Special Report

Partially Prestressed
Concrete: Review and
Recommendations
by

Antoine E. Naaman
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan

This report presents a global review of the analysis

and design of partially prestressed concrete with
primary emphasis on progress in the United States. It
summarizes the presentations of the author at two
recent symposia on the subject and integrates some
new advancements in the field.
A particular effort is made to identify existing
approaches and propose related recommendations
reflecting up-to-date developments. Some recent
research results on strength, ductility, and behavior of
partially prestressed beams subjected to static and
fatigue loading are also described.

Note: This report is an updated version of a paper presented at the Advanced Research Workshop on
Partial Prestressing sponsored by NATO Scientific Affairs Division, Pans, France, June 18-22, 1984.

30
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................ 32
2. Definition of Partial Prestressing .......................... 32

3. Characterization of the Extent of Partial Prestressing ........ 32

— Recommendations

4. Behavior in Flexure ..................................... 34

— Observed
— Simulated

5. Analysis in Flexure ..................................... 35

— Linear Elastic Analysis
— Strength Analysis
---- Approximate Nonlinear Analysis
Nonlinear Analysis
— Recommendations

6. Design Philosophy ...................................... 40

— Recommendations
7. Design for Ultimate Strength ....................... .... 43
— Design of Reinforcement
— Interpretation of the Reinforcing Index
— Recommendations

8. Analysis and Design for Serviceability ..................... 48

Allowable Stresses
— Cracking and Crack Width
— Deflection Computation
— Fatigue
-- Corrosion

9. Effects of Time and Cyclic Loading ....................... 55

10. Ductility and Moment Redistribution ....................... 56

— Ductility
— Moment Redistribution
— Recommendations

11. Shear and Torsion ...................................... 62

12. Optimum Design ....................................... 63
— Recommendations
13. Code Provisions ........................................ 63
— Recommendations
Acknowledgments .......................................... 67
References ................................................ 67
Appendix— Notation ....................................... 71

PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985 31

 1. INTRODUCTION
he major American Codes on con-
crete structures (ACI, AASHTO,
AREA) have separate sections for rein-
forced and prestressed concrete but do
not address directly partially pre-
stressed concrete. However, the use of
partial prestressing is implicitly ac-
cepted provided the design of the par-
tially prestressed concrete structure is
based on a rational analysis combined
with engineering judgment.
Such analysis may have been helped
by the existence of European specifica-
tions (CEB, CP-110, FIP, SIA), where
partial prestressing is addressed, as well
as by information gained from previous
experience and research publications.
In the United States, the lack of formal
specifications on partially prestressed
concrete, on the one hand, may have
been detrimental to its acceptance and
development but, on the other hand,
may have helped researchers and prac-
titioners derive solutions better suited
to American practice and more compat-
ible with U.S. codes.
Any review on partial prestressing
cannot be fairly addressed without ref-
erence to the pioneering work of Dr.
Pan] Abeles and many European re-
searchers. CIearly, many "American"
ideas were born from exchanges of ideas
between American and European in-
vestigators and no attempt is made here
to correlate these ideas or identify their
initiation or origin. European views and
developments are covered in the pro-
ceedings of two recent symposia12"4 and
a historical overview is given in Ref. 1;
they will not he addressed here and, be-
cause of space limitations, correspond-
ing references are not listed in the sec-
tion on References.
This paper summarizes the contribu-
tion of the author at these two symposia,
It offers a global review of the analysis
and design of partially prestressed con-
crete and presents related recommen-
dations as viewed by the author at the
32
time this document was assembled.
Other contributions from American par-
ticipants to the above-mentioned sym-
posia can be found in Refs. 8, 10, 31, 66.
2. DEFINITION OF PARTIAL
PRESTRESSING
Since its first use, the term partial pre-
stressing was neither clearly nor
uniquely defined. Partial prestressing is
used to describe one of three distinct
features of a prestressed concrete mem-
ber, namely:
1. A prestressed concrete member de-
signed to crack in tension-flexure under
service load;
2. A prestressed concrete member in
which the effective prestress in the steel
is purposely kept lower than its maxi-
mum allowable value; and
3. A concrete member reinforced with
a combination of prestressed and non-
prestressed reinforcement, the nonpre-
stressed reinforcement being either or-
dinary reinforcing steel or nonstressed
prestressing steel.
It has been a general practice in the
past, to associate with the term "partial
prestressing" a numerical parameter de-
scribing the extent of partial prestress-
ing. Commonly used parameters are de-
scribed in the next section. However, it
is essential to separate the definition of
partial prestressing from the parameters
which quantify the extent of partial pre-
stressing.
Several arguments are given in Ref. 14
describing the advantages and disad-
vantages of each feature (or related defi-
nition) of partial prestressing. It is noted
that the third feature (combination of
reinforcing and prestressing steel) is
predominantly implied in the technical
literature when used in combination
with the first one (cracking). In an ear-
lier publication '52 the author proposed
the following definition:
"A necessary and sufficient
Table 1. Examples of Indices Used to Characterize the Extent of Partial Prestressing.

Character- Index Definition

ization

Prestressing Index r
A4 fry -Aalr
Single Degree of Prestress `^1d=
index 141x, + Mr.
Character-
ization -
2 ^!
"p
Partial Prestress ing Ratio =

A ,fp. (do – 2} + A,f ( d. – a ^ u"

Global Reinforcing index

Triple
In
Index Partial Prestressing Ratio
bl„
Character-
ization Degree of Prestress ud"

condition for a concrete member ommended by this author. In this paper

to be called partially prestressed is
to contain prestressed and nonpre-
stressed reinforcement intended
to resist external loads of the same
nature."
This definition offers the following
advantages:
1. It separates the intrinsic properties
of the section (such as its moment-cur-
vature relationship) from the magnitude
of the external load, in particular the
load leading to cracking. The moment-
curvature relationship can be defined
strictly from the concrete section and
the reinforcement, and independently
of the applied load which is an external
variable.
2. It allows an immediate unified
treatment at nominal resistance of the
analysis and design of concrete flexural
members.
3. As for the current ACI Building
Code treatment of reinforced concrete,
it allows the separation of ultimate
strength limit state from serviceability
limit states where cracking and the ex-
tent of cracking are addressed.
The use of this last definition is rec-
the terms prestressed or fully pre-
stressed, reinforced or fully reinforced,
and partially prestressed are in accor-
dance with the above definition.
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF
THE EXTENT OF PARTIAL
PRESTRESSING
Several indices have been used to
characterize the extent of partial pre-
stressing. They include the partial pre-
stressing index, the degree of prestress,
and the partial prestressing ratio. They
are described in Table 1. Although the
ACI Code does not give a definition of
partial prestressing, it can be pointed
out that, given the definition recom-
mended in Section 2, partial prestress-
ing can be characterized in the ACI
Code by the sum of reinforcing indices
w and w, here called the global rein-
forcing index.
The above indices have been used
mostly one at a time depending on the
author and the design approach pro-

PCI JOURNAUNovember-December 1985 33

 posed. However, a multiple-index char-
acterization can be used. For instance,
Cohn and Bartlett" suggested a general
characterization based on a combination
of three indices, namely: the partial pre-
stressing ratio, the global reinforcing
index, and the degree of prestress
(Table 1). They derived a general rela-
tionship between these three indices. A
similar relationship can also be derived
between the partial prestressing ratio
and the global reinforcing index, hence
leading to a two-index characterization.
Although more than one index can be
used to characterize the extent of partial
prestressing, many investigators have
found that one index is sufficient for
flexural design. This is because the
index is often used not onl y as a de-
scriptor of the extent of partial pre-
stressing but also as a design parameter.
It can be estimated a priori, thus helping
in the solution of various problems (see
Section 7).
Any descriptive parameter or index of
the extent of partial prestressing should
have two extreme values associated with
fully reinforced or fully prestressed con-
crete. Indices so far used lead to a value
of zero for reinforced concrete and one
for prestressed concrete. It is desirable
to maintain such an approach.
Recommendations
1. The extent of partial prestressing
should be described by an index com-
patible with the code philosophy and
design methodology adopted.
2. The index selected should prefera-
bly take the value of zero for fully rein-
forced concrete and one for fully pre-
stressed concrete.
3. When reporting data a clear corre-
lation should be established between
the index adopted in the study and other
widely used indices.
4. For American practice (ACI and
AASHTO codes) it is recommended to
select the partial prestressing ratio
(PPR) to characterize the extent of par-
34
tial prestresssing. The partial pre-
stressing ratio allows a unified treatment
of the "ultimate flexural strength" limit
state for reinforced, prestressed and
partially prestressed concrete. It is de-
fined as follows:
PPR =
Mn
_ Ap,Jp, (d„ – a/2)
AP8 fe, (d – a/2) + A,, f„ (d„ – a/2)
(I a)
and fords =d:
PPR = T"" = A"`f^,, (Ib)
T,, A,j, , + As.fn
The use of a multiple index character-
ization, although acceptable, may hin-
der the simplicity of the design and re-
duce the probability of achieving a
widely acceptable method characteriz-
ing the extent of partial prestressing.
4. BEHAVIOR IN FLEXURE
Both observed and sirnualted be-
havior in flexure of partially prestressed
beams are discussed.
Observed
Several investigations report on the
behavior of partially prestressed beams
under both static and fatigue loading
(Refs. 24-26, 54, 59, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78).
Everything else being equal, the fol-
lowing results are generally observed
for beams having the same ultimate re-
sistance in flexure but reinforced with
various combinations of prestressed and
nonprestressed reinforcement.
(a) Partially prestressed beams show
larger ultimate deflections, higher duc-
tility, and higher energy absorption than
fully prestressed beams.
(b) The stiffness after cracking of par-
tially prestressed beams is larger than
that of fully prestressed beams (Fig. 1).
 is

15
r)
0 ^^o -o
12
P/2
12
N 9

6 nea 1 V

ksi
u^
1 0.29 1 6.25 53 14 o
am
O . 0.30 0.74 6.71 6.2 Ap
3
O1 0.30 0.34 7.4 6.4 ^

0
00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Deflection, inch

Fig. 1. Load-deflection response of beams with various PPR

and same reinforcing index (Ref. 26).

