HREIB HR - Terms Bu PDF

(HUMAN RIGHTS TERMS) vlt
Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
HRterm.pmd 1 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm; (HUMAN RIGHTS TERMS)
HRterm.pmd 2 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
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Author: Aung Myo Min
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Director, HREIB
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Layout &
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Design By:
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HREIB Team
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Published By:
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Human Rights Education
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Institute of Burma (HREIB)
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Address:
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P.O Box - 37,
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Chiang Mai University P.O
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12345678901234567890123456789012 Chiang Mai, 50202
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Thailand
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E-Mail:
12345678901234567890123456789012 hreburma@loxinfo.co.th
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Webside:
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First Edition:
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2000 copies, March 2004
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(c) Aung Myo Min
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HRterm.pmd 3 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
rmwdum
trSmpm æ 10
toH;k jyK&ef t}uHjyKcsuf æ 11
A
(1) Accession æ tzJŒG 0ifjzpfjcif; 13
(2) Adherence æ vdu k ef mapmifx
h rd ;f r_ 13
(3) Admissibility æ vufcEH idk rf _ 13
(4) Affirmative Action æ ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;r_ 14
(5) African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
æ tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qkid &f m
yÉdnmOfpf mwrf; 15
(6) African Commission on Human and Peoples’Rights
æ tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m
aumfr&Sif 16
(7) African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights
æ tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m
w&m;±H;k 18
(8) American Convention on Human Rights
æ tar&duwdu k f vl@tcGithf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf 20
(9) Appeal æ yef=um;jcif; 21
B
(10) Basic Rights æ tajccHtcGit fh a&;rsm; 21
C
(11) Charter æ yÉdnmOfpmwrf; 22
(12) Child æ uav;oli,f 22
(13) Child Soldiers æ uav;ppfom; 23
(14) Civil and Political Rights æ Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdik f
4
HRterm.pmd 4 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
&mtcGit
hf a&;rsm; 24
(15) Commission on Human Rights æ vl@tcGit hf a&;aumf
r&Sif 25
(16) Commission on the Status of Women æ trsK;d orD;
rsm; tqift
h wef;qdik &f maumfr&Sif 30
(17) Committee of Experts on the Application of
Conventions and Recommendations of the
International Labor Organization æ tjynfjynfqikd f
&m tvkyof rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. t}uHðyaxmufccH surf sm;ESihf o
abmwlncD surf sm;udk toH;k csjcif;qdik &f m u|r;f usio
f rl sm;
aumfrwD 31
(18) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights æ pd;D yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;
rsm; aumfrwD? 32
(19) Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
Against Women ætrsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cGjJ cm;qufqrH _
yaysmufa&;aumfrwD 34
(20) Committee on the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination æ vlrsK;d a&; zdEydS cf jGJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm;
zsuo f rd ;f a&;qdik &f maumfrwD 36
(21) Committee on Freedom of Association of the
International Labor Organization æ tjynfjynfqikd f
&m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm;vGwv
f yfpmG
zJ@G pnf;cGiq hf ikd &f maumfrwD 37
(22) Committee on the Rights of the Child æ uav;t
cGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m aumfrwD 38
(23) Communication æ qufo, G jf cif; 40
(24) Competence æ vkyyf ikd cf iG hf 41
5
HRterm.pmd 5 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
(25) Complaint æ wdik =f um;csuf 42
(26) Constitution æ zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' 43
(27) Consultant Status æ twdik yf ifct H qifh 44
(28) Convention æ oabmwlpmcsKyf 45
(29) Council of Europe æ Oa&myaumifpD 46
(30) Covenant æ oabmwlpmcsKyf 48
D
(31) Declaration æ a=unmpmwrf; 48
(32) Derogation æ tcGit hf a&;±kyo
f rd ;f jcif; 50
E
(33) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
æ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; 51
(34) Entry into Force æ touf0ifvmjcif; 51
(35) Equality æ wef;wlnrD #r_ 52
(36) European Convention on Human Rights
æ Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf 53
(37) European Court of Human Rights æ Oa&my
vl@tcGithf a&; w&m;±k;H 54
(38) European Social Charter æ Oa&myvlra_ &; yÉdnmOf 55
(39) Gender æ vdiu f jGJ ym;r_a=umifh cJjG cm;onft h jrif 56
F
(40) Feminism æ r0g' 57
G
(41) General Comment æ taxGaxGo;kH oyfcsurf sm; 57
(42) General Recommendation æ taxGaxGt}uHðycsuf 59
H
(43) Human Rights æ vl@tcGit hf a&; 59
(44) Human Rights Committee æ vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfrwD 62
6
HRterm.pmd 6 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(45) Human Rights Defender æ vl@tcGit fh a&; umuG,f
apmifah &Smuforl sm; 65
(46) Human Rights Education æ vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay; 66
I
(47) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights æ
tar&duwdu k Ef idk if rH sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif 68
(48) Inter-American Court of Human Rights
æ tar&duwdu k q f ikd &f m vl@tcGitfh a&;w&m;±H;k 70
(49) International Bill of Human Rights
æ tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;Oya'o 70
(50) International Court of Justiceæ tjynfjynfqikd &f m
w&m;±H;k 71
(51) International Criminal Court æ tjynfjynfqikd &f m
&mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k 72
(52) International Humanitarian Law æ tjynfjynfqikd f
&m vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aomOya' 74
(53) International Labor Organzation –ILO æ tjynf
jynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf 75
(54) International Law æ Edik if w H umOya' 78
L
(55) Limitations æ uef@owfcsurf sm; 82
N
(56) Non-discrimination æ cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm;r&Sjd cif; 83
(57) Non Governmental Organization - NGO æ tpd;k &r
[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf;rsm; 84
O
(58) Organization of African Unity - OAU æ tmz&du
nD!w G af &;tzG@J 86
7
HRterm.pmd 7 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
P
(59) Patriarchy æ zd0k g' 87
(60) Party æ tzG@J 0if 88
(61) Petition æ av#mufxm;jcif; 88
(62) Protocol æ aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf 89
R
(63) Ratification æ twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; 90
(64) Reclamation æ xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif; 90
(65) Refugee æ 'kuo Q nf 91
(66) Regional System æ a'oqdik &f m enf;pepfypkH H 92
(67) Report æ tpD&ifcpH m 92
(68) Request æ awmif;cHjcif; 94
(69) Reservation æ ¹cif;csux f m;vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; 94
(70) Resolution æ qk;H jzwfcsuf 95
(71) Restrictions æ uef@owfcsurf sm; 96
S
(72) Shadow report æ ,SOòf yiftpD&ifcpH m 97
(73) Signature æ y%mrvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; 97
(74) Special Rapporteur æ txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd 98
(75) Sub-commission on the Prevention of Discriminat-
ion and the Protection of Minorities ævlenf;pkrsm;
tay: cJjG cm;r_uw
kd m;qD;a&;ESihf apmifah &Smufa&;qyfaumfrwD 100
T
(76) Transitional Justice æ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv 101
w&m;r#wr_ 101
(77) Treaty æ oabmwlpmcsKyf 102
U
(78) UNESCO æ urBmu h vk or*~ ynma&;/ odyEH` iS , hf Ofaus;
8
HRterm.pmd 8 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
r_tzG@J 102
(79) UNICEF æ urBmu h v
k or*~ uav;rsm;&efyaHk iGtzG@J 103
(80) UN ECOSOC æ ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;eSihf vlra_ &;
aumifpD 104
(81) United Nations General Assembly æ urBmu h v
k
or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH 106
(82) United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights æ ukvor*~v@l tcGit hf a&;qkid &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k 107
(83) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNHCR æ ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f mr[mrif;}uD;±H;k 109
(84) United Nations Organization æ urBmu h v
k or*~tzG@J
tpnf; 111
(85) United Nations Security Council æ ukvor*~v+kH cKH
a&;aumifpD 113
(86) Universal Declaration of Human Rights æ tjynf
jynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&; a=unmpmwrf; 115
V
(87) Violence Against Women æ trsK;d orD;rsm;tm;
t=urf;zufjcif; 117
W
(88) Worst forms of Child Labor æ qd;k 0g;vSaomyHpk H trsK;d
rsK;d jzifh uav;oli,frsm;tm; cdik ;f apjcif; 118
HRterm.pmd 9 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
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trSmpm 123456789012345678901234567890121234
vl@tcGit hf a&;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csvmcJo h nfh tawG@tóuHrsm;t& vl@

tcGit hf a&;ta=umif; avhvmvdo k rl sm;onf vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m a0g[m&rsm;
udk aoaocsmcsm em;vnf&eftwGuf tcuftcJóuHawG@&onfukd rdro d wdðyrd
onf? vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif;t&mudk rdru d , kd w f ikd af vhvmcJph Ofuvnf; xdpk
um;vH;k rsm;udk em;vnfatmifóud;pm;cJ&h onfh 'kurQ sm;udk ud, k wf ikd &f ifqikd cf zhJ ;l o
jzifh xdt k cuftcJukd pmemem;vnfryd gonf? xdak 0g[m&rsm;onf Edik if w H um
Oya'qdik &f m pum;toH;k tE_;H rsm;jzpfonft h jyif rl&if;bmompum;rSm Edik if jH cm;
bmomrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh trsm;em;vnf&ef tcuftcJóuH&onfrmS rqef;
vSay?
vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay;onfah e&mwGif Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&; pum;
toH;k tE_;H rsm;onf oufqikd &f ma'ocHrsm;ESihf udu k n f aD ompum;jzpf&ef txl;
ta&;}uD;vSonf? Edik if w H umwGif toH;k ðyaevsu&f adS om vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
a0g[m&pum;vH;k wvH;k udk od±rkH #rubJ xdak 0g[m&wvH;k csi;f pD. t"dyg` ,q f v kd kd
&if;udk aoaocsmcsmoabmaygurf o S m xdak 0g[m&udk toH;k csEikd rf nfjzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh Edik if w H umwGif vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI v_@H aqmfaqmif&u G af e
olrsm;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;udk ynmay;aeolrsm;twGuf xdak 0g[m&rsm;udk em;vnf
±Ho
k mru rdrw d @kd .vkyif ef;rsm;twGi;f toH;k csEikd &f ef vdt k yfvo S nf?
xdv
k tkd yfcsuu f kd jznfqh nf;ay;Edik &f eftwGuf ,ckpmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0
vduk jf cif;jzpfygonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m a0g[m&trsm;tjym; &So d nft h euf
trsm;qH;k awG@jrifae&onfh pum;vH;k rsm;udk a&G;cs,w f ifjyvdu k yf gonf? a0g[m&
trsm;pkukd International Bureau of Education rSxw k af 0onf(h 100 and 1
terms for Human Rights Education) pmtkyr f S t"duud;k um;xm;+yD; tjcm;
pmtkyrf sm;rSvnf; avhvma&;om;xm;ygonf?
10
HRterm.pmd 10 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
Tpmtkyaf &;om;pOf 0dik ;f 0ef;tultnDay;cJo h nfh HREIB ±H;k 0efxrf;
rsm;ESihf oifwef;enf;jyrsm;tm;vH;k tjyif txl;ojzifh pmtkyjf yifqifa&;om;&m
wGif txl;tultnDay;cJah om udak usmEf ikd Ef iS hf pmtkyaf &;om;&ef txl;wdu k w
f eG ;f
cJah om udak tmifaZmfaxG; (NLD-LA) wd@k tm; aus;Zl;rSww f rf;wif&ydS gonf?
atmifrsK;d rif;
'g±u
kd w
f m
vlŒtcGit
hf a&; ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdik if )H
rwfv 2004 ckEpS /f
toH;k ðy&eft}uHðycsuf
a0g[m&rsm;udk t*Fvyd t f uQ&mtpDtpOf (A-Z) twdik ;f pDpOfxm;yg

onf? xd&k iS ;f vif;csurf sm;xJwiG f tjcm;t*Fvyd b f mom a0g[m&udk uGi;f puGi;f
ydwjf zifah wG@ygu xdpk um;vH;k a0g[m&. t"dyg` ,u f kd oufqikd &f mtuQ&m tpDt
pOfwiG f jyefvnf&mS =unfEh ikd yf gonf? xdpk um;vH;k . t"dyg` ,t
f jynft h pHu
k kd xyfrH
&Si;f jyxm;ygonf?
11
HRterm.pmd 11 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
12
HRterm.pmd 12 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(1) tzJ@G 0ifjzpfjcif; (Accession)
ukvor*~wiG f jyXmef;xm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;
xJrS touf0if+yD;jzpfaom (Entry into force) pmcsKyfukd Edik if w H ckcuk twnfðy
vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k jf cif; (Ratification) udk tzJ@G 0ifjzpfjcif;[kac:onf? Oyrm-
,ae@tcsed w f iG f touf0ifae+yD;jzpfaom uav;oli,ftcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfukd
Edik if w
H cku twnfðyvufrw S xf ;kd +yD; tzJ@G 0ifEikd if jH zpfomG ;ygu ‚if;udk tzJ@G 0ifjzpf
jcif;[kac:Edik o f nf? od@k aomftouf0ifr_ r&Sad o;aompmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k
+yD;ygu ±d;k ±d;k twnfðy vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k jf cif;[kom ac:avh&+dS yD; tzJ@G 0ifjzpfjcif;
[k rac:Edik yf g?
(2) vdu k ef mapmifx h rd ;f r_ (Adherence)

Edik if w
H Edik if u
H Edik if w H umpmcsKyfwckc. k pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if H jzpfvo kd nf
[k qENðyvdu k o f nfEiS w hf òydief uf xdpk mcsKyfyg tcsut f vufrsm;tm;vH;k udk av;
pm;vdu k ef m&ef wm0ef&o dS mG ;jcif;udk vdu
k ef mapmifx h rd ;f r_[q k o
kd nf? Edik if w
H um
pmcsKyfwckckudk EdkifiHwEdkifiHu y%mrvufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufjcif; (Signature)/
twnf ðyvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; (Ratification)/ pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if H jzpfomG ;jcif;
(Accession) ponfh tqifw h qifh vkyaf qmifvu kd yf gu xdpk mcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;
udk xdEk ikd if t
H pd;k &rS av;pm;&ef/ umuG,af y;&ef/ wd;k jr‡iahf tmifvyk f aqmifay;&ef/
jznfq h nfah y;&ef ponfw h m0efrsm; &So d mG ;+yDjzpfI xdEk ikd if t
H aejzifh oufqikd &f m
pmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;udk vdkufemapmifhxdrf;&awmhrnf[k wm0eftyfESif;vdkuf
jcif;jzpfonf?
(3) vufcEH idk rf l (Admissibility)

vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm; csK;d azmufjcif;ESiyhf wfoufaom pGypf w GJ ikd f
=um;csuu f kd pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfxm;cH&aom Edik if w H umvkyx f ;kH vkyf
enf;qdik &f m tzJ@G rsm;onf xdt k r_ukd pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rðyrD xdpk yG pf w
GJ ikd =f um;csuf
13
HRterm.pmd 13 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
onf vufcpH pkH rf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf owfrw S x
f m;aom tajctaeESihf udu k nf rD _
&Srd &Sd qH;k jzwf&ayrnf? xdo k @kd vufrcHrD vufcEH ikd rf &_ rdS &Sd qH;k jzwfjcif;udk vufcEH ikd rf _
[kac:onf? xdv k ufcEH ikd rf _ tcsut f vufrsm;ESijhf ynfph rkH o S m Edik if w H umvkyx f ;kH
vkyef nf;qdik &f m tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;taejzifh xdpk yG pf w GJ ikd =f um;csuu f v kd ufcI H pwifpkH
prf;ppfaq;Edik o f nf? owfrw S x f m;aomtcsut f vufrsm;ESihf rudu k n f aD ompGyf
pJcG surf sm;udrk l vufcEH ikd rf nfr[kwyf J qufvufppkH rf;ppfaq;rnfvnf; r[kwyf g?
vufcpH pkH rf;ppfaq;Edik &f eftwGuf owfrw S x f m;aom vufcEH ikd rf r_ sm;rSm
tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tvdu k f uJjG ym;jcm;em;aumif; jcm;em;Edik yf gonf? od@k aomftrsm;
tm;jzifh owfrw S x f m;aomvufcEH ikd rf r_ sm;rSm xdpk yG pf w GJ ikd =f um;csuw f iG f csK;d azmuf
cH&olu, kd w
f ikd f od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,uf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;&jcif;/ wdik =f um;
&mwGif =urf;wrf;aom pum;tok;H tE_;H rsm; ryg0if&jcif;/ xdw k ikd =f um;r_onf wdik f
=um;r_ukd wifoiG ;f onft h zJ@G . vufcpH pkH rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0ef&x dS m;r_ (Conpet-
ence) ESihf udu k n f &D jcif; ponfjzifjh zpfygonf? xd@k tjyif vufcEH ikd rf o _ wfrw S cf suf
tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif owfrw S x f m;onfrmS xdpk yG pf w GJ ikd =f um;r_onf Edik if w H um
tzJ@G tpnf;od@k wifjywdik =f um;jcif;rðyrD oufqikd &f mEdik if t H wGi;f Y ajz&Si;f &ef óud;
yrf;vkyaf qmifcahJ omfvnf; ajyvnfonft h ajzrsK;d r&Edik o f nfah emufq;kH rSom
Edik if w
H um vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;tzJ@G rsm;tm; ajz&Si;f ay;&ef wdik =f um;r_rsK;d jzpf&ygrnf?
pGypf w GJ ikd =f um;r_wckukd wifjywdik =f um;awmhrnfqykd gu xdpk yG pf w GJ ikd =f um;r_ wckcsi;f
pDonf rnfonfv h @l tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf oufqikd o f nfukd avhvm&
rnfomru xdw k ikd =f um;r_ukd vufcpH pkH rf;ppfaq;&efwm0ef&o dS nfh xdpk mcsKyfqikd f
&m Edik if w H umvkyx f ;kH vkyef nf; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. usio hf ;kH vkyu f ikd yf w kH @kd uykd g avh
vm&efvdktyfonf?
(4) ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;r_ (Affirmative Action)

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;/ vlenf;pktyk pf rk sm;/ bmoma&;tkypf rk sm;ESihf t
rsK;d orD;rsm;tay: ynma&;/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&; ponfu h ¾rsm;tjyif
14
HRterm.pmd 14 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
tcGit hf vrf;rsm;cHpm;&mwGif ,ciftwdwu f cGjJ cm;qufqrH _ ðycho J nft h wGuf
tjcm;olrsm;xuf wqifeh rd u hf saejcif;udk wef;wljzpfap&eftwGuf txl;tpDt
pOfrsm; vkyaf qmifay;jcif;udk ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifr[ _ ak c:onf? wcgw&HwiG f
(Temporary Special Measurement) [kvnf; ac:wwfonf// xd, k m,Dtxl;
vkyaf qmifcsuEf iS yhf wfoufI trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh cJjG cm;xm;r_tm;
vH;k yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. tyd'k f (4) wGif trsK;d orD;rsm; u¾toD;oD;
wGief rd u hf saer_rsm;udk wajz;ajz;aysmufu, G af pI usm;/r wef;wljzpfvmap&eft
wGuf &nf&, G +f yD; tpd;k &taejzifh ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;csurf sm; vkyaf qmif
ay;&rnf[k qdx k m;onf? xdo k @kd txl;vkyaf qmifay;csurf sm;udk usm;ESirhf t
=um; uGm[r_r&Sb d J wef;wljzpfvmaomtcsed w f iG f &yfwEHh ikd o
f nf[q
k x kd m;onf?
,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;csu[ f k qdEk ikd af om tcsK@d Oyrmrsm;rSm - trsK;d orD;rsm;
tqifjh rifyh nm oif=um;Edik &f ef trsK;d orD;ausmif;olrsm;twGuf txl;ynmoif
axmufyaHh =u;rsm; yhyH ;kd ay;jcif;/ rdcifrsm; oufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm oif=um;Edik &f ef
twGuf ae@uav;xdr;f ausmif;rsm;jzifh uav;rsm;tm; apmifah &Smufay;jcif;/ rdcif
rsm; tm;vyfonft h csed u
f kd OD;pm;ay;I oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ trsK;d orD;acgi;f
aqmifrsm; ay:xGe;f vmap&eftwGuf cJw G rf;pepfjzifh trsK;d orD;acgi;f aqmif ae&m
ta&twGuu f kd owfrw S af y;jcif;wd@k jzpfonf? xd@k twl vlrsK;d pkrsm;ESihf vlrsK;d }uD;
rsm;t=um; uGm[r_jzpfaeonfukd yaysmufap&ef ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;r_
taejzifh vlrsK;d pkrsm;aexdik &f ma'orsm; zH@G òzd;wd;k wufvmapa&;twGuf bwf
*surf sm; ydrk ckd sxm;ay;jcif;/ xdv k rl sK;d pkrsm;twGuf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ Edik if aH &;
tcGit hf vrf;rsm; ydrk zkd efw;D ay;jcif;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmifjcif;wd@k jzpfonf?
(5) tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit

hf a&;rsm;qkid &f m yÉdnmOfpf mwrf;
(African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights)
Tpmwrf;ukd 1981ck/ ZGev f (27) &ufae@wiG f tmz&dunD!w
$ af &;tzJ@G
=uD;rS uifnmEkid if /H Edik ±f b
dk òD rd@Y oabmwljyXmef;cJyh gonf/? Tpmwrf;onf t
15
HRterm.pmd 15 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
jynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of
Human Rights) udk tajccHu;kd um;I a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf// xdp k mwrf;.
y%mr tzGiphf um;cs;D wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk zefw;D &mY tmz&duwdu k f jynf
olrsm;. wefz;kd rsm;ESihf ordik ;f 0if"avhx;kH pHrsm;. aumif;rGeo f nfh *k%o f ud mQ rsm;
tm; xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef vdt k yfonf[k tcdik t f rmazmfjyxm;onf? xd@k tjyif
Tpmwrf;wGif vlwOD;wa,mufp. D tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf wm0ef&rdS rl sm;udk &Si;f &Si;f
vif;vif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?
EkdifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; (Civil and Political
Rights) udk tyd' k f (3) rS (13) txdwiG 4f if;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m
tcGithf a&; (Economic,Social and Cultural Rights) rsm;udk tyd'k f (14) rS
(18) txdwiG v f nf;aumif;/ trsm;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk jynforl sm;.tcGihf
ta&;rsm; acgi;f pOfatmuf&dS tyd'k f (19) rS (24) wGif vnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;yg
onf? pmwrf;. 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif pmwrf;ygvyk if ef;rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif±u G rf u _ kd apmif=h uyf&eftwGuf tmz&duvlom;ESihf jynforl sm;. tcGit hf
a&;rsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Sit f zG@J (African Commission on Human and Peoples'
Rights)udk wnfaxmifjcif;ESihf xdak umfr&Si. f vkyif ef; rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI wdwu d s
us azmfjya&;om;xm;ygonf?

hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m aumfr&Sif
(African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights)
Taumfr&Sio f nf tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;
qdik &f m yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights)
. tyd'k f (30 rS 61) wGif a&;om;xm;aom tcsurf sm;t& ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif;
jzpfygonf? Taumfr&Siu f kd pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡mufxm;
onft h zG@J 0if (11) OD;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;onf? tmz&duwdu k tf wGi;f &Sd vlom;ESihf
jynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wd;k jr‡iv
hf yk af qmifay;&efEiS hf ‚if;wk@d ukd umuG,f
16
HRterm.pmd 16 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
ay;a&;udk tmrcHEikd af p&ef Taumfr&Sio f @dk tcGit hf m%m ay;tyfxm;ygonf?
Taumfr&Si. f vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&u G &f mwGif tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;rS quf
oG,o f wif;yd@k rE_ iS hf tzJ@G 0ifr[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;rS qufo, G o f wif;yd@k rr_ sm; t
ay:wGirf w l nfI vkyu f ikd af eygonf? tzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;. ykrH eS t f pD&ifcpH mrsm; wif
oGi;f &ef udpEP iS yhf wfoufI rnfuo hJ @kd vyk af qmif&rnfqo kd nfukd TyÉdnmOfpf m
wrf;wGif xnfo h iG ;f ra&;om;xm;yg?
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;rS qufo, G o f wif;yd@k rr_ sm; (Communications)
qdo k nfrmS yÉdnmOfpmwrf;ygtcsurf sm;ukd tzG@J 0ifEikd if w H cku azguzf suu f sK;vGef
a=umif;udk ,H=k unf&onfh cdik v f akH omta=umif;jycsurf sm;&Syd gu tjcm;tzJ@G 0if
Edik if w
H Edik if u H aumfr&Six f o H @kd qufo, G w f ikd =f um;jcif;udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf?
xdo k @kd csK;d azmufa=umif; cdik v f o kH nft h a=umif;jycsurf sm; &Sv d mygu wdik f
=um;rnfh Edik if EH iS yhf wfoufI vkyaf qmifEikd pf &m enf;vrf;ESpv f rf;&So d nf?
yxrenf;vrf;rSm csK;d azmufonf[ak wG@&&dS aom oufqikd o f nfEh ikd if uH kd
qufo, G I f csK;d azgurf r_ sm;udk &yfwef@ap&eftwGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;Edik o f nf? xdo k @kd
aqG;aEG;&mrS oabmwlnrD r_ &cJv h #if rnfonft h zG@J 0ifEikd if rH qdk xdt k a=umif;t&m
udk aumfr&Sio f @kd wifjyEdik o f nf?
tjcm;wenf;rSm wdik =f um;onft h zG@J 0ifEikd if u H aumfr&Six f oH @kd wdu
k ±f u kd f
wifjyjcif;jzpfonf? xdo k @kd qufo, G w f ikd =f um;&mwGif xdt k a=umif;t&mESiyhf wf
oufI Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd ta&;,laqmif±u G rf t _ m;vH;k udk óud;yrf;vkyaf qmifcahJ omf
vnf; auseyfavmufonfh tajzwpHw k &mudk r&&So d nfh aemufq;kH rSom aumfr
&Sio f @kd wdik =f um;&rnfjzpfonf? wdik =f um;vmonfh ta=umif;t&mtm; aumfr&Sif
u toifah v#mq f ;kH enf;vrf;udo k ;kH I Ekid if t H csi;f csi;f csp=f unf&if;ES;D r_ukd rysuaf p
onfh taumif;qH;k qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S af y;&onf? tu,fI csp=f unf&if;ES;D rlr
ysuaf om tajz&Smr_ukd r&Edik o f nft h cgrsK;d wGif aumfrwD. t}uHðycsurf sm;yg
0ifaom tpD&ifcpH mwapmifujkd yifqif+yD; xdt k pD&ifcpH mudk tmz&duwdu k f nD
!Gwrf t _ zG@J }uD;. Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf tpd;k &rsm;nDvmcHo@kd wifjytpDt&if
17
HRterm.pmd 17 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
cHrnfjzpfonf?
aumfr&Si. f vkyif ef;rsm;wGiyf g0ifonfh tzJ@G 0ifr[kwaf omEdik if rH sm;.
qufo, G o f wif;yd@k rEl iS yhf wfoufI tmz&duvlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf
a&;rsm;qkid &f m yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGif “tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;rSvI JG tjcm;qufo, G rf _
rsm;” [lIom azmfjyxm;onf? rnfonft h zJ@G rsK;d ESiEhf ikd if rH sK;d u aumfr&Six
f H wif
jywdik =f um;Edik o f nf qdak omtcsuu f kd wdwu d susazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Syd g? xd@k twGuf
a=umifh vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f jzpfap od@k r[kwf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;ujzpfap qufo, G w
f ikd =f um;r_rsm; ðyvkyEf idk o f nf[k aumufcsucf sEidk o f nf?
aumfr&Sit f aeESihf rdrx d qH ufo, G w f ikd =f um;vmaom ta=umif;t&m
wckukd rdru d ikd w
f ,G af jz&Si;f jcif;ðy/ rðyESiyfh wfoufI vufcEH idk rf l (Admissibil-
ity) pHrsm;udk wdwu d susowfrw S x f m;onf? wdik =f um;cH&onfh tzG@J 0ifEikd if o H @kd
aumfr&Siu f xdt k a=umif;t&mudk ay;yd@k +yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif aumfr&Sio f nf
yËd^mOfpmwrf;wGif yg0ifonfhtcsufrsm;tay: trSefwu,fcsKd;azmufr_&Sdr&Sd
v#KŒd 0Suaf om vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twdik ;f pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ygonf? xd@k aemufwiG rf S xdk
awG@&cdS surf sm;udk oufqikd &f m tzG@J 0ifEikd if x H o H @kd tjyif tmz&dunD!w G af &; t
zG@J }uD;. Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf tpd;k &rsm;nDvmcHo@dk ay;yd@k &rnfjzpfygonf?

hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m w&m;±H;k
( African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights)
tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m yËdnmOfpm
wrf;. aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf (Protocol) uk1d 998c/k ZGev f (9) &ufae@wiG f bm
uDemzufpq f Edk ikd if H tkad t*g'*kd òkd rdŒY vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJyh gonf? xdak emufqufwpJG m
csKyfwiG f tmz&duvlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m w&m;±H;k udk zGihf
vSp&f ef qH;k jzwfcyhJ gonf? xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd Edik if H 15 Ekid if u H twnfðycJh
+yD;aemuf pmcsKyftouf0ifvmcJhygonf? Tw&m;±Hk;tm; tmz&dunD!Gwf
a&;tzG@J (OAU) . Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf tpd;k &rsm;nDvmcHuaeI a&G;cs,f
18
HRterm.pmd 18 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
wifajr‡mufxm;onfh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;ygonf?
xdw k &m;±H;k xHo@kd vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m tmz&d
uaumfr&Sif (African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights) u
aeI tr_rsm;udk wifoiG ;f Edik yf gonf? xdrk #ru xdt k mz&duaumfr&Siw f iG f pHpk rf;ppf
aq;ay;&ef wdik =f um;aomEdik if u H jzpfap/ xdo k @kd pyG pf jGJ cif;r[kwaf =umif; acsycsuu f kd
pGypf cGJ &H aomEdik if u H jzpfap/ csK;d azmufc&H onf[k pGypf o GJ . l Edik if o
H m;jzpfaom Edik if H
ujzpfap Tw&m;±H;k od@k wifoiG ;f wdik =f um;Edik o f vdk tmz&duwdu k &f dS tpd;k &rsm;
qdik &f mtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;uvnf; wdik =f um;Edik yf gonf?
Tod@k wifoiG ;f wdik =f um;r_rsm;tm; xdEk ikd if rH sm;taejzifh Taemufquf
wGpJ mcsKyfukd twnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd +y;D rSom vufcEH ikd yf grnf? tu,fI wdik =f um;r_
onf Edik if rH sm;uwdik =f um;jcif;r[kwb f J wOD;wa,mufcsi;f ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;u wifoiG ;f wdik =f um;r_jzpfygu vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;rSm ydrk ±kd w _ f
axG;wwfonf? wOD;csi;f od@k r[kwf tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rsm;u wdik =f um;r_
jzpfygu xdw k ikd =f um;cH&aomEdik if o H nf xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd twnfðy vuf
rSwaf &;xd;k +y;D jzpf&rnft h jyif xdpk yG pf cJG surf sm;udk udik w f , G af jz&Si;f &eftwGuf w&m;
±H;k . vkyyf ikd cf iG thf m%mudk vufco H nfah =unmcsuf (Declaration) wckukd a&;
om; xkwjf yefro S m xdt k r_ukd wifjywdik =f um;Edik v f rd ahf yrnf?
xd@k jyif wdik =f um;onfh tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rmS vnf; aumfr&Siw f iG f
avhvmcGit hf qif&h adS om tzJ@G tpnf;jzpf&ef vdt k yfygao;onf? xdo k @kd aom tr_
rsK;d tm; Tw&m;±H;k uaeI t rde@f csrw S jf cif;rðybJ w&m;±H;k od@k tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs) u wifoiG ;f cJah om wifjycsut f m;vH;k ukd aumfr&Six f H
od@k ay;yd@k &ygonf?
tjcm;tr_rsK;d wGif pGypf x JG m;aom csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk w&m;±H;k u pD&ifI
oifah wmfovdk ta&;,laqmif±u G o f mG ;&ef pD&ifcsucf sEikd yf gonf? xdpk &D ifcsurf sm;
udk apmif=h uyf&efwm0eft&Sq d ;kH rSm tmz&dunD!w G af &;tzJ@G . 0ef}uD;rsm;aumif
pD (The Council of Ministers of the OAU) jzpfygonf?
19
HRterm.pmd 19 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
(8) tar&duwdu
k f vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf
(American Convention on Human Rights)
ToabmwlpmcsKyfukd aumhpwm&DumEdik if H qef*sKd @'f 'Daumhpwm&Dum
òrdŒwGif 1969 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (22) &ufae@u twnfðyjyXmef;cJo h nf? tar&d
uwdu k q f idk &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyf.ed'ge;f wGif tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf
a&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd
!$e;f qdak &;om;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? pmcsKyf.yxrydik ;f wGif tpd;k &rsm;.wm
0efrsm;ESihf Edik if o H m;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;tygt0if tcGit hf a&;rsm;ukd
tpd;k &rsm;u tumtuG,af y;&ef azmfjyxm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESi, hf Of
aus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI TpmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;
aom tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf &&SEd ikd af om t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;I
“wajz;ajz;csi;f wd;k wufpmG jzifh tjynft h 0 taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G rf ”_
udk tmrcHEikd &f ef vkyaf qmifomG ;&rnf[k wm0efay;xm;ygonf? pmcsKyf.'kw, d
ykid ;f wGif TpmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;tm; vdu k ef mapmifx h rd ;f r_ukd apmif=h uyf&eftwGuf
zJ@G pnf;wm0efay;xm;aom tar&duwdu k f vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f maumfr&Sif
(Inter-American Commission on Human Rights) ESihf tar&duwdu k q
f ikd &f m
vl@tcGit fh a&;w&m;±H;k (Inter-American Court of Human Rights) wd@k t
a=umif;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?
ToabmwlpmcsKyfwGif aemufqufwGJpmcsKyfESpfck &Sdygonf? yxr
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrmS pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;
rsm;ESio hf ufqikd +f yD; 1988 ck/ Ed0k ifbmv (17) &ufae@wiG f t,fqmaA'd;k Edik if q H ef
q,fvb f m'dòk rdŒwGif twnfðyjyXmef;cJyh gonf? xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfwiG f yg0if
aomtcsurf sm;rSm Edik if w H um pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf
a&;pmcsKyfwiG f azmfjyonft h wdik ;f waoGrwdr;f jzpfonfukd awG@&ygonf? 'kw, d
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrmS ao'%fay;r_ zsuo f rd ;f a&;ESio hf ufqikd +f yD; 1990 ckZeG v f
(8) &ufae@u csv D ED ikd if H qefw, D m*d'k cD sv
D òD rdŒwGif twnfðyjyXmef;cJyh gonf?
20
HRterm.pmd 20 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(9) yef=um;jcif; (Appeal)
yef=um;jcif; qdo k nfph um;vH;k rSm vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,f
ay;&eftwGuf zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifxm;aom rnfonft h zG@J tpnf;rsm;od@k rqdk wdik f
=um;csurf sm; wifoiG ;f jcif;udk qdv k ykd gonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh yef=um;jcif; (App-
al) qdo k nfrmS wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint)/ av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition)/ quf
oG,jf cif; (Communication)/ tcdik t f rmajymqdjk cif; (Claim) od@k r[kwf awmif;
qdjk cif; (Demand) wd@k EiS q hf ifwyl gonf?w&m;a&;qdik &f m/ Ekid if aH &;qkid &f mod@k r[kwf
tkycf sKyfry_ ikd ;f qdik &f m ponjfzifh rnfonfo h abmrsK;d &Sad pumrl wdik =f um;r_rsm;tm;
wifoiG ;f jcif;udq k v kd akd om w&m;a&;qdik &f m a0g[m&jzpfygonf?
(10) tajccHtcGit fh a&;rsm; (Basic Rights)

tcsK@d aom vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm tajctaeta=umif;w&m; wpHw k
&ma=umifh uef@owfcaH umif; cH&Edik af omfvnf; tcsKŒd aomtcGit hf a&;rsm;rSmrl
rnfo@kd aomtajctae/ rnfo@kd aom ta=umif;a=umif;rsm;a=umifrh S uef@owf
cGirhf &S[d k qdx k m;onf? xdo k @kd uef@owfciG rhf &Sad om tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tajccH
tcGit hf a&;[kac:onf? xdt k ajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyf pm
wrf;rsm;wGif txl;a&;om; azmfjyxm;avh&o dS nf? od@k aomf xdt k ajccHtcGit hf
a&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;&mwGif pmcsKyfwckEiS w hf ckrwlbJ uJjG ym;aewwfonfukd
vnf;awG@Eikd o f nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh Edik if w H um Edik if o H m;ESiEhf idk if aH &; tcGit hf a&;
rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f azmfjyxm;aom tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;qdo k nf
rSm (u) touf&iS cf iG q hf ikd &f mtcGit hf a&; (c) n‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufr_ od@k r[kwf vl
om;rqefpmG qufqrH /_ od@k r[kwf *k%o f u d mQ edru hf sapaom qufqrH w _ @kd rS uif;
vGwcf iG /hf (*) u|eðf yjcif; od@k r[kwf u|et f jzpfqufqjH cif;wd@k rS uif;vGwcf iG hf (C)
jypfrw _ cktwGuf aemufxyfwcgjyefvnf tjypfay;jcif;rSuif;vGwcf iG hf (i) w&m;
Oya'a&SŒwGif vlom;tjzpf todtrSwðf ycHciG /fh (p) vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:,H=k unf
ud;k uG,yf ikd cf iG /hf (q) pmcsKyfwiG af zmfjyxm;onfw h m0efukd jynfrh aD tmif raqmif
21
HRterm.pmd 21 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
&GuEf idk jf cif;twGuf axmifcsjcif;rS uif;vGwcf iG w hf @kd jzpfonf? od@k aomf Oa&myESihf
tar&duwdu k Ef idk if rH sm;wGif jyXmef;xm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfrsm;wGif Edik if H
wumpmcsKyfwiG f jyXmef;xm;aom tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;teuf yxrav;rsK;d
jzpfaom touf&iS cf iG q hf ikd &f m tcGithf a&;/ !‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufr_ od@k r[kwf vlom;
rqefpmG qufqrH _ od@k r[kwf *k%o f u
d mQ ESrd chf sapaom qufqrH w _ @kd rS uif;vGwcf iG /hf
u|eðf yjcif; od@k r[kwf u|et f jzpfqufqjH cif;wd@k rS uif;vGwcf iG Ehf iS hf jypfrw _ cktwGuf
aemufxyfwcgjyefvnf tjypfay;jcif;rS uif;vGwcf iG w fh @kd uo
kd m tajccHtcGit hf
a&;tjzpf owfrw S af zmfjyxm;onf?
(11) yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (Charter)

TtoH;k tE_e;f udk wae&mESiw hf ae&mrwlbJ ajymif;vJo;kH avh&o dS nf?
wcgw&HwiG f Edik if wH umu oabmwlnx D m;aom oabmwlncD surf sm; jzpf
onfh ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (United Nations Charter)/ tmz&duvlom;
ESihf jynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m yÉdnmOfpmwrf;(African Charter on
Human and Peoples' Rights)ok@d r[kwf Oa&myvlra_ &;qdik & f m yÉdnmOfpmwrf;
wckcsi;f udv k J yÉdnmOfpmwrf;[k oH;k E_;H ouJo h @kd tcsKŒd aompmcsKyfrsm;udak ygi;f pyfI
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;yÉdnmOfpmwrf;[lI a&m¹yGr;f ac:avh&o dS nf?
xd@k a=umifh yÉdnmOfpmwrf;qdo k nfh pum;vH;k onf oH;k pJo G nfah e&mudvk u kd I f t
"dym` ,fujGJ ym;aumif; uJjG ym;Edik yf gonf?
(12) uav;oli,f (Child)

uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention
on the Rights of the Child) udk urBmu h v k or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu 1989
ck/ Ed0k ifbmv 20 &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;cJo h nf? xdo k abmwlpmcsKyfwiG f
uav;qdo k nfrmS “touf 18 ESpaf tmuf&dS rnfo@l urkd qd”k [lI t"dym` ,f
zGiqhf x kd m;ygonf? xd@k jyif Edik if aH wmfu owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;csuof nf (18) ESpf
22
HRterm.pmd 22 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
xufapmI owfrw S x f m;cJv
h #iv f nf; xdo k wfrw
S cf suu
f kd todtrSwðf yjyefyg
onf? trsm;tm;jzifh Edik if rH sm;. uav;toufowfrw S cf suof nf (18) ESpf
jzpfaomfvnf; tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;wGif xd@k xufi,faom (16) ESpaf tmuft&G,u f kd
uav;tjzpf owfrw S x f m;ygonf? xdo k @kd uav;tjzpf owfrw S cf suw
f ckxoJ m
uJjG ym;aeonfomru Edik if t H vdu k f owfrw S x
f m;aomuav;rsm; tvkyv f yk f
aomtouf/ w&m;Oya't& jypf'%fp&D ifEikd af omtouf ponfw@kd rmS vnf;
wEdik if EH iS w
hf Edik if H uJjG ym;vsu&f ydS gonf?
(13) uav;ppfom; (Child Soldier)

uav;ppfom;qdo k nfrmS touf (18) ESpaf tmuf&o dS l a,musmf ;av;
odŒk r[kwf rde;f uav;udk t+rJwrf;ppfwyf od@k r[kwf t+rJwrf;r[kwaf omppfwyf
od@k r[kwf vufeufuikd t f zJ@G rsm;wGif vufeufuikd o f nfjzpfap/ rudik o f nfjzpfap
xrif;csu/f ypPn;f xrf;/ owif;yd@k wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;r[kwb f J
xdt k zJ@G EiS hf twlaemufrv S ukd yf gapjcif;/ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m&nf±, G cf sujf zifjh zpfap/ t
wif;t=uyf vufxyf,&l ef &nf&, G cf sujf zifjh zpfap yg0ifaejcif;wd@k omru tjcm;
aomyHpk rH sK;d rsK;d jzifh ywfoufaeaomolrsm;jzpfonf[/k tmz&duwdu k &f dS uav;
rsm;tm; ppfwyfrsm;twGi;f 0ifa&mufapr_EiS yhf wfoufI taumif;qH;k csrw S &f
rnfh rl0g'rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf? xdt k "dym` ,fziG q hf ckd suu
f kd Edik if w H umu vuf
cHtoHk;ðyvsuf&Sdonf?
uav;ppfom;ESiyhf wfoufI uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m o
abmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Rights of the Child) wGif vufeufuikd f
yÉdyuQtwGi;f &Sd uav;rsmtm; umuG,af y;&ef tpd;k &rSwm0ef&o dS nf[k qdx k m;
onft h jyif touf (15) ESpaf tmuf&u dS av;rsm;tm; ppfwyftwGi;f ppfrx _ rf;
apjcif;udk umuG,w f m;qD;ay;&ef wm0efay;xm;onf? yifrpmcsKyfwiG f uav;
rsm;ppfwyftwGi;f qENtavsmuf 0ifa&mufEikd o f nft h oufukd (15) ESpo f wfrw S f
xm;cJah omfvnf; 1999 ckEpS /f arvwGit f wnfðyjyXmef;cJah om uav;ppfom;
23
HRterm.pmd 23 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
pmcsKyf[t k odrsm;onfh uav;rsm; vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQwiG f yg0ifrE_ iS yhf wfouf
aom aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf (Protocol) wGif xdt k oufukd (18) ESpo f @kd wd;k jr‡ijhf y
Xmef;vdu k o f nf?
xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfwiG f pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh touf
(18) ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;tm; vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQtwGi;f ppfyw GJ u kd cf u
kd rf r_ sm;
wGif wdu k ±f u kd yf g0ifrr_ ðy&ef/ touf (18) ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;tm; twif;t
=uyfppfwyfx0J ifapjcif;/ ppfom;tjzpf aumuf,jl cif;rsm;rðy&ef/ qENtavsmuf
ppfwyftwGi;f 0ifa&mufru _ kd (18) ESpt f jzpfowfrw S af y;&ef/ xd@k o@kd rjzpfEikd yf gu
tedrq hf ;kH (16) ESpo f wfrw S &f ef/ xdo
k @kd owfrw S x
f m;aomtoufukd tpd;k &.qEN
wckxjJ zifh av#mch sjcif;rðy&ef/ qENtavsmuf 0ifa&mufa=umif;udk tmrcHEikd &f ef
twGuf xdo k rl sm;. toufaxmufcpH mESihf rdbtkyx f rd ;f olrsm;. axmufccH suf
&,l&efw@kd ukd vkyaf qmif&efwifjyxm;onf? tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaf om vufeuf
udik t
f zJ@G tpnf;rsm;udv k nf; touf (18) ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;tm; ppfrx _ rf;
apjcif;udk &yfw&Hh efqx kd m;onf? vl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;teuf ,ckaemuf
qufwGJ pmcsKyfwckxo J mv#if tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rsm;. yg0ifywf oufru _ kd
&yfw&hH ef awmif;qdx k m;jcif; &Sad o;onf?
xdak emufqufwpGJ mcsKyfonf 2002 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D (12) &ufae@
wGif touf0ifvmcJo h nf? ta&SŒtm&SwiG f uarBm'D;,m;/ w±kw/f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;ESihf
wDarmEdik if w H @kd u y%mrvufrw S f (Signature) a&;xd;k xm;+yD; AD,uferfEiS hf zd
vpfyikd Ef ikd if w H @kd u twnfðyvufrw S f (Ratification) a&;xd;k xm;onf?
(14) Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; (Civil and Political Rights)
Edik if o
H m;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf vlom;wd@k wiG &f adS om
tcGithf a&;rsm; jzpf±o kH mru Edik if w H iG ;f &Sv
d o l m;wdik ;f tay: oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u
av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef vdt k yfaom vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f . vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;yifjzpf
onf? xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHrS 1966
24
HRterm.pmd 24 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
ck/ 'DZifbmv 16 &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;cJah om Edik if w H umEdik if o H m;ESihf
Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmfjyxm;
onf? a,bl,sajymEdik o f nfrmS Edik if o H m;tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS Edik if oH m;wd@k .
touf&iS cf iG Ehf iS hf vGwv f yfciG w hf @kd ukd tpd;k &u w&m;vufvw G f 0ifa&mufaESmuf
,Sujf cif;rS umuG,af y;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk qdvk okd nf? Oyrm - touf&iS f
cGifh/ u|efðyjcif;rSuif;vGwfcGifh/ ESdyfpufjcif;rSuif;vGwfcGifh/ yk*~vu d vGwfvyfcGifh/
vHòk cHciG /hf vGwv f yfciG /hf vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmcGi/hf ,H=k unfu;kd uG,cf iG /hf w&m;a&;t&
pD&ifcyH ikd cf iG phf onfw@kd jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdok nfrmS wdik ;f jynf&t dS pd;k &.
vkyif ef;a&;&mrsm;wGif Edik if o H m;rsm; yg0ifywfoufciG u hf kd qdykd gonf? Oyrm - rJ
ay;cGi/hf a&G;cs,cf yH ikd cf iG /hf Edik if oH m;jzpfciG /hf tpd;k &ay:vpDrsm; csrw S af qmif&u G &f mwGif
od&ydS g0ifciG /hf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf owif;Xmersm;vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf vGwf
vyfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;zJ@G pnf;cGihf ponfw@kd jzpfygonf?
(15) vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights)

Taumfr&Sit f m; ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD (United
Nations Economic and Social Council) u 1946 ckEp S w
f iG f zJ@G pnf;cJo
h nf?
xkad umfr&Sit f m; vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k wufapa&;ESihf umuG,af y;a&;wd@k vkyf
aqmif&ef tcGit hf m%mrsm; tyfEiS ;f xm;onf?
rlvtpu Taumfr&Siu f kd vl@tcGit
hf a&;pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;udk jyifqif
a&;qJ&G eftwGuo f ufoufom zJ@G pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? Taumfr&Siu f aeI t
jynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;/ Edik if w H um pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf Edik if w H um Edik if o H m;ESiEhf ikd if H
a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; oabmwlpmcsKyfw@kd ukd jyifqifa&;qJaG y;Edik cf o hJ nf?
1967 ESihf 1970 ckEpS rf sm;wGif Taumfr&Sit f m; vl@tcGit hf a&;udprP sm;tm; apmifh
=uyf&ef wm0efukd wd;k jr‡io hf wfrw S v f ukd o
f nfah emufyikd ;f aumfrwD. vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
tm%m&Srd r_ sm; ydrk u kd s,jf yef@vmcJo h nf? aemufyikd ;f wGif aumfr&Sit f m; vl@tcGihf
25
HRterm.pmd 25 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
ta&;rsm;udk ajymifajymifwif;wif; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;/ tpkvu kd t f òyv H ukd Ef iS hf pepfw
us usL;vGerf r_ sm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf vkyyf ikd cf iG ðhf ycJyh gonf? xdo k @kd ppkH rf;
azmfxw k &f mwGif trsm;jynfol =um;em;Edik af om vkyif ef;pOftaejzifh vl@tcGit hf
a&; csK;d azmufaom Edik if rH sm;tay: jypfwif±w _ cf sjcif;udk aumfr&Siu f vkyaf qmif
Edik yf gonf? xk@d tjyif vkyif ef;pOf (1503) t&vnf; aumfr&Sio f nf vl@tcGit hf a&;
csK;d azmufrE_ iS yhf wfoufonfh pGypf cGJ surf sm;udk wdu k ±f u kd pf pkH rf;ppfaq;oGm;cGihf &Syd g
onf?
vuf&t dS aejzifh vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sio f nf vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmuf
r_rsm;udk pHpk rf;azmfxw k jf cif;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf
ay:vpDopfrsm;twGuf tqdw k ifoiG ;f jcif;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;twGuf
tultnDvt kd yfaom Edik if rH sm;udk t}uH^m%frsm;ESiehf nf;ynm tultnDrsm;
ay;jcif;/ ,if;&nf&, G cf surf sm;ESihf qufpyfaeaom u¾rsm;twGuf vkyu f ikd f
aqmif&u G jf cif;wdŒk jzpfonf? 1992 ckEpS rf pS wifI &0rf'gEiS hf ,cif,*l pkd vm;AD;,m;
Edik if rH sm;uJo h Œkd vl@tcGit hf a&;tajctae qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; jzpfymG ;cJah om Edik if rH sm;ESihf
ywfoufI txl;aqG;aEG;r_ tpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f ycJo h nf?
ukvor*~ tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H ikd ;f onf ukvor*~yÉdnmOfukd vufrw S af &;
xd;k vdu k o f nfEiS w hf òydief uf tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm;udk vdu k ef m&ef
wm0ef&o dS nf? tjcm;pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;ukd vufrw S x f ;kd onfjzpfap/ rxd;k onf
jzpfap tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;yg vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm;
udk vdu k ef m&efrmS tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H ikd ;f . wm0efEiS 0hf wW&m;rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? ukv
or*~yÉdnmOfrS qif;oufvmaom TvlŒtcGit fh a&;aumfr&Sio f nf ukvor*~
tzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;teuf vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufonfh pmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrw S f
a&;xd;k jcif;r&Sad om Edik if rH sm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udyk g a0zefEikd af om
tm%m&So d nfh tzGŒJ jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f kd pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpu D 1946 ckEpS f
wGif pwifzŒJG pnf;cJ+h yD; ,aeŒwdik f ESppf OfaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;ðyvkyI f vlŒtcGit fh a&;vkyf
26
HRterm.pmd 26 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
ief;rsm;udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G af eonf? rlvu aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if (18) Edik if jH zifh
pwifcahJ omfvnf; ,cktcg aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if (53) Edik if jH zifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;&So d nf?
tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;rSm &moufyefr[kwb f J (3) ESpv f #iw f }udrf a&G;aumufonf?a&G;
aumuf&mwGif ukvor*~enf;pepftwdik ;f a'otvdu k f cGjJ cm;xm;aom Edik if H
rsm;. cGw J rf;pepft& tmz&dua'orS (15) OD;/ tm&Sa'orS (12) OD;/ ta&SŒOa&m
ya'orS (5) OD;/ awmiftar&dua'orS (11) OD;/ taemufOa&myESihf tjcm;a'o
[k owfrw S x f m;aom =opa=wvs/ uae'g/ e,l;ZDvefEiS hf tar&duefEikd if rH sm;rS
(10) OD; ponfjzifh a&G;aumufjcif;jzpfonf? aumfr&SiS . f vkyif ef;rsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;
ESihf vlra_ &;aumifp. D pnf;rsO;f / vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t& vkyaf qmif&onf? aiG
a=u;udpEP iS q hf ikd af om tqdðk ycsurf sm;/ t}uHðycsurf sm;/ aiGpm&if;ESihf tpDtpOf
rsm;udv k nf; pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpu D t+rJwrf; jyefvnfo;kH oyfonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H (53) Edik if o H nf aumfr&Si. f rsm;
jym;vSaom vkyif ef;rsm;tm;vH;k udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G &f ef rvG,u f al oma=umifh
vlŒtcGit fh a&; aumfr&SiS . f atmufwiG f tvkyt f zGŒJ rsm;/ Edik if t
H vdu k f vlŒtcGit hf
a&; txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;/ u¾tvdu k f vlŒtcGit hf a&; txl;pHpk rf;
ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;tjyif vGwv f yfI u|r;f usio f rl sm;ESihf zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom
qyfaumfr&Sif (Sub-Commission) wdŒk udk zGŒJ pnf;cefŒtyfxm;onf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siaf tmuf&dS tvkyt f zGŒJ rsm;wGif -
Õ twif;t=uyfqENrygbJ aysmufq;kH r_qi kd &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group
on Enforced of Involuntary Disappearance)
Õ w&m;vufvw
G f zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f r_qikd &f m tvkyt
f zGŒJ (Working Group
on Arbitrary Detention)
Õ zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufrt
_ cGit
hf a&;qdik &f mtvkyt
f zGŒJ (Working Group on the Right
to Development) wdŒk yg0ifonf?
xdŒk jyif vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sio
f nf Edik if tH vdu
k f vlŒtcGithf a&; csK;d
azmufrr_ sm;udk vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm; cefŒtyf
27
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vlt
Œ cGit
I vlŒtcGiahf &;tajctaersm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfavh&o dS nf? ,ck
tcsed t f xd tmz*efepPwef/ ygy;l 0ge,l;*De;D ,m;/ jrefrm/ uarBm'D;,m;/ usL;bm;/
t,fvq f maA;'d;k / tDauG';kd / *GgwrD mvm/ a[wD/ tD&wf/ tD&ef/ ,l*pkd vm; AD;,m;/
ydv k ef/ qdrk m;vD;,m;/ wd*k /kd Adak v;AD;,m;/ b&Gr'f /D ±dak r;eD;,m;/ ygvuf pwdik ;f /
oD&v d uFm/ ql'efEiS hf Zdik , f m;Edik if w
H Œkd twGuf txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m &Srd sm;
cefŒtyfapv$wfcJhonf?
xdŒk jyif vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&Sio f nf u¾tvdu k f txl;ud, k pf m;
vS,rf sm; (Thematic procedures) cefŒtyfjcif;udv k nf; ðyvkyaf vh&o dS nf? ,ck
tcsed t f xd w&m;vufvw G f owfjzwfjcif;/ ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yrf;jcif;/ a=u;pm;ppfom;
rsm;oH;k jcif;/ bmoma&;t& zdEydS jf cif;/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; a&mif;0,fazmuf
um;jcif;/ vlrsK;d a&;rke;f wD;r_EiS hf cJjG cm;zdEydS jf cif;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;/
w&m;a&;qdik &f m ,E &W m;vGwv f yfr/_ trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr/_ pGe‹f ypf
ypPn;f rsm;. tusK;d oufa&mufjcif; ponfu h ¾rsm;qdik &f m txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;udk cefŒtyfxm;onf? xd@k tjyif qENrygbJ aysmufq;kH jcif;/ rw&m;csKyfaESmif
jcif;/ zH@G òzd;wd;k wufciG Ehf iS hf a&GŒajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm; ta=umif;wd@k EiS hf ywfoufI
pHpk rf;&ef tvkyt f zJ@G rsm; zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? jynfwiG ;f Y tajcwus raexdik &f aom
olrsm; (Internally Displaced Persons) wd@k ta=umif;ESihf ywfoufI txl;
ud, k pf m;ðy (Special Representative) wOD;udk cef@tyfxm;onf? xdw k m0ef&o dS l
rsm;rS aumfr&Six f oH Œkd tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &ygonf? Edik if t H vdu k f wifoiG ;f jcif;
r[kwb f J ta=umif;t&m u¾tvdu k f wifoiG ;f jcif;jzpfonf? Edik if t H vdu k Ef iS hf
u¾tvdu k f cefŒtyfxm;aom txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sx d oH Œkd tpd;k &r
[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u v_ŒH aqmfjcif;/ vdt k yfaom owif;rsm;udk axmufyjhH cif;rsm;
vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonf?
ajcmufywf=umjrifah om vlŒtcGit fh a&; aumfr&Sin f v D mcHukd ESppf Of
rwfvv,frS {+yDvuket f xd qGpZf mvefEikd if /H *seD AD mòrdŒwGif usi;f yonf? nDvm
cHwiG f yxrOD;qH;k aumfr&Si. f OuUXwOD;/ 'kw, d OuUX oH;k OD;ESihf rSww f rf;wifwOD;
28
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
udk a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufonf? xdŒk aemuf nDvmcHtpDtpOfEiS hf tcsed Zf ,m;wdŒk udk
owfrSwf=uonf?
aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf nDvmcHrpwifrED iS hf nDvmcHtwGi;f wGif ‚if;
vufatmuf&dS tvkyt f zGŒJ i,frsm;tm;vH;k ESihf awGŒqHo k nf? nDvmcHrpwifrD
awGŒqHak om awGŒqHrk u _ kd (Pre-Sessional Working Group Meeting) [kac:+yD;
nDvmcHtwGi;f tvkyt f zGŒJ rsm;ESihf awGŒqHrk _ rsm;udk (Sessional Working Group
Meetings) [kac:onf? tcsKŒd vkyif ef;tzGŒJ rsm;. awGŒqHak qG;aEG;r_rsm;wGiv f l
trsm; yg0ifwufa&mufEikd o f nf? vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&Sin f v D mcHoŒkd aumfr&Sif
tzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;tjyif tzGŒJ 0ifr[kwaf om Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;/ ukvor*~
at*sipf rD sm;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ ukvor*~wiG f twdik yf ifct H qifh &&Sx d m;aom
tpd;k &r[kwo f nft h zGŒJ rsm; wufa&mufEikd o f nf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif nDvmcHvyk if ef;pOft& nDvmcHwiG f aqG;aEG;
rnfh acgi;f pOfupd rP sm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;. ud, k pf m;vS,u f
rdwq f ufa=unm+yD; xdak cgi;f pOfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom aemufco H rdik ;f a=umif;ESihf
pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk wifjyonf? txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&SEd iS hf u|r;f usio f l
rsm;. Edik if t H vdu k f odŒk r[kwf u¾tvdu k t f pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk acgi;f pOfrsm; raqG;
aEG;cif wifjyavh&o dS nf? xdŒk aemuf aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0ifwOD;u acgi;f pOfukd rdwf
qufay;+yD; aumfr&Sirf [kwaf om Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf ukvor*~wiG f t
wdik yf ifct H qifh &&Sx d m;aom tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;. ud, k pf m;ðyolrsm;rS
ud, k w f ikd f 0ifa&mufajymqdw k ifjyjcif;udk ðyvkyo f nf? xdŒk jyif tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;taejzifh Edik if w H Edik if t
H ay: odŒk r[kwf vlŒtcGit hf a&; u¾wck
ta=umif; tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk xkwaf 0jzefŒcsEd ikd o f nf? xdo k Œkd ajymqdck &H aom Edik if H
taejzifv h nf; xdak jymqdck surf sm;tay: jyefvnfacsycGi&hf o dS nf? aemufq;kH wGif
xdak cgi;f pOfEiS yfh wfoufI qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0if Edik if w H Edik if u H rl=urf;
wifoiG ;f I aumfr&Sit f zGŒJ 0ifrsm;u rJqENay;um qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S of nf? aumfr
&Sit f zGŒJ 0if r[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;onf qH;k jzwfcsurf =l urf;udk yl;wGw J ifoiG ;f Edik af omf
29
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vlt
Œ cGit
vnf; rJay;I qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S af &;twGuf aqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifciG rhf &Sad y? xdo k Œkd
aumfr&Siu f csrw S v f u kd af om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumfrwD
u twnfðy&ef vdt k yfonf?
ukvor*~ vlŒtcGifhta&;qdkif&mtzGJŒrsm;teuf TvlŒtcGifhta&;
aumfr&SiEf iS hf ‚if;.taxmuftulðy qyfaumfr&Siw f iG o
f m tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzGŒJ rsm; wduk ±f u kd yf g0ifvy_ &f mS ;Edik o f nft h wGuf xl;jcm;onf[q k Ekd ikd of nf? xdt k
zGŒJ rsm;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&; tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ðypka&;om;xkwaf 0+yD; wifjyEdik f
±Hrk #ru rdrwd Œkd wifjyaomEdik if H odŒk r[kwf ta=umif;t&mu¾rsm;tay: pdw0f if
pm;axmufcv H pkd w d &f o dS nfh Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;. a&SŒarSmufwiG f ud, k w
f ikd u
f , kd f
us tpD&ifcw H ifjyEdik o f nf? xdŒk jyif rdrw d Œkd csrw
S af pvdak om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S f
apa&;twGuf wGe;f tm;ay; wdu k w f eG ;f v_ŒH aqmfrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf? ukv
or*~taxGaxGnv D mcHukd Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;om wufa&mufEikd af omfvnf;
vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&Siw f iG f Edik if u H ,kd pf m;vS,rf sm;omru tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzGŒJ rsm;yg yg0ifwufa&mufEikd af oma=umifh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
. vkyaf qmifru _ kd todtrSwðf yaom ukvor*~. nDvmcHwck[k qdEk ikd o f nf?
(16) trsK;d orD;rsm;tqift

h wef;qdik &f maumfr&Sif (Commission on the Sta-
tus of Women)
trsK;d orD; tqift h wef;qdik &f m aumfr&SiS o f nf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;
aumifpaD tmufwiG f zJ@G pnf;xm;aom vkyif ef;aumfr&Sif (9) ckteuf wcktyg
t0ifjzpfonf? (1947) ckEpS w f iG f pwifxal xmifcahJ om trsK;d orD;tqift h wef;
qdik &f m aumfr&Si. f wm0efrmS Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ Edik if o
H m;cH,al &;ESihf
ynma&;e,fy,frsm;wGif trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;apa&;ESifh
ywfoufonfh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ t}uHay;csufrsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;
aumifpo D @kd jyifqifay;&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif trsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&; e,fy,fxw J iG f
trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD; wef;wltcGit hf a&; &&Sad &;twGuf csucf si;f ajz&Si;f aqmif
30
HRterm.pmd 30 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
&Gufay;&ef vdktyfaom jy\emrsm;ESifhywfoufI t}uHOm%frsm;vnf;ay;
Edkifonf?
aemufyikd ;f wGif aumfr&Si. f wm0efrsm; ydrk u kd s,jf yef@ tm;aumif;vmcJ+h y;D
trsK;d orD;tcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm; owfrw S af &;/ qufo, G rf v _ yk if ef;rsm;udk
jyefvnfo;kH oyfa&;/ taxGaxGt}uHay;csurf sm; xkwjf yefa&;wd@k txd us,jf yef@
vmcJo h nf? aumfrwDonf trsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabm
wlpmcsKyfEiS hf vufxyf+yD;aom trsK;d orD;rsm;. Edik if o H m;jzpfciG q hf ikd &f m pmcsKyfw@kd
udk rl=urf;a&;qJcG o hJ nf? aumfrwD.OD;aqmifrj_ zifh urBmt h rsK;d orD; nDvmcH (4)
ckukd ruUpuD efpw D ;D / udyk ef[ef/ Ekid ±f bkd ED iS hf bD*si;f òrdŒwd@k wiG af tmifjrifpmG usi;f yEdik f
cJo
h nf? rlvpwifz@GJ pnf;pOfu aumfr&SiS t f zJ@G 0if (15) OD;&S&d mrS aemufyikd ;f wGif
(45) OD;xd wd;k yGm;vmonf? xdak umfr&Sit f zJ@G 0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . oufqikd &f m
tpd;k &rsm;udk ud, k pf m;ðyonf?
(17) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyof rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. t}uHðyaxmufccH surf sm;ESihf

