Lift on Cylinder
Ideal Fluid
When the body is symmetrical with respect to its axis
and so located that its axis is parallel to the direction of
motion, then the resultant force exerted by fluid on the
body is in the direction of motion, and in such a case the
lift is zero.
Ideal Fluid
Let an ideal fluid flowing past a cylinder of radius R with
a uniform velocity of fluid V.
Flow pattern will be symmetrical about both axes.
Resultant velocity v at any point on the surface = 2Vsinθ
Pressure distribution are identical (no lift)
Spinning Spheres
v 2v sin / 2R
The postion of stagnation points S1 and S2 on the
surface of the cylinder may be obtained by
considering v = 0 and solving for Sin as
Γ
Sinθ
RV 4π
Velocity is higher at upper, lower at lower.
Pressure is higher at upper and lower at lower.
Force will be exerted perpendicularly to the motion.
pressure=
p p 0 0.5ρ v 2 2vsinθ Γ/2πR 2
2π
FL LR p0 0.5 v2 2vsinθ Γ/2πR2 sinθ dθ
0
FL A ρVLΓ 2RL Γ
FL ρVLΓ Lift coeff. C L
1 2 1 2 RV
ρV ρV
2 2
Problem
A cylinder rotates clockwise at 300 rpm about its axis
which is perpendicular to the air stream having a velocity
of 2 m/sec. The cylinder is 2m in dia and 10 m long.
Determine (a) circulation (b) The theoretical lift force per
unit length (c) the position of stagnation points. (d) The
actual life and drag and the resultant force on the
cylinder. Take density of air 1.24 kg/m3. Also assume
vc/V=1.57 for cD = 0.65 and cL = 3.40 find also the speed
of rotation of the cylinder which yields only a singe
stagnation point.
Calculate the dia of a parachute to be used for dropping
and object weighting 1000 N so that the maximum
terminal velocity of dropping is 5 m/sec. The drug
coefficient for parachute which may be treated as
hemispherical is 1.3. Take density of air 1.216 kg/m3.
In investigating the possibility of using rotors in place of
airplane wings it is assumed that each of the two rotating
cylinders would have a diameter of 1.0 m and length 4.0
m. If the weight of the entire plane is 80,000 N,
determine the speed of rotation of rotors which will
support this load at a 250 km/hr crushing speed. Use fig
18.17 for determining the drag and lift coefficient. Also
determine the power required to overcome the rotor
drag. Take density of air 1.208 kg/m3.
Please refer problem sheet provided in the
class for extra problems.
Thank You