Average crack spacing and crack widths
are smaller.
(c) The fatigue life of cracked partially
prestressed beams is generally smaller
than that of either fully reinforced or un-
cracked fully prestressed beams sub-
jected to the same load amplitude.
In addition, several experimental ob-
servations are also described in Sections
9 and 10.
Simulated
A comprehensive computerized sim-
ulation of the behavior of partially pre-
stressed sections was undertaken by
Cohn and Bartlett" and Harajli, Naa-
man, and Wight."- 21 - s The effects of
the reinforcing index C ), the partial
prestressing ratio (y) and the level of
effective prestress (K) on the moment
curvature of the section and its ductility
were extensively analyzed, Some
of their results are summarized in Figs.
2 and 3. It can be observed that:
1. For a given value of the global re-
inforcing index the moment curvature
curve is almost independent of the par-
tial prestressing ratio (Fig. 2).
2. For a given level of effective pre-
stress the section ductility at ultimate
decreases with an increase in the global
reinforcing index but is not significantly
influenced by a large change in the par-
tial prestressing ratio (Fig. 3).
3. Although the ultimate curvature
remains almost the same for the same
reinforcing index (Fig. 2), the section
ductility at ultimate decreases substan-
tially with a decrease in the effective
prestress (Fig. 3).This is because the
level of effective prestress greatly influ-
ences the curvature at yielding of the
steel.
4. For a fully prestressed section, the
curvature at yielding of the steel de-
creases when the effective prestress in-
creases.
5. ANALYSIS IN FLEXURE
Several methods may be followed to
analyze partially prestressed members
subjected to bending. In terms of as-
sumptions, purpose and underlying

PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985 35

 Y °0

a 0.5 I

-U
7.0 Y=0

3.5 K = K max,
uU =0.20

a.o
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2,5
¢Ii1 )

14.

I(=F
10
0
-v
.T
K-0

Y= PPR

31 Y = I
w=0.20

0.0
05 10 1.5 2.0 2.5
0h {°i}

20
IB YO
y= ^ '" 30
K- Kmax.
w=0.25
0
2 u,=0 2zO
Y=o
Y 1 Ujwo15
u, 0.10
6
Y'0 W =0.5
Y-I

0 25 5.0 7.5 10.0 12 5

4)h(%)

Fig. 2. Typical effects of prestressing parameters on moment-curvature relation (Ref. 11).

36
principles they are identical to those
generally used for reinforced and pre-
stressed concrete.
Linear Elastic Analysis
In the elastic range of behavior, the
analysis must accommodate a cracked or
uncracked section subjected to bending
with or without effective prestress in the
steel. The usual assumptions of linear
strain distribution along the section,
linear stress-strain relations, and perfect
bond between steel and concrete pre-
vail. Linear elastic analysis under ser-
vice loads assuming an uncracked see-
tion is generally required for pre-
stressed concrete.

3C
T Section
PPR=1,0
fP„ = 270 KSI
2 1 60KSI
f^=5KSI
0 -1, =060f^u
9 2: o -fp. =0.45f
+-fp , 0,30f
0 x-fp =0.15
I- o-fpe =O.00fp.
<
L
I
>-
I-
-ii
I-
L)

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

REINFORCING INDEX

Ml
T Section
f^=5KS1
25 Pres. Steel 1 270 KSI
Non Pres. Steel : Grade 60
o PPR=00
2a o PPR=0.4
cc PPR =0.7
0 x PPR=1.0
15

J 1a
U

0 1 1 1

0 0.05 0!10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

REINFORCING INDEX

Fig. 3. Typical effects of prestressing parameters on sectional ductility (Ref. 25).

PCI JOURNALINovember- December 1985 37


ht_
Neutral Axis
of Bending
Aps
s
Uncracked
h Ect^!
Fig. 4. Assumed stress or strain distribution in the linear elastic analysis of cracked and
uncracked sections.
Although the analysis of reinforced
concrete in the United States is predom-
inantly based on ultimate strength be-
havior, a linear elastic analysis under
service loads is necessary to check ser-
viceability limitations such as crack
widths, deflections and fatigue. The
linear elastic analysis under service
loads of either a cracked reinforced con-
crete section or an uncracked pre-
stressed concrete section is simple, very
weII documented and widely used in
professional practice.
The analysis of partially prestressed
sections does not enjoy such wide un-
derstanding and acceptance. This is be-
cause the section may be either cracked
or uncracked depending on the level of
loading, and, contrary to the case of re-
inforced concrete, the neutral axis of
bending of the cracked section does not
38
GTfl
t
Cracked
Tension—?--^ Compression
coincide with the point of zero stress
(Fig. 4).
Moreover, the point of zero stress
does not remain fixed but moves with a
change in applied load. When the effec-
tive prestress tends toward zero the two
points tend to coincide. It is observed
that the neutral axis of bending of the
cracked section is obtained using the
first static moment of the cracked trans-
formed section assuming the prestress-
ing steel is not prestressed.
Generalized equations have been de-
veloped to determine the zero stress
point based on satisfying equilibrium,
strain compatibility and stress-strain
relations." The formulas usually are of
the third order and, although they can
be easily solved, charts and tables have
been developed for their solution"
Since they are valid at the boundaries,


I I
_. - fc
c
--- -- —>^ _ fs,fps obtained
// from analysis
d ds
//
p -- Apsfp
---- Asfs
---
Nonlinear Analysis

0.003i+

,Q,c - 0.85 f,

------_— fps--

I
Apsfps Eps
L --- Asfy
Pseudo Nonlinear Analysis

0.003 ;.

$c 0.85ft
fps given
ACI code
/

A psfps
zi_
ACI Code Asfy

Fig. 5. Assumed strain distribution and forces in (a) nonlinear analysis, (b) approximate
nonlinear analysis, and (c) ultimate strength analysis by the ACI Code.

they provide a unified treatment for
cracked reinforced, prestressed and
partially prestressed sections.
Strength Analysis
At ultimate or narninal moment resis-
tance, the assumptions related to the
stress-strain distribution in the concrete
(such as the ACI Code compression
block) or the stress in the steel (such as
yielding of the reinforcing steel) are
identical for reinforced, prestressed and
partially prestressed concrete (Fig. 5).
The corresponding analysis is the same
and leads to the nominal moment resis-
tance of the section.
Numerous investigations have shown
close correlation between the ACI Code
predicted and experimentally observed
values of nominal moments. However,
the ACI Code analysis was shown to re-
sult in very conservative predictions of
section curvatures at nominal resistance,
hence leading to erroneous estimates of
deformations and deflections. To im-
prove the prediction of nominal moment
and curvature, either a nonlinear or an

PCI JOURNAUNovember-December 1985 39

 Input Data: Cross section properties;
C 0 -e relationships for reinforcing and
{ prestressing steel and concrete;
de s C reinforcement ratios; etc.

c afcbe Initialize varia-

bles such as
tt
(^Icold' told' etc..

Fix small value of e : extreme

A n sfD s + fiber compressive strai
A fs (say 0.0001)

a and (3 at e c can
he determined in Determine coefficients
advance for a given n and d at e
concrete, and stored.

I'ix trial location of

neutral axis:

For E c and c determine steel

strain (prestressed and non-
prestressed); from the o-c
relationships of the steel determine
steel stresses then check equilibrium
Select new value of forces in the section, i.e.,
of c (use compression = tension
accelerated
Methods)
^o Is equilibrium satisfied within
specified tolerance? /

Yes

Determine moment h1 c and Increment value

curvaturet at e c of e c say by
C
0.1001

(Mild Yes
Is (Mc)new

No

Cot Mu , Chu, c u , "'., 3u

at ultimate or maximum
Capacity

Fig. 6. Flow chart for the nonlinear analysis of the section (Ref. 58).

40
Table 2. Coefficients for the Stress-Strain Relationships of Typical Prestressing Steels.

Type and Strength of Prestressing Steel

Stress-Strain Bars Wires Strands
Fitting Relationship 160 ksi 235 ksi 270 ksi
Constraints (1863 Nlmm')
Used (1104 Nlmm') (1620 N/mm')
Goldberg
To Satisfy and N = 2.773 N – 2.743 N = 4.265
Minimum Richard
specified
ASTM Menegotto N = 4.24 N= 2.91 N = 4.77
Standards* and K = 1.04728 K = 1.1470 K = 1.1341
Pinto Q = 0,01797 Q = 0.00632 Q = 0.01185

N=7.1 N=6.06 N=7.344

K = 1.0041 K = 1.0325 K = 1.0618
Q = 0.0175 Q = 0.00625 Q= 0.01174
Typical of Menegotto
Actual and for for for
Behavior Pinto
E. = 28790 E, = 29300 E, = 27890
f,. = 141.8 f,,,, – 222.4 fp„ – 243.5
fp„ = 160 fp„ ° 244 fa„ ° 278
0.041 E,„, = 0.087 E,n = 0.069

* fp„ = o.85f, ; ap„ = 0.010 for wires and strands and 0.007 for bars, e , = 0.040; Elastic modulus = 27000 ksi
for strands, 28000 ksi for tars and 29000 ksi far wires; 1 ksi = 6.9 Nlmmi.

approximate nonlinear analysis may he can be observed that nonlinear analysis

followed.
Approximate Nonlinear Analysis
Iii the approximate nonlinear analysis
procedure, also called strain compat-
ibility, the actual stress-strain curve of
the steel reinforcement is considered
while the concrete is represented by the
ACI Code compression block, It can be
shown that a solution can be arrived at
by solving two nonlinear equations with
two unknowns: the stress and the strain
in the prestressing steel at nominal mo-
ment resistance (Refs. 50, 58, and Fig.
5h).
Nonlinear Analysis
The best accuracy in predicting nom-
inal moments and corresponding cur-
vatures is achieved through a nonlinear
analysis procedure (Fig. 5). A flow chart
for such analysis is shown in Fig. 6. It
requires as input information the actual
stress-strain curves of the component
materials (concrete, reinforcing steel
and prestressing steel) or an accurate
analytical representation of these
curves.
Although many analytical relation-
ships are available to model the stress-
strain curves of concrete and reinforcing
steels, only few were developed for pre-
stressing steels. The most common ones,
that are not based on fits by polynomial
or Fourier series, are summarized in
Fig. 7.
Naamansa showed that the equation
proposed by Menegotto and Pinto 40 is
the most suitable to simulate the be-
havior of prestressing steels, Based on
actual data, he derived the numerical
values of the various parameters of the
equation needed to model different pre
are-streingl.Thpametrs
given in Table 2.

PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985 41

 SOURCE EQUATION Gk13'Ii1 fAt.
RLI'RliSLN CATION
f

f ^^
H3mbcrg and f/ f 1N
Osgood E = 1 * K l`
(1943) Y /J
Y
L

1) E=EEforf<f

harwaruk
2) E =fE * K(f f )N
h t^ f
Sozcn and
Sicss (1962) for f < f < f^ f
. g

f, = stress defining the 1

start of the second tan (E)
linear portion E

^uldberg ans f-
1
Richard (1963)r 1/N
I 1 + (F:^
L f n J
I y

1) f = Ge for f < F^
f
2) f = f + (f - f) z fy.
Surgin (1971) I u P I/N f
-'-------^z

i
1-Q
F = Ec Q+
(I)N]N] kf
Menegotto and i + Kf
Ilinto (1973)
fu K
Q = 1:e - hfY rF_

Notation appi ies to reinforcing ,,r i r-:, . i r•aii. ; .reel :ubsL:r1pL y f;) r yield,
i ulti ',ate,
for p t'or proportional 1[mit. E = elastic rloduius.

Fig. 7. Analytic stress-strain relationships for the steel.

42
 1. Ultimate Strength Criterion: 0 M, -M„
2. Serviceability Criteria: Under service loads (Mr, + ML ) or (Mn + t)r ML)
(a) Allowable Stresses
(b) Fatigue: Stress range in steels and concrete r Code
(c) Cracking: Predicted maximum crack width ` Recommended Limits
(d)Camber and/or Deflections: Predicted values
(e) Corrosion; Usually accounted for by more stringent
limitations on crack width.
(f) Others
3. Ductility Criterion
4. Reliability Criteria: Where any of the above criteria represent a limit state.

Fig. B. Proposed criteria for flexural design.

Recommendations
1. In modeling the linear or nonlinear
range of flexural behavior for the
cracked or untracked section of partially
prestressed concrete members, it is es-
sential to select a method of analysis that
remains valid at the two extreme bound-
aries representing reinforced and pre-
stressed concrete. Hence, a unified ap-
proach could be achieved for reinforced,
prestressed and partially prestressed
concrete. Note that such an approach
exists in American practice and is within
the philosophy of the ACI Code.
2. The above recommendation neces-
sitates the elimination from the Code of
permissible tensile stresses (or fictitious
allowable tensile stresses) as a design
limitation. Such stresses should be used
only to indicate whether cracking will
occur and if a cracked or untracked sec-
tion analysis should be performed.
6. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
The concept of limit state design is
very well established in American prac-
tice. Limit states include ultimate
strength Iimit states and serviceability
limit states. Ultimate limit states
(strength design) correspond to the max-
imum load carrying capacity due to vari-
ous causes while serviceability limit
states correspond to criteria governing
normal use such as cracking, fatigue and
deflection.
Working stress design (which is pri-
marily used for prestressed concrete) is
a limit state design based on limiting
actual stresses. The object of limit state
design is to ensure that there is an ac-
ceptable probability far the structure not
to reach any limit state. It is on this basis
that the current load factors and strength
reduction factors of the ACI Code are
established.
Although any limit state may control
the design, two major approaches can be
identified in American practice for the
design of a concrete flexural member:
the first one is based on (ultimate)
strength design (USD or SD) and the
second is based on working stress de-
sign (WSD). The design of prestressed
concrete beams is mostly based on WSD
while SD requirements must be satis-
fied. The design of reinforced concrete
beams is mainly based on SD while
WSD is an acceptable alternative. The
design of partially prestressed beams
falls somewhere in between. Partial
prestressing is not widely used and its
design is not directly addressed in the
ACI Coded However, the Code implies
that every concrete structure should
satisfy strength requirements and
achieve acceptable performance, hence
serviceability. It seems, therefore, that
the concept of limit state design is par-

PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985 43

 Given Concrete Cross-Section, Materials Properties, and Loading Conditions

Compute Factored Moment M^

ACI Section 1a.7,2;

f ps - 0 • 5 f Qu No Derive f From
Strain C$l patibility

Yes

Change Concrete assume a Value of PPS

Cross-Section
and/or Strength
Estimate d = PPR d p + (1 - PPR ds^

- -
Compute w from: W (1-o.59 4 - --- M-°-- b---
@f' d2
c

No 1,36 G,

T-Section No

Yes

No 1,18 mod/ d l c p f 1 Yes

M aw = M u - 0,850f'c(b-bv)hf(d-hf/2) C - bdf'e

c1.1BWd/81
M
Compute _Wfrom: (1-0.59 ui) _ - ^w-- 2

• No `- 0 • 36 ;tl ?

Yes

Cn - f' c (0.85 ¢(b-b w )h f + ;wbwd) F C0 PPR

c = 1.18 mvd/ gl T n = {1-PPR)Cn

NC Bonded Tendons ?

Yes

For 1/d - 35, x - l j for 1/d = 35, x + 3 f = f pu {1 - D.3c/d)

P.
F n - f' c bd i00x

APS = f 10000 A ps - F n / fps

Largest of Fn / fax
F n / (f pe + 120000/(x+l)) A S = T n / fY

f = F n / Aps

F
Yes — c Is estimated d acceptable ?

Are Serviceability No Change PPR

Criteria Satisfied ?

Yes

Fig. 9. Design flow chart for the reinforcement of partially prestressed sections
based on the PPR method.