oabmwlncD surf sm;udk toH;k csjcif;qdik &f m u|r;f usio
f rl sm;aumfrwD (Com-
mittee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recom-
mendations of the International Labor Organization)
TaumfrwDonf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf tzJ@G 0ifEikd if H
rsm;. vdu k ef maqmif&u G f taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0ef&rdS r_ sm;tm; trSew f
u,f taumiftxnfazmf av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;&Srd &Su d kd avhvm&eftwGuf t
jynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyfuaeI zJ@G pnf;xm;aomaumfrwDjzpfonf?
TaumfrwDukd vGwv f yfonfh u|r;f usio f rl sm;jzifh aygi;f pyfz@JG pnf;xm;ygonf?
xkud |r;f usio f rl sm;udk ‚if;wd@k . ud,
k yf ikd pf rG ;f aqmifEikd rf _ t&nftcsi;f rsm;tvdu k f
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf taxGaxG!e$ =f um;a&;rSL;. t}uHðy
csut f & tkycf sKyfra_ umifpu D aeI cef@tyfxm;onf? TaumfrwD. vkyif ef;wm
0efrmS Edik if rH sm;u vdu k ef mygrnf[k oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;aom pmcsKyf
31
HRterm.pmd 31 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
yg ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm; trSew f u,f av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif;&Srd &Su d kd od&&dS eft
wGuf xdEk ikd if rH sm;u wifoiG ;f onfh yHrk eS t
f pD&ifcpH mrsm;tm; avhvmjcif;jzpfonf?
tu,fI Edik if w H Edik if o
H nf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf. pmcsKyfw
ckcuk kd vufrw S rf xd;k xm;aomfvnf; xdEk ikd if . H tpd;k &rSwifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH m
ud=k unfI h aumfrwDu avhvmEdik o f nf? tu,fI Edik if w H Edik if oH nf ‚if;. vkyf
ief;wm0efrsm;ukd oifah vsmo f vdk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G jf cif;r&S[
d k aumf
rwDu oH;k oyfcyhJ gu xdEk ikd if t H aejzifh vkyaf qmifoifah om tcsurf sm;udk aqmif
&Guo f mG ;&ef aumfrwDu yef=um;&onf?
(18) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESi,

hf Ofaus;r_ tcGit
hf a&;rsm; aumfrwD (Commit-
tee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
TaumfrwDonf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlral &;ESihf ,Ofaus;rl tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik f
&m oabmwlpmcsKyft& zJ@G pnf;cJjh cif;r[kwb f J ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;
aumifpD (ECOSOC) u 1985 ckEpS w f iG f zJ@G pnf;ay;vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf 1985 ckEpS t f xd rdrw d Œkd Edik if . H tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk ukvo
r*~. pD;yGm;a&;ESiv hf rl a_ &; aumifpx D o H Œkd tpD&ifcw H ifoiG ;f cJ=h u&onf? 1985
ckEpS w
f iG f pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;. vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;tay: ydrk I kd apmif=h unfEh ikd &f ef
twGuf ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpo D nf vGwv f yfaom u|r;f usif
ol (18) OD;yg0ifonfh pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabm
wlpmcsKyfaumfrwDukd oD;oefŒzGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? odŒk &mwGif topfzŒJG pnf;vdu k af om
pmcsKyfaumfrwDonf ukvor*~&dS pD;yGm;a&;ESiv hf rl a_ &;aumifp. D atmufwiG f
om qufvuf&adS ecJo h nft h wGuf tjcm;pmcsKyfaumfrwDuo hJ Œkd pmcsKyfEiS o
hf m
oufqdkifaom/ oufqdkif&mpmcsKyfatmufwGif zGJŒpnf;xm;aom aumfrwDr
[kwfacs?
aumfrwD0if (18) OD;udk (4) ESpv f #iw f }urd f a&G;aumufaomfvnf; aumf
32
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
rwD0ifwOD;pD. oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH csed rf mS wa,mufEiS w hf a,muf rwln=D uyg?
(18) OD;teuf (15) OD;udk tmz&du/ tm&S/ ta&SŒOa&my/ vufwiftar&duESihf
taemufOa&mywdŒk rS tnDtr# a&G;cs,+f yD; useo f ;kH OD;udk pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;
xJrS a'otvdu k f xyfraH &G;cs,o f nf? aumfrwDonfwESpv f #if (3) }udraf wGŒqHk
I tpnf;ta0;usi;f yonf? pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if jH zpf
vm+yD; (2) ESpt f wGi;f aumfrwDoŒkd tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &+yD; yHrk eS f (5) ESpv f #iw f
}udrf tpD&ifcw H ifoiG ;f &onf? TaumfrwDonf 1995 ckEpS u f yem;rm;Edik if &H dS
tdr, f mpDru H ed ;f rsm;udk pHpk rf;azmfxw k &f eftwGuf pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;tzGŒJ udk apv$wf
cJo
h nf? xdu k ohJ Œkd pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;tzGŒJ apv$w+f yD; ud, k w f ikd u f , kd u
f s oGm;a&muf
pHpk rf;jcif;rsK;d udk tjcm;pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;u vkyaf qmifjcif;r&Sad o;acs?
tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f rnfh Edik if t H wGuf ar;cGe;f rsm;jyifqif&ef ud, k pf m;
vS,f (5) OD;ygaom vkyif ef;tzGŒJ udk óudwifzŒJG pnf;avh&o dS nf? tpD&ifcw H if&rnfh
Edik if u H ,kd pf m;vS,o f nf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif tpD&ifcpH mudk wifoiG ;f &
onf? xdo k Œkd tpD&ifcpH mwGipf mcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mY rnf
onft h a=umif;a=umifh tm;enf;ae&onfukd tpD&ifcaH vh&o dS nf? trsm;tm;jzifh
Edik if .H "et&if;tjrpfwŒkd a=umif[ h I l ta=umif;jywwfonf? tpD&ifcpH mwGif
yxrtydik ;f taeESihf Edik if . H taxGaxGtajctae/ pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;. taxG
axG tajctaersm;udw k ifjyI 'kw, d tydik ;f wGif pmcsKyfygtyd'k rf sm;udk taumif
txnfazmfrt _ a=umif; tpD&ifcpH mudk tyd'k t f vdu k f tpD&ifc&H onf? xdEk ikd if H
ud, k pf m;vS,t f m; vkyif ef;tzGŒJ u jyifqifxm;aomudprP sm;/ aumfrwD tzGŒJ 0if
rsm;u ar;jref;vdak om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;jref;+yD; tpD&ifcpH mudk avhvm=uonf?
aemufw&uf tpnf;ta0;jyefponft h cg Edik if uH ,kd pf m;vS,u f ,refae‹u ar;
cGe;f rsm;udk ajz=um;&onf? xdŒk aemuf wcg;ydwt f pnf;ta0; ðyvkyI f wm0efay;
tyfjcif;cH&aom aumfrwD0ifwOD;u xdEk ikd if t H wGuf qH;k jzwfcsurf =l urf;udk a&;qGJ
onf? xdŒk aemufxrkd =l urf;udk useaf umfrwDtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;tm;vH;k uzwf±I _ oabm
wlncD su&f ,lonf? aemufq;kH vltrsm;wufa&mufaom tcrf;tem;wGif qH;k
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Œ cGit
jzwfcsuu f akd =unm+y;D xdŒk aemuf aumfrwD. tpD&ifcpH mwGif rSww f rf;wifonf?
xdq k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;onf ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHtxd oufa&mufr&_ o dS nf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm; (NGO) rsm;onf oufqikd &f mEdik if . H tpD
&ifcpH mudk avhvm&mwGif yg0ifciG rhf &Sad omfvnf;/ xdEk ikd if . H vkyaf qmifrt _ ajct
aersm;udk yHEk ydS I f aumfrwDoŒkd wifoiG ;f Edik o f nf? aumfrwD. wHcg;zGiahf qG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;wGif (NGO) rsm;taeESihf u|r;f usio f rl sm;tjzpf yg0ifEikd o f nf? vkyif ef;tzGŒJ
xHoŒkd E_wjf zift h pD&ifcEH ikd o f nf? odŒk &mwGif TaumfrwDEiS hf yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmif
aom (NGO) rsm;rSm enf;yg;vSonf? xdŒk jyif vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f u aumfrwD
xHoŒkd rdrw d Œkd Edik if EH iS t hf pd;k &wdŒk . vkyaf qmifaer_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI wifjywdik =f um;
ydik cf iG rhf &Sad y? xdo k @kd wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;Edik rf u
_ kd cGiðhf yrnfh aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfwck
ay:xGe;f vmEdik af p&ef pwifv@H_ aqmfvsu&f o dS nf? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;taejzifh TpD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;ukd
vlŒtcGit hf a&;tjzpf todtrSwðf yxm;jcif; r&Sad o;acs? Oyrm-tar&duefEikd f
iHwiG f xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;ta=umif;udk orwuvifwef vufxufwiG rf o S mp
wifrw d q f ufajymqd+k yD; aqG;aEG;jiif;ckeaf eqJ&adS o;onf? xdt k csuo f nf ukv
or*~wiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m t,ltqrsm; aqG;aEG;onft h cgwikd ;f tuef‹t
owf jzpfae&ao;onfh tcsujf zpfonf?
(19) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cGjJ cm;qufqrH y_ aysmufa&; aumfrwD (Committee

on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women)
TaumfrwDtm; 1979 ck/ 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;
cJah om trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm; zsuof rd ;f a&; oabm
wlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimina-
tion Against Women) t& trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;xm;r_tm;
vH;k zsuo
f rd ;f a&;pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;u av;pm;vdu k f
em aqmif&u G rf _ &Srd &St
d ay: apmif=h unf&h ef zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
aumfrwDwiG f tzGŒJ 0if (23) OD;yg0if+y;D pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u wifoiG ;f
aom trnfpm&if;rsm;uwqifh v#Kd Œ0Surf aJ y;pepfjzifh a&G;cs,jf cif;jzpfonf? pm
csKyfygtcsurf sm;. &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk atmifjrifatmif óud;pm;aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
rnfo h rl sm;jzpf&rnf[al om pHjzifah &G;cs,jf cif;jzpfonf? aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf pm
csKyftzGŒJ Edik if rH sm;u tqdðk yolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm;udk ud, k pf m;
ðyolrsm;r[kwb f J oD;jcm;vGwv f yf/ u|r;f usio f rl sm;omjzpfonf? oufwrf;rSm
(4) ESpjf zpfonf? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udk tar&duefEikd if /H e,l;a,mufòrdŒwGif
ESppf OfZefe0g&v D ukerf S pwifI (3) ywf=um usi;f yavh&o dS nf?
pmcsKyfwiG f twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k af om Edik if o H nf vufrw S af &;
xd;k +yD;wESpt f =umwGif tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &onf? yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mudk (4) ESpf
v#iw f }udrf wifoiG ;f &onf? aumfrwDonf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESihf
tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;. ,SOòf ydit f pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk vufco H nf? xdk
aumfrwDonf oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f jyXmef;xm;aom tcsurf sm;tay: tzGŒJ
0ifEikd if rH sm;u rnfonft h wdik ;f twmtxd usio hf ;kH aeonfukd yHrk eS af pmif=h unfh
onf? oabmwlpmcsKyfyg &nf&, G cf suyf ef;wdik rf sm;odŒk wufvrS ;f Edik af &;twGuf
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &. ay:vpDcsrw S &f mwGif aphpyfaocsmap&ef tajccHvt kd yfcsuf
rsm;udk axmufual y;onf? trsK;d orD;rsm; wd;k wufzŒHG òzd;a&;udk azmfaqmifaprnfh
tpd;k &ay:vpDrsm;wGif trsm;jynforl sm;u yg0ifEikd rf nfeh nf;udk axmufual y;
onf? oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif pmcsKyftzGŒJ
0ifEikd if rH sm;taeESihf óuaH wGŒ&rnfh jy\emtcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Si;f Edik af &;twGuf
tultnDay;jcif;/ xdjk y\emrsm;udk ajz&SiS ;f Edik rf nfh ay:vpDrsm; csrw S jf cif;wdŒk udk
ulnaD qmif&u G o f nf? xdŒk jyif pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;t=um; owif;zvS,rf u _ kd
taxmuftulay;onf?
aumfrwDonf tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &rnfEh ikd if x H H rdrw
d Œkd odvakd om udpP
rsm;/ ar;cGe;f rsm;udk tpD&ifcpH m rwifoiG ;f rD óudwiftoday;+yD; tpD&ifcpH mxJ
wGif ajz=um;&ef yef=um;Edik o f nf? tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &onfh Edik if . H ud, k pf m;
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Œ cGit
vS,o f nf aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;wGif E_wjf zift h pD&ifcaH vh&o dS nf? aumfrwD0if
rsm;u xdEk ikd if u
H ,kd pf m;vS,w f ifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mESihf tjcm;aomtpd;k &r
[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;u ay;ydŒk aomowif;rsm;udt k ajccHI xdEk ikd if t H ay: t}uHay;
csurf sm; xkwjf yef&onf? aemufw}udrf tpD&ifc&H mwGif odvakd omtcsurf sm;
tm; oufqikd &f mEdik if o H Œkd today;&onf? aumfrwDtpnf;ta0; +yD;qH;k ygu
xdt k }uHay;csurf sm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHoŒkd wifjyonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;onf aumfrwDxo H Œkd oufqikd &f mEdik if o H nf
pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;tay: csK;d azmufaeonfukd w&m;0ifwifjytpD&ifcEH ikd jf cif;
r&Sad omfvnf; xdEk ikd if &H dS trsK;d orD;rsm;. tajctaersm;ta=umif;udk ,SOòf yid t f pD
&if cHpmrsm;a&;om;I wifjyEdik o f nf? tpd;k &rsm;u wifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
onf trsm;tm;jzifh tjzpfreS rf sm;udk xdrcf sex f m;wwfavh&o dS jzifh xdEk idk if tH
a=umif;udk wdwu d suso&d u dS |r;f usiaf om tzGŒJ rsm;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ owif;t
csut f vufrsm;onf aumfrwDtwGuf toH;k 0ifonf? xdo k Œkd aom ,SOòf ydit f pD
&ifcpH mrsm;ESihf owif;rsm;udk oufqikd &f mEdik if H ud, k pf m;vS,u f aumfrwDtpnf;
ta0;wGif tpD&ifcpH mrwifoiG ;f rD óudwifIay;ydŒk Edik yf gu ydrk t kd usK;d &Sod nf? t
b,fa=umifhqdkaomf xdktpD&ifcHpmrsm;/ owif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: udk;
um;I aumfrwDonf oufqikd &f mtpd;k &udk ar;cGe;f rsm;óudwifay;ydŒk I ajz=um;
apEdik af oma=umifjh zpfonf? ,SOòf ydit f pD&ifcpH mrsm;onf wdusr/_ wdak wmif;r_&&dS ef
vdt k yfonf? ESppf OfEpS w f ikd ;f aumfrw D o
D nf rdr. d v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;udk
pD;yGm;a&; ESihf vlra_ &;aumifprD w S qifh ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHo‹kd tpD&ifcH
wifoiG ;f &ygonf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mESit hf wl aumfrwD. t}uHðycsurf sm;udk yl;wJaG y;
ydk@avh&Sdygonf?
(20) vlrsK;d a&; zdEydS cf jGJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm; zsuo

f rd ;f a&;qdik &f m aumfrwD (Com-
mittee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination)
TaumfrwDonf 1965 c/k 'DZifbm 21 &ufae@wiG f ukvor*~ taxG
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
axGnv D mcHrS twnfðyjyXmef;vdu k af om vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;zdEydS q
f ufqrH _ yHpk t H m;vH;k
zsuo f rd ;f jcif;qdik &f m Edik if wH um oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Elimi-
nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimination) t& zG@J pnf;ay:ayguv f mcJh
jcif; jzpfygonf?
vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;zdEydS rf _ yHpk t
H m;vH;k zsuo f rd ;f a&;oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsuf
rsm;tay: pmcsKyftzGŒJ rsm;. av;pm;wefz;kd xm; vkyaf qmifru _ kd apmif=h unf&h ef
twGuf u|r;f usio f t l zGŒJ 0if (18) OD;ygaomaumfrwDukd zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyf
tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf pmcsKyfwiG f twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k +yD; wESpt f =umwGif
tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &onf ? yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mudk (4) ESpv f #iw f }udrf wifoiG ;f &
onf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mwGif pmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI w&m;Oya'a&;qJG
a&;/ pD&ifa&;/ tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf tjcm;aomu¾rsm;wGif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u vkyf
aqmifxm;onfh tcsurf sm;udk wifjy&onf? tpd;k &uxdo k @kd rdrv d yk af qmifrr_ sm;
udw k ifjyaom tpD&ifcpH momru pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if w H Edik if u H tjcm;tzJ@G 0if
Edik if w
H Ekid if o H nf pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk aumif;rGepf mG óud;pm;aqmif&u G rf r_ &S[
d k
wdik =f um;yguvnf; xdw k ikd =f um;csuu f kd aumfrwDu vufcEH ikd o f nf? xd@k tjyif
pmcsKyfEikd if H wEdik if u H vlwOD;tay: od@k r[kwf vlwpktay: pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;
csK;d azmufaeygonf[k wdik =f um;aom wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_rsm;udv k nf; vufcaH vh
vmonf?
(21) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm; vGwv

f yfpmG
zJ@G pnf;cGiq
hf ikd &f maumfrwD (Committee on Freedom of Association of
the International Labor Organization)
TaumfrwDonf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf. atmuf
wGi&f +dS y;D tzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;. vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGihf tajctaeudk txl;
apmif=h uyf ppfaq;oGm;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf? tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf. zG@J pnf;r_ypkH jH zpf
aom oH;k yGiq hf ikd pf epfuo hJ @kd yif TaumfrwDwiG v f nf; tpd;k &rsm;/ vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;
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Œ cGit
ESihf tvkyo f rm;rsm;jzifh aygi;f pyfz@JG pnf;xm;ygonf? ILO tkycf sKyfrt _ zG@J uaeI
TaumfrwD. OuUXudk a&G;cs,cf ef@xm;ay;onf? TaumfrwDonf tzJ@G 0ifEikd if H
rsm;rS tpd;k &rsm;/ tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;ESifh vkyif ef;&Sit f zG@J tpnf;rsm;. wkid =f um;
csufrsm;tm; vufcHjcif;ESifh pDppfoHk;oyfjcif;wdk@udk vkyfaqmifonf? ILO t
ajccHOya'rsm;wGif jyXmef;xm;onft h wdik ;f tzG@J tpnf;rsm; vGwv f yfpmG zJ@G pnf;cGihf
pmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k rxm;onfEh ikd if u H v
kd nf; wdik =f um;r_&v
dS mygu Taumf
rwDtaejzifh qufo, G af r;jref;Edik cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
(22) uav;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m aumfrwD (Committee on the Rights
of the Child)
TaumfrwDonf 1989 ck/ Ed0k ifbm (20) &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;
cJah om uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyft& ay:ayguv f m
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf?
uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwDukd pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if
Edik if rH sm;. vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;udk apmif=h unf&h ef zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? vGwv f yf+yD; u|r;f
usio f l (10) OD;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf pmcsKyfwiG f
twnfðyvufrw S x
f ;kd +yD; (2) ESpw f iG f aumfrwDoŒkd tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &+yD; yHrk eS f
tpD&ifcpH mudk (5) ESpv f #iw f }udrf wifoiG ;f &onf? TaumfrwDonf vlŒtcGihf
ta&;aumfrwDrsm;xJwiG f tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;. tcef;u¾udk ae&m
tay;qH;k ESihf xdt k zGŒJ rsm;. yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf _ tcef;u¾ trsm;qH;k
aumfrwDjzpfonf?
aumfrwDonf wESpv f #if (2) }udrf Zefe0g&v D ESihf pufwifbmvwdŒk wGif
*seD AD mòrdŒY awGŒqHak qG;aEG;onf? yHrk eS t f pnf;ta0;rsm;t+yD; aemufw}udrt f
pnf;ta0;twGuf aumfrwD0ifrsm;yg0ifaom tvkyt f zGŒJ i,fuzkd ŒJG pnf;I aemuf
xyf (5) &uftpnf;ta0;ðyvkyo f nf? omreftm;jzifh xdt k vkyt
f zGŒJ i,f. y%m
rtpnf;ta0;udk azazmf0g&v D ESihf atmufwb kd mvwdŒk wGif usi;f yonf? xdt k
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
vkyt f zGŒJ i,f.wm0efrmS aemufEpS w f iG f tpD&ifcpH mwifjy&ef tvSnu hf saom
Edik if tH ay: rdrw d Œkd odvakd om ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tcsut f vufrsm;udk jyifqif
ar;jref;&efjzpfonf? Oyrm - jrefrmEdik if o H nf ouU&mZf 2000 ckEpS /f pufwifbm
vwGif uav;oli,frsm; tcGit hf a&;aumfrwDoŒkd yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &ef
tvSnu hf sygu xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,frsm;onf jrefrmEdik if EH iS yhf wfoufaom ar;cGe;f
rsm;/ tcsut f vufrsm;udk 1999 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&v D tpnf;ta0;twGi;f wGif
jyifqif+yD; jrefrmEdik if o H Œkd óudwifay;ydŒk &onf?
xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,f. y%mrtpnf;ta0;odŒk ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;
om wufa&mufciG &hf +dS yD; tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm; wufa&mufciG rhf &S?d ¹cGi;f csuf
tjzpf tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &ef tvSnu hf saom Edik if t
H a=umif;udk tpD&ifcpH m
xkwaf 0jzefŒcsx D m;onfh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;vnf; zdw=f um;r_c&H ygu
wufa&mufEdkifonf?
zdw=f um;jcif;cHEikd &f eftwGuf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;taejzifh ouf
qdik &f mEdik if &H dS uav;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom tpD&ifcpH mudk a&;om;&rnf? tpD&ifcH
pmwGif xdEk ikd if w H iG jf zpfay:aeaom uav;oli,frsm;. tajctaeESihf tcsut f
vufrsm;udk wifjy&rnfjzpf+yD; tpd;k &uwifjyaom Edik if t H pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk aumfr
wDu avhvmEdik af &;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfap&rnf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mwGif t
csut f vufrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&;om;&+yD; Edik if aH &;taiGŒtoufrsm; rygap&? t*F
vdy/f jyifopf/ pydeb f mom oH;k rsK;d teuf bmompum;wrsK;d rsK;d ESihf a&;om;Edik +f yD;
pmrsuEf mS (20) xuf rausmv f eG af p&? wjcm;bmomjzifah &;om;xm;aom tpD
&ifcpH mrsm;udk aumfrwDu vufcpH Of;pm;rnfr[kw?f tpD&ifcpH m a&;om;+yD;ygu
tpD&ifcpH mrdwLW ESit hf wl vkyif ef;tzGŒJ i,ftpnf;ta0;odŒk wufa&mufvakd =umif;
yef=um;v$mudyk g aumfrwDxw H ifoiG ;f &onf?
Edik if .
H tpD&ifcpH mudk OD;aqmifppfaq;&ef tvkyt f zGŒJ i,ftwGi;f rS aumf
rwD0ifwOD;udk acgi;f aqmiftjzpf wifajr‡mufavh&o dS nf? xdt k vkyt f zGŒJ i,f.
y%mr tpnf;ta0;wGif tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJŒrsm;u vkyfief;tzGJŒi,f.
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vlt
Œ cGit
a&SŒarSmufwiG f E_wjf zifth pD&ifcjH cif;udk ðyvkyEf ikd o
f nf? ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;u
vnf; E_wjf zift h pD&ifcEH ikd o
f nf? xdo k Œkd E_wjf zifh tpD&ifcrH r_ sm; +yD;qH;k ygu aumf
rwDtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;onf xdw k ifjycsurf sm;tay: rlwnfo;kH oyfI oufqikd &f mEdik if H
twGuf ar;cGe;f rsm; ar;jref;pHpk rf;Edik o f nf?
xdtk vkyt f zGŒJ i,f y%mrtpnf;ta0;twGi;f oufqikd &f mEdik if &H dS u
av;rsm;tajctaeESihf ywfoufI wifjyaomtcsurf sm;udt k ajccH+y;D odvakd om
ar;cGe;f rsm;udk oufqikd &f mtpd;k &xHay;ydŒk um pmESiahf &;om;ajzqd&k ef awmif;qdk
avh&o dS nf? xdŒk jyifoufqikd &f mtpd;k &udk aemufw}udru f si;f yrnfh aumfrwDt
pnf;ta0;odŒk wufa&muf&ef zdw=f um;&onf? xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif tpd;k &ud, k f
pm;vS,o f nf aumfrwDu ay;yd@k ar;jref;xm;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;udk &Si;f vif;ajz
=um;&onf? Tw}udrfwGif tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJŒrsm;onf avhvm±Hkom
avhvmcGi&hf +dS yD; 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;cGirhf &Sad y? aemufq;kH wGif aumfrwDu oufqikd f
&m tpd;k &tay: avhvmpHpk rf;awGŒ&Scd surf sm;udk xkwjf yefavh&o dS nf? xdo k @kd xw
k f
jyefrr_ sm;udk tpnf;ta0; wufa&muforl sm;tm;vH;k od&adS p&ef trsm;odatmif
a=unmonf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &xHo@kd vnf; xdq k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk ay;yd@k onf?
(23) qufo, G jf cif; (Communication)

vltcGithf a&; tajctaersm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf w
&m;0iftm%m&Sad om tzG@J tpnf;udjk zpfap/ pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm;udjk zpfap pHpk rf;
ppfaq;ay;yg&ef yef=um;jcif;udk qdv k o kd nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh Edik if w H Edik if &H t
dS pd;k &u
ay:wmqJaG ejcif;udk Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGithf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyf&dS vl@tcGit hf
a&;aumfrwDo@kd wifjywdik =f um;jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf? wcgw&HwiG f ,ckpum;vH;k t
pm; wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint) [lIvnf;aumif;/ av#mufxm;jcif;(Petition)
[lIvnf;aumif; trsK;d rsK;d oH;k avh&o dS nf? xdo k @kd qufo, G wf ikd =f um;&mwGif wkid f
=um;olrmS wOD;csi;f jzpfap/ wOD;csi;f pkaygi;f I tkypf v k ukd jf zpfap wdik =f um;jcif;jzpf
Edik o
f vkd Edik if w
H Edik if t
H ay: tjcm;wEdik if u H wdik =f um;jcif;udck iG ðhf yaom tar&du
40
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
wdu k f vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsK;d rsm;Y wdik =f um;olrmS Edik if w H Edik if v
H nf;
jzpfEdkifonf?
tcsKŒd oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ukd cGiðhf yovdk Edik if w H
Edik if uH tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if tH m; wdik =f um;jcif;udv k nf; cGiðhf yygonf? Oyrm - Edik if H
om;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfonf xdw k ikd =f um;r_ ESprf sK;d
pvH;k udk wdik =f um;cGiðhf yonf? tcsKŒd pmcsKyfrsm;rSmrl rnfonfw h ikd =f um;csurf sK;d udrk S
w&m;0ifvufcjH cif; r&So d nfuv kd nf;awG@&ygonf? Oyrm - pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf uav;tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfw@kd
onf wOD;csi;f jzpfap/ Edik if w H Edik if uH jzpfap rnfonfq h ufo, G w f ikd =f um;r_rsK;d udk
rSvufrcHyg?
qufo, G wf ikd =f um;r_wckukd vufcpH pkH rf;Edik &f eftwGuf wdik =f um;cH&aom
Edik if t
H pd;k &taejzifh xdu k pd EP iS yhf wfoufonfh oufqikd &f maumfrwD. ajz&Si;f r_EiS hf
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competence) udk todtrSwðf y av;pm;rSom tqifajyEdik rf nfjzpf
onf? xdo k @kd av;pm;r_r&Syd gu qufo, G w
f ikd =f um;r_rsm;rSm aumif;pGmxda&mufr_
r&SdEdkifyg?
(24) vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competence)

Oya'toH;k tE_;H t& vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competence) qdo k nfrmS owfrw S f
xm;aom e,fy,ft0ef;t0dik ;f twGi;f w&m;0ifvyk yf ikd cf iG [ hf k t"dym` ,fziG Ehf ikd f
onf? trsm;pktoH;k ðyavh&adS om t"dym` ,frmS wwfou d |r;f usio f rl sm; taejzifh
olw@kd . vkyif ef;rsm;udk t&nftcsi;f &S&d dS vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef axmufyaHh y;aom t
odynm[lvnf; qdEk ikd yf gonf?
Tpum;vH;k udk w&m;a&;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f maumf
rwDrsm;tm; vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf y;xm;aom wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk vufcyH ikd cf iG Ehf iS yhf wfouf
I r=umc%toH;k ðyavh&ydS gonf? wdik =f um;vmaomtr_rsm;udk pwifI rpHpk rf;
rppfaq;cif xdak umfrwDonf xdw k ikd =f um;csut
f m; rdrv d yk yf ikd cf iG t
hf wdik ;f vufcH
41
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vlt
Œ cGit
Edik rf &_ rdS &SEd iS hf pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef rdr. d vkyyf ikd cf iG t
hf m%mESihf udu k nf rD &_ rdS &Sud ykd xr
OD;qH;k oH;k oyfqifjcif&ygonf? xdo k @kd qifjcifo;kH oyfEikd &f eftwGuf aumfrwDonfæ
(u) rdrad umfrwDukd wm0efay;tyfxm;aom oabmwlpmcsKyfu ,ckuo hJ @kd
wdik =f um;jcif;udk vufccH iG hf cGiðhf yxm;ygovm;?
(c) xdw k ikd =f um;r_onf rdrad umfrwDrw S m0ef&o dS nfh oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsuf
rsm;udk csK;d azmufjcif;jzpfygovm;?
(*) wdik =f um;cH&aomEdik if o H nf xdpk mcsKyfukd twnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd xm;ygovm;?
(C) tu,fI vufrw S x f ;kd xm;ygu xdEk ikd if o H nf aumfrwDxw H ikd =f um;r_ukd
cGiðhf yonfh oufqikd &f m aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd todtrSwðf yvufrw S f a&;xd;k
xm;ygovm;?
(i) wdik =f um;onfo h ol nf Edik if w H Edik if jH zpfygu xdEk ikd if oH nfvnf; TpmcsKyfukd
vufrw S x f ;kd xm;ygovm;?
(p) xdw k ikd =f um;onfEh ikd if u H a&m aumfrwDxw H ikd =f um;r_ukd cGiðhf yonfh oufqikd &f m
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd todtrSwðf y vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;ygovm; ponfah r;
cGe;f rsm;udak r;I qifjcifo;kH oyf&onf?
tu,fI xdak r;cGe;f wckcu k o kd m rajzqdEk ikd yf gu xdak umfrwDtaejzifh
xdw k ikd =f um;csuu f kd pHpk rf;ppfaq; ta&;,laqmif&u G &f eftwGuf vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m
%mr&S[ d k qdEk ikd o f nf? xdo k @kd jzpfygu aumfrwDonf xdw k ikd =f um;csuu f kd vufcH
jcif;/ xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; rvkyEf ikd af wmhyg?
(25) wdik =f um;csuf (Complaint )

a,bk,stm;jzifh wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint) qdo k nfrmS yef=um;jcif;
(Appeal)/ av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition)/ qufo, G jf cif; (Communication)/
tcdik tf rmajymqdjk cif; (Claim)/ od@k r[kwf awmif;qdjk cif; (Demand) wd@k EiS q hf if
wlygonf? wdik =f um;jcif;qdo k nfh a0g[m&udk tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;
tzJ@G csKyfwiG f Edik if w
H Edik if o
H nf pmcsKyfygtcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk auseyfavmufonfh
42
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
tqifjh zifh rvkyaf qmifaea=umif; tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if u H wdik =f um;onft h cg toH;k
ðyonf? xdo k @kd wdik =f um;Edik &f eftwGuf wdik =f um;olEikd if aH &m wdik =f um;cH&onfEh ikd f
iH ESpEf ikd if pH vH;k onf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf. oabmwlpmcsKyf
udk vufrw S xf ;kd xm;onfh Ekid if jH zpf&rnf? xdo k @kd jzpf+yD;u tkycf sKyfrt
_ zG@J taejzifh
xdpk yG pf GJ wdik =f um;csuu f kd tpD&ifcpH ma&;I wifjyEdik &f eftwGuf pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;
aumfr&Sifw&yfudk zJG@pnf;&onf? tmz&duwdkuf vlom;ESifhjynfolrsm;.
tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfrmS vnf; tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f
rm;tzJ@G csKyf. ,ckvyk x f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;twdik ;f yifjzpfonf?
(26) zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' (Constitution)

zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' od@k r[kwf tajccHOya'onf Edik if w H Edik if w H iG f t
jrifrh m;qH;k w&m;a&;qdik &f m jyXmef;csujf zpfygonf? zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk v$wf
awmfwpf&yf od@k r[kwf jynfv;kH u|wf qENc, H yl uJG aeI jyXmef;&onf? ‚if;onf
Edik if w H Edik if . H tkycf sKyfypkH epf/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;pepfEiS hf tajccHvw G v f yf
r_w@kd ukd azmfjyay;xm;aom Oya'vnf;jzpfonf? Edik if w H Edik if uH kd rnfonfyh pkH jH zifh
tkycf sKyf&rnf/ vlxu k , kd pf m;vS,f wm0ef&o dS rl sm;taejzifh rnfonf&h mxl;tqifh
qifjh zifh wm0ef,&l rnfw@kd tjyif tpd;k &Xmersm;t=um; rnfuo hJ @kd qufqaH qmif
&Gu&f rnfw@kd ukd wdwu d susazmfjyxm;onf? tajccH Oya'xJwiG f Edik if o H m;rsm;.
&ydik cf iG hf tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf pDrt H yk cf sKyfaomtpd;k &. aqmif±u G yf ikd cf iG hf tm%m
wd@k udk jyXmef;xm;aom owfrw S cf surf sm;yg0ifonf? xdo k @kd jyXmef;xm;csurf sm;
ESit hf nDom tpd;k &taejzifh vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf? tajccHOya'xJwiG f jyXmef;
xm;onft h wdik ;f om Oya'rsm;udjk yXmef;jcif;/ jznfph u G jf yifqifjcif;wd@k uv kd nf; vkyf
aqmifEikd o f nf? Edik if rH sm;. zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;xJwiG f vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf
tajccHusaom vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk tpOft+rJ todtrSwðf yxm;+yD; tjynfjynf
qdik &f m vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGiyf g0ifonfh vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ud;k
um;a&;om;xm;avh&ydS gonf? xd@k a=umifh zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qdo k nfrmS Edik if H
43
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vlt
Œ cGit
om;wOD;csi;f pD. tajccHvw G v f yfciG Ehf iS hf &ydik cf iG t
hf cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk tmrcHcsuf
ay;±Hrk #ru Edik if w
H umvl@tcGithf a&;. oabmobm0rsm; ude;f atmif;aeonfh
twGuf Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&;rsm; vlwOD;csi;f pDtay: oufa&mufaeonf
udk azmfjyaeonf?
(27) twdik yf ifct H qifh (Consultant Status)

ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifp. D &nf&, G cf suvf yk if ef;pOfrsm;
ESihf udu k n f aD om tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm; ukvor*~. twdik yf if
cHtqif&h adS om tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tqifh owfrw S xf m;jcif;udk qdv k okd nf?
ukvor*~yÉdnmOf tydk'f (71) wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;aumifpD
(ECOSOC) . &nf&, G cf surf sm;ESihf udu k n
f o D nfh tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;
rsm;udk twdik yf ifct H jzpf owfrw S Ef ikd of nf[k a&;om;xm;onf? xdo k Œkd owfrw S f
cH&aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf (ECOSOC) ESif t h jcm;Xmersm;
. tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Si. f tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif ta&;yg
aom tcef;u¾u yg0ifavh&o dS nf? tpnf;ta0;qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S &f mwGif
xdt k zGŒJ rsm;onf yg0ifqENraJ y;cGihf r&aomfvnf; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f mwGif
ta&;ygaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm; wifoiG ;f jcif;/ zwf=um;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyEf ikd o f nf?
qH;k jzwfcsuf csrw S of nft h cgwiG f avhvmoltjzpf wufa&mufavhvmEdik o f nf?
twdik yf ifcH tqif&h &Sad om tzGŒJ rsm;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&SiEf iS hf qyfaumfr
&Sipf onfh ukvor*~tzGŒJ rsm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&;apmif=h uyfr_ vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wef
zd;k &Sad om owif;tcsut f vufrsm; ay;ydŒk jcif;jzifh taxmuftul ðyEdik o f nf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;tay: xm;&So d nfh twdik yf ifct H qifu h kd (3)
rsK;d owfrw S cf jJG cm;xm;onf? yxrtqifjh zpfonfh taxGaxGtwdik yf ifct H qifh
qdo k nfrmS (ECOSOC) . vkyif ef;trsm;pkwiG f &nf&, G cf suwf l taumiftxnf
azmf aqmif&u G af eaom tzGŒJ rsm;udk ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? 'kw, d tqifh
jzpfaom txl;twdik yf ifct H qifq h o kd nfrmS (ECOSOC) . vkyif ef;rsm;teuft
44
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
csKŒd aomvkyif ef;rsm;wGif &nf&, G cf suw
f l taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G af eaom
tzGŒJ rsm;ukd ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf? aemufq;kH tqifjh zpfonfh (Roster)
tqifq h o kd nfrmS txufygtqifEh pS rf sK;d vH;k ESihf tóuH;r0ifaomfvnf; (ECOSOC)
udk toH;k 0ifta&;ygaom tcsut f vufrsm; ulnaD xmufyEhH ikd of nfh tzGŒJ rsm;udk
ay;tyfaom tqifjh zpfonf?
(ECOSOC) u zGŒJ pnf;ay;xm;aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;
aumfrwDonf (2) ESpv f #iw f }udrf awGŒqHak qG;aEG;I twdik yf ifct H qihf av#muf
xm;vmaomtzGŒJ rsm;udk qH;k jzwfjcif;/ (ECOSOC) wGif wifjyrnfh tcsurf sm;udk
wdik yf ifE;DS aESmjcif;rsm; ðyvkyo f nf?
ukvor*~wiG f twdik yf ifct H qif&h &S+d yD; tav;xm;cH&aom tpd;k &r
[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;jzpf&eftwGuf wdusaom yHo k ¾meftqif&h &dS rnf?
wdusreS u f efaom owif;rsm; ay;ydŒk Edik &f rnf? xdŒk jyif aemufqufwo JG wif;rsm;
ay;yd‹k Eikd &f rnf? tqift h wef;rSaD om tpD&ifcrH r_ sm;/ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=u
nmcsurf sm; xkwjf yefEikd &f rnf? ta&;w,l a&;qGx J m;aom pDrcH surf sm;ESihf ao
oyfaom enf;vrf;a=umif;rsm;&S&d ef vdt k yfonf?
(28) oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention)

oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention) qdkaompum;vHk;ESifh t"dy`m,fwl
aom tjcm;a0g[m&rsm;rSm (Covenant ) ESihf (Treaty) wd@k jzpfonf? xdak 0g[m&
rsm;tm;vH;k udk Edik if w H um pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; &nf!e$ ;f &mwGif toH;k ðyavh&dS
onf? ukvor*~wiG f jyXmef;xm;onfh vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif
xdpk um;vH;k rsm;udk ae&mtrsK;d rsK;d wGif toH;k ðyxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o
f nf? oabm
wlpmcsKyf (Convention) [laompum;vH;k udk vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;qufqrH _ yHpk t H m;
vH;k zsuo f rd ;f a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (International Convention on the Elimi-
nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)/ trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d
pHjk zifh cGjJ cm;qufqrH t _ m;vH;k zsuo
f rd ;f a&;oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convetnion on
45
HRterm.pmd 45 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women)/
n‡i;f yef;ESyd pf ufrE_ iS hf tjcm;aom&ufpufr_ yHpk rH sm;jzpfonfh vlrqefaom od@k r
[kwf ESrd chf saomðyrlrl od@k r[kwf tjypfay;r_qikd &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Conven-
tion against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treat-
ment or Punishment) / uav;oli,f tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention on the Rights of the Child) wdk@wGif toHk;ðyxm;onfudk
awG@Eikd o
f nf? a'oqdik &f m pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;jzpfonfh tar&duwdu k Ef iS hf Oa&my
wdu
k qf ikd &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGiv f nf; Tpum;vH;k udyk if
toH;k ðyxm;onf?
(29) Oa&myaumifpD (Council of Europe)

Oa&myaumifpo D nf taemufOa&myEdik if rH sm;tm;vH;k yg0if
zJ@G pnf;xm;onfh a'oqdik &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;tzJ@G tpnf;wck jzpfygonf? 1949
ckEpS w f iG f usi;f yaom Oa&myuGe*f &ufo@kd wufa&mufvmaom Edik if aH ygi;f (16)
Edik if rH S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf zJ@G pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
TaumifpDonf 'kwd,urBmppft+yD; Oa&mywGif yxrqHk;zGJ@pnf;
cJah om Ekid if w H umtzG@J tpnf;jzpfygonf? Oa&myaumifpu D kd zJ@G pnf;&onfh &nf
&G,cf surf sm;xJwiG f vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm; wd;k wufxeG ;f um;atmif vkyaf qmif&efEiS hf
umuG,af y;&efw@kd ukd wduspmG azmfjyxm;ygonf? Oa&myaumifp. D vkyx f ;kH vkyf
enf;qdik &f m owfrw S cf suf tyd'k f (3) wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI “tzG@J 0if
Ekid if wH ikd ;f onf rdr.d w&m;pD&ifyikd cf iG t hf m%mtwGi;f vlom;wdik ;f twGuf vlŒt
cGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf tajccHusaomvGwv f yfciG rhf sm;jzifh aysm&f i$ cf sr;f ajrŒr_EiS hf w&m;Oy
a'pd;k rd;k r_ oabmw&m;rsm;udk vufcu H sio hf ;kH &rnf” [kqx kd m;onf?
Oa&myaumifpw D iG f tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ Edik if aH wmf ygvrD efrsm;ESihf
Edik if aH wmfEiS hf a'oqdik &f m tm%mydik rf sm;udk oH;k rsK;d cJjG cm;I zJ@G pnf;xm;onf?
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf Oa&myaumifp. D tpdwt f ydik ;f
46
HRterm.pmd 46 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
oH;k ckteuf wckjzpfaom 0ef}uD;rsm;aumfrwDwiG f yg0ifonf? Edik if rH sm;. ygvrD ef
rsm;u a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;onfh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf aemufxyf tpdwf
tydik ;f wckjzpfonfh aumifp. D ygvrD efvw $ af wmfwiG f yg0ifonf? aemufxyft
pdwt f ydik ;f wckjzpfonfh Oa&mya'oqdik &f m tm%mydik rf sm;uGe*f &ufukd a'o
qdik &f m tm%mydik rf sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? xd@k jyif Oa&myaumifpo D nf twdik f
yifct H qift h jzpf todtrSwðf ycHxm;&aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G aygi;f 400
ausmEf iS hf wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyaf vh&o dS nf?
Oa&myaumifpo D nf Edik if oH m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&; umuG,&f efEiS hf
tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef twGuOf a&mya'o vlŒtcGihf
ta&;umuG,af &; oabmwlpmcsKyf (The European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights) udk 1950ckEp S wf iG jf yXmef;cJ+h yD; 1953 ckEpS wf iG t f
ouf0ifvmonf? xdpk mcsKyfonf vuf&w dS nf&adS eaom a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf
a&;oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;xJwiG f tjynfph q kH ;kH ESihf tcdik rf mqH;k aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf?
pmcsKyfyg oabmwlncD surf sm;udk }uD;=uyfEikd &f eftwGuf Oa&mya'o
vlŒtcGit hf a&; aumfr&SiEf iS hf Oa&mya'o vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m w&m;±H;k wdŒk udk
zGŒJ pnf;xm;cJo h nf? od@k aomf 1993 ckEpS w f iG f xdak umfr&SiEf iS hf w&m;±H;k wd@k ukd aygi;f
pyfI Oa&my vl@tcGit hf a&;w&m;±H;k (European Court of Human Rights)
tjzpf jyifqifz@GJ pnf;&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? xdw k &m;±H;k opfukd Oa&myaumifpED iS hf
wJzG ufI Strasboug òrdŒwGif 1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufaeŒrS pwifI zGiv hf pS f
Edik cf ohJ nf? w&m;ol}uD;rsm;onf vGwv f yfaomolrsm;jzpf=u+yD; ‚if;wd@k ukd Oa&my
aumifp&D dS Oa&myygvrD efvw $ af wmfu a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufonf? vly*k Kd~ vf wOD;
csi;f pDEiS hf Edik if rH sm;uaeI vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk wdik =f um;ydik cf iG &hf o dS nf?
Oa&myaumifpw D iG f aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom vlra_ &;qdik &f m pmcsKyf
wckjzpfaom Oa&myvlrc_ smwm (European Social Charter) onf pD;yGm;a&;/
vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef jyXmef;
xm;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? 1961 ckEpS w f iG f jyXmef;cJ+Jh yD;/ 1996 ckEpS w f iG f jyefvnf
47
HRterm.pmd 47 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
jyifqifrr_ sm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? csmwmwGif tvkyv f yk yf ikd cf iG /hf pnf;±H;k ydik cf iG /hf aq;uko
cHyikd cf iG /hf vltrsm;ESiphf ak ygi;f I vkycf / tvkycf sed pf onfwŒkd tay: tav#mt h wif;
vkyyf ikd cf iG /hf vlrz_ v
l akH &; cHpm;ydik cf iG /hf tvkyof rm;rsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm;yg tvm;wl
tusK;d cHpm;ydik cf iG /hf a±$Œajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf ‚if;wdŒk rdom;pkrsm;twGuf t
umtuG,Ef iS hf tultnDrsm; awmif;cHciG rhf sm;tjyif vkyif ef;cGiw f iG f wef;wlnrD #
tcGit hf a&;&&Sad &;ESihf uav;oli,frsm;ESihf vli,frsm;tay:umuG,f ay;a&;wkŒd
yg0ifonf? pmcsKyfwiG f vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if rH sm;onf pmcsKyfyg tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m aqmif&u G af ea=umif; (2) ESpv f #iw f }udrf tpD&if
cHpm wifoiG ;f &onf? vGwv f yf+y;D u|r;f usio f rl sm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom aumfrwD
u xdt k pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk pDppfavhvm&onf?
(30) oabmwlpmcsKyf (Covenant)

oabmwlpmcsKyf (Covenant) qdak om pum;vH;k onf (Convention)
ESihf (Treaty) qdak ompum;vH;k rsm;ESihf t"dym` ,ftwlwyl ifjzpfonf? xdak 0g[m&
rsm;tm;vH;k udk Edik if w
H um pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; &nf!e$ ;f &mwGif toH;k ðyavh
&So
d nf? ukvor*~wiG f jyXmef;xm;onfh vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlcsuf pmcsKyf
rsm;wGif xdpk um;vH;k rsm;udk r=umc%toH;k ðyxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? Cov-
enant qdak omtoH;k udk vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;teuf pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Covenant
on the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)ESihf Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;
tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Covenant on Civil and Political Rig-
hts) wd@k ukd ac:a0:&mwGif toH;k ðyxm;ygonf? xdo k @kd o;kH pJx
G m;jcif;a=umifh oD;jcm;
t"dym` ,f oD;oef@r&Syd g? Edik if w
H umpmcsKyfukd &nf&, G af c:qdjk cif;om jzpfygonf?
(31) a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration )

a=unmpmwrf; qdo
k nfth "dym` ,fonf toH;k ðyonfah e&mudv
k u
kd I
f
48
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
t"dym` ,fajymif;vJomG ;Edik yf gonf? yxrt"dym` ,frmS Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;w
ckujzpfap/ Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
wufa&mufcahJ om tpnf;ta0;wckujzpfap oabmwlq;kH jzwfvu kd af om t
csufrsm;tm; xkwfjyefjcif;udk a=unmpmwrf;[kac:Edkifonf? Oyrmay;&v#if
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration
of Human Rights) yifjzpfygonf?
ukvor*~tzJ@G 0ifrsm;u vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI oabmwlq;kH
jzwfcjhJ cif;a=umifh a=unmpmwrf;[k oH;k pJjG cif;jzpfonf? tjcm;aom Oyrmrsm;rSm
pawmh[;dk nDvmcH. obm0ywf0ef;usiq f ikd &f m a=unmpmwrf; (1972 ckEpS )f /
&D,n kd v D mcH. obm0ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf zG@H òzd;wd;k wufrq _ ikd &f m a=unmpmwrf;
(1992 ckEpS )f ESihf r=umao;cifurS oabmwlxw k jf yefcahJ om tjynfjynfqikd &f m
tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf. tajccHtvkyv f yk cf iG hf pnf;rsO;f qdik &f m a=unmpmwrf;
(1998 ckEpS )f wd@k jzpfonf? a=unmpmwrf;onf oabmwlnD vdu k ef mrnfjzpf
a=umif; vufrw S af &;xd;k p&m rvdak oma=umifh w&m;0ifpnf;aESmiftm; r&Sad omf
vnf; Edik if w H umu av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef vdt k yfonfqakd om"avhrsm; ay:ayguf
vm&mwGif ta&;}uD;onfh tcef;u¾u yg0ifygonf?
'kw, d t"dym` ,frmS vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfaumfrwD wckcx k H
wdik =f um;r_ (Communication) wckay:vmygu wdik =f um;cH&onfh oufqikd &f m
Edik if t H pd;k &u xdak umfrwD.vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competence) udk w&m;0if todtrSwf
ðy+yD;onhf aumfrwDtm; pHkprf;pD&ifcsufcGifhðyjcif; udkqdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
xdu k pd EP iS yhf wfoufI oufqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfaumfrwDukd vdt k yfovdk
pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; vkyaf qmif&ef wdik =f um;onft h pd;k &u w&m;0iftodtrSwf
ðyjcif;udk qdv k okd nf?
tu,fI xdo k @kd wikd =f um;r_ukd oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u jiif;qd+k yD; oufqikd f
&m pmcsKyfaumfrwD. pHpk rf;ppfaq;ta&;,ljcif;tm; cGirhf ðyjcif;udv k nf; a=unm
jcif; (Delcaration) [kyif c:ygonf?
49
HRterm.pmd 49 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
(32) tcGit hf a&;±kyo f rd ;f jcif; ( Derogation)
vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tpd;k &u av;pm;umuG,af y;&ef wm0ef&adS omf
vnf; tcsK@d aomtajctaersK;d wGif tcsKŒd vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG hf
rsm;udk tpd;k &taejzifh Oya't& uef@owfjcif;/ qdik ;f ihx H m;jcif;/ ydwyf ifjcif;wd@k
vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;udk tcGifhta&;±kyfodrf;jcif; (Derogation) [kac:ygonf?
xdo k @kd tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ±kyo f rd ;f cGi&hf adS om tajctaersK;d rsm;rSm ppfyu GJ mvt
wGi;f tcsed u f mvrsK;d / jynfov l x l w k iG f tE &W m,f+cdr;f ajcmufrE_ iS hf &ifqikd af e&
aomumvrsK;d / Edik if w H pfEikd if . H vGwv f yfa&;udk +cdr;f ajcmufaeaomumvrsK;d /
obm0 ab;'kurQ sm;ESihf ±kww f &ufusa&mufaom ab;tE &W m,frsm; &ifqikd af e
&aomtcsed u f mvrsK;d / / qlyal omif;use;f r_ od@k r[kwf ppfwyftm%modr;f r_rsm;
jzpfymG ;aeaom tcsed u f mvrsK;d wd@k jzpfonf?
od@k aomf xdo k @kd tcGit hf a&;rsm; ±kyo f rd ;f jcif;udk tvG,w f ul vkyaf qmif
Ir&yg? xdo k @kd a=unmawmhrnfqykd gu vdu k ef m&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm;udk Edik if o H m;
ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f ,ckuo hJ @kd owfrw S xf m;yg
onf? tu,fI Edik if w H Edik if &H dS tpd;k &onf xdt k cGit hf a&;±kyo f rd ;f jcif;udk vkyf
aqmifawmhrnfqykd gu trSew f u,f jynfov l x l t k wGuf tE &W m,fusa&muf
Edik o f nft h ajctaersK;d jzpf&rnf? Edik if w H nf+rJru _ kd taESmuft,Suf tE &W m,fðy
aejcif;jzpf&rnf? xdo k @kd tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ±kyo f rd ;f r_ðy&mwGif jynforl sm;tay:
cJjG cm;I vkyaf qmifjcif;rðy&? xdo k @kd r±kyof rd ;f rD oufqikd &f mtpd;k onf ukvor*~
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfxo H Œkd rnfonft h cGit hf a&;rsm;udk b,fta=umif;
a=umifh ±kyo f rd ;f &onfukd today;&rnf? xd@k jyif xd±k yk o f rd ;f r_ukd jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f
vdu k yf gu xdt k a=umif;udv k nf; today;&rnf? ±kyo f rd ;f r_ðy&mwGif tajccHtcGihf
ta&;rsm; (Basic Rights) rsm;udk rnfonft h a=umif;jycsuEf iS rhf S r±kyo f rd ;f Edik yf g
ponfjzifq h x kd m;ygonf? tu,fI Edik if w H Edik if u H tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ±kyo f rd ;f
jcif; vkyaf wmhrnfqykd gu tpd;k &taejzifh xdt k csurf sm;twdik ;f avsmn f pD mG vkyf
aqmif&rnfjzpfonf?
50
HRterm.pmd 50 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(33) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit
hf a&;rsm; (Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights)
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS vlom;
wd@k .b0 vlaer_tqift h wef;rsm; wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmatmif tqifq h ifh awmif;
qkad om tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ukvor*~
taxGaxGnv D mcHrS 1966 c/k 'DZifbmv 16 &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;cJah om
Edik if wH um pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwl pmcsKyf
xJwiG f tao;pdwf azmfjf yxm;ygonf?
xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;xJwiG f tvkyv f yk cf iG /hf r#woifah wmfaom vkycf ESihf
vkyif ef;cGi&f &Scd iG /hf tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm; zJ@G pnf;0ifa&mufciG /hf vlrz_ v l akH &;cHpm;cGi/hf
oifw h ihaf omvlaer_EiS hf aq;ukocHpm;ydik cf iG /hf ynmoif=um;cGi/hf ,Ofaus;r_ b0
wGiyf g0ifciG hf ponfw@kd yg0ifonf?
xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;udk tpd;k &u jznfq h nf;ay;&mwGif wdik ;f jynf. t&if;
tjrpfrsm;tay: rlwnfI jznfq h nf;ay;&rnfqakd om tcsuu f kd todtrSwðf y
xm;ygonf? TtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;&mwGif Edik if w H Edik if EH iS w
hf Edik if H wdik ;f jynf.
t&if;tjrpfrsm;tvdu k f cHpm;cGijhf cif; wlEikd rf nfr[kwyf g? od@k &mwGif xdt k cGit hf a&;
rsm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;&ef wm0ef&o dS nft
h pd;k &onf &&SEd ikd af om wdik ;f jynf&dS t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk tpGr;f uket f oH;k csI jynfov l xl t k aejzifh TtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
tjrifhrm;qHk;odk@ wajz;ajz;csif; a&muf&SdcHpm;Edkifatmif Oya'rsm;jyXmef;jcif;
tygt0if oifah vsmo f vdk taumiftxnfazmf vkyaf qmifomG ;&rnfjzpfonf?
(34) touf0ifvmjcif; (Entry into Force)

ukvor*~wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;xm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;
onf oabmwl qH;k jzwfvu kd o
f nfEiS chf sucf si;f pmcsKyfaumfrwDrsm; zJ@G jcif;/ tzJ@G
0ifEikd if rH sm;u tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ay;yd@k jcif;/ csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk aumfrwDu pHpk rf;ppf
51
HRterm.pmd 51 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
aq;ay;&ef wdik =f um;jcif;wd@k rvkyaf qmifEikd yf g? owfrw S x f m;aom Edik if t H a&t
wGuu f xdpk mcsKyfukd av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k twnfðyvufrw S f a&;xd;k +y;D rSom
xdak umfrwDrsm;zJ@G jcif;/ tpD&ifcjH cif;ESihf wdik =f um;csurf sm;udk vkyaf qmifEikd yf gonf?
xdo k @kd owfrw S af om Edik if t
H a&twGujf ynf+h yD; vkyif ef;rsm; pwifvyk af qmifvm
Edik jf cif;udk pmcsKyftouf0ifvmjcif; (Entry into Force) [kac:ygonf? pmcsKyf
touf0ifEikd &f eftwGuf vufrw S x f ;kd onfh Edik if t
H a&twGuf owfrw S cf suf rSm
pmcsKyfwckEiS w hf ck rwlnyD g? trsm;tm;jzifh vufrw S x f ;kd onfh Edik if aH ygi;f (20)
jynfyh gu xdpk mcsKyfonf touf0ifvmygonf? xdpk mcsKyf vufrw S af &;xd;k onfh
Edik if tH a&twGu/f aumfrwD0ifrsm;.oufwrf;/ tpD&ifcpH mwif&rnfh ESpu f mv
ponfw@kd ukd pmcsKyfxw J iG f twdtusazmfjyxm;avh&o dS nf?
pmcsKyftay: av;pm;vdu k ef mvdo
k nfh Edik if rH sm;. qENuv kd u kd If pmcsKyf
wckEiS w hf ck touf0ifvmr_oufwrf;rSmvJ rwlnyD g? Oyrm - uav;tcGit hf
a&;pmcsKyfonf twnfðycJah om 1989 ckEpS /f aemufEpS Ef pS t f wGi;f vufrw S x
f ;kd
aom Edik if t H a&twGuf jynfo h mG ;ojzifh touf0ifvmcJah omfvnf; a&$Œajymif;
tvkyo f rm;rsm; tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd 1990 ckEpS w f iG f twnf
ðycJah omfvnf; 2003 ckEpS rf o S m touf0ifvmcJh onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf?
(35) wef;wlnrD #r_ (Equality)

vlom;tm;vH;k onf wef;wlnrD #r&_ o dS nf[al om oabmw&m;onf
w&m;Oya'. tajccHusaom oabmw&m;yifjzpfygonf? “vlom;wdik ;f onf
arG;zGm;vmuwnf;u vGwv f yfIwlnaD om vl@*% k o
f ud mQ ESihf tcGit
hf a&;rsm;
&So
d nf” [k tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf; (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights) wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? vlom;wdkif;
wef;wlnDr#r_ om&Sdygu vlvlcsif;cJGjcm;r_&Sdvmrnfr[kwfyg? vlom;wdk@onf
wOD;ESiwhf OD; pnf;pdr/f tqift h wef;/ &mxl;/ ynmESifh aemufc, H Ofaus;r_ w
a,mufEiS w hf a,muf wlEikd rf nfr[kwo f vdk xdtk &mrsm;udk wef;wlnrD #atmif
52
HRterm.pmd 52 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
n‡,d I l vnf; &Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? od@k aomf xdo k @kd ujGJ ym;aeaom vlom;wdik ;f onf
vl@*% k of u d mQ ESithf nD tpk;d &. todtrSwðf yr_/ umuG,af y;r_/ jznfq h nf;ay;r_
rsm;udk cJjG cm;r_r&Sbd J wef;wl&&Scd pH m;cGihf &&S&d ayrnf? rnfonfv h o
l m;wa,muf
udrk S vdi/f tom;ta&mif/ bmompum;/ ud;k uG,o f nfb
h mom/ ,Ofaus;r_/ t
qift h wef;wdŒk tay: tajccHI ESrd chf squfqrH _ rvkyaf qmifjcif;onf vlom;wdik ;f
tm; wef;wlnrD # qufqjH cif;yifjzpfonf?
(36) Oa&myvl@tcGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (European Convention on
Human Rights)
Oa&my vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyf. acgi;f pOftjynft h pHrk mS vl@t
cGit
hf a&;ESihf tajccHvw
G v
f yfrr_ sm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms) jzpfonf? 1950 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (4) &ufae@wiG f Oa&myaumifpD
(Council of Europe) rS twnfðy jyXmef;vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif
aemufqufwJG pmcsKyfrsm;udk xyfrt H wnfðy jyXmef;vmcJo h nf? Oa&myaumif
pD tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;. w&m;pD&ifra_ tmufwiG &f adS om vlom;wdik ;f twGuf txl;
ojzifh vlra_ &;ESihf Ekid if aH &;u¾wGif tcGit fh a&;rsm;pGmukd ToabmwlpmcsKyf
rSm todtrSwfðyxm;ygonf? xdktodtrSwfðyxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
touf&iS cf iG /hf r#waomw&m;pD&ifru _ kd &&Scd pH m;cGi/hf rJay;cGiEhf iS hf ta&G;cs,cf yH ikd cf iG /hf
vGwv f yfpmG ,H=k unfawG;ac:ud;k uG,cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf ud, k f
ydik yf pPn;f rsm; ydik qf ikd cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;zJ@G pnf;cGif w h @kd jzpfonf? Tpm
csKyfwiG f tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm; rusL;vGe&f ef wm;jrpfyw d yf ifxm;aom tcsurf sm;rSm
ESyd pf ufjcif;/ u|eðf yjcif;/ pmcsKyfygtcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;&mwGif cJjG cm;jcif;/ tzJ@G
0ifEikd if rH sm;rS Edik if o
H m;rsm;udk wdik ;f jynfrES iS x f wk jf cif;/ jynf0ifciG yhf w d yf ifjcif;ESihf
wdik ;f wyg;om;rsm;udk tpkvu kd tf òyHvu kd af &maESmI wdik ;f jynfrx S uG fcmG apjcif;
wdk@jzpfonf?
53
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vlt
Œ cGit
TpmcsKyft& tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;av;pm;r_ukd apmif=h uyf
Edik &f ef Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&SiEf iS hf Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&; w&m;±H;k wd@k ukd
rlvu zJ@G pnf;xm;onf? od@k aomf 1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufae@wiG f xdEk pS cf k
udk yl;aygi;f I Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;w&m;±H;k (Europen Court of Human Rig-
hts) udk jyifqifz@GJ pnf;vdu k o f nf? ,cifuuJo h @kd vl@tcGit hf a&; apmif=h uyfonfh
pepfEpS rf sK;d r[kwaf wmhbJ TpmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifrsm;. pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;
vdu k ef mr_ apmif=h uyf&ef/ wdik =f um;r_rsm; vufcpH pkH rf;&efEiS hf ajz&Si;f ay;&ef wm0efukd
Tw&m;±H;k uom wm0ef,v l u
kd af wmhonf?
(37) Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;w&m;±k;H (European Court of Human Rights)

Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m w&m;±H;k udk Oa&my vl@tcGit hf a&;o
abmwlpmcsKyf (European Convention on Human Rights) t& w&m;pD&ifr_
rsm; vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef zJ@G pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
rlvu Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfyg tcsurf sm;udk apmifh
=uyf&ef Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&SiEf iS hf Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;w&m;±H;k [lI
pepfEpS rf sK;d xm;&Scd o
hJ nf? od@k aomf 1998 ckEpS /f Ed0k ifbmv (1) &ufae@wiG f xdEk pS cf k
udk yl;aygif;I Oa&myvl@tcGifhta&;w&m;±Hk; (Europen Court of Human
Rights) udk jyifqifz@GJ pnf;vdu k of nf? ,cifuuJo h @kd vl@tcGit
hf a&; apmif=h uyf
onfh pepfEpS rf sK;d r[kwaf wmhbJ pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifrsm;. pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;
pm;vdu k ef mr_apmif=h uyf&ef/ wdik =f um;r_rsm;vufcpH pkH rf;&efEiS hf ajz&Si;f ay;&ef wm0ef
udk Tw&m;±H;k uom wm0ef,v l u
kd af wmhonf?
Tw&m;±H;k wGif w&m;ol}uD; (3) OD;/ csed b f mtzJ@G 0if (7) OD;ESihf txuf
csed b
f mtzJ@G 0if (17) OD;wd@k yg0if+yD; px&mabh (Straboug) òrdŒwGif tajcpdu k o
f nf?
xdkw&m;ol}uD;rsm;tm;vHk;onf vGwfvyfItcsKyftaESmiftzGJŒuif;aom
olrsm;jzpf+yD; Oa&myaumifp. D ygvrD efu wdu k ±f ukd af &G;cs,f wm0efay;ygonf?
Tw&m;±H;k onf Edik if rH sm;omru vlwpfO;D wa,mufcsi;f pDu wdik =f um;csurf sm;
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
udk vufcEH ikd af om tcGit hf m%m&Syd gonf? tu,fI w&m;±H;k onf wdik =f um;jcif;
wckukd vufcpH pkH rf;ajz&Si;f &ef oabmwlncD yhJ gu xdyk ÉdyuQtwGuf csp}f unfcif
rifr_ rysuaf paom tajzwpfcu k &kd mS azG&ef óud;pm;&rnfjzpfygonf? xdo k @kd tajz
wckuakd jyvnfpmG rajz&Si;f Edik yf gu xdt k r_EiS yhf wfoufI rdrrd nfo@kd qH;k jzwfp&D if
csucf sonfukd trsm;odatmifa=unmxkwjf yef&ygonf? xdw k &m;±H;k . trde@f
xkwjf yefcsuu f kd Oa&myaumifp. D 0ef}uD;rsm;aumfrwDu taumiftxnfazmf
&ef wm0ef&ydS gonf?
w&m;±H;k od@k wOD;wa,mufcsi;f wdik =f um;avh&adS omtr_rsm;rSm rw&m;
owfjzwfjcif;ESihf aysmufq;kH oGm;jcif;/ tusO;f om;rsm;tm; ESyd pf ufjcif;ESihf rw&m;
qufqjH cif;/ vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; rw&m;±kyo f rd ;f cH&jcif;/ w&m;±H;k od@k omG ;a&mufciG hf
r&jcif;/ w,fvzD ek ;f rsm; cd;k em;axmifjcif;/ ae&if;wdik ;f jynfo@kd jyefy@kd jcif;/ vdiw f cl spf
olrsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS jf cif;/ owif;XmevGwv f yfciG hf uef@owfyw d yf ifc&H jcif;/ u
av;rsm;udk rdbrsm;uapmifah &SmufciG hf [ef@wm;cH&jcif;/ ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG hf
udk apmfum;aESmif, h uS cf &H jcif;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; zsuo f rd ;f cH&jcif;ponfh tr_rsm;
jzpfygonf?
(38) Oa&myvlra_ &;yÉdnmOf (European Social Charter)

Oa&myaumifpu D jyXmef;xm;aom aemufxyfv@l tcGit hf a&; qdik &f m
oabmwlncD suf wckyifjzpfonf? vlra_ &;yÉdnmOfEiS hf aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfEpS cf k
wd@k wiG f vlra_ &;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tao;pdwaf zmfjyxm;onfukd awG@&
onf?f Oa&myvlra_ &;yÉdnmOfukd 1961 c/k atmufwb dk mv (18)&ufae@wiG f O
a&myaumifpu D aeI twnfðyXmef;cJo h nf? TyÉdnmOf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf
wpfcu k kd 1988ck arv/ 5 &ufae@wiG v f nf;aumif;/ tjcm;aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf
wpfcu k kd 1991/ atmufwb kd mv (21) &ufae@wiG v f nf;aumif; xyfrt H wnfðy
Xmef;cJo h nf? TyÉdnmOfY tvkyv f yk uf ikd &f mwGif cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ &Sad p&ef/ rw&m;
tvkyaf pcdik ;f jcif;cGirhf ðy&ef/ trsK;d om;ESihf trsK;d orD;vkyt f m;wlygu wef;wlvyk cf
55
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Œ cGit
&&S&d ef/ vlra_ &;apmifah &Smufrc_ pH m;cGiEhf iS hf ynmoif=um;cGihf ponfw@kd yg0ifygonf?
xd@k tjyif qif;&JraGJ wr_rS umuG,af y;r_/ oifw h ifah omaetdrf &&Scd pH m;cGiEhf iS hf t
vkyx f w k yf pfjcif;rS umuG,af y;r_w@kd vnf; yg0ifygonf?
Oa&myvlra_ &;yÉdnmOfwiG f yg0ifonft h cGit hf a&;rsm;udt k zJ@G 0if tpd;k &
rsm;u taumiftxnfazmfrt _ m; ppfaq;Edik &f ef aqmif&u G rf ,
_ E &W m; enf;vrf;
(2) &yf&ydS gonf?
yxrenf;vrf;rSm tzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;rS TpmcsKyfukd apmif=h uyf&ef zJ@G pnf;
xm;aom Oa&myvlrt _ cGit hf a&;aumfrwDxo H @kd yHrk eS tf pD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &jcif;
jzpfonf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mwGif tpd;k &taejzifh xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
rnfo@kd vyk af qmifaea=umif; wifjycsurf sm; yg0if&rnfjzpfonf? aemufenf;vrf;
rSm tvkyo f rm;or*~rsm;/ tvky&f iS t f zJ@G rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzG@J tpnf;
rsm; pkaygi;f I wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint) jzpfygonf? Oa&myvlra_ &; tcGit hf a&;
aumfrwDrS TtpD&ifcpH mESihf oH;k oyfcsurf sm;udk vufcrH cHq;kH jzwf&+yD; tu,fI
vufcyH gu xdt k r_EiS yhf wfoufonfh tpD&ifcpH mwapmifukd jyifqifa&;om;&rnf
jzpfonf? tu,fI trSew f u,fusL;vGeaf eygu rnfoŒkd vkyaf qmifoifah =umif;
t}uHay;csuu f kd xdEk ikd if o
H @kd ay;yd@k today;&onf?
(39) vdiu f jGJ ym;r_a=umifh cJjG cm;onft h jrif (Gender)

vdiu f jGJ ym;r_a=umifh cJjG cm;onft h jrifqokd nfrmS vlom;wOD; (usm;/r)
arG;zGm;vmonfEiS hf vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f twGi;f &Sd tpdwt f ydik ;f u¾ trsK;d rsK;d wd@k
rSaeI trsK;d orD;qdo k nfrmS rnfo@kd jzpf&rnfEiS hf trsK;d om;qdo k nfrmS rnfo@kd jzpf
&rnf[I l 0dik ;f 0ef;owfrw S rf r_ sm;/ trsK;d orD;tvkyo f nf rnfonft h vkyEf iS hf t
rsK;d om;tvkyo f nf rnfonft h vky[ f I l wm0eftcef;u¾rsm;tm; cJjG cm;wm
0efay;r_rsm;/ vdiu f jGJ ym;r_urkd wl nfI trsK;d orD;ESit hf rsK;d om;wd@k tay: vlr, _ Of
aus;r_ypkH t
H aejzifh cJjG cm;xm;&So d nfh vlrq _ ufqaH &;yHpk rH sm;/ ,H=k unfr_ pepfrsm;/
awG;jrif,q l csurf sm;/ pdwu f ;l toGirf sm;/ wefz;kd xm;r_rsm;/ ar#mv f ifah wmifw h
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
r_rsm;tm;vH;k udk qdv k okd nf? xdok @kd trsK;d om;ESit
hf rsK;d orD;wd@k t=um; vlry_ pkH jH zifh
cJjG cm;xm;&So
d nfh xdo k wfrwS cf surf sm;onf ,Ofaus;r_wckEiS hf wckt=um; rwluGJ
jym;ovdk ,Ofaus;r_wckxrJ mS yif rwlujGJ ym;avh&o dS nf? tcsed u f mv wckEiS w hf ck
twGi;f owfrw S af omtjrifrsm;/ ,H=k unfrp_ epfrsm;/ wefz;kd xm;r_rsm;/ ar#mv f ifh
awmifw h csurf sm;onf ajymif;vJavh&o dS nf?
(40) r0g' (Feminism)

a&S;±d;k pOfvmtwdik ;f &Sv d mcJah om trsK;d orD;ESihf trsK;d om;rsm;tay:
tcef;u¾ owfrw S ,
f ql csurf sm;udk ajymif;vJvmEdik &f efEiS hf r[mzd0k g'}uD;pd;k r_
udw k eG ;f vSe+f yD; trsK;d orD;trsK;d om; wef;wltcGit hf a&; &&Sad p&eftwGuf v_y&f mS ;
awmif;qdak eaom vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_vtkd yfonf[al om t,ltqudq k v kd o
kd nf? ESpf
aygi;f rsm;pGmuxnf;u vlom;wd@k tay: yHo k iG ;f vmcJah om trsK;d orD;rsm;xuf
trsK;d om;rsm;u ydrk jkd rifjh rwfonf/ trsK;d orD;rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;. vdt k if
qENukd jznfq h nf;ay;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf ponfw@kd tygt0if tjcm;aomcJjG cm;
qufqo H nfh tjrifrsm;/ t,ltqrsm;/ ywf0ef;usit f odik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf vlrsm;ud,k f
wdik f zefw;D vky, f xl m;aom ,H=k unfrp_ epfrsm;a=umifh trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf trsK;d
om;rsm;t=um;wGif cJjG cm;r_/ t=urf;zufr/_ xdr;f csKyfrE_ iS hf rnDr#rr_ sm; jzpfonf?
xdt k csurf sm;yaysmuf+yD; trsK;d orD;trsK;d om; wef;wlnrD #r&_ v dS map&ef trsK;d
om;rsm;oufoufom v$r;f rd;k }uD;pd;k aeonfh r[mzd0k g'udk wku d zf suaf omt
rsKd;orD;0g'jzpfonf?
(41) taxGaxG oH;k oyfcsurf sm; (General Comment)

vl@tcGithf a&;pmcsKyfwckwiG f a&;om;xm;aom toH;k tE_;H rsm; od@k r
[kwf &nf!e$ ;f xm;csurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI xdpk mcsKyfEiS hf oufqikd o f nfh aumfrwD
u ydrk t
kd ao;pdwuf saom t"dym` ,fziG q hf akd zmfjyjcif;udk taxGaxG oH;k oyfcsu[ f k
ac:onf? Oyrm - pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwl
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vlt
Œ cGit
pmcsKyfwiG f vHak vmufaom aetdr&f &Scd iG [ hf I l a,bl,sa&;om;xm;onfukd pm
csKyfaumfrwDu xdt k "dym` ,frmS use;f rma&;ESio hf ifah vsmaf om/ aexdik o f rl sm;.
±d;k &m,Ofaus;r_EiS hf udu k nf aD om/ rdom;pkrsm; aexdik &f eftwGuf vHak vmufonfh
ae&mxdik cf if;&Sad om/ tquftoG,af umif;rGeaf om/ oifw h ifoh nfh ukeu f sp&dwf
&Sad omaetdrrf sK;d [k taxGaxGo;kH oyfcsuw f iG f tao;pdwf azmfjy&Si;f vif;xm;yg
onf? rlvpmcsKyfrsm;wGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;csurf sm;onf tm;vH;k ESit hf óuH;0if
ap&eftwGuf us,jf yef@pmG t"dym` ,fziG q hf x kd m;&aoma=umifh wcgw&HwiG f t
"dym` ,fukd wdwu d susem;vnf&ef rvG,u f yl g?
xd@k a=umifh oufqikd &f mpmcsKyfaumfrwDu xdu k s,jf yef@veG ;f vSaom t
"dym` ,fziG qhf ckd surf sm;rS wdusonft h "dym` ,fjzifh vltrsm;em;vnfEikd &f ef ,ckuo hJ @kd
aom taxGaxGo;kH oyfcsurf sm; xkwjf yefjcif;jzpfygonf? xdo k @kd o;kH oyfcsurf sm;udk
ud;k um;toH;k ðy&mwGif xdo k ;kH oyfcsu. f trSwu f kd &nf!e$ ;f I toH;k ðyud;k um;
avh&ydS gonf? Oyrm- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabm
wlpmcsKyf/ taxGaxGo;kH oyfcsuf trSwf (35) [lIjzpfygonf? trSwpf OfEiS f ah e@
pJrG sm; wyfxm;aom taxGaxGo;Hk oyfcsu/f t}uHay;csurf sm;onf oufqikd &f m
oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifonfh jyXmef;csurf sm;tay: ydrk &kd iS ;f vif;ap+yD; w&m;
0ifjzpfonfh t"dym` ,fziG q hf ckd surf sm;yifjzpfonf? ukvor*~. taxGaxGo;kH oyf
csuEf iS hf taxGaxGt}uHðycsurf sm;udk pmcsKyfrsm;enf;wl trsm;u av;pm;pGm
ud;k um;toH;k ðy=uavh&ydS gonf?
xdo k @kd t"dym` ,fziG q hf jkd cif;udk n‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf ufjcif;qdik &f m pmcsKyfaumfrwD/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfaumfrwDEiS hf uav;
tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfaumfrwDwdk@wGif taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsuf (General
Comment) [k oH;k E_;H aomfvnf; vlrsK;d a&; cJjG cm;zdEy dS rf r_ sm; yaysmufa&;qdik &f m
pmcsKyfaumfrwDESifh trsKd;orD;pmcsKyfaumfrwDwdk@url taxGaxGt}uHðycsuf
(General Recommendation) [k oH;k pJaG vh&o dS nf? t"dym` ,frmS twlwyl ifjzpf
onf?
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(42) taxGaxGt}uHðycsuf (General Recommendation)
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom taxGaxGoHk;oyfcsufrsm; (General
Comments) uJo h @kd yif taxGaxGt}uHðycsurf sm; (General Recommenda-
tions) rsm;udk vl@tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfwckwiG f a&;om;xm;aom toH;k tE_;H rsm;
od@k r[kwf &nf!e$ ;f xm;csurf sm;ESiyhf wfoufI xdpk mcsKyfEiS o hf ufqikd of nfh aumf
rwDu ydrk t kd ao;pdwu f saom t"dym` ,fziG q hf akd zmfjy&mwGif toH;k ðyavh&ydS gonf?
vlrsK;d a&;cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm; yaysmufa&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfaumfrwDEiS hf trsK;d
orD;pmcsKyfaumfrwDw@kd wiG f xdo k @kd t"dym` ,fziG q hf akd zmfjycsurf sm;udk taxGaxG
t}uHðycsuf (General Recommendation) [k oH;k E_;H aomfvnf; n‡i;f yrf;ESyd pf uf
jcif;qdik &f m pmcsKyfaumfrwD/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
pmcsKyfaumfrwDEiS hf uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfaumfrwDw@kd wiG f taxGaxG
oH;k oyfcsuf (General Comment) [k oH;k pJaG vh&o dS nf? t"dym` ,frmS twlwyl if
jzpfonf?
(43) vl@tcGit hf a&; (Human Rights)

vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS vlom;wa,mufjzpfaoma=umifh vlw@kd wiG &f dS
aom tcGit hf a&;[lI ±d;k ±d;k av;yifajym&ayrnf? vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlom;
tm;vH;k tay: cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sb d J vlwikd ;f twGuf wef;wlnrD #pmG &Sad eonf? tjcm;
rnfou l rS rdrxd w H iG &f adS eaom vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ,laqmiford ;f ydu
k If r&acs?
xd@k jyif rnfonft h cGit hf a&;onf ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonf/ rnfonft h cGithf a&;
rsm;udak wmh ta&;r}uD;[lIvnf; owfrw S I
f r&acs? wckEiS w hf ckvnf; tjyeft
vSeq f ufpyfaeonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;[laom acgi;f pOfatmufwiG f vl@tcGit hf a&;
rsm;onf wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef trDðS yaevsu&f o dS nf?
vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS vlom;wd@k . vl@*% k o
f u d mQ tjynft h 0jzifh
touf&iS af exdik &f ef vdt k yfaom tajccHtqift h wef; tcsurf sm;jzpfonf [lI
vnf; aemufxyfwrsK;d t"dym` ,fziG q hf xkd m;vsu&f odS nf? vlom;rsK;d EG,t f m;vH;k
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vlt
Œ cGit
t=um; *k%o f u d mQ ESihf wef;wlnrD u _ kd wefz;kd xm;av;pm;jcif;onf vl@tcGit hf
a&;. tESpo f m&tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? vlom;wOD;tm; av;pm;wefz;kd xm;&efqkd
aom xdt k ESpo f m&tcsuu f kd ,Ofaus;r_wikd ;f / vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f wdik ;f / ud;k uG,f
onfb h momwdik ;f / tawG;tac:t,ltqwdik ;f wGif awG@jrifEikd o f nf? vl@tcGihf
ta&;[k us,u f s,af vmifavmif ajymqdak eaom pum;vH;k . t"dutcsurf mS
vnf; xdo k @kd vv l cl si;f av;pm;wefz;kd xm;&efukd awmif;qdak ejcif;yifjzpfonf? vl
wa,muf. vl@tcGit hf a&;udk csK;d azmufjcif;qdo k nfrmS xdo k t
l m; vlom;w
a,muftaejzifh todtrSwðf y rqufqjH cif;yifjzpfonf? vl@tcGit hf a&; awmif;
qdrk q _ o kd nfrmS vnf; vlom;wkid ;f . *k%o f ud mQ udk av;pm;=u&ef awmif;qdjk cif;
omjzpfonf?
vl@tcGit hf a&;.tajccHtcsurf sm;rSm-
Õ vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlwikd ;f twGuf arG;&mygtcGit hf a&;jzpfonf? (Human
Right is Inherent) vl@tcGit hf a&;udk 0,f,I l r&/ v$aJ jymif;Ir&? vlwikd ;f onf
vlom;jzpfaeaom tcsuaf =umifyh if vl@tcGit hf a&;udk &,lyikd q f ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
Õ vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlom;tm;vH;k ESihf oufqikd o f nf? (Human Right is
Universal) tom;ta&mif/ vlrsKd ;/ ud;k uG,o f nfb h mom/ Edik if aH &;/ vlra_ &;/
tawG;tac:/ vdiu f jGJ ym;r_ra&G; vl@tcGit hf a&;onf vlom;tm;vH;k tay: wef;
wlnrD #r&_ o dS nf? vlom;tm;vH;k onf arG;zGm;vmonfrS pwifI vGwv f yf+y;D wef;
wlnaD om vl@*% k of u d mQ ESihf tqift h wef;&So d nf?
Õ vl@tcGit hf a&;udk rnfou l rS ,laqmiford ;f ydu k I f r&? (Human Right is
Inalienable) vl@tcGit hf a&;udk rnfow l OD;wa,mufurS ,laqmiford ;f ydu k f
cGirhf &S?d vlwa,muf. arG;&mygtcGit hf a&;udk xdo k . l Edik if aH wmftpd;k &ESihf Oya'
rsm;u todtrSwrf ðyonfw h ikd af tmif xdo k wl iG f vl@tcGit hf a&; cHpm;cGi&hf o dS nf?
xdo k @kd todtrSwrf ðyjcif;onf xdo k t l ay: vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufjcif;jzpfonf?
Õ vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef qufpyftrSðD yaeonf? (Hu-
man Right is Indivisible) vl@*% k o f u
d mQ ESit hf nD aexdik t f ouf&iS Ef ikd &f eft
60
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
wGuf vlom;wdik ;f onf vGwv f yfciG /hf vHòk cHciG Ehf iS v hf akH vmufaom vlaer_b0rsm;
tm; vdu k af vsmnDaxGpmG cHpm;cGi&hf o dS nf? rnfonft h cGit hf a&;udrk S tjcm;tcGihf
ta&;rsm;xuf ydkrdkta&;}uD;onf[k ajymqdkIr&? vl@tcGifhta&;wckudk csKd;
azmufc&H ygu tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udyk g xdcu kd af ponf?
(1) vltcGit hf a&;tcsKŒd onf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; (In-
dividual Rights) jzpfovdk wcsKŒd rSmvnf; tkyp f v
k u kd Ef iS hf oufqikd af omtcGihf
ta&;rsm; (Group Rights) &So d nf? xd@k jyiftcsKŒd rSm vlwOD;csi;f ESiahf &m/ tkypf k
vdu k Ef iS yhf g oufqikd af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpf=uonf? Oyrm - vGwv f yfpmG ud;k
uG,, f =kH unfciG o hf nf vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f usio hf ;kH Edik af om tcGit hf a&;jzpfovdk
tjcm;vltyk pf t k vduk f usio hf ;kH Edik af om tcGit hf a&;rsK;d vnf;jzpfonf?
(2) vl@tcGifhta&;wcsKdŒudk csufcsif;vufiif; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif
&GuI f &aomfvnf; wcsKŒd udak qmif&u G &f mwGif tpDtpOfjzifah qmif&u G &f onf?
vlwa,muf. vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG u hf kd csucf si;f cGiðhf yI&aomfvnf; ynmoif
cGit hf wGuf vdt k yfaomausmif;rsm;/ q&mrsm;udk csucf si;f vufiif; taumift
xnfazmfEikd &f ef rvG,u f al cs?
(3) tcsKŒd aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk 'Dru kd a&pD vl@abmiftzJ@G tpnf;tusK;d ESihf vlxk
tusK;d pD;yGm;twGujf zpfap/ pdw"f mwf/ pm&dwyW ikd ;f qdik &f mtwGujf zpfap vdt k yfygu
Oya't& uef@owfEikd o f nf? Oyrm - vGwv f yfpmG oGm;vmcGiq hf akd om tcGit hf
a&;udk xdo k @kd omG ;vmr_a=umifh trsm;jynfot l wGuf rvdv k m;tyfaom tusK;d
rsm; jzpfapEdik o f nfqykd gu Oya't& uef@owfEikd o f nf?
(4) odk@aomf atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfonfhtajctae/ rnfonfht
a=umif;rsK;d a=umifrh S uef@owfjcif;r&Sad p&[lI owfrw S xf m;onf? xdt k cGit
hf
a&;rsm;rSm - touf&iS cf iG /hf ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yrf;r_rS uif;vGwcf iG /hf u|eðf yjcif;rSuif;
v$wcf iG /hf taºuG;a=umifh csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;rS uif;vGwcf iG /hf jypfrw _ cktay: ESpf
cgjyef pD&ifjcif;rS uif;vGwcf iG /hf Oya'a&SŒarSmufwiG f vlom;wOD;tjzpf qufqcH H
ydik cf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:,H=k unfu;kd uG,cf iG hf wd@k jzpfonf?
61
HRterm.pmd 61 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
wOD;csi;f tcGit hf a&; (Individual Rights) qdo k nfrmS tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@t
cGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;aom vlwikd ;f cHpm;cGi&hf adS om tcGit hf a&;
rsm;jzpfonf?
trsm;ESiq hf ikd af omtcGit hf a&; od@k r[kwf tkypf v k u
dk tf cGithf a&; (Col-
lective Group Rights) qdo k nfrmS tkypf w k ck.tzJ@G 0if (Oyrm - trsK;d orD;/
uav;oli,f/ rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d pk/ 'kuo Q nf/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk/ a&$Œajymif;
tvkyo f rm;/ vdiw f cl spo f rl sm;) jzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;olrsm; cHpm;cGi&hf adS om
wOD;wa,mufcsi;f qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk cHpm;cGirhf &aom/ jiif;y,fc&H aom/
cJjG cm; uef@owfc&H aom tkypf 0k ifrsm;. tcGit hf a&;jzpfonf? tkypf v k u kd t
f cGithf
a&;rsm;onf txl;umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;&ef vdt k yfaom tkypf rk sm;twGuf
ay:ayguv f m&jcif;jzpfonf? tkypf w k pk. tzJ@G 0ifjzpfaoma=umifh tjrwfxw k f
acgi;f yHjk zwfru
_ kd ydrk ckd pH m;&aom tkypf 0k ifrsm;. tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,af y;jcif;
onfvnf; tkypf v k u kd t f cGit hf a&; awmif;qdjk cif;yifjzpfonf?
w&m;a&;qdik &f mtcGit hf a&; (Legal Rights) qdo k nfrmS Oya't&
todtrSwðf yxm;aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfonf? cdik v f akH om ta=umif;tcsuf
r&Srd csi;f tjypfr&S[ d k Oya'uzGiq hf x kd m;csurf sm;/ oufaoESihf tmrcH&&Scd iG rhf sm;
onf w&m;Oya'qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;yifjzpfonf?
(44) vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfrwD (Human Rights Committee)

urBmu h v
k or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHraS eI 1966 'DZifbm (16) &ufae@
wGif twnfðyjyXmef;vdu k af om Edik if wH umEkid if o H m;ESihf Ekid if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit
hf
a&;rsm; oabmwlnrD p_ mcsKyft& vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfrwDukd zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif
cJyh gonf? xdak umfrwDukd Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpm
csKyfaumfrwD[rk ac:bJ vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfrwD[ak c:onf? odŒk aomfaumfrwD
. t"duwm0efrmS Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
ygtcsurf sm;tay: pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. av;pm;vdu k ef mr_tm; apmif=h unfh
62
HRterm.pmd 62 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
jcif;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;rS a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;aom vGwv f yfonfh
u|r;f usio f l (18) OD;jzifh aumfrwDukd zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? aumfrwD. t"duwm
0efrmS (1) pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u wifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk zwf±a_ vh
vmjcif;/ (2) xdt k pD&ifcpH mrsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsurf sm;/ qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S jf cif;
ESihf (3) oabmwlpmcsKyf. yxraemufqufww JG iG f jyXmef;xm;onft h wdik ;f
vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f u wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;wdŒk jzpfonf?
pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf pmcsKyfut kd wnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd +yD; wESpt f
wGi;f aumfrwDoŒkd tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &onf? yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mudk (5) ESpv f #iw f
}urd w f ifoiG ;f &onf? wifoiG ;f onfh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk vltrsm;wufa&mufaom
aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif zwf=um;&onf?
tpD&ifcpH mudk Edik if . H ud,k pf m;vS,w f OD;rS wifoiG ;f &+yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&;
aumfrwDuppfaq;&onf? ppfaq;onf[kqdk&mwGif w&m;ppfaq;ouJhodkŒ
=um;emppfaq;jcif;rsK;d r[kwaf y? tpD&ifcpH mppfaq;jcif;. &nf&, G cf surf mS w&m;
pD&ifouJo h Œkd tjypfay;&efr[kwb f J pmcsKyfygtcsut f vufrsm;udk vdu k ef m&ef
wm0ef&adS =umif; pmcsKyftzGŒJ 0ifEikd if u H kd tðyoabmjzifh ajymqdjk cif;omjzpfonf?
tpD&ifcpH mudk ppfaq;aepOftwGi;f Edik if u H ,kd pf m;vS,. f tpD&ifcrH E_ iS hf E_wjf zifh
ajym=um;r_wŒkd tay:tajccHI tjcm;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,u f kd
ar;cGe;f rsm;xkwjf cif;/ cdik rf matmif jyefvnfar;cGe;f xkwjf cif;rsm;udk vkyEf ikd o f nf?
aumfrwDonf tpd;k &rSwifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mwckwnf;rS tcsut f vufrsm;
udo k m rSjD irf;ud;k um;jcif;r[kwb f J tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;u &&Sad omowif;rsm;
udyk g rSjD irf;ud;k um;Edik o
f nf? xdŒk a=umifh tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;uay;
ydŒk aom owif;rsm;udu k ;kd um;Edik o f nf?odŒk aomf aumfrwDxo H Œkd tpd;k &r[kwf
aomtzGŒJ rsm;u w&m;0iftpD&ifcpH mrsm; wifyŒkd tpD&ifcEH ikd jf cif;r&S?d xdŒk a=umifh
aumfrwD0ifwOD;csi;f pDoŒkd tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u tcsut f vufowif;
rsm; ay;ydŒk wwf=uonf? xd&k &Sad om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udt k ajccHI aumf
63
HRterm.pmd 63 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
rwDonf Edik if t H ay: qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S &f onf? oufqikd &f mEdik if u H kd xdqk ;kH jzwf
csurf sm;tm; today;&onf? odŒk aomf aumfrwDwiG f Oya'oufa&mufapaom
tm%m odŒk r[kwf ta&;,lEikd o f nft h m%m r&Sad y?
Edik if o H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufquf
wJpG mcsKyf (1) t& pmcsKyftcGit hf a&;rsm;udk csK;d azmufc&H onf[I l wdik =f um;aom
vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f . wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk aumfrwDuvufc&H onf? od@k aomfpm
csKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;onfh pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if u H csK;d azmufygonf[al om
wdik =f um;r_uo kd m aumfrwDuvufcEH ikd o f nf?
tu,fI pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if w H cktay: vlwOD;wa,mufu wdik =f um;
vm+yDqykd gu aumfrwDu wHcg;ydwt f pnf;ta0;jzifh wdik =f um;r_ukd vufcEH ikd rf cH
Edik q
f ;kH jzwfonf? aumfrwDu vufcEH ikd o f nf[k qH;k jzwfvu kd +f yD;rSom aemufw
qift h aejzifh xdpk yG pf w GJ ikd =f um;csurf sm;udk avhvmoH;k oyfppfaq;Edik o f nf? tu,f
I xdt k cGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm; cdik v f akH =umif; awG@&ygu aumfrwDu qH;k jzwf
csucf saomfvnf; oufqikd &f mtpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfraevdu k ef matmifvyk af qmif
Edik of nfh pnf;aESmiftm;r&Syd g? vdu k ef moifo h nf[al om wdu k w f eG ;f csuaf vmuf
om vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf?
aumfrwDu avhvmppfaq;r_ajrmufaom wdkif=um;r_udpPjzpf&efrSm
atmufygtcsurf sm;ESihf udu k n f rD &_ &dS rnf?
(1) tr_wikd =f um;aomol od@k r[kwf wdik =f um;olrsm;onf trnfrazmfvakd omol
rjzpfap&? aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if . H w&m;pD&ifx;kH rsm;ESihf tóuH;0ifol
jzpf&rnf?
(2) csK;d azmufc&H olu, kd w f ikd f od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfou l wdik =f um;&rnf
jzpfonf? od@k aomf xdck sK;d azmufc&H oltaejzifh olu, kd wf ikd w f ikd =f um;r_ukd rwif
oGi;f Edik o f nfh tajctaersK;d &Sad ev#if xdw k ikd =f um;r_ukd aumfrwDu vufcpH Of;pm;
rnfjzpfonf?
(3) wdik =f um;r_onf oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;ESihf udu k nf rD &_ &dS
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
rnfjzpf+yD; aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf. wdik =f um;cGiu hf kd tvJo G ;kH pm;vkyI
f wdik =f um;
jcif;rjzpfap&?
(4) xdt k r_upd o
P nf tjcm;aom Edik if w
H um vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t& udik wf , G f
ajz&SiS ;f &ef pOf;pm;oH;k oyfaeaom udprP jzpfap&?
(6) wdik =f um;olonf Edik if aH wmftqifh wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk vkyaf qmif+yD;aomfvnf;
auseyfrr_ &aom tr_rsK;d jzpf&rnf?
(45) vl@tcGit fh a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm; (Human Rights Defender)
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm;onf rnforl qdk jzpfEikd f
onf? vlom;wOD;csi;f omru tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;vnf;jzpfEikd yf gonf? vl@tcGit hf
a&;rsm; zH@G òzd;wd;k wufa&;twGuf umuG,o f rl sm;/ jr‡iw
hf iforl sm;/ taumift
xnfazmf aqmif±u G of rl sm; od@k r[kwf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k onf vl@tcGit hf
a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rsm; t
aejzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifah omfvnf;aumif;/ vlwOD;w
a,mufcsi;f taejzifah omfvnf;aumif; vltcGit hf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m
vmatmif ulnt D m;ay;olrsm;onfvnf; vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
olrsm;yifjzpfonf? rdrt d cGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufc&H onft h wGuf w&m;Oya'. tul
tnDu, kd I l csK;d azmuforl sm;tm; tjypf'%fcaH patmif vkyaf qmifaomolonf
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smufaomol jzpfouJo h @kd rdrod jd rifxm;aom
vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk trsm;od&edS m;vnfatmif today;olrmS vnf;
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smufojl zpfygonf? xd@k twl tpd;k &. vl@tcGit hf
a&;csKad zmufrr_ sm;a=umifh tjcm;olrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f qENjyolonf vl@tcGit hf a&;
umuG,o f jl zpfovdk vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif;udk vltrsm;odatmif ynmay;
olrmS vnf; vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smufojl zpfygonf?
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm;. tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m a=u
nmpmwrf;udk urBmu h v k or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu 1998 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv
65
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vlt
Œ cGit
9 &ufae@wiG f twnfðyjyXmef;cJo h nf? TonfrmS ukvor*~taejzifh “vl@tcGihf
ta&;rsm;ESihf tajccHusaom vGwv f yfrr_ sm;ukd oD;jcm;wOD;csi;f pDjzpfap/ tzG@J t
pnf;wGi;f wGijf zpfap/ em;vnfoabmayguaf p&efEiS hf umuG,af y;&eftwGuf Edik if H
wumESihf jynfwiG ;f tqifrh sm;wGif wd;k jri‡ ahf qmif&u G of mG ;&ef” xyfavmif;twnf
ðyvdu k jf cif;jzpfygonf? urBmESit hf 0Sr;f wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;udk tm;ay;umuG,f
apmifah &Smufaeaomolrsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;tay: r=umc%qdo k
vdk +cdr;f ajcmufaESmif, h u S jf cif;/ tE &W m,fðyjcif;/ rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;/ tpkvu kd tf
òyHvu kd o f wfjzwfjcif;rsm; &ifqikd af e&vsu&f ydS gonf? xd@k twGuf vl@tcGit hf a&;
umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm;tm; ukvor*~u umuG,af y;Edik &f eftwGuf Edik if H
wumtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;. wdu k wf eG ;f csujf zifh Tpmwrf;ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfonf?
xdpk mwrf;t& vl@tcGit hf a&;umuG,af pmifah &Smuforl sm;qdik &f m t
xl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sw d OD;udk 2000 ckEpS /f =o*kwv f (18) &ufae@wiG f cef@
tyfco hJ nf? vuf&w dS m0ef&adS om txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Srd mS ygupPwefEikd if H
rSrpP[Dem*sDvmeDjzpfonf? xdkol.wm0efrSm vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fapmifh
a&Smuforl smtay: usa&mufEikd zf , G &f adS om t=urf;zufrr_ sm;/ tajctaersm;
ESiyhf wfoufonfh owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;jcif;/ vufcjH cif;/ ppfaq;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf
&ef/ a=unmpmwrf; ydrk t kd m;aumif;vmap&efEiS hf xda&mufpmG toH;k csEikd &f eft
wGuf tjcm;olrsm;/ tzJ@G rsm;ESihf yl;wJv G yk af qmif&ef/ vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af pmifh
a&Smuforl sm;tm; ydrk u kd muG,af y;Edik rf nfh xda&mufaomenf;AsL[mrsm; csrw S f
aqmif&Guf&efwdk@jzpfonf?
(46) vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay; (Human Rights Education)