'14
ticularly suitable for partially pre-
stressed concrete.
Recommendations
it is recommended to (1) adopt the
philosophy of limit state design for par-
tially prestressed concrete members,
and (2) follow the same approach for
partially prestressed concrete as for re-
inforced concrete.
This implies a design process starting
by strength design and followed by
checks for various serviceability criteria
including checks for allowable stresses
in compression (Fig. 8). Similar to the
design of reinforced concrete, no allow-
able tensile stresses need be consid-
ered.
7. STRENGTH DESIGN
Design implies the determination of
some unknowns which may include not
only the reinforcement but also the sec-
tion dimensions. It is reasonable to as-
sume that the determination of the sec-
tion dimensions of partially prestressed
beams can be performed according to
accepted procedures generally used for
reinforced and prestressed concrete.
However, the determination of the re-
inforcement, although simple, includes
an additional variable and requires a
special treatment.
Design of Reinforcement
Assuming the concrete section is
given and the cover to the reinforcement
estimated, two unknowns can be deter-
mined by satisfying two equations of
equilibrium (force and moment) at ulti-
mate. The unknowns are A$ and c for
reinforced concrete and A P „ and c for
fully prestressed concrete, where A„A„g
and c are, respectively, the area of rein-
forcing steel, the area of prestressing
steel and the depth of the neutral axis
(Fig. 5). Everything else being the same,
PC E JOURNAUNovember-December 1985
a partially prestressed section will have
three unknowns: A,,, A, and c. Hence, a
third equation is needed to provide a
solution.
Several approaches or conditions can
he set to generate a third equation. They
include:
1. Limiting the fictitious tensile stress
on the precompressed tensile fiber of
the member under full service load.
2. Limiting the permissible stress in
compression at release of prestress.
3. Limiting the stress or stress range in
the steel (reinforced or prestressed)
under the application of repetitive live
load,
4. Limiting the deflection (short or
long term).
5. Limiting the maximum crack width.
6. Setting the decompression moment
equal to the dead load moment.
7. Balancing part of the applied load.
8. Giving an a priori value to one of
the partial prestressing indices such as
the degree of prestress or the partial
prestressing ratio.
Any other conditions may be set to
satisfy a limitation based on strength or
serviceability.
The choice of a particular limitation
(third equation) depends on the design
philosophy adopted, the a priori knowl-
edge of a critical constraint, expected
performance or simply engineering
judgment.
In this author's opinion, it is preferable
to adopt a design procedure for partially
prestressed concrete that also applies to
its extreme boundaries, especially rein-
forced concrete. As for reinforced con-
crete, the design of the reinforcement is
based on strength requirements Naaman
and Siriaksorns' proposed to generate a
third equation by assigning an a priori
value to the partial prestressing ratio.
The partial prestressing ratio is de-
fined as the ratio of the nominal moment
resistance due to the prestressing steel
to the nominal moment resistance due to
the total steel. As a first approximation it
is also equivalent to the ratio of tensile
45
 forces at nominal resistance (Table I
and Section 3). They argued that it is de-
sirable not to mix strength and service-
ability requirements and pointed out
that their procedure is the only one that
provides a unified treatment of strength
design.
This means that the third equation
does not become redundant or irrele-
vant at one of the boundaries. It remains
exactly satisfied. It can also be said that
the proposed procedure renders the
flexural design of partially prestressed
concrete very similar to that of rein-
forced concrete and thus is expected to
have a wider appeal among designers.
The design equations and the design
steps based on that procedure are shown
in a flow chart (Fig. 9). The chart leads
to the determination of the reinforce-
ment for reinforced, prestressed or par-
tially prestressed rectangular and T sec-
tions using bonded or unbonded ten-
dons. The chart is in accordance with
the 1983 version of the ACI Code except
for the equation predicting the stress in
the prestressing steel at nominal mo-
ment resistance which was taken from
Ref. 27.
Estimate values of the partial pre-
stressing ratio to he used in combination
with Fig. 9 were recommended in Ref.
72 for various cases. They are meant to
Iead to an acceptable design or at least
reduce the number of iterations in the
design. However, these estimates do not
necessarily guarantee an optimum (most
economical or best performance) solu-
tion.
Once the areas of prestressed and
nonprestressed steel are determined,
the design proceeds, similarly to the
case of reinforced concrete, by checking
serviceability criteria (cracking, fatigue,
deflection) including allowable com-
pressive stresses. To expedite service-
ability evaluation, equations leading to
stresses in the cracked or untracked
partially prestressed section were also
developed and are described in more
detail in Ref. 51.
46
Interpretation of the Reinforcing
Index
The global reinforcing index m was
addressed earlier in Section 2 and is
used in the flow chart (Fig. 9). It was
shown in Ref. 52 that the reinforcing
index is particularly suitable as a unify-
ing parameter in the strength design of
partially prestressed members. The def-
inition of&, is given by:
^i = pup + w - r^►' (2)
where the partial reinforcing indices carp,
1J, and w' are given by:
(Or-
Ad fPF =
AP f i (3)
w bdf' (4)
bd f"
_ f. (5)
The distanced is defined as the dis-
tance from the extreme compressive
fiber to the centroid of the tensile
force.52 This definition is slightly differ-
ent from that given in the ACI Code
(both the 1977 and the 1983 versions).
First, consider a concrete section rein-
forced with prestressed and nonpre-
stressed tensile and compressive rein-
forcement (Fig. 10). It can be shown
that:52
1
b ^I x (Force in concrete
compression zone)
w = or (6)
- j.-_ x (Net tensile force
bdf' in the steel)
Since w is proportional to the maxi-
mum resisting force in the concrete
compressive block, the composition of
the tensile force does not need to be
known, only its magnitude. Given a ten-
sile force, the concrete resistance will
balance that force whether it comes from
 b — ds
LI . ,^,
c :. Y C
ds dp d
-i bw I+
Fig. 10. Assumed forces at ultimate moment capacity of partially prestressed sections.
the prestressing steel alone, the rein-
forcing steel alone, or their combination.
Equivalently, given a required nominal
moment resistance, it is only necessary
to determine w and this can be achieved
through an infinite combination o
w `.
It can be thus argued that the com-
bined reinforcing index is a unifying
parameter between reinforced, pre-
stressed and partially prestressed sec-
tions. Its use should be fully explored in
design, An extensive analytical evalu-
ation of the influence of w on the be-
havior of partially prestressed concrete
sections can be found in Refs. 11, 25 and
59.
Additional information on the pro-
posed use of is to limit the minimum and
maximum amounts of reinforcement in
concrete structural members can be
found in Section 13 and Ref. 52.
Recommendations
1. In selecting a design procedure for
the reinforcement in partially pre-
stressed members, it is preferable not to
mix strength requirements with service-
ability requirements. This is because
PCI JOURNAUNovember-December 1985
0.85fh ,..:..I
f ^ w ^fy
strength requirements are sufficient for
the solution of fully reinforced and fully
prestressed concrete sections.
2. In designing for the flexural rein-
forcement in partially prestressed mem-
bers, it is recommended to select a pro-
cedure in which all the design equations
are equalities and remain exactly satis-
fied at the boundaries of reinforced and
prestressed concrete, that is, no equa-
tion becomes irrelevant or redundant.
An example of an equation that becomes
irrelevant is the fictitious tensile stress
limitation for the case of reinforced con-
crete and a crack width limitation for
prestressed concrete. The use of the
partial prestressing ratio satisfies the
above recommendation not only vis-a-
vis the ACI Code but also any other
code.
3. The use of the partial prestresssing
ratio and the global reinforcing index as
unifying parameters between rein-
forced, prestressed and partially pre-
stressed concrete is recommended in
design. The partial prestressing ratio
and the global reinforcing index are
somewhat code independent since their
numerical values vary little when dif-
ferent codes are used.
47
 8. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOR SERVICEABILITY
Once the section dimensions and
amount of reinforcement are deter-
mined, serviceability limit states must
be checked and, if one limit state is not
satisfied, the design is revised accord-
ingly. The following serviceability limit
states are most commonly considered. It
is noted that not only each limit state
may be binding in design, but also any
combination such as crack width, corro-
sion and fatigue will be more critical
than any one of its components.
Allowable Stresses
Four allowable stresses are generally
checked in the design of prestressed
concrete. They are the allowable tensile
and compressive stresses under initial
temporary conditions, and the allowable
tensile and compressive stresses under
final service conditions.
To render the design of partially pre-
stressed concrete fully compatible with
reinforced and prestressed concrete it is
recommended to eliminate the allow-
able tensile stress in service. The actual
tensile stress should be computed only
to check if a cracked or uncracked sec-
tion analysis must be undertaken. Be-
cause of possible overloads that lead to
cracking, it is desirable, even in fully
prestressed beams, to conduct a cracked
section analysis for any applied moment
larger than the decompression moment.
Cracking and Crack Width
Partially prestressed concrete beams
are generally designed to crack under
service loads. To be serviceable their
maximum crack width must he smaller
than code recommended limits on crack
width.
The maximum allowable crack widths
recommended by ACI Committee 224
for reinforced concrete members can be
used, preferably with some reduction
48
factor, for prestressed and partially pre-
stressed concrete members. To select
the reduction factor, engineering judg-
ment should be applied due considera-
tion to the small diameter of the rein-
forcing elements (bars or tendons), the
cover to the reinforcement, and the ex-
posure conditions.
Only a few formulas are used in Amer-
ican practice to predict crack widths in
concrete flexural members. Because the
factors influencing crack widths are ba-
sically the same for reinforced and partial-
ly prestressed concrete members, exist-
ing equations for reinforced concrete
can be adapted to partially prestressed
concrete. Five formulas" ,21.42.43,61 be-
lieved applicable to partially pre-
stressed beams are summarized in Table
3.
It can be noted that the variable ten-
sile stress in the reinforcing steel, f„ can
he replaced by A f,,, , the stress change in
the prestressing steel after decompres-
sion. The ACI Code formula initially
developed by Gergely and Lutz 21 for
reinforced concrete could be used as a
first approximation for partially pre-
stressed concrete. However, Meier and
Gergely45 suggested a modified form
(shown last in Table 3) for the case of
prestresed concrete. This new form uses
the nominal strain at the tensile face of
the concrete (instead of the stress in the
steel) and the cover to the steel d^.
Both the stress in the steel and the
clear concrete cover are found to be the
controlling variables in the regression
equation derived by Martino and Nil-
son.'2 The two prediction equations
proposed by Nawy et aleo,e' in 1977 and
1980 seem to contain most of the param-
eters found important in the cracking
behavior of concrete members except
the concrete cover which is accounted
for indirectly. Moreover, they are based
on actual experimental results on pre-
stressed and partially prestressed
beams.
As pointed out in Ref. 72, large differ-
ences may be observed in predicted
Table 3. Crack Width Prediction Equations Applicable to Partially Prestressed Beams,

Equation* with U.S. System Equation with S1 System

Source (mm,Nlmms)
(in., ksi)
Gergely and W, = 7.6 x 10 -6 $f, y' c A, Multiply expression by 0,1451
Lutz (1968)

ACI Code f, = tensile stress in reinforc-

(1971, 77, 83) ing steel

ACI Committee d, = concrete cover to center Note; AC! Committee 224 rec-
224 (1980) of closest bar layer ommends a multiplication fac-
tor of 1.5 when strands, rather
A5 = concrete tensile area per than deformed bars, are used
bar nearest to the beam tensile
face.
f3 = ratio of distances from
tension face and steel
centroid to neutral axis
Nawy and W. = 1.44 x 10- 4 (f – 8.3) – 5.31 x 10- 4 (f, – 57.2)
Potyondy (1971)
Navvy and Was = ax 10- 5 0 `4` ] f Multiply expression by 0.1451
Huang (1977) FO
Nawy and A, = area of concrete tensile
Chiang (1980) zone
E O = sum of perimeters of
bonded reinforcing ele-
ments
A f,,, = net stress change in pre-
stressing steel after de-
compression
5.85 if pretensioning
a=
6.51 if post-tensioning
Martino and %%',,, = 14 x 10 -s d,^ f, + 0.0031 = 2 x 10 -' d, f. + 0.08
Nilson (1979)
de = concrete clear cover
Meier and W,,, = C, Ems , dr (1) (1) Same equation
Gergely (1981) [w= = Cs e„: d,. '^ Ay (2) (2) Multiply by 220
C, , C, = bond coefficients
For Rebars: C, = 12;C8.4 = 8.4
For Strands: C, = 1;C2 = 12
= nominal concrete tensile
strain at tensile face
* In the formulas shown, f, can he replaced by 0f,,. and vice versa, when appropriate.