“vl@tcGihfta&;ynmay;” qdkonfhpum;vHk;rSm twdkaumufazmfjy
r_wckom jzpfygonf? Tpum;vH;k onf vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ynmay;jcif;[k
qdx
k m;aomfvnf; trSepf ifppft"dym` ,frmS vltcGit hf a&;wckxrJ [kwb f J Ekid if H
wum+ird ;f csr;f a&;/ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;ESihf em;vnfrw _ @kd twGuf ynmay;jcif;udk
66
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
qdkvdkygonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&; ynmay;jcif;qdo k nfrmS jynfov l x
l tk m; ‚if;wk@d .t
awG@tóuHrsm;udk ‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd f em;vnfoabmayguaf p+yD; ‚if;wd@k .b0udk
‚if;wd@k u, kd w f ikd f qH;k jzwfwwfvmap&ef &nf&, G cf sujf zifh vl@tcGit hf a&;A[kow k
rsm;/ wefz;kd rsm;ESifh twwfynm u|r;f usirf r_ sm;udt k oH;k ðyum ‚if;wdŒk ud, k w
f ikd f
yg0ifvyk af qmifEikd &f ef &nf&, G jf yifqif vkyaf qmifxm;onfh avhvmr_vyk if ef;
pOfjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay;olqo kd nfrmS vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f
od@k r[kwf vltyk pf w k pktm; vl@tcGit hf a&; A[kow k rsm;/ wefz;kd rsm;/ u|r;f usirf _
rsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguaf p+yD; vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ta=umif;t&mwck
udjk zpfap/ vl@tcGit hf a&;tajctae w&yfv;kH twGujf zpfap ta&;,laqmif&u G rf _
rsm; vkyaf qmifwwfvmap&ef vkyaf qmifojl zpfonf?
urBmu h vk or*~u owfrw S x f m;aom vl‹tcGit hf a&;ynmay;r_ q,f
pkEpS f (1995-2004) . a=unmpmwrf;wGif vl‹tcGit hf a&; ynmay;r_qo kd nfrmS
“wavmuvH;k ESihf oufqikd o f nfh vl‹tcGit hf a&; ,Ofaus;r_w&yf ay:xGe;f a&;udk
&nf&, G of nfh avhusio hf ifwef;ykŒd csrr_ sm;/ tcsut f vufowif;rsm; jzefŒjzL;r_rsm;
ponfw@kd ukd óud;yrf;aqmif&u G jf cif;jzpfonf? xdo k Œkd vkyaf qmif&mwGif A[kok
wrsm;/ u|r;f usirf r_ sm;rSwqifh atmufygta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI
&yfwnfcsuftjrifrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif yHkazmfvkyfaqmifapjcif;jzpfonf?
‚if;wd‹k rmS -
(u) tajccHvw G v f yfrE_ iS hf vl‹tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydrk akd v;pm;apjcif;?
(c) vlom;wd‹k . uk, d &f nfu, kd af oG;ESihf *k%o f ud mQ tjynft h 0zG‹òH zd;apjcif;?
(*) em;vnfr/_ av;pm;r_/ vdiu f jJG ym;r_tay: wef;wl&nfw&l rdS E_ iS hf Edik if rH sm;twGi;f ?
Xmaewdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGi;f / Edik if o H m;rsm; twGi;f / vlrsK;d pkrsm;twGi;f /
bmoma&;ESihf bmompum;uGjJ ym;aom vltyk pf rk sm;twGi;f csp=f unf&if;ES;D r_
wd‹k udk jr‡iw hf ifay;jcif;?
67
HRterm.pmd 67 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
(C) vGwv f yfaom vl‹tzG‹J tpnf;twGi;f vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f udk xda&mufpmG yg0if
apEdik jf cif;?
(i) urBmu h v k or*~. +idr;f csr;f r_xrd ;f odr;f a&; v_y&f mS ;r_ukd jr‡iw hf ifjcif;wd‹k yg0if
onf?” [k t"dym` ,fziG q hf xkd m;onf?
vlwOD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;udo k mr[kwb f J xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI wm0ef,rl /_ wm0efcrH t _ a=umif;rsm;udyk g avhvmjcif;onf vl‹tcGihf
ta&; oif=um;r_. tESpo f m&jzpfygonf? vl‹tcGit hf a&;udk vlwOD;wa,muf
csi;f ESihf vl‹tzG‹J tpnf; wckv;kH u ydik q f ikd o f nft
h avsmuf vlŒtcGit hf a&;tay:
av;pm;r_/ umuG,rf E_ iS hf wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf tmif vkyaf qmifrw _ ‹kd ukd vkyaf qmif
&efwm0ef&rdS /_ wm0efcrH r_ mS vnf; vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f omru/ trsm;ESiyhf g ouf
qdkifygonf?
vl‹tcGit hf a&; ynmay;r_onf yÉdyuQrsm;ajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf vlrp_ epfjr‡ihf
wifjcif;wd@k ay:xGe;f ap&ef tajccHaxmufual y;ygonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf
wckEiS w hf ck 0da&m"drsm; jzpfwwfavh&=dS uygonf? vltrsm;tusK;d twGuf apmifh
a&Smuf&ef vkyaf qmifrw _ ckonf tjcm;vlwOD;wa,muf. vGwv f yfpmG xkwf
azmfajymqdck iG Ehf iS hf 0da&m"d jzpfaeEdik yf gonf? od‹k aomf vl‹tcGit hf a&; oabmw
&m;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_/ vlom;tm;vH;k . nDr#rE_ iS hf *k%o f ud mQ wd@k
tay: tajccHxm;onft h wGuf vl‹tcGit hf a&;onf xdo k Œkd rwlnu D jGJ ym; jcm;em;
r_rsm;udk oH;k oyfavhvmwwfap&efEiS hf ajz&SiS ;f Edik &f ef yHpk aH zmfay;Edik yf gonf? vl‹t
cGit
hf a&; ynmay;r_onf aphpyfajz&Si;f jcif;/ =um;0ifajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf trsm;pko
abmqENc, H jl cif;qdik &f m t&nftaoG;rsm;udv k nf; avhusio hf if=um;ay;ygonf?
(47) tar&duwdu
k Ef idk if rH sm;. vl@tcGit
hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Inter-American
Commission on Human Rights)
Taumfr&Siof nf tar&duwkud f vl@tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpm
csKyf (American Convention on Human Rights) yg tcsut f vufrsm;tm;
68
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
vufrw S xf ;kd xm;onfh Edik if rH sm;. vdu k ef mr_ukd apmif=h uyf&eftwGuf zJ@G pnf;xm;
jcif;jzpfonf?
aumfr&Siw f iG f vGwv f yfI taESmiftzJ@G uif;aom aumfr&Sit f zJ@G 0ifrsm;
yg0if+yD; tar&duwdu k Ef ikd if rH sm;twGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&;umuG,&f efEiS hf xGe;f um;
atmifvyk af qmif&ef wm0ef&o dS nf? tar&du vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabm
wlnpD mcsKyfygtcsut f & Taumfr&Sio f nf vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrE_ iS hf ywf
oufI qufo, G w f ikd =f um;r_rsm; (Communication) rsm;udk vufcpH pfaq;Edik f
cGifh&Sdonf?
oabmwlpmcsKyf tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrE_ iS hf ywf
oufygu aumfr&Six f o H @kd wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;Edik o f nf? Edik if rH sm;u wdik =f um;&mwGif
pGypf cJG &H aomEkid if o H nf tar&duwdu k f vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf
. tzG@J 0ifEidk if H wEkid if jH zpf&rnft h jyif xdt k r_uakd umfr&Siu f pHpk rf;&eftwGuf pGypf GJ
cH&onfEh ikd if u H cGiðhf ya=umif;a=unmcsuf (Declaration) xkwjf yefro S m aumfr
&Sif taejzifh pHpk rf;Edik o f nf? xd@k tjyif wdik =f um;vmaom tr_onf Edik if aH wmfwiG ;f
tajz&SmI r&awmhonft h qH;k aumfr&Sio f @kd wifjyvmjcif;jzpf&rnf? aumfr&Six f H
od@k tqifah usmI f wdu k ±f u kd wf ifjyjcif;rsK;d rjzpf&yg?
tu,fI xdo k @kd tr_rsK;d vufc&H &Syd gu yxrqH;k tqift h aejzifh aumfr
&Siof nf xdyk ËdyuQjzpfymG ;aeaom Ekid if rH sm;t=um; csp=f unfrr_ ysuaf om ajz&Si;f r_
&SmEkid &f eftwGuóf ud;yrf;&ygonf? csp=f unf&if;ES;D pGmjzifh ajz&Si;f r_ukd r&&SEd ikd af om
tcgrS aumfr&Sio f nf rdrad wG@&cdS ahJ om tcsut f vufrsm;/ rdr. d oH;k oyfq;kH jzwf
csurf sm;ESihf t}uHðyaxmufccH surf sm;yg0ifonfh tpD&ifcpH mwckukd a&;om;&rnf
jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf xdt k pD&ifcpH mudk tar&duwdu k Ef idk if rH sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;
rsm;w&m;±H;k (Inter-American Court of Human Rights) od@k oH;k vtwGi;f wif
oGi;f &rnfjzpfonf? aemufq;kH taejzifh aumfr&Sio f nf tr_EiS yhf wfoufonfh
rdr. d ,lqcsurf sm;/ xdt k r_EiS yhf wfoufonhf t}uHðycsurf sm;/xdt k }uHðyonft h
wdik ;f vdu k ef maqmif±u G &f rnfh tcsed u f mvowfrw S cf surf sm;udk pGypf cGJ &H aom
69
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vlt
Œ cGit
Edik if o
H @kd today;I vdu
k ef map&rnfjzpfonf?
(48) tar&duwdu
k q
f ikd &f m vl@tcGit
fh a&;w&m;±H;k (Inter-American Court
of Human Rights)
tar&duwdu k q f ikd &f m vl@tcGit fh a&;w&m;±H;k udk tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;u vl@
tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufonf[k pGypf w GJ ifjycsurf sm;udk avhvmppfaq;&ef wm0ef
ay; zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf wdu k ±f u
kd pf pkH rf;jcif;rsK;d r[kwb f J tar&du
wdu k Ef idk if rH sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f yxrpHpk rf;xm;+yD; vJa$ jymif;ay;yd@k
vduk af om tr_rsm;udo k m ppfaq;cGi&hf o dS nf? Tw&m;±H;k onf w&m;pD&ifyidk cf iG u hf kd
pdwóf uduaf qmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG hf &Sad omfvnf; xdo k ufqikd af om Ekid if rH sm;onf oabm
wlpmcsKyf. tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;jzpfae&rnf? xdŒk tjyif wifjycsurf sm;udk ppfaq;&eft
wGuf w&m;±H;k .vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competent) tm;vufco H nfh a=unmcsuw f ckukd
oufqidk &f mEdik if u H xkwjf yefro S mv#if xdw k &m;±H;k rSaeIS udik w f , G af jz&Si;f Ekid rf nf
jzpfonf? Tw&m;±H;k qDo@kd vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f u wdik =f um;Ir&Edik yf g? aumfr
&Siu f v$aJ jymif;ay;yd@k vmaomtr_ukd w&m;±H;k uppfaq;&mwGif aumfrwD. t
jrifoabmxm;rsm;twdik ;f wxyfwnf;usp&mrvdyk g? rwlnaD omoabmxm;
rsm;udv k nf;ay;Edik yf gonf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &rsm;ESihf aumfr&Si. f wifjycsurf sm;
udk =um;em+yD;onfah emuf w&m;±H;k uaeI aemufq;kH pD&ifcsuu f kd csrwS yf g onf?
xdpk &D ifcsuo f nf aemufq;kH pD&ifcsujf zpf+yD; jyefvnft,lc0H ifciG rhf &Sad wmhyg?
(49) tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit

hf a&;Oya'o (International Bill of Hu-
man Rights)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom vlŒ
tcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;udk ydrk I
kd wdwu d sus tao;pdwjf yXmef;Edik &f efEiS hf Edik f
iHrsm;tay: }uD;=uyfrv _ yk if ef;pOfrsm; ydrk v
kd yk af qmifEikd &f eftwGuf vlŒtcGit
hf a&;
pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcf u
k kd 1966 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (16) &ufaeŒwGif jyXmef;cJo h nf? xdpk m
70
HRterm.pmd 70 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
csKyf}uD;ESpcf rk mS tjynfjynfqikd &f m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;
qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights) ESihf tjynfjynfqikd & f m Edik if o
H m;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit
hf a&;
qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf (International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights and Potocol) wdŒk jzpfonf? ukvor*~ taxGaxG
nDvmcH}uD;u tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf xdv k Œl tcGihf
ta&; pmcsKyf}uD;ESpcf u k pkd ak ygi;f I tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&; Oya'o
(International Bill of Human Rights) [kac:onf?
(50) tjynfjynfqikd &f mw&m;±H;k ( International Court of Justice)

ukvor*~.yÉdnmOfpmwrf;t& tjynfjynfqikd &f mw&m;±H;k zG@J pnf;ay:
ayguv f mcJ@ygonf? Tw&m;±H;k udk e,fomvefEikd if H o[dwcf f (TheHague)òrdŒ
wGif tajcpdu k x
f m;+yD; ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHEiS hf vHòk cHa&;aumifpw D @kd rS
a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufxm;ay;cJah om w&m;ol}uD; (15)OD;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;ygonf?
xdwk &m;ol}uD;rsm;udk Edik if t H vdu k f a&G;cs,jf cif;r[kwb f J xdok rl sm;. t&nft
csi;f tvdu k f a&G;cs,jf cif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf wEdik if x H rJ S w&m;ol}uD;ESpOf ;D rjzpfap
&yg? Ttjynfjynfqikd &f mw&m;±H;k udk Edik if rH sm;t=um;wGif jzpfymG ;aom tjiif;
yGm;rlrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf tcGit hf m%may;xm;ygonf? Edik if rH sm;t=um;
tjiif;yGm;rlrsm;udk w&m;±H;k rS pOf;pm;qk;H jzwf&eftwGuf oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm;rS
w&m;±H;k u ajz&Si;f ay;csuEf iS hf vkyyf ikd cf iG u hf vkd ufcaH =umif; a=unmcsuw f ckukd
xkwjf yefro S m xdt k jiif;yGm;r_ukd w&m;±H;k u vufcq H ;kH jzwfay;Edik of nf? wEdik if u H
xdkodk@vufcHjcif;rðyygu w&m;±Hk;u qHk;jzwfay;Ir&yg? ±Hk;awmfodk@rjzpfrae
vma&muf&ef qifah c: jcif;vnf; rvkyaf qmifEikd yf g? ESpEf ikd if pH vH;k u w&m;±H;k .
vkyyf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd vdu
k ef m+yD;rSom qH;k jzwfcsucf sEikd +f yD; xdpk &D ifq;kH jzwf
csuo f nf aemufq;kH pD&ifcsujf zpfygonf? xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm;
u vdu k ef maqmif±u G &f rnfjzpfonf? Ttjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k onf yef
71
HRterm.pmd 71 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
=um;vmygu ukvor*~. tpdwt f ydik ;f Xmersm;od@k Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m t}uHrsm;
ay;Edik o
f nf? w&m;±H;k . vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;tm;vH;k onf Edik if w H umOya'rsm;ESihf
waoGrwdr;f udu k n
f rD &_ &dS rnfjzpfonf?
(51) tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k (International Criminal Court)

tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k onf vltpkvu kd t
f òyHvu kd f owf
jzwfr/_ vlrsK;d oef@pifonft h aejzifh usL;vGerf /_ vlrsK;d wH;k owfjzwfr/_ vlom;rsK;d EG,f
tay: usL;vGerf E_ iS hf ppf&mZ0wfrp_ onfh tr_rsm;usL;vGeo f rl sm;udk wpfO;D csi;f pD
tvdu k f Edik if w H umOya'twdik ;f w&m;pGq J o kd mG ;&ef zGiv hf pS x
f m;aom w&m;±H;k jzpf
onf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k . oabmwlncD sut f m; vufrw S f
a&;xd;k xm;onfh Edik if rH sm;rS Edik if o H m;rsm;od@k r[kwf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;onfh
Edik if yH ikd f e,ferd w d t f wGi;f wGif jypfru _ sL;vGeo f l rnfo@l urkd qdk w&m;pD&if&ef Tw
&m;±H;k wGif tcGit hf m%m&So d nf? xdw k &m;±H;k onf t&yfom;/ ppfzuft&m&S/d t
pd;k &t&m&Sd ponfjzifh cGjJ cm;jcif;r&Syd J xd}k uD;av;aomtr_ukd jypfru _ sL;vGeo f rl eS f
or#tm; w&m;pGq J rkd nfjzpfonf//
tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k udk e,fomvefEikd if /H o[dwòf rdŒ
wGif zGiv hf pS x
f m;onf? w&m;ol}uD;aygi;f (18) OD; wifajr‡mufxm;onft h euf
(7) OD;rSm trsK;d orD;rsm;jzpfonf?
xdw k &m;±H;k jzpfay:vm&ef v_@H aqmfro _ nf 'kw, d urBmppf t+yD;uwnf;
u pwifco hJ nf[q k Ekd ikd o
f nf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;udk usL;
vGecf o hJ nfo h rl sm;udk Ek&ifbwfEiS hf wdu k sKpd pfc±kH ;kH rsm;od@k wifI tjypfay;cJo h nft h
jynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k wifc+hJ yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif vlom;rsm;tay: tpkvu kd f
tòyHvu kd f owfjzwfco hJ rl sm;/ vlrsK;d wk;H avmufonft h xd owfjzwfcrhJ r_ sm;udk usL;
vGecf o hJ rl sm;tm; rnfonfEh ikd if w H umOya'ESirhf S ta&;,lEikd cf jhJ cif;r&Syd g? ukvo
r*~z@GJ pnf;+yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wifjycJo h nfh xdEk ikd if w H um ppfc±kH ;kH rsm;zGiv hf pS &f ef wif
jycsurf mS vnf; ppfat;umvtcsed t f wGi;f aysmufu, G cf &hJ onf?
72
HRterm.pmd 72 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
od@k aomf 1990 ckEpS yf ikd ;f rsm;u &0rf'gEiS hf ,cif,*l pkd vm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;
wGijf zpfymG ;cJah om vlrsK;d wke;f owfjzwfrr_ sm;udk ta&;,l&eftwGuf &0rf'gEikd if H
qdik &f m &mZ0wftxl;cH±k ;kH ESihf ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if q H ikd &f m &mZ0wf txl;cH±k ;kH
ESpcf uk kd zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifvu kd o f nfah emufyikd ;f ,cifuaysmufu, G cf ahJ om Edik if H
wum&mZ0wfc±kH ;kH jzifh vl@tcGit hf a&; t}uD;tus,cf sK;d azmuforl sm;udk tjypf
ay;&ef[al om t,ltqrSm jyefvnfxu G af y:vmonf? xdo k @kd tjynfjynfqikd f
&m &mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k w±H;k ay:vm&ef 1995 ckEpS rf pS wifI ukvor*~wiG f v_yf
&Sm;vmcJo h nf? xdw k &m;±H;k . usix hf ;kH rsm;qdik &f m owfrw S cf supf mcsKyf (Rome
Statue) udk 1998 ckEp S f Zlvikd v f (17) &ufae@wiG f Edik if aH ygi;f (120) u twnfðy/
(21) Edik if =H um;ae/ (7) Edik if u H uef@uu G cf +hJ yD; trsm;qENt& usix hf ;kH rsm;qdik &f m
owfrw S cf supf mcsKyfu f kd twnfðyEdik cf o hJ nf?2002 ckEpS /f {+yDv (11) &ufae@wiG f
abmhpeD;,m;/ [mZD*Akd ;D em;/ uarBm'D;,m;/ uGe*f /kd tdik , f mvef/ a*sm'f ef/ rGe*f ;kd vD;
,m;/ Edik *f g/ ±dak r;eD;,m;ESihf pvdAk ufu;D ,m;wd@k u Edik if w H um&mZ0wfrw _ &m;±H;k .
usix hf ;kH rsm;qdik &f m owfrw S cf supf mcsKyfu f kd vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k o f jzifh vufrw S f
xd;k onfh Edik if pH pk ak ygi;f (66) Edik if &H o dS mG ;+yD; xdpk mcsKyftouf0ifvmcJo h nf? 2003
ckEpS /f rwfv (11) &ufae@wiG f w&m;±H;k udk pwifziG v hf pS Ef ikd cf yhJ gonf?
Tw&m;±H;k od@k wifonft h r_wikd ;f udk y%mrpHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; w&m;±H;k .
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u yxrqH;k ppfaq;+yD;twnfðycsuf ,l&rnfjzpfonf? pGcJ suf
rsm;tm;twnfðyrnfh y%mrppfaq;a&;w&m;cGifwGif pGyfpGJcH&onfholrsm;u
pGcJ suEf iS yhf wfoufI jiif;csux f w k cf iG &hf o dS nf// w&m;±k;H . w&m;pD&ifyikd cf iG o hf nf
aemufa=umif;jyef tusK;d oufa&mufr_ &Srd nfr[kwyf g?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m w&m;±H;k udk vdv k m;axmufco H nfh Edik if rH sm;&So d vdk
uef@uu G af om Edik if rH sm;vnf; &S=d uygonf? w±kw/f ±k&mS ;ESihf tdE, dN Edik if rH sm;u
w&m;±H;k zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifru _ kd qef@usi+f yD; xdq k ef@usio f nfh Edik if x H w J iG f tar&d
uefEikd if v H J tygt0ifjzpfonf? orw bDvu f vifwefvufxufu w&m;±H;k
usix hf ;kH qdik &f m owfrw S cf supf mcsKyfukd vufrw S xf ;kd cJah omfvnf; a*sm*h s'f AvsL
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Œ cGit
bk&Sforwjzpfvmonfhtcg xdkvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;csufudk jyefvnf±kwfodrf;
oGm;cJo h nf? xd@k jyif tar&duefEikd if oH m;rsm;tm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m &mZ0wfrw _
&m;±H;k . zrf;0&rf;rsm;rSuif;vGwcf iG &hf &ef Edik if w
H umod@k vduk I f pnf;±H;k cJo
h nf?
Oa&my,le, D u
H xdw k &m;±H;k zJ@G pnf;r_ukd tjynft
h 0axmufccH ohJ nf? w&m;±H;k .
p&dwu f kd Oa&myEdik if rH sm;ESihf tjcm;taemufEikd if rH sm;u tuket f uscrH nfjzpf
onf?
(52) tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aomOya' (Interna-

tional Humanitarian Law)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlom;csipf memaxmufxm;aom Oya'qdo k nfrmS
vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQ tajctaersm;wGif vlom;rsm;ukd tumtuG,af y;&eft
wGujf yXmef;xm;aom Edik if w H umusix hf ;kH rsm;qdik &f m Oya'rsm;ESihf oabmwlnD
csurf sm;udq k v kd o
kd nf? vufeufuikd yf ËdyuQ tajctaersm;atmuf&dS 'kuo Q nf
rsm;/ ppfyEJG iS rhf oufqikd of nfh t&yfom;jynforl sm;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;/
ppfyw GJ iG f vufeufcsaom ppfonfrsm;/ zrf;qD;&rdaom ppfo@kH yef;rsm;/ ppfyt GJ wGi;f
&St
d aqmuftOD;rsm;udk vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;onft h aejzifh rnfuo hJ @kd
qufq&H rnfh ta=umif;wd@k ukd trsm;qH;k azmfjyxm;avh&o dS nf?
vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;onhf Oya'rsm;tjzpf tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzJ@G tpnf;wckjzpfonhf tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDaumfrwDu jyXmef;xm;
aom *seD AD mpmcsKyfEiS hf xdpk mcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfav;ckukd todtrSwðf y
ac:a0:=uonf? *seD AD myifrpmcsKyfukd 1864 ckEpS w f iG f tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uuf
ajceDaumfrwD. OD;aqmifrj_ zifh jyXmef;cJo h nf? xdo k abmwlncD sut f ay: 1906
ckEpS /f 1929 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1949 ckEpS w
f Œkd wGif jyifqifrr_ sm; xyfrðH yvkycf o hJ nf? 1949
ckEpS w f iG f oabmwlncD suf (4) ckukd jyXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf? 1977 ckEpS w f iG f oabm
wlncD su. f aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf (2) ckukd xyfrjH yXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf? oabmwlnD
csuf (1) onf vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f '%f&m/ zsm;em&olrsm;udk ðypk
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
apmifah &Smufa&;ESihf ywfoufonf? oabmwlncD suf (2)onf yifv,fjyift
wGi;f oabFmysuo f nfh ppfonfrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm;/ zsm;emolrsm;tm; ðypkapmifh
a&Smufa&;ESihf ywfoufonf? oabmwlncD suf (3) onf ppfo‹kH yef;rsm;tm;quf
qHa&;ESiyhf wfouf+yD; oabmwlncD suf (4) onf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f
t&yfom;rsm;tm; umuG,rf a_ y;a&;ESihf oufqikd o f nf? aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf
(1) onf Edik if w
H umvufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh 'kuaQ &muf=u&olrsm; udk
umuG,af y;a&;ESio hf ufqikd +f y;D aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf (2) onfjynfwiG ;f vufeuf
ukid yf ÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f 'kuaQ &muf=u&olrsm;udk umuG,af y;a&;ESihf oufqikd f
onf? jrefrmEdik if oH nf *seD AD mppfzufqikd &f m pmcsKyfukd 1992 ckEpS /f =o*kwv
f
(24) &ufaeŒwGif vufrw S af &;xd;k cJoh nf?
(53) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo

f rm;tzG@J csKyf (International Labor Or-
ganization – ILO)
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyfonf ukvor*~tzGŒJ }uD; ray:
aygucf ifuwnf;u wnf&adS ecJah om tzGŒJ }uD;jzpfonf? 1919 ckEpS w f iG f pwifzŒJG
pnf;cJah om TtzGŒJ onf AmqDv+D idr;f csr;f a&; oabmwlncD su. f toD;tyGihf
jzpfonf? urBmay:&Sd tvkyo f rm;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk &ifqikd af jz&Si;f rnfh
tzGŒJ tpnf;tjzpf xlaxmif&eftwGuf zGŒJ pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? ESpt f enf;i,ft
wGi;f wGif Edik if rH sm;wGi&f adS om Oya'ðyolrsm;tm; vkyif ef;cGit f qift h wef;/ vlrz_ l
vHak &;ESihf tajccHvŒl tcGit hf a&;rsm; umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;wdŒk ESihf ywfouf
aom vrf;!$ecf surf sm; owfrw S Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf? 1946 ckEpS w f iG f ukvor*~. yxr
OD;qH;k txl;ðy at*sipf w D ckjzpfvm+yD; tvkyo f rm;a&;&mrsm;/ vlra_ &;&mrsm;udk
t"duxm; vkyaf qmifv#u&f o dS nf? tzGŒJ 0ifaygi;f (174) Edik if &H o dS nf? jrefrm
Edik if o
H nf 1955 ckEpS u f wnf;u tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if jH zpfco
hJ nf?
odŒk aomf t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f r_a=umifh 1964 ckEpS rf pS wifI tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf
}uD;. nDvmcHwiG f jypfwifa0zefjcif;cHc&hJ onf? 1997 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) &ufae‹
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Œ cGit
wGif jrefrmEdik if &H dS t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f r_upkd pkH rf;&ef pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&Sif
w&yfukd wm0efay;zGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? 1998 ckEpS Zf v l ikd v
f (2) &ufae@wiG f xdak umfr
&Siu
f jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f t"rRvyk t f m;ay;apcdik ;f r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcH
pmudx k w k jf yefco hJ nf? 1999 ckEpS f ZGev f (17) &ufae@wiG f tvkyo f rm;uGezf &ifu h
aeI jrefrmEdik if t H m; tzJ@G csKyf. pmcsKyftrSwf (29) udjk yif;xefpmG csK;d azmufr_
a=umifh enf;ynmtultnDrsm; &yfw&Hh efEiS hf tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufa&mufjcif;
udk cGirhf ðy&efq;kH jzwfco hJ nf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyfukd tvkyo f rm;uGezf &if/h A[dk
tkycf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;±H;k wdŒk ESihf zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf?xl;
jcm;csurf mS tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. tqifw h ikd ;f wGif tpd;k &
r[kwaf om ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; wdu k ±f u kd yf g0ifywfoufaejcif;jzpfonf?
tvkyo f rm;uGezf &ifu h kd ESppf Of ZGev f wGif *seD AD mòrdŒYusi;f y+yD; A[dt k yk f
csKyfa&;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? tzGŒJ . aiGa=u;oH;k pGrJ /_ tjynfjynfqikd &f m
tvkyo f rm; tqift h wef;pHrsm;owfrw S rf /_ tvkyo f rm;ESihf vlrj_ y\emrsm;udk
uGezf &ift h wGi;f wGif aqG;aEG;onf? uGezf &ifo h Œkd wufa&mufaom tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H
rsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ wGif tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,f (2) OD;/ tvky&f iS f ud, k pf m;
vS,f (1) OD;ESihf tvkyo f rm;ud, k pf m;vS,f (1) OD;wdŒk yg0ifavh&o dS nf? vdt k yfygu
twwfynm u|r;f usio f rl sm;vnf; vdu k yf gwufa&mufEikd o f nf? tvky&f iS Ef iS hf
tvkyo f rm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf vGwv f yfaom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;jzpf+yD;
‚if;wdŒk tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,Ef iS jhf zpfap/ tcsi;f csi;f yifjzpfap oabmuGv J rJG r_ sm; &Sd
wwf=uonf?
A[dt k yk cf sKyfa&;tzGŒJ onf tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. tcsKyftjcmjzpfonf?
tzGŒJ 0if (56) OD;udk uGezf &ifrh S (3) ESpw f }udrf a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf+yD; wESpv f #io f ;kH
}udraf wGŒqHu k m uGezf &ift h wGuf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;/ tjcm;tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOf
rsm;udk a&;qGo J nf? tzGŒJ 0if (56) OD;wGif tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,f (28) OD;/ tvkyo f
rm; ud, k pf m;vS,f (14) OD;ESihf tvky&f iS f (14) OD;wdŒk yg0ifonf?
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;±H;k onf tzGŒJ .twGi;f a&;rSL;±H;k jzpf+yD;
*seD AD mòrdŒwGif tajcpdu k o f nf? tzGŒJ .tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk uruxðyvkyjf cif;/
twwfynmulnDr_rsm;ay;jcif;/ okawoeESifh ynma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk t
aumiftxnfazmfjcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifonf?
tvkyo f rm;rsm;. b0tqift h wef;rsm; owfrw S jf cif;onf tzGŒJ csKyf
.t"duwm0efjzpfonf? 1919 ckEpS rf pS wif+y;D tvkyo f rm;a&;&mESihf ywfoufI
uGezf &ifrh S csrw S jf yXmef;xm;aom pmcsKyfrsm;ESihf qH;k jzwfcsuaf ygi;f (351) ck&+dS yD;
‚if;wdŒk udk vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;olaygi;f (5500) ausm&f o dS nf?
tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf zGŒJ pnf;yHOk ya' tyd'k f (22) t& tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;
onf rdrw d Œkd oabmwl vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;ESihf ywf
oufI rdrw d Œkd rnfoŒkd vkyu f ikd f aqmif&u G af eonfukd tpD&ifc&H ef wm0ef&o dS nf?
tpd;k &rsm;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufonfh ta&;}uD;aom oabmwl
nDcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI rdrw d Œkd vkyuf ikd f aqmif&u G af er_ukd (2) ESpv f #iw f }udrf
tpD&ifc&H +yD; tjcm;oabmwlcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI (4) ESpw f }udrf tpD&if
cH&onf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;
. tESpo f m&rsm;/ &nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrif&ef rdrw d ‹kd Eikd if &H dS Edik if aH wmfOya'
rsm;wGif rnfuo hJ ‹kd jyXmef;vkyaf qmifaea=umif;udk xnfo h iG ;f tpD&ifc&H onf?
u|r;f usio f l (20) OD; yg0ifonfh u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDu xdo k Œkd wif
oGi;f vmaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk avhvm&onf? tu,fI wifoiG ;f vmaom
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif yg0ifaomtcsurf sm;onf auseyfz, G rf &Syd gu oufqikd &f m
tpd;k &udk rSwcf suaf y;Edik o f nf? u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDonf vufrw S af &;xd;k
xm;jcif;r&Sad om oabmwlncD surf sm;tjyif t}uHðycsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufaom
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;ESihf ywfouf
aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udyk g vufcpH pD pf&onf?
u|r;f usio f rl sm; aumfrwDonf uGezf &ifo h Œkd ESppf OftpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f
&onf? xdo k Œkd wifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mudk tajccHI uGezf &ifah umfrwDonf
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vlt
Œ cGit
oufqikd &f m tpd;k &udzk w d af c:I oabmwlncD suyf g tESpo f m&rsm;/ &nf&, G f
csurf sm;atmifjrif&ef vkyaf qmif&mwGif csKŒd ,Gi;f tm;enf;csurf sm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef
awmif;qdEk ikd o f nf? txl;ojzifh uGezf &ifo h Œkd wufa&mufvmaom tvkyo f rm;
ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;u xdt k pd;k &rsm;tay: tvkycf iG f pHcsed pf !H e$ ;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
ar;cGe;f rsm; xkwEf ikd &f eftcGit hf vrf;rsm;&&SEd ikd o
f nf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u oabm
wlncD suyf g tcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef maqmif&u G &f ef qufvufysuu f uG f
aeygu tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. !$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyfonf ud, k pf m;vS,cf efŒtyfI
xdtk pd;k &ESihf wduk ±f ukd q
f ufo, G &f ef wm0efay;tyfEikd o f nf?
(54) Edik if w H umOya' (International Law)