PCI JOURNAL+November-December 1985 49



crack widths depending on the predic-
tion formula used. In a recent investiga-
tion Haraj1i25 compared predicted crack
widths with crack widths observed from
tests on twelve partially prestressed
concrete beams. He considered the
three prediction equations recom-
mended by Gergely and Lutz, 2 ° Nawy
and Huang,61 and Meier and Gergely.`^
Although neither of the three equa-
tions gave sufficiently good correlation,
the following observations were made
(Fig. 11): the first equation gave a lower
bound prediction in all cases (Fig. ha),
the third equation gave the worst corre-
lation (Fig. 11c}, and the second one was

0.015 E
---- Gergely and Lutz E
o-PPR=1 °
A- PPR=O.67
q -PPR=0.33 0.3

3 0.040
c o-PPR=O
A
q
z Q Q e A
D
O
o 0.2
A 0 q qao q q ^^ __^_

A OID q O `—ter
—
a 0.005 GA
Ir qq -^^
0
°a-o.

Q
0 25 50 75 100

QI '4bdc fs

Nawy and Huang E

--- Linear Regression 04
0.015
°- PPR =i 00
C A- PPR = 0.67
q - PPR 0.33 _-' 0 .3
0.010 o-PPR=O ^-^^
°
o ^^ 2
Y
U O ^.C'
^q '%,_5 q Q
a
0.005 o "O o n
0
OD o- 4 A
A

0 100 200 300

$Atfs/20

Fig. 11. Comparison of observed and theoretically predicted crack widths (Ref. 25).

50

somewhat in between (Fig. 11b).
Although more experimental data are
needed to ascertain the reliability of
crack width prediction equations avail-
able in American practice, there appears
to be sufficient information to check if
for a partially prestressed beam the ser-
viceability criterion "cracking or crack
width" under short-term loading is
satisfactory. The effects of long-term
loading and repetitive loading (fatigue)
on the crack width of partially pre-
stressed beams need to be further
clarified.
An ongoing experimental and analyti-
cal program at the University of Michi-
gan is attempting to clarify these effects
for a wide range of reinforcing parame-
ters. Typical results are shown in Fig. 12
(Ref. 25).
Deflection Computation
Fully prestressed concrete members
are uncracked and assumed linear elas-
tic under service loads. Their instan-
taneous short-term deflection can be
determined using general principles of
0.015
C
0.01 G
H
-
I
A 6
G D
C: q
I< 0.00
U
A
i ^o o a-PPR = 0.67
°'6a0
0 25 50 75 100
Fig. 11 (cont.). Comparison of observed and theoretically predicted crack widths (Ref. 25).
PCI JOURNAL'November-December 1985 51
mechanics. To compute short-term de-
flections, it is customary in American
practice to use (1) the gross moment of
inertia l for pretensioned members and
the net moment of inertia for members
with unbonded tendons, and (2) the
modulus of elasticity of concrete at time
of loading or transfer, E.
Continuous research efforts are being
undertaken in the United States to pre-
dict more reliably the time-dependent
deflection of reinforced and prestressed
concrete members subjected to sus-
tained loading (Refs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 41,
56, 74, 75, 76, 78), Several methods have
been suggested to predict either the
long-terra deflection or the additional
long-term deflection of prestressed or
partially prestressed concrete members.
These are summarized in Table 4
where, for each method, either the basic
approach is explained or the corre-
sponding final prediction equation, if
any, is given.
Note that the third column of Table 4
provides remarks on the range of appli-
cation, assumptions or limitations of
each method. It can be observed that all
C=Bond factor
A
=12 for reinforcing bars
=16 for prestressing strands
° E ct=Nominal tensile strain 0.3
0 q
//^ 0 q 0 0.2
0 ^/
0 ^' no n
0 - - Meier and Gergely
-PPR= I M
q - PPR =0.33
o-PPR=0
Ce ct d c x104 (in)
Table 4. Deflection Prediction Equations for Prestressed and Partially Prestressed Beams.
Short-Term Instantaneous Long-Term or Additional
Source Remarks
Deflection g
Lan-Term Deflection
AC1435 4t is obtained from elastic analy- Long-term deflection obtained by integrat- • Uncracked section
(1963) sis usingF i , E 1 and 1g . ing curvatures with due account for creep • No provision forA, andA,'
effects and prestress losses with tine.
AC! Code A, shall be obtained from elastic A,,,,,, shall he computed taking into account • No provisions for partial pre-
Section 9.5 analysis using], for uncracked stresses under sustained load including stressing(cracking,A, andA, )
(1971, 77,83) sections. effects ofereep, shrinkage and relaxation.
Branson, et al. A, is obtained from elastic analy r + } 1 • Uncracked section
(1971,74,77) sis usingE,, and I.. A'«= L rl 1+ k,CCU](a.)F,
2 • k, is applicable only when
(At ) is a camber.
+ k, CC , (DE )c + K 4 k, Cc, (A f sn
• F1 = initial prestressing force
CCU = ultimate creep coefficient of concrete immediately after transfer
= F/F,
k r = 11(1 +A,/A,)
XtA = age at loading factor for creep

Naaman A is obtained usingl, and the The long-term deflection is estimated from:
(1982, 83) predicted elastic modulus at time 12
of loadingE, (t). A (t) _ 4 (t) g + [ ¢z (t) – 4)1 (t) ] 48
i (t) = midspan curvature at time t
0z (t) = support curvature at time t
0 (t) = MI[E^, (t) xI I
E,. (t) = equivalent modulus
• Uncracked section
Ie • The pressure line is assumed
resulting from the sustained load-
ings.
• The profile of the pressure line
is assumed parabolic.
• Prestress losses must be esti-
mated a priori.
• Design chart is provided for the
equivalent modulus.
• A, andA; are accounted for
through 1, and neutral axis of
bending.
 Table 4 (cont.). Deflection Prediction Equations for Prestressed and Partially Prestressed Beams.
Branson and For cracked members the short-
Trost (1982) term deflection is computed us-
ingIfff modified for partial pre-
stressing.
Martin (1977) A is obtained from elastic analy-
sis using E 1 and I..
Tadros, et al. A. is obtained from elastic analy-
(1975, 77) sis using E, (t) and I.
Dilger (1982) Al is obtained from long-term
deflection expression at initial
loading time. The age adjusted
effective modulus and a creep
transformed moment of inertia
are used,
F
Long-term deflection is not addressed but it • Cracked members
is assumed that for a given i f the earlier
method is applicable.
Dudd = Al (AE)c + Xs (0+)F, • kr = same as Branson
• Uncracked section
Al = k, =' a • Design values of xl and a2 were
E^ recommended.
a = (2 – 1.2 A, IA,) >– 0.6 • The method is adopted in the
PCI Design Handbook.
A 2 = ri A,
The long-term deflection is obtained by inte- • Untracked sections
grating the curvatures modified by a creep • For common loading cases, on-
recovery parameter and a relaxation reduc- ly the curvatures at the support
tion factor that are time dependent. and midspan sections are
needed.
The long-term deflection is obtained by inte- • Uncracked sections
grating the curvature along the member. The • A relaxation reduction factor is
time-dependent curvature is modified by the used.
effect of an equivalent force acting at the cen-
troid of the prestressing steel due to creep
and shrinkage strain.
'h(t?= 0 ' C' (t) – M`
far E, (t)
I,, = transformed moment of inertia
M, = moment due to equivalent trans-
formed force
Eco (t) = age adjusted modulus
 PPR 0.6Pu p f pg C f9
E (ki H . {ks1) {kai}
E 0.7 19.0 ---
O
1 0.37 1 11.50

2 0.30 0.74 12.00 12.8 22.5

to 0.6 3 0.30 0.34 12.55 6.9 12.4
0
6 0.5 ` In the lowest strand

17 0.4

U 03
O
U
E a.2
E
0

n
^a ,02 ,03 iO4 105 ,o6 so'
Number of cycles N, log scale

Fig. 12. Typical increase in crack widths in PPC beams subjected to

constant amplitude cyclic loading (Ref. 26).

the methods mentioned in Table 4 apply
to prestressed or partially prestressed
concrete beams assumed untracked
under the effect of sustained loading.
To compute the deflection in cracked
prestressed and partially prestressed
members, the widely accepted concept
of the effective moment of inertia (Iefr)
initially introduced by Branson is being
pursued by several researchers at the
Universities of Iowa, Nebraska and
Michigan. The effective moment of in-
ertia takes the following form;
_ ___ 3
Ie I !r f
^t a l t^tdec
Although there is general agreement
for the use of Eq. (7), substantial di-
vergence of opinion exists as to the
computation of I tr and Md,.. In particu-
lar, should the cracked moment of iner-
tia he computed with respect to the
neutral axis of bending of the zero stress
point? Should the decompression mo-
ment lead to decompression at the ex-
treme concrete fiber or should it lead to
a state of zero curvature in the section?
The discussion of Tadros' paper' s by
several experts is quite revealing in that
respect. A systematic comparison be-
tween the various approaches combined
with data from new experimental tests
can be found in Ref 78.
Fatigue
In fully reinforced and fully pre-
stressed concrete members the stress
changes in the concrete and in the steel
(I^ Icr) Ip
under the application of repetitive live
loads are generally not critical. In par-
(7) tially prestressed concrete beams the
section may be fully compressed (un-
cracked) under the sole effect of the
dead load and will crack due to the ap-
plication of the live load_ Cracking in-
duces a rapid shift in the location of the
neutral axis (zero stress point) leading to
a higher rate of increase in the steel
stress and in the concrete extreme fiber
compressive stress.
These repetitive changes in stresses