Edik if w H umOya'qdo k nfrmS Edik if wH umtodik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;t=um; rnfuhJ
od@k qufq&H rnfjzpfa=umif;udk azmfjyxm;onfh owfrw S cf surf sm;ESihf jyXmef;csuf
rsm;udk qdv k o kd nf? Edik if rH sm;u rdrw d Œkd pdww f ikd ;f us Oya'rsm;udjk yXmef;+yD; xifovdk
rtkycf sKyfap&efEiS hf rdrw d Œkd . jynfwiG ;f a&;&mrsm;udk Edik if w H umu 0ifa&mufpu G f
zuf&efrvdk rdrw d Œkd ud,
k w f ikd f ajz&Si;f Edik o
f nf[al om t,ltqrsm; aysmufu, G f
ap&ef Edik if w H umOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;&efvt kd yfonf[al om t,ltqay:vm
cJo
h nf? Edik if . H tpd;k &rsm;t=um; oabmwlncD suu f kd tajccHI Edik if w H um Oy
a'rsm;udk a&;qGjJ cif;jzpfonf? xdŒk twl Edik if w H ck. jynfwiG ;f a&;&mudk wjcm;
Edik if w
H cku 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif; rðy&[laom xH;k wrf;pOfvmt& ta=umif;rJh
0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;udk [ef‹wm;Edik &f eftwGuv f nf; xdu k ohJ Œkd aomoabmwl
nDcsuu f t kd ajccHI jyXmef;&jcif;jzpfonf? Edik if . H tpd;k &rsm;taeESihf oabmwl
nDcsuu f kd av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k cH0efcsurf ðyrD xdo k abmwlnrD nft h csuf
rsm;udk óudwifI&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;odEikd &f ef aqmif&u G &f onf? xdrk w S qifh xdEk ikd if H
tm; Edik if wH umOya'rsm;wGif yg0ifapjcif;jzifh Oya'owfrw S cf surf sm;udk av;pm;
vdu k ef mvmap&ef vkyaf qmifonf? xdŒk aemuf xdEk ikd if . H vkyaf qmifru _ kd Edik if w
H
umOya'wGiyf g0ifaom tcsurf sm;jzifh pHx;kd Ixde;f csKyfavh&o dS nf?
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
xdo k Œkd xde;f csKyf&mwGif Edik if w H umpmcsKyfrsm;wGif vufrw S af &;xd;k ap+yD;
pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufem apmifhxdef;apjcif;jzifhjzpfap/
Edik if wH umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifonft h zGŒJ 0ifrsm;twGuf pHrsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh
jzpfap/ Edik if rH sm;twGi;f tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f r_ukd [efŒwm;uefŒowfjcif;jzifjh zpfap/
Edik if rH sm;&Sd trsK;d om;Oya'rsm;twGi;f wGif Edik if w H umpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsurf sm;
v$r;f rd;k oufa&mufapjcif;jzifjh zpfap xde;f csKyfEikd o f nf?
rsuaf rSmufacwfopfurBmwGif Edik if w H umOya'rsm;onf Edik if w H ckcsi;f
tay:wGio f mruawmhbJ tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf Edik if o H m;wOD;csi;f pDtxd tm%m
oufa&mufr&_ v dS m+yDjzpfonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGif urBm}uD;rSm wjznf;jznf;
usO;f ajrmif;vmcJ+h yD; Edik if w H Edik if EH iS hf wEdik if t
H =um; qufo, G rf cDS rkd _ ydrk wkd ;kd yGm;vm
cJo
h nf?f omrefjynfow l Œkd uvnf; oufqikd &f mEdik if . H tpd;k &wdŒk tay: ydrk I kd =o
Zmoufa&mufvmcJ=h uonf? xdt k cg Edik if wH umOya'rsm;onf ydrk t kd a&;ygvm
cJo h nf? ,cifu Edik if w H umOya'rsm;[kqv kd #if yxrqH;k taeESihf Edik if rH sm;udk
&nf!e$ ;f ajymqdck o hJ nf? Edik if [ H al ompum;vH;k . t"dym` ,fukd rGew f AD "D ±D kd oabm
wlpmcsKyfwiG f “Edik if q H o
kd nfrmS a&GŒajymif;aexdik jf cif;r&Sad om Edik if o H m;rsm;aexdik f
&rnf? twnfwus owfrw S x f m;aom e,ferdwyf ikd ;f jcm;xm;r_&&dS rnf? wnf
+idrI f oufa&mufr&_ adS om tpd;k &w&yfu tkycf sKyf&rnf? Edik if w H umqufqaH &;
wGif yg0ifr_&Sd&rnf? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u todtrSwfðyr_&Sd&rnf” [k &Sif;vif;
t"dym` ,fziG q hf x kd m;onf? ,cktcgwiG 'f w k , d taejzifh ukvor*~ynma&;/ vlr_
a&;ESi, hf Ofaus;r_tzGŒJ (,leufpud-k UNESCO) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;
tzGŒJ csKyf (tdik t f ,fvt f -kd ILO) ponft h zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m vGwf
+idr;f csr;f omcGit hf zGŒJ (Amnesty International) uJo h Œkd tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ
rsm;yg yg0ifvm+yDjzpfonf? wwd,trsK;d tpm;rSmvlxk (Peoples)jzpfonf? uk
vor*~yÉdnmOfwiG f vlx. k qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;xm;onfh tcsuu f
Edik if w
H umOya'wGif vlxu k x kd nfo h iG ;f todtrSwðf yvmonfukd azmfjyaeonf?
pwkwt ˆ rsK;d tpm;rSm vlwOD;csi;f pD (Individual) yifjzpfonf? r=umao;rDu
79
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vlt
Œ cGit
jyXmef;xm;cJah om Edik if w H umvlŒtcGit hf a&; Oya'rsm;xJwiG f vlwOD;a,muf
csi;f pD. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udyk g tav;xm; xnho f iG ;f xm;vmonfukd awGŒjrif&
onf? Edik if w H umOya'rsm;onf tm;enf;olrsm;udk tumtuG,af y;+yD; w&m;
r#wr_rsm; azmfaqmifapEdik v f monftxd tm;aumif;vmatmif wdu k yf 0JG if&
ayrnf? xdŒk a=umifh Edik if w H umOya'rsm;onf rnfuo hJ Œkd &So d nf/ rnfuo hJ Œkd vkyf
aqmifEikd o f nfwŒkd udk avhvm&eftxl;vdt k yfonf?
Edik if wH umOya'rsm;onf Edik if rH sm;.vkyaf qmifru _ kd pnf;urf;owfrw S f
&ef&nf&, G +f yD; rlEpS &f yftay: tajccHxm;onfuakd wGŒ&onf? xdrk El pS &f yfrmS Edik if H
wdik ;f onf wef;wlnrD #r&_ o dS nf [laomtcsuEf iS hf tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if . H tcsKyf
tjcmtm%mudk rxdyg;&[laom tcsuw f Œkd jzpfonf? Edik if w H ikd ;f wef;wlnrD #r&_ dS
onf[q k &kd mwGif Edik if w H ikd ;f onf omwlnrD #r_ tjynft h 0&So d nf? Edik if }H uD;onf
ra&G;/ i,fonfra&G; tcGit hf a&;nDr#r&_ o dS nf? ukvor*~ tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H ikd ;f nDr#
aomtcGit hf a&;rsm;&So d nf[k &nf&, G o f nf? 'kw, d tcsujf zpfaom Edik if w H Edik f
iH. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk rxdyg;&[laom tcsuu f u kd ikd pf I
JG tcsKŒd tpd;k &rsm;
onf rdrw d Œkd Edik if wH iG ;f &Sd vlŒtcGit hf a&;tajctaersm;udk tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if u H
a0zefajymqdkcH&onfhtcg xdkodkŒajymqdkr_onf EdkifiHwEdkifiH. jynfwGif;a&;udk
0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;jzpfonf[k apm'uwufavh&o dS nf? rdrw d Œkd Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd
vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk tjcm;wEdik if u H 0ifa&mufppfaq; azmfxw k cf iG /hf
jypfwifa0zefyikd cf iG rhf &S[ d k qdak vh&o dS nf? odŒk aomf,cktcsed w f iG f vlŒtcGit hf a&;csK;d
azmufru _ kd ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif;onf Edik if w H ck. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk xd
cdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf[al om ta=umif;jyIr&awmhacs? Edik if w H ck. vlŒtcGit hf a&;
csK;d azmufro _ nf xdEk ikd if . H jynfwiG ;f a&;&mom jzpfonf[al omtcsuu f kd vuf&dS
acwfopfEikd if rH sm;ESihf Edik if w H umOya'rsm;u vufrcHawmhyg? ukvor*~yÉdnmOf
wGiv f nf;tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. tcsKyftjcmudk av;pm;wefz;kd xm;ouJo h Œkd Edik if H
wEdik if tH wGi;f &Sd vlŒtcGit hf a&;azmufzsurf o _ nf Edik if w H um+idr;f csr;f a&;udk xdyg;
aESmif, h uS af pEdik o f nf [kvnf;cH,o l nf?
80
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
EdkifiHwumOya'rsm;wGif EdkifiHwEdkifiH/ Oya'ðyv$wfawmfw&yfuJhodkŒ
Oya'xkwjf yefEikd rf E_ iS hf xdjk yXmef;xkwjf yefvu kd af om Oya'trdeŒf tm%mwnf
+rJa&;twGuf vkyaf qmif&aom &JwyfzŒJG rsm;/ w&m;±H;k rsm;r&Sad y? oufqikd &f m
Edik if aH wmfOya'rsm;wGif w&m;cHukd w&m;±H;k odŒk qifah c:I ppfaq;tjypfay;Edik f
aomfvnf; Edik if w H umOya'rsm;wGif Edik if w H umygvrD efrsm;/ Edik if w H um w&m;±H;k
rsm;/ Edik if w H um&JwyfzŒJG rsm;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;r&Syd g? Edik if w H um Oya'rsm;wGif
trsK;d om;Oya'rsm;Y&Sad om Oya'uJo h Œkd qifwal omt&mrSm pmcsKyfpmwrf; rsm;/
yÉdnmOfrsm;/ oabmwlncD surf sm;jzpfonf?
pmcsKyfpmwrf;[kq&kd mwGif ESpEf ikd if t H =um; oabmwlvufrw S af &;xd;k
xm;aom ESpEf ikd if pH mcsKyfrsm;/ (Oyrm - =op=wvsEikd if EH iS hf tif'ekd ;D &Sm; ESpEf ikd if t H
=um; vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom e,fpyfa'oqdik &f mpmcsKyf) a'otwGi;f &SEd ikd if H
rsm; oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;aom a'oqdik &f mpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm - tar
&duwdu k Ef ikd if rH sm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyf) ESihf Edik if wH umu oabmwl
vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if w H umoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm- ukvor*~
yifv,fjyifOya'qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf) wdŒk yg0ifonf?
Edik if w
H umOya' oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u twnf
ðyvufrw S f a&;xd;k vdu k of nfEiS w hf òydief uf xdEk ikd if o
H nf xdo k abmwlpmcsKyfyg
tcsuftvufrsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k cH0efcsufuwdðyvdkufjcif;jzpf
onf? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;. trsK;d om;Oya'rsm;wGif ‚if;wdŒk vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom
Edik if w
H umOya' oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;yg tcsurf sm;ESihf vdu k af vsmnDaxGrr_ &Sd
aomtcsurf sm; yg0ifaeavh&o dS nf? xdt k cg jyXmef;xm;aom trsKd ;om;Oya'
xJrS rudkufnDaomOya'rsm;udk ajymif;vJ&efvdktyfvmonf? xdktcgrsdK;wGif
Oya'ðyv$waf wmfu Oya'opfukd ajymif;vJtwnfðyay;&onf?
Edik if wH umOya'rsm;wGif trsK;d om;Oya'rsm;uJo h Œkd w&m;±H;k wGif rjzpf
rae w&m;&ifqikd f tppfaq;cH&jcif;r&Sad y? w&m;&ifqikd jf cif;onf Edik if w H um
w&m;±H;k (International Court of Justice) . yg0ifywfoufEikd rf _ tqift h wef;/
81
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vlt
Œ cGit
vufrw S x f ;kd oabmwlxm;aompmcsKyfEiS hf vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom Edik if . H
oabmwdŒk tay: rlwnfonf? tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;onf Edik if w H umw&m;±H;k wGif w
&m;&ifqikd &f jcif;udk vufco H abmwlaomfvnf; tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;url xdo k Œkd w&m;
&ifqikd jf cif;udk vufrcH=u? xdo k Œkd rjzpfrae w&m;&ifqikd &f eftwGuf awmif;qdEk ikd f
avmufatmif vHak vmufaom cdik rf monfOh ya'oufa&mufr_ vnf;r&Sad y? uk
vor*~tzGŒJ 0if Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k wufa&mufI qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S af vh&adS om
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk Edik if w
H umw&m;Oya' pD&if
csurf sm;[k rSw, f El ikd af omfvnf; vHak vmufaompnf;rsO;f rsm; rcsEikd af o;acs?
tu,fI xdo k Œkd qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S jf cif;cH&aomEdik if u
H xdq k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk
vdu
k ef m&ef jiif;qefonft h cg rsK;d Y xdq
k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;twdik ;f vduk ef mvmatmif
zdtm;ay;&mwGiv f nf; tm;enf;onfukd awGŒjrif&onf?
(55) uef@owfcsurf sm; (Limitations)

uef@owfcsuf (Limitation) onf (Restriction) [laom pum; vH;k
ESiqhf ifwo l nf? tpd;k &taejzifh vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccH
vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; cHpm;cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifjcif; od@k r[kwf tjynft h 0 cHpm;cGirhf ðyjcif;wd@k ukd
vkyaf qmifvykd gu vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf? tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
xdok @kd uef@owfyw d yf ifvykd gu vkyEf ikd af =umif;udk tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf
a&; a=unmpmwrf;. tyd'k f -29/ pmyd'k f -2 wGif w&m;0if azmfjyxm;onfukd
awG@Eikd of nf? xdt k yd'k wf iG f azmfjyxm;csut f & tpd;k &onf tcsKŒd tcGit hf a&;rsm;
udk uef@owfyw d yf ifr_ ðyEdik af omfvnf; xdu k ef@owfro _ nf “ 'Dru kd a&pD vlrt _ zG@J
tpnf;twGi;f pm&dwq W ikd &f m/ vlxv k yk if ef;pOfEiS hf taxGaxGtajctaersm; xdr;f
odr;f &ef vdt k yfcsut f &a=umifjh zpfap tjcm;olrsm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv f yfr_
rsm;twGuf vkòH cHpw d cf sap&efa=umifjh zpfap Oya'usK;d a=umif;ESit hf nDjzifo h m qH;k
jzwf&rnf”[k azmfjyxm;onf? tcsKŒd aomvl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;
wGif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh xdo k @kd uef@owfyw d yf ifcsurf sm;udk vkyx f ;kH
82
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
vkyef nf;t& vkyaf qmifEikd cf iG ðhf yxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? xdo k @kd ciG ðhf yxm;aom
pmcsKyfygtyd'k rf sm;udk avhvm=unfyh gu yxrpmyd'k rf sm;wGif tao;pdwt f cGit
hf
a&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;avh&+dS yD; 'kw, d tyd'k w f iG f xdt k cGit
hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI tpd;k
&taejzifh uef@owfvykd gu vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t& uef@owfEikd o f nf[k azmfjy
a&;om;xm;avh&o dS nfukd awG@Eikd o f nf?
xdkodk@uef@owfcsufudk pdwfxifwdkif;vkyfaqmifIr&Edkifyg? tu,fI
xdt
k cGithf a&;wckukd uef@owfawmhrnfqykd gu Oya't& óudwiftoday;&rnfh
uef@owfrj_ zpf&rnf? xd@k tjyif xdo k @kd uef@owfjcif;onf uef@owfavmufonfh
av#mn f aD omta=umif;jycsucf ikd cf ikd v f vkH &kH &dS rnf? Oyrm - Edik if aH wmfvòkH cHa&;/
vlxak t;csr;f om,ma&;/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vHòk cHru
_ kd umuG,af y;
a&;ponfjzifjh zpfonf? xdo k @kd ruef@owfygu rjzpfawmhonfh tajctaersK;d jzpf
&rnf?
(56) cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm;r&Sjd cif; (Non-discrimination)

cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm; r&Sad p&qdak om oabmw&m;udk tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;. tyd'kd f (2) wGif azmfjyxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf?
xdt k yd'kd w f iG f “vlwikd ;f tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf &dS rnf?
vlrsK;d / tom;ta&mif/ vdi/f bmompum;/ bmoma&;/ Edik if aH &; od@k r[kwf tjcm;
t,ltqrsm;uJjG ym;r_/ Edik if H od@k r[kwf vlrt _ &if;tjrpf rwlnrD /_ ydik q f ikd rf /_ arG;zGm;
r_EiS hf tjcm;tqift h wef; uJjG ym;r_w@kd a=umifh cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad p&”[k twdtvif;
a&; om;xm;onf? “cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad p&” [laomt,ltqudk vl@tcGit hf a&;pm
csKyfwikd ;f wGif azmfjyxm;onfukd awG@jrif&Edik yf gonf? cGjJ cm;qufqrH u _ kd qef@usif
wduk zf su&f eftwGuf txl;&nf±, G jf yXmef;xm;onfh pmcsKyfrsm;rSm vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;
zdEydS qf ufqrH r_ sm; yaysmufa&;pmcsKyfEiS hf trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;r_tm;vH;k y
aysmuf a&;pmcsKyfw@kd jzpfygonf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyfwiG f
vnf; tvkycf iG t f wGi;f cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad p&efEiS hf ywfoufaom oabmwlpmcsKyf
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vlt
Œ cGit
wckukd jyXmef;xm;vsu&f ydS gonf?
ynma&;wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm;tm; qef@usifa&;oabmwlpmcsKyf
(Convention against Discrimination in Education) [kxif±mS ;onfo h abm
wlpmcsKyfukd 1960/ 'DZifbm (14) &ufae@wiG f UNESCO u twnfðy jyXmef;cJh
ygonf? xdo k abmwlncD suw f iG f rnfow l OD;wa,muf od@k r[kwf rnfonft h yk f
pk0if wOD;wa,mufurkd S ynma&;oif=um;cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifwm;jrpfxm;jcif;/ edruhf s
aomynma&;tqifh owfrw S x f m;jcif; od@k r[kwf wOD;wa,muf od@k r[kwf
tkyfpkwpk. tqifhtwef;/ tom;ta&mif/ vdif/ bmompum;/ udk;uG,f
onfb h moma&;/ Edik if aH &;ESihf tjcm;aomt,ltqrsm;/ vlrsK;d / rlvvlrt _ &if;
tjrpf/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf arG;zGm;r_tajctae ponfw@kd a=umifh vlom;ESirhf xdu k w f ef
onft h qifh owfrw S jf cif;rsm;rvky&f [k azmfjyxm;ygonf? Twm;jrpfcsurf sm;
onf ynma&;yHpk w H ikd ;f / tqifw h ikd ;f ESihf tóuH;0ifygonf?
(57) tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGO - Non Governmental Or-

ganization)
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm; (Non Governmental Organi-
zation - NGO) onf vlŒtcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;ESihf vlŒtcGit hf a&; wd;k wufjrifh
rm;a&;wdŒk twGuf wdu k yf 0JG if&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf yg0ifbJ tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vlŒtcGit hf a&; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ay:ayguv f mrnfr[kwaf y? ukvor*~&dS vlŒtcGihf
ta&; at*sipf rD sm;onf vlŒtcGit hf a&;rsm; xGe;f um;a&;udk óud;yrf;vkyaf qmif
ae+yD; Edik if w
H umwGif vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufaeaom tpd;k &rsm;udv k nf; jypf
wifa0zefrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifv#u&f o dS nf? odŒk &mwGif ukvor*~ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
rSm tpd;k &ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;om jzpfaeojzifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI tpd;k
&wcku tjcm;tpd;k &wckukd a0zefonft h cg tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;ESihf óuH&awmh
onf? tjcm;Edik if u H kd rdrad 0zefv#if rdrEd ikd if . H tusK;d udyk g xdcukd vf mEdik o
f nf[l
84
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
aom pd;k &drrf j_ zifh jywfjywfom;om; rvkyaf qmifEikd af wmhacs? xdŒk a=umifh tpd;k &
tcsi;f csi;f rdrt d usK;d pD;yGm;csi;f umuG,&f if;ESihf vlŒtcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;
qufvufjzpfymG ;aejcif;wdŒk a=umifh tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;udk wm0ef
ay;jcif;onf ydrk akd umif;onf[al om t,ltqay:vmonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf vlrt _ zGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. t"du
ausm±d;k jzpfonf? tjrwftpGe;f &&Sad &;twGuf r&nf&, G b f J zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom t
oif;tzGŒJ rsm;/ tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/ tkypf rk sm;ESihf apwemh0efxrf;rsm;wdŒk onf tpd;k &
r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? tzGŒJ wzGŒJ csi;f pD. zGŒJ pnf;r_rsm;/ &nf&, G f
csurf sm;/ t"duvkyif ef;rsm;rSm uGjJ ym;r_&o dS nf? tcsKŒd u ynma&;qdik &f m/ tcsKŒd
uowif;qdik &f mESihf tcsKŒd uulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; ay;aomtzGŒJ rsm;ponfjzifh t
rsK;d rsK;d &So
d nf? wlnaD omtcsurf mS xdt k zGŒJ rsm;onf tpd;k &. tpdwt f ydik ;f wck
r[kwf qdak omtcsuw f csuyf ifjzpfonf? xdt k csut f m;tpd;k &u xdt k zGŒJ tay:
axmufyrhH /_ &Srd &S[ d al omtcsujf zifh pHx;kd Edik o
f nf? tpd;k &. axmufyrhH &_ adS om
tzGŒJ rsK;d onf wenf;tm;jzifh tpd;k &.uefŒowfrr_ sm;atmufwiG f wnf&adS ewwf
+yD; wcgw&HwiG f tpd;k &ay:vpDrsm;twGuf vkyaf qmifaewwfonfuv kd nf; awGŒ
&onf? tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom
t"du vkyif ef; (3) &yfrmS æ
(1) vlŒtcGit hf a&; tqift h wef;pHrsm; owfrw S jf cif; (Setting Human Rights
Standards)
u|r;f usiaf om tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;onf oufqikd &f m
tpd;k &ESiyhf ;l aygi;f +yD; vlŒtcGit hf a&; tqifth wef; pHcsed t f qifrh sm;udk owfrw
S &f m
wGif yg0ifvyk af qmifwwfonf? ukvor*~. vlŒtcGit fh a&; Oya'rsm;/ vlŒtcGihf
ta&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESit hf nD vlŒtcGit hf a&;pHrsm; ay:xGe;f vmatmif vkyaf qmif
onf?
(2) jynforl sm;t=um;v_ŒH aqm/f aqmf=ojcif; (Advocacy among People)
vlŒtcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif v_ŒH aqmf
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Œ cGit
aqmf=or_rsm;udk atmufajcjynforl sm;t=um;wGiv f nf;aumif;/ Edik if w H umt
qifw h iG v
f nf;aumif;/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGiv f nf;aumif; vkyf
aqmifavh&o dS nf? xdo k Œkd vkyaf qmifjcif;jzifh jynfov l x l tk =um;wGif vlŒtcGit hf
a&;ESiyhf wfoufI ydrk u kd s,jf yefŒaomtjrifrsm;/ A[kow k rsm; wd;k yGm;apEdik o f nf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ynmay;jcif;rsm;tjyif vlxq k ENjyyGrJ sm;/ owif;Xmersm;
wGif owif;ay;r_rsm;udv k nf; vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf?
(3) wdu k ±f ukd f ta&;,laqmif&u G jf cif; (Intervention)
ta&;udprP sm;tay:rlwnfI wdu k ±f u
kd tf a&;,laqmif&u G jf cif; trsK;d
rsK;d &So
d nf? Oyrm - Edik if aH wmfwiG v f t
kd yfaeaom vlŒtcGit hf a&;oifwef;rsm;/
aqG;aEG;yJrG sm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;/ Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf tpd;k
&xH ta&;qdv k ŒH_ aqmfjcif; ponfwŒkd jzpfonf?
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk wurBmvH;k qdik f
&m vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_toGijf zifv h nf; jrifEikd o f nf? v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;a=umifh jynfow l Œkd
t=um;wGif tawG;tjrifopfrsm; jzpfay:aponf? xdŒk a=umifh vlŒtcGit hf a&;
v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;onf vlrv _ y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;yifjzpf+y;D xdv k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;. v_ŒH aqm/f aqmf=o
r_rsm; tusK;d quftjzpf jynfow l Œkd . tawG;tjrifrsm; wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJ
vmaponf?
(58) tmz&dunD!w G af &;tzG@J OAU (Organization of African Unity)

tmz&duwdu k w f iG &f adS om a'oqdik &f m vl@tcGit
hf a&;tzJ@G jzpf+yD; tDoD
,dk;yD;,m;EdkifiHwGif tajcpdkufonf? tmz&dunD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@}uD;. yËdnmOf
pmwrf;t& zJ@G pnf;cJah om tzJ@G tpnf;jzpfonf? TyËdnmOfpmwrf;. ed'ge;f wGif
tzG@J 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf ukvor*~yËdnmOfpmwrf;ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGihf
ta&; a=unmpmwrf;rsm;ygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef mrnf[k xyfavmif;
uwdðyxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? xdyk ËdnmOfpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaomtcsurf sm;
rSm Edik if w
H um Edik if o
H m;ESiEhf ikd if aH &;tcGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f ygaomt
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
csurf sm;ESihf tajccHtm;jzifw h n l +D yD; Edik if w
H um pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG /hf tvkyf
vkyyf ikd cf iG /hf ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf rdom;pkumuG,rf r_ sm; cHpm;ydik cf iG w hf @kd ukd xnfh
oGi;f jyXmef;xm;onf?
tmz&dunD!w G af &;tzG@J . &nf±, G cf surf sm;rSm tmz&duEdik if rH sm;.
pnf;vH;k nD !Gwrf E_ iS hf wd;k wufap&ef/ tmz&dujynforl sm;twGuf ydrk akd umif;rGef
aomvlaer_b0wckukd &&S&d eftwGuf tmz&duEdik if rH sm;twGi;f yl;aygi;f aqmif
±Gufr_udk t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif&ef/ tmz&duEdkifiHrsm;. tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifqdkifr_/
e,fajrwnfwchH ikd +f rJrE_ iS hf vGwv f yfrw _ @kd ukd umuG,af y;&ef/ tmz&dwu kd w f iG f enf;
rsK;d pHjk zifh udv k ekd ðD yaejcif;udk tjrpfjywf&iS ;f vif;&efEiS hf ukvor*~yËdnmOfpmwrf;
ESihf tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;wd@k ukd av;pm;aomtm;jzifh
Edik if w
H um yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;rsm;udk wk;d jr‡i&hf efw@kd jzpfygonf?
tmz&dunD!w G af &;tzJ@G ukd tpd;k &ESiEhf ikd if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;. nDvmcH/
0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpD/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;XmeESifh =um;0ifjzefajza&;/n‡dE_dif;
ajz&Si;f jcif;ESihf cHo k rm"djzifph pfaq;jcif; aumfr&Siw f @kd jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;ygonf? 1981
ckEpS w f iG f tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qkid &f m yÉdnmOfpm
wrf; (African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights) udk jyXmef;xm;
ygonf? pmwrf;ygvyk if ef;rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif±u G rf u _ kd apmifh
=uyf&eftwGuf tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;qdik &f m aumf
r&Sit f zG@J (African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights)udk wm0ef
ay;tyfxm;ygonf?
(59) zd0k g' (Patriarchy)

r[mzdk0g'qdkonfrSm trsKd;om;rsm;onf jrifhjrwfonf? xdk@twGuf
a=umifh trsK;d om;onf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk csrw
S Ef ikd /f OD;aqmifEikd o
f nf [laom
t,ltqudk tajccHonfh trsK;d om;rsm;udo k m a&SŒwef;wifxm;aom vlry_ pkH u H kd
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Œ cGit
qdv k o kd nf? xdpk um;vH;k . t"dym` ,ft&if;tjrpfrmS “zcif.yg0g”[kqv kd +kd yD; tdrf
axmifpw k pkwiG f trsK;d om;rsm;udk tdraf xmift&Sio f ciftjzpf owfrw S x f m;&S+d yD;
trsK;d om;rsm;.tvdt k wdik ;f qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S v f yk af qmifjcif;udk t"dym` ,f
ay;toH;k ðy&mrS ayguzf mG ;vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? ,cktcg xdt k "dym` ,fonf rdom;pk
twGi;f omruawmhbJ vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;u¾toD;oD;wd@k wiG f trsK;d
om;rsm;uomOD;aqmifI trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; tqifEh rdS o hf wfrw S f zdEySd rf r_ sm;udyk g
qdv k v kd mcJoh nf?
r[mzd0k g'onf rdom;pktwGi;f / tvkycf iG t f wGi;f / vlrb _ 0 todik ;f t
0dik ;f twGi;f rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;jcif;/ rav;pm;jcif;/
apmfum;jcif;/ xdr;f csKyfjcif;/ tjrwfxw k jf cif;/ zdEydS jf cif;/ t=urf;zufjcif; ponfjzifh
toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh &SEd ikd o
f nf?
(60) tzG@J 0if (Party)