54
create fatigue damage in the corre-
sponding materials, reduce bond prop-
erties at the interface between steel and
concrete and lead to substantial in-
creases in crack widths and deflections
under service loads. More importantly
they may lead to failure by fatigue.
It is generally agreed that fatigue is a
critical (if not binding) limit state in
partially prestressed members. The re-
sults of an extensive reliability analysis57
indicate that, on the average, the proba-
bility of failure by fatigue of the rein-
forcing or the prestressing steel is
higher than that by other common ser-
viceability and ultimate limit states.
A review of available information on
fatigue data related to partially pre-
stressed beams is given in Refs. 25 and
54. AIthough sufficient data exist for the
concrete and the reinforcing steel, addi-
tional information is needed on the
fatigue behavior of prestressing ten-
dons, especially when they are part of a
beam. Two recent studies'"" seem to
indicate that partially prestressed beams
properly reinforced with a combination
of prestressing tendons and mild steel
reinforcing bars have better fatigue re-
sistance than cracked fully prestressed
beams.
Corrosion
Everything else being equal, the
reinforement in a fully prestressed beam
is better protected against corrosion
than the reinforcement in a partially
prestressed beam. This is because
cracks in partially prestressed beams
may ease the way to the passage of cor-
rosive agents. Although corrosion also
occurs along uncracked sections, it is
generally agreed that cracking facilitates
its initiation.
It has been common practice in de-
sign to limit the size of crack widths in
order to reduce the probability of corro-
sion. Recent studies, however, seem to
shy away from this approach by pointing
out that corrosion may be due to many
PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985
causes most of which do not need
cracking to be activated. It appears that
one of the best protections against corro-
sion of the reinforcement can still be
achieved through a good sound concrete
and not through crack width limitations.
The magnitude and consequences of
corrosion in prestressing steels are
much more severe than in reinforcing
steels. This is not only because high
grade steel is more susceptible to corro-
sion but also because the diameter of
prestressing tendons is relatively small.
Thus, even a small uniform corrosive
layer or a corroded spot can substan-
tially reduce the cross-sectional area of
the steel, induce stress concentrations,
and eventually lead to premature fail-
ure.
Corrosion is mostly an electrochemi-
cal problem and should be treated ac-
cordingly. Its consequences on pre-
stressed and partially prestressed con-
crete structures can be so serious that all
appropriate precautions must be taken
to prevent it or to reduce its effects.
9. EFFECTS OF TIME AND
CYCLIC LOADING
Few American investigations have
dealt with the effects of time and cyclic
loading on the behavior of partially pre-
stressed beams.' 9,2"•E3•"•'S These effects
are similar since they involve creep and
cyclic creep of concrete and they gener-
ally Iead to increases in crack width and
deflections.
An example of observed deflection in-
creasing with time is shown in Fig. 13
(Ref. 53). A computerized time-steps
analysis of the stresses along partially
prestressed sections shows that the ef-
fect of creep of concrete on the stress
redistribution along the section tends to
counteract the effect of prestress losses
with time.
This is especially true for partially
prestressed members that are cracked
55

0 5
pps
0. 4
C
4 t O
AS
0
16
V 0.3
m
0
02
------Bz
0.1 4
100
Time after loading, days
Fig. 13. Typical variation of deflection with time under sustained loading (Ref. 53).
under the application of dead load. The
result is illustrated in Fig. 14 (Ref. 78)
which was derived from a computerized
parametric analysis of 132 beams with
various values of the partial prestressing
ratio and the global reinforcing index.
It can be observed from Fig. 14 that
the stress change in the prestressing
steel with time remains negligeable
when the section is cracked, but in-
creases with an increase in PPR when
the section is untracked. This last result
confirms the observation that the addi-
tion of nonprestressed reinforcement
tends to decrease prestress losses in the
steel.
The effect of cyclic loading in service
on the behavior of partially prestressed
beans is qualitatively similar to the ef-
feet of time. Typical observed results of
crack widths and deflections with the
number of loading cycles are shown in
Figs. 12 and 15 (Ref. 26). Except for the
last portion of the curves which corre-
sponds to accelerated deterioration prior
56
83
: fully prestressed, As = 0
Bz: Partially
rtially prestressed,
untracked
Partially prestressed,
:
Baracked
t
Si
200
to failure, the trends are similar to those
observed in Fig. 13.
The effects of cyclic loading on the
load-deflection curve (loading-unload-
ing) are shown in Fig. 16 (Ref. 26) for a
beam where the reinforcement under-
goes a relatively small stress change. A
substantial increase in the residual de-
flection and a decrease in the fatigue life
are observed at higher stress ampli-
tudes.
Additional results are needed not only
to establish a data base but also to allow
the verification of prediction models re-
garding crack widths and deflections
under cyclic and sustained loading.
10. DUCTILITY AND MOMENT
REDISTRIBUTION
In this section, the effects of ductility
and moment redistribution in partially
prestressed members are discussed.
 15
13 i W - Zmax

di 2/3t3max
0J 10
U) o
j _
^'^^
0 • --- v —1/3wmax
D ^
C) } L.Ir ked i — _
Z uncracked

En 5
w 0
H
I-
N
Lii I
0 10
2 . a 0.6 0.8
PPR.

Fig. 14. Typical stress change in the prestressing steel at end of

service life for the cracked and uncracked sections (Ref. 78).

in FaiAxeal U j(mm)
0.7 1.94 i 10 6 cycles
20
r
a-
0.6 PP2D3 5
w
0
0.5 2.5
0 PPt

e
°2 0.4 0.0
U
P03

I.,
0)

0.3 '.5
0
t. ^
4 5« I
I6.11
0.2
E
90
0.1 ?.S

t 10 102 103 l0° 105 106 10'

Number of cycles N, log scale

Fig. 15. Typical increase in deflection of PPC beams subjected to constant

amplitude cyclic loading (Refs. 26 and 78).

Ductility substantial loss in resistance. It is a

Ductility is a measure of the ability of paramount characteristic of a structure
a material, section, structural element or built in seismic zones. Increasing re-
structural system to sustain inelastic search efforts are being devoted to the
deformation prior to collapse, without evaluation of ductility in reinforced and

PCI JOURNAL)November-December 1985 57

 Deflection
0 LO 0
2 Cd
0 0 0 0 in.
2.54 I 1

4 5 6 7 8mm
'I)
5 Pmo* j
45

4
4.0
to
CL
3 mIn

V
0 J 00
0 0
—J —J
/0,4P
2 0
00
0 0
0 0
0 9
lOW
92 92
0 0 0 - _______Number of
2 0
In
0
0 Cycles 3.0
If) (Ii If)

PP2D bOl
1 (iJ Af7.0
PPR=O 62
Au for static test 41O0mm
0
0 0.1 0.2
Deflection, inch

Deflection, mm
0.0 25 50 75 100
I
740

7
1)-i

2-6 PPR 0.62

Af7.0 ksi
CIL
5 - I IPMOI
Af18.1l ksi

0 20
o4 0
—j —J
3
I I mn

2
ID

1 I5Is1rand-25OkI
A226Oksi
rl I I I
0
0 05 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Deflection, inches

Fig. 16. Typical change in the shape of the hysteresis loop with the number of loading
cycles (Ref. 26).

58
prestressed concrete structures.
To date, only a few studies have ad-
dressed partially prestressed concrete.
However, most of the background in-
formation and input data needed to
study the ductility of partially pre-
stressed concrete members can be found
or derived from equivalent studies on
reinforced and prestressed concrete.
Only one important difference is ad-
dressed below.
Ductility can be characterized in
many ways. Generally, it is best de-
scribed by the ratio of a deformation
measure at ultimate to that of the same
measure at yield. Deformation may
imply strain for a material, curvature for
a section, and rotation and/or deflection
for a member.
To illustrate the particular aspect of
ductility in partially prestressed beams,
let the ductility be expressed as the ratio
of section curvature at ultimate to that at
yield. That is:
µ =^ (11)
The section curvature at ultimate has
the same definition in reinforced, pre-
stressed, and partially prestressed con-
crete. In reinforced concrete the yield
curvature corresponds to yielding in the
reinforcing steel while in prestressed
concrete it corresponds to yielding in
the prestressing steel.
In partially prestressed concrete
yielding of the reinforcing steel gener-
ally occurs prior to that of the prestress-
ing steel. Since the yield curvature is in
the denominator of Eq. (11), its value
affects substantially the ductility mea-
sure.
In modeling the nonlinear response of
partially prestressed concrete sections,
Cohn and Bartlett" assumed that the
yield curvature corresponds to that of
the reinforcing steel. This may be on the
unsafe side especially when a small
amount of reinforcing steel exists in the
section (i.e., at high values of PPR).
PCI JOUR NALjNovember-December 1985
Thompson and Park 47 defined the
yielding curvature as the curvature cal-
culated for the section assuming linear
elastic behavior up to the theoretical
strength of the section in the first load
application (Fig. 17a). In an investiga-
tion of the ductility of prestressed con-
crete piles, Park and Falconers defined
the yield curvature as that calculated at
moment M„ assuming the pile had a con-
stant flexural rigidity equal to that com-
puted at 0.75 MM,,, where M. is the nomi-
nal moment resistance when the ex-
treme fiber concrete compressive strain
is 0.003 (Fig. 17b).
In a recent study Harajli and
Naaman 25.5 " have used a definition of
yield curvature for partially prestressed
beams based on the rnornent-curvature
relationship of the section. The yield
curvature of a partially prestressed con-
crete section was defined as the curva-
ture corresponding to the intersection of
two lines (Fig. 16c). The first line is an
extension of the initial linear portion of
the moment-curvature curve while the
second line is an extension of the final
portion of the curve assumed linear.
Their analysis led to generalized equ-
ations predicting section ductility as a
function of the global reinforcing index,
the partial prestressing ratio and the
ratio of effective stress in the prestress-
ing steel to its ultimate strength.
Simplified equations are shown in Fig.
18. These can be used for design.
Because the onset of yielding in rein-
forced concrete sections is very well
defined, it will be difficult to define
yielding in partially prestressed sections
in a unified manner that would be
exactly valid at the boundary "rein-
forced concrete." Very likely, the defin-
ition of yielding will evolve with an in-
crease in research activities on partial
prestressing.
Moment Redistribution
To account for the potential rotational
capacity of reinforced and prestressed
59


Theoretical M-4 curve

M n-- --^ ----

-f
l 0.75M„ __ for fc =0. 003

"' Displacement j Curvature

q Y41Y

(o) (b)

Actual Ultimate
--- Idealized from analysis D
Mn
C
BEnd of prop.
C / limit of prest.
E / steel
0
/ C : End of
/ curvilinear part
/1 fT-c curve
A of prest. steel

Oy ^u
(C)

Fig. 17. Typical definitions of section yield ductility as derived from the
moment-curvature relation.

concrete structures, the ACI Code al-
lows a limited redistribution of mo-
ments in continuous members contain-
ing a minimum amount of bonded rein-
forcement, The provisions state that the
negative moments at the supports can be
increased or decreased by a specified
percentage provided certain conditions
are met. The percentage is given as a
function of the reinforcement ratio for
reinforced concrete, and the global
reinforcing index for prestressed con-
crete.
Naaman sa showed that a unified ex-
pression can be derived for reinforced,
prestressed and partially prestressed
concrete, as a function of the global
reinforcing index. Indeed, analytical
studies of section ductility'"' , appear to
indicate that ductility is not very sensi-
tive to the partial prestressing ratio and
that the following expression for the
percentage of moment redistribution
may be conservatively used in all cases
(Ref. 52 and Section 13):
_
20 1 — m^ (9}
provided:
2
3 (10)
where max represents the limit be-

60
 Prediction
Equations f c = 5,7,9 ksi
fy 60, 75 ksi
25 O3 oQ
Qy fpu 270,235,160 ksi
-9- t ` y =0.2,0.3,0.5
0- Rect. Section
20 a-T 0-I o-box
t
Of l 1, {11-0u/sy - 1
0 m-Q.045
7
U 15
i.e4-o-.osE
1-
I- ^ 1\
-j
10 \ 13-du/$Y =
U 1.51-0.075
J
a

A7
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.3
w
Fig. 18. Analytically derived and predicted section ductility as a
function of the reinforcing index (Ref. 59).

tween under-reinforced and over-
reinforced sections.
According to the 1983 ACI Code,' the
value of m m.s for a rectangular section
is given by:
mmQ„ = 0.36/3 (11)
It can be shown from equilibrium
that:
=0.85( ) (12)
Hence
0.3610.83 = 0.42 (13)
d )mar
This last limitation is applicable to
any type of concrete section (i.e., rec-
tangular or T section behavior) and
could also lead to a general provision on
maximum reinforcement and moment
redistribution (see Section 13 and
Table 6).
Recommendations
1. For the purpose of computing duc-
tility, it is recommended that the yield
curvature be derived from the moment-
curvature relationship of the section ac-
cording to a method similar to one of the
methods described in Fig. 17. Addi-
tional research will indicate which
method leads to the most consistent re-
sults, especially at the boundary "rein-
forced concrete" for which yield curva-
ture should be very close, if not equal, to
the curvature at yielding of the rein-
forcing steel. The correlation does not
need to be as good for the boundary
"prestressed concrete" as yielding of
the prestressing steel is by itself not
very well defined.
2. It is desirable that a unified expres-
sion be used to compute the percentage
of moment redistribution in reinforced,
prestressed and partially prestressed
sections and that such an expression he
a direct function of the global reinforc-
ing index or equivalently the ratio c!d of

PCI JOURNAUNovernber-December 1985 61

Table 5. Nominal Shear Stress Carrried by Concrete According to the ACI Code.
Method Reinforced Concrete
Elan o v, = i.9,1T + 2500p,. .f
L
Metho
and 'd 1 vii = 0.6 v ,' + A `^
Mf
Conser- v, = 2 y f^
vative
Method
neutral axis depth to tensile force depth
at nominal moment resistance. Until
newer developments occur, the recom-
mendations given in Table 6 can be fol-
lowed.
11. SHEAR AND TORSION
A review of design approaches rec-
ommended in the ACI Code for shear
suggests that partially prestressed
members can be designed following
exactly the same procedure as for fully
prestressed members. The only differ-
entiating factor between them is a lower
value of the average prestress (for partial
prestressing). This author recommends,
however, that the value of d be taken to
the centroid of the tensile force in the
reinforcement as used in flexure.
This modification should not present
any difficulty since the design for shear
generally follows the design for flexure
in which d is determined. A design flow
chart for shear in fully prestressed
members is given in Ref. 53 and could
be followed as is, provided d p is re-
placed by d.
A remark is in order here regarding
the ACI Code design values of the
nominal shear strength provided by the
concrete v, (or V, for fully reinforced
62
Prestressed Concrete
v, = lesser ofv^rorc,,o
V+ /AV A M,,,
1.7
h, d,
3.5v'f,'+0.3fP,.+ V"
h,dp
j7?
v^ = 0.6 u^ + 700 V. d° 2
My 15 VT
and V. d" 1
Mf
and fully prestressed beams." The value
of v, for prestressed concrete does not
tend toward the value ofv, for reinforced
concrete when the average prestress
tends toward zero as should be the case
for partially prestressed concrete.
This can be seen in Table 5 where
even the conservative methods do not
lead to similar results. Hence, there is a
need to modify the current ACI equa-
tions for v, (or V.) to provide for consis-
tent values at the boundaries. This is
particularly so since the cracking be-
havior and the failure mechanisms in
shear of reinforced and prestressed con-
crete members are similar.
Although the ACI Code does not
cover torsion in prestressed concrete,
several recent publications have led to a
design method that is consistent with
the Code approach for reinforced con-
crete. 2s7s,80 The background is ex-
plained in Ref. 53, where a design flow
chart for torsion and combined torsion
and shear is provided. The proposed
procedure is valid for partially pre-
stressed concrete throughout its entire
range and is consistent at the boundaries
of fully reinforced and full prestressed
concrete.
Collins and Mitchell' s have de-
veloped a procedure for the shear and
torsion design of reinforced, prestressed
and partially prestressed concrete
members. It is described as the diagonal
compression field theory and is an ex-
tension of the traditional truss model for
shear and torsion in concrete. It offers a
rational means for understanding the
behavior of beams in shear and torsion
and is currently finding its way in the
Canadian Code for concrete structures.
Because the method assumes zero
shear resistance for the concrete, it is not
compatible with the current shear de-
sign philosophy of the ACI Code. It
does, however, lead to results (stirrups
and longitudinal bar reinforcement) that
are not significantly different from those
predicted by the AC1 Code procedure;
hence, it could be used as an alternative
method.
A fresh look is needed to model the
behavior of reinforced, prestressed and
partially prestressed concrete beams in
combined flexure shear and torsion.
12. OPTIMUM DESIGN
Optimizing is finding the most effI-
cient design given the state of the art
and the constraints of the problem. Op-
timum design implies an automated de-
sign procedure by which an objective
function such as weight or cost is
minimized. It has been applied exten-
sively to reinforced and prestressed
concrete. However, only a few studies
have dealt with partially prestressed
concrete and they are mostly sum-
marized in Ref. 12 (see Kirsch, Bond,
Dayaratnam, Cohn and MacRae).
Saouman considered nine constraints
and analyzed both minimum weight and
minimum cost solutions. Cohn and
MacRae" utilized a general nonlinear
optimization program and undertook an
extensive parametric analysis compar-
ing reinforced, prestressed and partially
prestressed concrete. The above two
studies have concluded that everything
else being equal partial prestressing is
not necessarily less costly than either
PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985
reinforced or prestressed concrete. In
many cases its use does not lead to any
cost savings.
The above results are not surprising
since in a range of applications where
either reinforced or prestressed or par-
tially prestressed concrete is possible,
each solution is about equally competi-
tive. It is, therefore, preferable to select
an objective function based on overall
performance instead of either cost or
weight.
Although the definition of "perfor-
mance" and its optimization is a difficult
problem, practical cases can be de-
scribed where partially prestressed con-
crete provides a better solution than
either reinforced or prestressed con-
crete, or simply provides a solution
while reinforced and prestressed con-
crete are not feasible. Several such ex-
amples are given by Bruggeling. e Others
include the use of prestressed rein-
forcement to improve the performance
of slabs prestressed with unbonded ten-
dons, or the ductility of prestressed
structures.
Recommendation
In applying the concepts of optimum
design to comparative evaluations of
reinforced, prestressed and partially
prestressed concrete, it is recommended
to select an objective function based on
performance instead of weight or cost,
13. CODE PROVISIONS
Several revisions were made in the
1983 ACI Code to accommodate the
presence of nonprestressed reinforce-
ment in prestressed concrete members.
Thus, they apply to partially prestressed
members as defined here. Most impor-
tantly, the equation predicting the stress
in the prestressing steel at nominal mo-
ment resistance was modified to include
conventional reinforcing bars and to
account for low relaxation tendons and
63
Table 6. Comparative Summary of Current and Proposed Provisions on Reinforcement.
Current ACI Code Provisions on Proposed Provisions for
Description Reinforcement Reinforced, Prestressed and
[ 1983 Code Section] Partially Prestressed Concrete*
ACI Code Chapter 18:
p d to nonprestressed reinforcement d, to nonprestressed reinforcement
dm to prestressed reinforcement w = cap + ía - ía'
d' to compression steel

=d (-w') d = A^ffd +A.ffds

da Avrfw + A :Ii
Reinforced Concrete [10.3]: All cases: (Ref. 52) All cases (new):
ap P mas
ICp 0 75 = . p , -X0.42
d
Prestressed and Partially Prestressed
to Concrete [18.8]
c Q Rectangular Section: Rectangular Section:
w+ d (w - w' )'e 0.36 E3, tip •ar = 0.30

W T-Section; T-Section Behavior:

O - M (b b^) hf
W v+^ +( te n - w ) 0.36 ^, w^a: = 0.30 ° b +
d„ h bd

Reinforced Concrete [10.51: All cases (Ref. 52):

Gv P^P^+cn= 00 Fa = 0.85[(1-a)- 1-A +r^

4
r
.° 61 (For T sections p is based on web only) A = 4 • - f e„ + ±}
c o 3d I ` )
Ey Prestressed and Partially Prestressed f,Z6
T = 3.14 y
Concrete [18.8]: I^ b d
4t M, 1.2 M„ r Note: A = 0 for reinforced concrete
 Table 6. (cont.) Comparative Summary of Current and Proposed Provisions on Reinforcement.
Prestressed and Partially Prestressed Prestressed and Partially Prestressed Concrete (Ref. 52)
Concrete 118.71:

f fa = fau ^1 - fl.5 ^Pv + w w) 1

N
A, ll f^
New (Ref. 27):
where PP &L
F" + (w - w')l } 0.17
,t LLL f, dv 1 ( C 1
d' s 0.15d }o. = .f 1 - 0.3 - I -^ = fi. ` 1 -0.3
d^

y depends on strand relaxation

f3, depends on fr
Reinforced Concrete [8.4]: All cases (Ref. 52): All cases (new):
20 (1- R P / 20(i- 20(1-2.36—)
provided
2 ^ -- 0.2.8
y provided (p - p') -- 0.50 p, provided _w
w ^ o, 3 d
Prestressed and Partially Prestressed
Concrete [18.10.41:
x- d
0 wy + (w — ^)
zv
Q c dd l
36
0.13,
20[l-
d
provided o+ (w - w' } < 0.24 ,8^

for rectangular sections and

d (w^ — w ) 2.24 A,
w + ^

for T-section behavior

0)
v' *Valid in all systems if units
 concretes with various strengths.
The definition of d, which, in the 1977
Code was the distance to the centroid of
the steel area, was changed and the new
equations were adjusted accordingly.
Also changed were the equations for the
nominal moment resistance (ACI Code
commentary) and the percentage of
moment redistribution. Some of these
revisions reflect with some adjustments
recommendations made in Ref. 52 re-
garding the stress in the prestressing
steel at nominal resistance.
To determine the minimum and
maximum amount of reinforcement the
same approach is used in the 1983 ACI
Code as in the 1977 Code. Although for
an under-reinforced section, a direct
correlation exists between the maximum
recommended reinforcement ratio in
reinforced concrete and the maximum
reinforcing index in prestressed and
partially prestressed concrete, no ra-
tional correlation can be established for
the minimum amount of reinforcement
currently recommended in the ACI
Code.
The minimum recommended rein-
forcement ratio for reinforced concrete
(p,Rf„ = 2001J, where f„ is in psi) is inde-
pendent of the compressive strength -
or equivalently — the modulus of rup-
ture of the concrete. For prestressed and
partially prestressed concrete the
minimum amount of reinforcement is
determined by satisfying a nominal
moment resistance 20 percent higher
than the cracking moment. This last ap-
proach was shown in Ref. 52 to be also
applicable to reinforced concrete.
Recommendations with regard to
minimum reinforcement, maximum
reinforcement, stress in the prestressing
steel at nominal moment resistance, and
moment redistribution were proposed
in Ref. 52 and compared with corre-
sponding provisions of the 1977 ACI
Building Code. They represented the
state of development at that time. How-
ever, a recent study by Harajli and
Naaman27 led to a new simple and gen-
66
eral expression for the stress in the pre-
stressing steel at nominal moment re-
sistance.
The expression was derived following
an extensive computerized parametric
evaluation of partially prestressed
beams using nonlinear analysis. It is
given in Table 6 and applies to rectan-
gular and T section behavior. Based on
this equation, new recommendations
regarding maximum reinforcement and
moment redistribution can be derived.
These are summarized in Table 6 and
compared with related provisions of the
1983 ACI Code and the recommen-
dations made earlier in Ref. 52. The
simplicity, generality, and elegance of
the proposed new recommendations are
evident.
It is the opinion of this author that the
ACI Code provisions on reinforcement
(Table 6) are too complicated and at-
tempt to imply a precision that does not
exist. They render the task of unifying
the strength design of reinforced, pre-
stressed, and partially prestressed con-
crete more difficult without apparent
benefits.
Recommendations
It is recommended that whenever a
code provision is developed, a serious
attempt be made to make it applicable
simultaneously to reinforced pre-
stressed and partially prestressed con-
crete without violating the philosophy
of the code used. Any provision, equa-
tion, or expression that cannot he used
throughout the range of partial pre-
stressing should be either replaced or
only provisionally used until a better
solution is found.
In developing standard codes of prac-
tice a serious attempt should he made
to: (a) maintain some uniformity inter-
nationally at least in approach if not in
details, and (b) achieve sufficient
simplicity to encourage practical im-
plementation.
Recommendations with regard to
minimum reinforcement, maximum
reinforcement, stress in the prestressing
steel at nominal moment resistance, and
moment redistribution are proposed in
Table 6. Although they are different
from the corresponding ACI Code pro-
visions, they could be followed without
violating the philosophy of the Code.
Since they are in a nondimensionalized
form, they are valid in any system of
units.
REFERENCES
1. Bennett, E. W., "Partial Prestressing—A
Historical Overview," PCI JOURNAL,
V. 29, No. 5, September-October 1984,
pp. 104-117.
2. Branson, D. E., and Kripanarayanan,
K. M., "Loss of Prestress, Camber and
Deflections of Non-Composite and
Composite Prestressed Concrete Struc-
tures," PCI JOURNAL, V. 16, No. 5,
September-October 1971, pp. 22-52.
3. Branson, D. E., "The Deformation of
Non-Composite and Composite Pre-
stressed Concrete Members," in Deflec-
tion of Concrete Structures, SP-43,
American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
Michigan, 1974.
4. Branson, D. E., Deformation of Concrete
Structures, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, N.Y., 1977.
5. Branson, D. E., and Trost, H., "Unified
Procedures for Predicting the Deflection
and Centroidat Axis Location of Partially
Cracked Nonprestressed and Prestressed
Concrete Members," ACI Journal, V. 79,
No. 2, March-April 1982, pp. 119-130.
6. Branson, D. E., and Trost, H., "Applica-
tion of the I-Effective Method in Calcu-
lating Deflections of Partially Pre-
stressed Members," PCI JOURNAL, V,
27, No. 5, September-October 1982, pp.
62-77.
7. Brondum-Nielsen, T., "Ultimate
Flexural Capacity of Partially or Fully
Prestressed Cracked Arbitrary Concrete
Sections Under Axial Load Combined
with Biaxial Bending," Concrete Inter-
PCI JOURNAL/November-December 1985
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study was supported by Grant
CEE 84-02194 from the National Sciene
Foundation to the University of Michi-
gan with Dr. M. P. Gaus as program di-
rector. Their support is gratefully ac-
knowledged. Any opinions, findings and
conclusions expressed in this report are
those of the author and do not necessar-
ily reflect the views of the sponsor.
national, V. 5, No. 1, January 1983, pp.
75-78.
8. Bruggeling, A. S. C., "Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Structures — A Design
Challenge," PCI JOURNAL, V. 30, No.
2, March-April 1985, pp. 140-171.
9. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete,"
American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
Michigan, 1963, 1971, 1977, 1983.
10. Burns, N. H., "'Moment Curvature Rela-
tionship for Partially Prestressed Con-
crete Beams," PCI JOURNAL, V. 9, No.
1, February 1964, pp. 52-63.
11. Cohn, M. Z., and Bartlett, M., "Nonlinear
Flexural Response of Partially Pre-
stressed Concrete Sections," Journal of
the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 108,
No. ST12, December 1982, pp. 2747-
2765.
12. Cohn, M. Z. (Editor), Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Nonlinear-
ity and Continuity in Prestressed Con-
crete, V. 1 — Isostatic Structures: Par-
tially Prestressed Concrete; V. 2 -
Hyperstatic Structures: Nonlinear Analy-
sis; V. 3 — Hyperstatic Structures: Non-
linear Design, Codes and Practice; Uni-
versity of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada, July 1983.
13. Cohn, M. Z., and MacRae, A. J., "Opti-
mization of Structural Concrete Beams,"
Paper No. 181, Solid Mechanics Divi-
sion, University of Waterloo, September
1983, 33 pp.
14. Cohn, M. Z. (Editor), "Partial Prestress-
67
 ing: From Theory to Practice," Pro-
ceedings of a NATO Advanced Research
Workshop, Paris, France, June 1984 (to
be published).
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 APPENDIX - NOTATION

= depth of equivalent rectangular stee I

a
stress block = concrete compressive strength
Am = area of prestressing steel I. = moment of inertia of cracked
A, = area of tension reinforcing steel section
Ag = area of compression reinforcing 1, = effective moment of inertia
steel 1 p = gross moment of inertia

h = overall width of beam cross sec- Me,. = cracking moment
tion Mr, = dead load moment
web width MdM = decompression moment
C

= neutral axis depth ML, = live load moment

d = depth to center of tensile force M,, = nominal moment resistance
in steel MRp = nominal moment resistance by
4 = depth of prestressing steel
d, = depth of reinforcing steel
prestressing steel
4) = curvature

E, = concrete modulus of elasticity = ultimate curvature

Eg = steel modulus of elasticity
fpe = effective prestress of prestress-
ing steel
f = prestressing steel stress at nom-
p8
= yield curvature
Z5 = global reinforcing index
= maximum design limit of rein-

inal moment resistance

forcing index
(o,, = reinforcing index of prestressing
= ultimate strength of prestress- steel
ing steel w = reinforcing index of reinforcing
fe = reinforcing steel stress at nom- steel
inal moment resistance w' = reinforcing index of compression
fv = yield strength of reinforcing steel

NOTE: Discussion of this report is invited. Please submit

your comments to PCI Headquarters by July 1, 1986

PCI JOURNAUNovember-December 1985 71