Edik if w
H um oabmwlpmcsKyfwckukd twnfðyvufrw S xf ;kd xm;+yD; pm
csKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef wm0ef&adS omEdik if rH sm;udk pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if
Edik if rH sm; (Party) [kac:avh&o dS nf? wcgw&HwiG f (Member State)[kvnf; ac:
avh&o dS nf? pmcsKyfukd twnfðy vufrw S x f ;kd xm;aom (Ratification) vkyx f m;
+yD;rSom pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if t
H jzpf owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf? y%mrvufrw S x
f ;kd xm;
aom (Signature) vkyx f m;aom Edik if rH sm;udk ac:a0:Ir&Edik yf g?
(61) av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition)

av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition) qdo k nfrmS wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint)/
yef=um;jcif; (Appeal)/ qufo, G jf cif; (Communication)/ tcdik t f rmajymqdk
jcif; (Claim) od@k r[kwf awmif;qdjk cif;(Demand)wd@k EiS hf qifwyl gonf? t"dym` ,f
tm;vH;k rSm vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrt _ wGuf ta&;,laqmif±u G af y;&ef ouf
qdik &f m wm0ef&o
dS nfh aumfrwDxo H @kd today;wdik =f um;jcif;yifjzpfonf? T (Pe-
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
tition) toH;k tE_;H udk tar&duwdu
k Ef ikd if rH sm; vl@tcGit
hf a&;aumfr&Six
f o
H @kd vlw
OD;csi;f jzpfap/ tkypf k od@k r[kwf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ujzpfap wdik =f um;r_rsm; ðyvkyyf gu
av#mufxm;jcif;[laom TtoH;k tE_;H udk oH;k pJaG vh&o dS nf? tu,fI tar&du
wdu k Ef ikd if rH sm; vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sio f @kd tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u wdik =f um;jcif;jzpfygu
qufo, G jf cif; (Communication) [laom toH;k tE_;H udk toH;k ðyonf?
tcsKŒd oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ukd cGiðhf yovdk Edik if w H
Edik if u
H tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if t
H m; wdik =f um;jcif;udv k nf; cGiðhf yygonf? Oyrm - Edik if H
om;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfonf xdw k ikd =f um;r_EpS rf sK;d pvH;k
udk wdkif=um;cGifhðyonf? tcsKdŒpmcsKyfrsm;rSmrl rnfonfhwdkif=um;csufrsKd;udkrS
w&m;0if vufcjH cif;r&So d nfuv kd nf; awG@&ygonf? Oyrm- pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf
,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf uav;tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfw@kd
onf wOD;csi;f jzpfap/ Edik if w H Edik if u
H jzpfap rnfonfq h ufo, G w f ikd =f um;r_rsK;d udk
vufrcHyg?
(62) aemufqufwpJG mcsKyf (Protocol)

aemufqufwpJG mcsKyfqo kd nfrmS yifrpmcsKyfwiG rf yg0ifcahJ om ta=umif;
t&mrsm;udk xyfrjH znfph u G &f eftwGuf aemufrx S yfraH &;qJaG om tcsurf sm;udk
qdvk o kd nf? yifrpmcsKyfukd twnfðyjyXmef;+yD;onfah emufyikd ;f wGif xyfraH &;qJG
avh&+dS yD; yifrpmcsKyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf oufqikd rf &_ rdS nfjzpfonf? trsm;
tm;jzifh rlvyifrpmcsKyfxw J iG f ryg0ifcahJ omtcsurf sm;/ aumfrwD. vkyif ef;rsm;
udk xyfrjH znhpf u G x f m;onfukd awG@&wwfonf? txl;ojzifrh v l yifrpmcsKyfxJ
wGirf yg0ifbu J secf ohJ nfh wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_vyk if ef;pOfrsm;udk aemufqufwGJ pm
csKyfrsm;wGif awG@&wwfonf?
Ekid if w
H um Ekid if o H m;ESiEhf idk if aH &; tcGithf a&;rsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpm
csKyf/ uav;oli,frsm; qdik &f mpmcsKyfEiS hf trsK;d orD;rsm; tcGit hf a&;pmcsKyfw@kd wiG f
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrsm;&Syd gonf? yifrpmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom pm
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Œ cGit
csKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh xdpk mcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrsm;udk rjzpfrae
vufrw S x f ;kd &ef rvdt k yfay/ xd@k a=umifh tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;onf yifrpmcsKyfuo kd m
vufrw S x f ;kd xm;+yD; xdpk mcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;
jcif;r&Syd g? od@k aomf yifrpmcsKyfukd vufrw S rf a&;xd;k bJEiS hf aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyf
oufoufuo kd m vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;rsK;d udk cGirhf ðyacs?
(63) twnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; (Ratification)

vl@tcGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfwckukd av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k qENðy
I y%mrvufrw S f (Signature) xd;k xm;aom tzJ@G 0ifEikd if w H cku xdpk mcsKyfygt
csurf sm;udk trSew f u,fav;pm;vdu k ef m&ef toifjh zpf+yD;jzpfI aemufxyfw
}udrf xyfqifv h ufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k jf cif;udk twnfðy vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;[kac:
onf? y%mrvufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;aom Edik if o H nf xdpk mcsKyfygtcsut f vufrsm;
ESihf rdrEd ikd if &H jdS ynfwiG ;f Oya'rsm; udu k n f rD &_ rdS &Sud kd jyefvnfo;kH oyf ppfaq;&+yD;t
u,fI uJv G rGJ r_ sm;&Sad eygu pmcsKyfygEikd if w H um tqift h wef;rsm;ESihf udu k nf D
atmif jyifqifajymif;vJ&ygonf? xdo k @kd ajymif;vJjcif; tqifoifjh zpf+yD;rSom t
wnfðyvufrw S f a&;xd;k jcif;udk aqmif&u G &f ygonf? xdo k @kd twnfðy vufrw S af &;
xd;k jcif;udk trsm;tm;jzifh ygvrD ef.cGiðhf ycsut f & Edik if t
H }uD;tuJu vufrw S f
xd;k avh&ydS gonf? y%mrvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;onf xdpk mcsKyfukd av;pm;vdu k ef m
&efqEN&Sda=umif; azmfjyonfhoabmaqmifI twnfðyvufrSwf a&;xdk;jcif;
onf pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m awmhrnf[k oabmwlvufco H nfh
oabmaqmifonf? twnfðyvufrw S f a&;xd;k +yD;onfh Edik if u H okd m pmcsKyft
zJ@G 0ifEikd if t
H jzpf owfrw S Ef ikd yf gonf?
(64) xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif; (Reclamation)

a,bl,stm;jzifh Tpum;vH;k onfvnf; av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition)
wdik =f um;jcif; (Complaint)/ yef=um;jcif; (Appeal)/ qufo,
G jf cif; (Commu-
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
nication)/ tcdik t
f rmajymqdjk cif; (Claim) od@k r[kwf awmif;qdjk cif; (Demand)
wd@k EiS hf qifwyl gonf? t"dym` ,ftm;vH;k rSm vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrt _ wGuf t
a&;,laqmif±u G af y;&ef oufqikd &f mwm0ef&o dS nfh aumfrwDxo H @kd today; wdik f
=um;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif; (Reclamation) qdo k nfh pum;vH;k udk tjynfjynf
qdik &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (ILO) wGif tvkyo f rm;or*~ od@k r[kwf tvky&f iS f
tzJ@G rsm;u tpd;k &. vkyaf qmifrE_ iS yhf wfoufI wdik =f um;onft h cgrsK;d wGif oH;k pJG
avh&Sdonf?
xdok @kd wikd =f um;r_rsK;d udk tpd;k &/ tvkyo f rm;ESihf tvky&f iS o f ;kH rsK;d pvH;k yg0if
onfah umfrwDu pHpk rf;ppfaq;&onf? xdak umfrwDu xdt k a=umif;t&m ESiyhf wf
oufI tpD&ifc+H yD;ygu tkycf sKyfa&;tzJ@G u oufqikd &f mtpd;k &tm; xdu k pd EP iS yhf wf
oufI ajz&Si;f ta=umif;jyef=um;&ef awmif;qdo k nf? xdw k ikd =f um;csuEf iS hf tpd;k
&.wke@f jyefcsurf sm;udk trsm;jynfoo l ad tmif a=unmtoday;Edik o f nf?
(65) 'kuo Q nf (Refugee)

'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k u 'kuo Q nfqokd nfrmS vlrsK;d a&;
udp/P bmoma&;udp/P Edik if o H m;jzpfr/_ Edik if aH &;t,ltqESihf vlrt _ zGŒJ wzGŒJ zGŒJ odŒk
tzGŒJ 0ifa&mufrw _ Œkd a=umifh n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf uf tjypfay;cH&rnf[k a=umuf&ŒHG &ef cdik f
vHak om tcsut f vufrsm;&So d /l xdo k Œkd a=umuf&ŒHG r_ukd ta=umif;ðyI rdrw d Œkd Edik if H
tpd;k &. umuG,af pmifah &Smufru _ kd rcH,El ikd af omolrsm;[k t"dym` ,fziG q hf xkd m;
onf?
'kuo Q nfrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGihf
ta&; a=unmpmwrf;. tyd'k f (14) wGif rw&m;tjypfay;cH&awmhrnfqykd gu
tjcm;Edik if rH sm;wGif cdv k cH_ iG hf awmif;cHyikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf[k qdx
k m;onf? 'kuo Q nfrsm;
tm; umuG,af pmifah &SmufrE_ iS yhf wfoufI oufqikd af omXmerSm ukvor*~
'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f mr[mrif;}uD;±H;k (UNHCR) jzpfonf?
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Œ cGit
(66) a'oqdik &f menf;pepfypkH H (Regional System)
vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufaom a'oqdik &f mvl@tcGit hf a&; oabm
wlncD surf sm;ESihf xdo k abmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf apmif=h uyf&ef
twGuf a'owcktwGi;f zJ@G pnf;xm;aom vkyif ef;pOf,E &W m;rsm;udq k vkd o kd nf?
a'otwGi;f wGif vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m tzGŒJ wzGŒJ &Syd gu xdt k zGŒJ onf
a'otwGi;f &Sd jynforl sm;. vlŒtcGit hf a&; tajctaersm;udk teD;uyfapmifh
=unfEh ikd +f yD; a'otwGi;f &Sd vlŒtcGit hf a&;jy\emrsm;udk a'otwGi;f rSmyif ydrk kd
ajyvnfpmG ajz&Si;f Edik af vh&o dS nfuakd wGŒonf? xdrk #ru a'otwGi;f &Sd Edik if w H ck
tay: a'otwGi;f u Edik if aH &;zdtm;ay;r_onf tjcm;a'orsm;u jypfwifajym
qdrk r_ sm;xuf ydrk x kd ad &mufa=umif; awGŒ&S&d onf? xdŒk a=umifh ukvor*~at*sipf D
rsm;onf a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;tzGŒJ rsm; ay:ayguv f map&ef txl;tm;ay;
aqmif&Gufaev#uf&Sdonf?
a'oqdik &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;tzGŒJ [kqakd omfvnf; tcsKŒd tzGŒJ rsm;rSm y
x0Da&ajrtaetxm;t& zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;rsK;d r[kwb f J tjcm;a'orS Edik if rH sm;yg
yg0ifzGJŒpnf;xm;onfudkawGŒ&onf? tzGJŒrsm;.OD;wnfcsuf/ &nfrSef;csuf/ o
abmwlncD surf sm;tay: vufco H abmwlEikd o f nfh Edik if rH sm;onf a'otvdu k cf JG
jcm;r_r[kwb f J rdrEd pS o
f uf&mtzGŒJ odŒk yl;aygi;f wwfonfuv kd nf; awGŒ&onf?
xdka'oqdkif&m tzJG@tpnf;rsm;onf ukvor*~&Sd EdkifiHwum,E W&m;rsm;ESifh
woD;wjcm;pDjzpfonf? Oyrm - tar&duwdu k Ef ikd if rH sm;twGuf tar&duwdu k f
EdkifiHrsm; vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif/ tmz&dwdkuftwGuf tmz&dunD!Gwfa&;
tzJ@G . vkyif ef;tzJŒG tpnf;rsm;/ Oa&mywdu k w f iG f Oa&myaumifpD ponfjzif&h dS
onf? od@k aomf tm&Sa'oqdik &f m,E &W m;[lI ray:ayguaf o;yg?
(67) tpD&ifcpH m (Report)

TtpD&ifcpH m[laom tok;H tE_;H udk Ekid if w H umOya'rsm;wGif r=um
c% tok;H ðyavh&o dS nf? tpD&ifcpH m[ko;kH pJ&G mwGif t"dym` ,fEpS rf sK;d &Syd gonf?
92
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
yxrt"dym` ,frmS vl@tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef wm0ef
&So d nfh ukvor*~.XmetoD;oD; od@k r[kwf Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;xHo@kd
Edik if rH sm;uaeI rdrw d @kd Eikd if EH iS yhf wfoufaom vl@tcGit hf a&; tpD&ifcpH mrsm; wif
oGi;f jcif;qdak om t"dym` ,fjzpfygonf? xdt k pD&ifcpH mrsm;xJwiG f tpd;k &taejzifh
tpD&ifcw H ifjy&rnf[k owfrw S xf m;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ta=umif;t
&mrsm;/ ajzqdak y;&efawmif;qdx k m;aom ar;cGe;f tcsut f vufrsm;/ xdu k pd rP sm;
ESiyhf wfoufI rnfuo hJ @kd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G af er_rsm;udk wdwu d sus
xnfo h iG ;f a&;om;wifjy&ygonf?
vl@tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwckukd Edik if w H Edik if uH twnfðy
vufrw S f a&;xd;k vdu k o f nfEiS hf xdEk ikd if o H nf xdpk mcsKyfaumfrwDu owfrw S x f m;
twdik ;f tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk tcsed rf eS rf eS jf yifqif a&;om;ay;yd@k &ef wm0ef&o dS mG ;
+yDjzpfonf? vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;+yD;csi;f yxrOD;qH;k wifoiG ;f &onfh tpD&ifcpH mudk
yxrtpD&ifcpH m (Initial Report) [kac:+yD; xdt k pD&ifcpH m aemufyikd ;f wGif yHrk eS t f
csed t f wdik ;f wifoiG ;f &onfh tpD&ifcpH mudk yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH m (Periodic Report)
[kac:onf?
Edik if rH sm;tm; tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &eftwGuf owfrw S x f m;aom ESpf
umvrSm pmcsKyfwckEiS w hf ck rwlnaD y? Oyrm - uav; pmcsKyfwiG f yxrtpD
&ifcpH mudk pmcsKyfut kd wnfðyvufrw S x f ;kd +yD; (2) ESpw f iG f wifoiG ;f &+yD;/ yHrk eS t f pD
&ifcpH mudk (5) ESpv f #iw f }udrf wifoiG ;f &onf? od@k aomf trsK;d orD;pmcsKyfwiG f
twnfðy+yD; (1) ESpw f iG f yxrtpD&ifcpH mudk wifoiG ;f &+yD; yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH mudk
(4) ESpv f #iw f }udrf wifoiG ;f &avh&o dS nf? xdo k @kd wifoiG ;f vmaom Edik if rH sm;.
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk pmcsKyfaumfrwD od@k r[kwf pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfxm;
aom tzG@J rsm;uppfaq;+yD; tpD&ifcpH mtay:rlwnfI vdt k yfygu xyfraH qG;aEG;
jcif;ESihf t}uHðyjcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifavh&ydS gonf?
tpD&ifcpH m. 'kw, d t"dym` ,frmS ukvor*~urSaeI vl@tcGit hf a&;
ta=umif;t&mwckEiS hf ywfoufI pHpk rf;&eftwGuf cef@tyfxm;aom txl;pHpk rf;
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vlt
Œ cGit
ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur) u ol od@k r[kwf olrtm; wm0efay;
xm;onft h ay: pHpk rf;awG@&rdS u _ kd tpD&ifcw H ifjyjcif;udak c:onf? Oyrm - jrefrm
Edik if H vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su d ol.awG@&cdS hJ
aom jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f &Sd vl@tcGit
hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif;udk olŒtm;wm
0efay;xm;onfh ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH (General Assembly) wGijf zpf
ap vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commision on Human Rights) od@k wifjyjcif;udk
qdv k o kd nf? omreftm;jzifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sw d @kd onf olw@kd .awG@&cdS suf
rsm;udk tjynft h pHrk [kwb f J wpdww f ydik ;f udk yxrwifoiG ;f +yD; awG@&cdS sutf jynfh
tpHu k kd olw@kd tm;cef@tyfxm;aom oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH onft
h csed w
f iG o
f m wif
oGif;tpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf?
(68) awmif;cHjcif; (Request)

a,bk,stm;jzifh awmif;cHjcif;onfrmS vnf; wdik =f um;jcif; (Compla-
int)/ yef=um;jcif; (appeal)/ av#mufxm;jcif; (Petition) qufo, G jf cif; (Com-
munication)/ tcdik t f rmajymqdjk cif; (Claim) od@k r[kwf awmif;qdjk cif; (De-
mand) wd@k EiS hf qifwy l gonf? t"dym` ,ftm;vH;k rSm vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrt _
wGuf ta&;,laqmif±u G af y;&ef oufqikd &f mwm0ef&o
dS nfh aumfrwDxo H @kd t
oday;wdik =f um;jcif;yifjzpfonf? awmif;cHjcif; (Request) qdo k nfh toH;k tE_;H udk
Oa&myvl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpmcsKyfo@kd vlwOD;wa,mufcsi;f wdik =f um;onfh tcg
rsK;d wGif toH;k ðyavh&o dS nf? xd@k jyif tmz&duvlom;ESijhf ynfo@l tcGit hf a&; yÉd
nmOfpmwrf;od@k wifjyvmaom wdik =f um;r_tm;vH;k udv k nf; awmif;cHjcif; (Re-
quest) [kyifo;kH pJaG vh&o dS nf?
(69) ¹cif;csuxf m; vufrw

S af &;xd;k jcif; (Reservation)
oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk vufrw S af &;xd;k aom tcsKŒd Edik if rH sm;onf pm
csKyfyg tcsutf vufrsm;tm;vH;k udk r¹cGi;f rcsef vH;k 0vdu
k ef mygrnf[k oabmwl
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;r[kwb f J pmcsKyfygtcsKŒd tcsut f vufrsm;udk ¹ciG ;f csux f m;+y;D
vufrw S rf xd;k bJ aeavh&o dS nf? ‚if;udk ¹cGi;f csux f m;jcif; (Reservation) [kac:
onf? pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd av;pm;vdkufemygrnf[k oabmwlnD
aomfvnf; pmcsKyfygtcsKŒd tcsurf sm;udk vdu k ef m&ef tcuftcJ &Syd gonf[q k u
kd m
¹cGi;f csux f m;jcif;rsK;d udk trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsK;d pHjk zifh zdEydS cf jJG cm;r_yaysmufa&;
oabmwlncD suw f iG f trsm;qH;k awGŒ&onf?
od@k aomfx¹kd cGi;f csux f m;I vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;tm; pmcsKyf.OD;wnf
csuEf iS &hf nf&, G cf suu f kd ysujf ym;aponfo h abmrsK;d jzifh vkyaf qmifIr&ay? ¹cGi;f
csux f m; vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;jcif;udk tcsed rf a&G;zsuo f rd ;f I jyefvnftwnf
ðyvufrw S x f ;kd vdyk guvnf;xd;k Edik o f nf? vl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyftawmfrsm;rsm;
wGif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm; qEN&ydS gu ¹cGi;f csux f m; vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;udk
cGiðhf yavh&o dS nf? tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (ILO) . oabmwl
pmcsKyfrsm;wGirf l ¹cGi;f csux f m;vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;udk cGirhf ðyxm;yg?
(70) qk;H jzwfcsuf (Resolution)

qH;k jzwfcsuf (Resolution) qdo k nfh pum;vH;k onf Edik if w H umtzJ@G
tpnf;rsm;uaeI twnfðyjyXmef;vdu k af om qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ac:a0: jcif;
jzpfonf? Oyrm - Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom ukvor*~ taxGaxGnD
vmcH/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifp/D vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr±SiEf iS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk wd;k jr‡iu hf muG,af y;a&; aumfr±Sit f zG@J cw
JG @kd . qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk ac:a0:
avh&o dS nf? trsm;odxif&mS ;vSonfh tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unm
pmwrf;rSmvnf; ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH. qk;H jzwfcsuw f ckt& twnf
ðycJjh cif;jzpfonf? xdq k ;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk xkwjf yef&mwGif qH;k jzwfcsut f a=umif;
t&m/ xkwjf yefonft h zJ@G tpnf;/ ae@&uf/ ae&m/ qH;k jzwfcsut f rSwf ponfw@kd ukd
pepfwus a&;om;xnfo h iG ;f xm;avh&o
dS nf? od@k ro S m xdq k ;kH jzwfcsuu f kd ud;k um;
&mwGif &nf!e$ ;f ud;k um;Edik af yrnf?
95
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vlt
Œ cGit
(71) uef@owfcsurf sm; (Restrictions)
uef@owfcsurf sm; (Rstriction) qdo k nfrmS (Derogation) ESihf (Limi-
tation) [laom pum;vH;k rsm;ESiq hf ifwo l nf? tpd;k &taejzifh vlwOD;wa,muf
csi;f tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG rhf sm; cHpm;cGiu hf ykd w d yf ifjcif; od@k r[kwf t
jynft h 0cHpm;cGirhf ðyjcif;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmifvykd gu vkyaf qmifEikd o f nf[k qdv k jkd cif;
jzpfonf? tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xdo k @kd uef@owfyw d yf ifvykd gu vkyEf ikd af =umif;udk t
jynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;. tyd'k f (29/ pmyd'k f -2) wGif
w&m;0ifazmfjyxm;onfukd awG@Eikd o f nf? xdt k yd'k w f iG af zmfjyxm;csut f & tpd;k &
onf tcsKŒd tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk uef@owfyw d yf ifr_ ðyEdik af omfvnf; xdu k ef@owfr_
onf“'Dru kd a&pD vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;twGi;f pm&dwq W ikd &f m/ vlxv k yk if ef;pOfEiS hf t
axGaxGtajctaersm; xdr;f odr;f &ef vdt k yfcsut f &a=umifjh zpfap tjcm;olrsm;
tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv f yfrr_ sm;twGuf vkòH cHpw d cf sap&efa=umifjh zpfap Oya'
usK;d a=umif;ESit hf nDjzifo h m qH;k jzwf&rnf”[k azmfjyxm;onf? tcsKŒd aomvl@t
cGit hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;wGif pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh xdo k @kd uef@
owf ydwyf ifcsurf sm;udk vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;t& vkyaf qmifEikd cf iG ðhf yxm;onfukd
awG@Eikd o f nf? xdo k @kd ciG ðhf yxm;aom pmcsKyfygtyd'k rf sm;udk avhvm=unfyh gu yxr
pmyd'k rf sm;wGif tao;pdwt f cGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;avh&+dS yD; 'kw, d tyd'k w f iG f
xdt k cGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI tpd;k &taejzifh uef@owfvykd gu vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;
rsm;t& uef@owfEikd o f nf[k azmfjya&;om;xm;avh&o dS nfukd awG@Eikd o f nf?
xdok @kd uef@owfcsuu f kd pdwx f ifwikd ;f vkyaf qmifI r&Edik yf g? tu,fI
xdtk cGit hf a&;wckukd uef@owfawmhrnfqykd gu Oya't& óudwiftoday;&rnfh
uef@owfrj_ zpf&rnf? xd@k tjyif xdo k @kd uef@owfjcif;onf uef@owfavmufonfh
av#mn f aD omta=umif;jycsuf cdik cf ikd v f v kH &kH &dS rnf? Oyrm - Edik if aH wmfvòkH cHa&;/
vlxak t;csr;f om,ma&;/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESiv hf òkH cHru _ kd umuG,af y;
a&;ponfjzifjh zpfonf? xdo k @kd ruef@owfygu rjzpfawmhonft h ajctaersK;d jzpf
&rnf?
96
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(72) ,SOòf ydit f pD&ifcpH m (Shadow Report)
pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf rdrEd ikd if u H vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;onfh ouf
qdik &f mpmcsKyf. aumfrwDxo H @kd owfrw S x f m;onfh tcsed t f wdik ;f tpD&ifcpH m
(Report) wifoiG ;f &ef wm0ef&o dS nf? xdw k m0eftwdik ;f wifoiG ;f &eftwGuf tpD
&ifcpH mrsm;udk jyifqifa&;qJ&G mwGif wcsKŒd tpd;k &rsm;onf tpd;k &wm0ef&o dS rl sm;
oufoufjzifo h m a&;qJaG vh&o dS vdk tcsKŒd aomtpd;k &rsm;rSmvnf; jyifqifa&;qJG
&mwGif tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;. yl;aygi;f yg0ifru _ kd toift h wifo h m
cGiðhf yavh&o dS nf? xdo k @kd aom tpD&ifcpH mrsK;d wGif trSew f u,fjzpfysuaf eaom
tjzpfrsm;udk zH;k uG,x f m;jcif; &SEd ikd o f uJo h @kd trSew f u,f ta&;}uD;aomtcsuf
rsm; use&f pfaumif;use&f pfEikd o f nf? xd@k a=umift h pd;k &u wifoiG ;f vdu k of nfh tpD
&ifcpH mtay: xdt k pD&ifcpH mtm; jyifqifa&;qJo G nfh vkyif ef;pOftwGi;f yg0ifciG hf
r&Scd ahJ om tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G tpnf;wcku vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk axmufjyI
rdrw d @kd awG@&o dS nft h csurf sm;tm; aumfrwDxw H ifoiG ;f jcif;udk ,SOòf ydit f pD&ifcpH m
wifoiG ;f onf[ak c:onf? oufqikd &f mpmcsKyft& aumfrwDxH w&m;0ifwifoiG ;f
Edik jf cif;&So d vdk rdrw d @kd tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk aumfrwDxo H @kd ay;yd@k ±o
kH m vkyaf qmifEikd f
jcif;rsK;d vnf;&So d nf? xdo k @kd aom ,SOòf ydit f pD&ifcpH mrsm;wGif oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u
xdrcf sex f m;aomtcsurf sm;/ vku d ef m&efysuu f u G af eaomtcsurf sm;ESihf tpd;k &
taejzihf rnfo@kd vyk af qmifoifah =umif;rsm;udk tpd;k &±_axmifrh rS [kwb f J tpd;k
&r[kwo f nfh ±_axmifrh aS eI a&;om;xm;avh&o dS nf?
(73) y%mrvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; (Signature)

pmcsKyfwckukd y%mrvufrw S af &;xd;k jcif; (Signature) onf pmcsKyfukd
twnfðy jyXmef;+yD;aemufyikd ;f xdpk mcsKyfygtcsurf sm;tm; av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef
pdw0f ifpm;aomEdik if rH sm;u yxrOD;qH;k vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu
k jf cif;udk ac:qdo
k nf?
y%mrvufrw S xf ;kd jcif;onf Edik if t
H pd;k &taejzifh pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;udk av;pm;
vdu
k ef m&ef qENtjynft h 0&S+d yD; aemifwcsed w
f iG f twnfðyvufrw S f (Ratifica-
97
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vlt
Œ cGit
tion) a&;xd;k +yD; trSew
f u,f av;pm;vdu
k ef m&ef qufvufaqmif&u
G yf grnf[k
uwdðyvdu k jf cif;yifjzpfonf? pmcsKyfukd y%mrvufrw S x
f ;kd vdu
k o
f nfEiS hf xdEk ikd if H
onf pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if H csucf si;f jzpfrvmao;yg? xdpk mcsKyfukd aemufw}udrt f
wnfðyvufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;rSom pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if t
H jzpf todtrSwðf ycH&rnf
jzpfonf?
(74) txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur)

vl@tcGit hf a&; ta=umif;t&mwcktay: csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udjk zpfap Edik if H
wEdik if t
H wGi;f jzpfymG ;aeaom vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udjk zpfap owif;rsm;
pHpk rf;ppfaq;&eftwGuf vlŒtcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sio f nf txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t
&m&Srd sm;udk cef@tyfxm;onf? Edik if t H vdu k f vlŒtcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk vlŒ
tcGifhta&;qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sdrsm;cefŒtyfI vlŒtcGifha&;
tajctaersm;udk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfavh&o dS nf? xdpk pkH rf;ppfaq;a&;
t&m&Sdrsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;udku|rf;usif+yD; vGwfvyfItaESmif
tzJ@G uif;aom olrsm;jzpfygonf?
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;onf ol od@k r[kwf olrtm; wm0ef
ay;xm;onft h ay: pHpk rf;&eftwGuf oufqikd o f nfo h wif;rsm;tm; pkaqmif;jcif;/
vufcjH cif;/ pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm;ðyvky&f onf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &rsm;. yl;aygi;f
vkyaf qmifrt _ ay:rlwnfI tcif;jzpfymG ;&mEdik if rH sm;od@k ud, k w f ikd u
f ,kd u
f s oGm;
a&mufavhvm pHpk rf;Edik o f nf? Ekid if w
H Edik if o H @kd 0ifa&mufavhvmEdik &f eftwGuf
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u w&m;0ifzw d =f um;&ef vdt k yfonf? txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;
t&m&Srd sm;onf olawG@&cdS ahJ om vl@tcGit hf a&; csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif;udk ol
tm;wm0efay;xm;onfh ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcH (General Assembly)
wGijf zpfap vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commision on Human Rights) od@k wif
jy&onf? omreftm;jzifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdwdk@onf olwdk@.awG@&Sdcsuf
rsm;udk tjynft h pHrk [kwb f J wpdww f ydik ;f udk yxrwifoiG ;f +yD; awG@&cdS sut f jynfh
98
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
tpHu k kd olw@kd tm;cef@tyfxm;aom oufwrf;ukeq f ;kH onfh tcsed w f iG of m wif
oGif;tpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf?
,cktcsed t f xd tmz*efepPwef/ ygy;l 0ge,l;*De;D ,m;/ jrefrm/ uarBm'D;
,m;/ usL;bm;/ t,fvq f maA;'d;k / tDauG';kd / *GgwrD mvm/ a[wD/ tD&wf/ tD&ef/
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;/ ydv k ef/ qdrk m;vD;,m;/ wd*k /kd Adak v;AD;,m;/ b&Gr'f /D ±dak r;eD;,m;/
ygvufpwdik ;f / oD&v d uFm/ ql'efEiS hf Zdik , f m;Edik if w
H Œkd twGuf txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;
t&m&Srd sm; cefŒtyfapv$wcf o hJ nf?
xdŒk jyifvŒl tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sio f nf u¾tvdu k f txl;ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm; (Thematic Precedures)cefŒtyfjcif;udv k nf; ðyvkyaf vh&o dS nf? ,cktcsed f
txd w&m;vufvw G of wfjzwfjcif;/ ESyd pf ufnO‡ ;f yef;jcif;/ a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;
oH;k jcif;/ bmoma&;t&zdEydS jf cif;/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; a&mif;0,fazmufum;
jcif;/ vlrsK;d a&;rke;f wD;r_EiS hf cJjG cm;zdEydS jf cif;/ vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;/ w&m;
a&;qdik &f m ,E &W m;vGwv f yfr/_ trsK;d orD;rsm;tm;t=urf;zufr/_ pGe‹f ypfypPn;f
rsm;. tusK;d oufa&mufjcif; ponfu h ¾rsm;qdik &f m txl;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk
cefŒtyfxm;onf? xd@k tjyif qENrygbaJ ysmufq;kH jcif;/ rw&m;csKyfaESmifjcif;/ zH@G òzd;
wd;k wufciG /hf a&GŒajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ta=umif;wd@k EiS hf ywfoufI pHpk rf;&eft
vkyt f zJ@G rsm; zJ@G pnf;xm;onf?
jynfwiG ;f Y tajcwusraexdik &f aomolrsm; (Internally Displaced
Persons) wd@k ta=umif;ESiy hf wfoufI txl;ud, k pf m;ðy (Special Represen-
tative) wOD;udk cef@tyfxm;onf? 1998ck/ =o*kwv f wGiv f nf; aumfr&Sirf S ynm
a&;tcGit hf a&;twGuf txl;ud, k pf m;ðywOD;udv k nf; cef@tyfcyhJ gonf? xdw k m
0ef&o dS rl sm;rS aumfr&Six f o H Œkd tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f aponf? Edik if t H vdu k f wifoiG ;f
jcif;r[kwb f J ta=umif;t&mu¾tvdu k f wifoiG ;f jcif;jzpfonf? Edik if t H vdu k Ef iS hf
u¾tvdu k f cefŒtyfxm;aom txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sx d oH Œkd tpd;k &r
[kwaf omtzGŒJ rsm;u v_ŒH aqmfjcif;/ vdt k yfaomowif;rsm;udk axmufyjhH cif;rsm;
vkyfaqmifavh&Sdonf?
99
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vlt
Œ cGit
(75) vlenf;pkrsm;tay: cJjG cm;r_uw
kd m;qD;a&;ESihf apmifah &Smufa&;qyfaumfrwD
(Sub-commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Pro-
tection of Minorities)
vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights) .vuf
atmufwiG f aumfr&Si. f vkyif ef;rsm;udk taxmuftulðy vkyaf qmifay;&ef zJ@G
xm;aom qyfaumfr&Sijf zpfonf? twdak umuftm;jzifh qyfaumfr&Si[ f k ac:
avh&o dS nf? 1947 ckEpS w f iG f ay:aygucf +hJ yD; vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Siu f tqdðk y
aom vGwv f yfu|r;f usio f nfyh nm&Sif (26) OD;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;ygonf?
vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&SiEf iS hf qyfaumfr&Sit f =um; uJjG ym;csurf mS vl@t
cGit
hf a&;aumfr&Siu f kd Edik if uH , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;+yD; qyfaumfr&Sit f zJ@G
0ifrsm;udk vGwv f yfu|r;f usio f rl sm;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? xdak umfr&Sif
tzJ@G 0ifrsm;onf Edik if u H u kd , kd pf m;rðyaom olrsm;jzpfaoma=umifh tpd;k &ud, k pf m;
vS,rf sm;uJo h Œkd Edik if aH &;t& wdu k ±f ukd pf u
G zf ufrr_ S uif;a0;apygonf?
qyfaumfr&Siw f iG f vkyaf qmifciG &fh adS om xdo k rl sm;.oufwrf;rSm (4)
ESpjf zpf+yD; oufwrf;rsm;rSm wOD;ESiw hf OD;rwln=D uyg? qyfaumfr&Sio f nf ESppf Of=o
*kwv f wGif (4) ywf=um tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyaf vh&o dS nf? xdt k pnf;ta0;rsm;odŒk
vlŒtcGit hf a&;udpP v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af e=uaom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzGŒJ aygi;f
rsm;pGm wufa&mufI yg0ifaqG;aEG;=uonf?
qyfaumfr&Siaf tmufwiG f tvkyt f zGŒJ (4) ck&+dS y;D xdt
k vkytf zGŒJ rsm;onf
qyfaumfr&Sif tpnf;ta0;rwdik rf D awGŒqH=k uonf? ,if;tvkyt f zGŒJ (4) ckrmS æ
(1) rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;qdik &f m tvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on Indigenous
Populations – WGIP)
(2) u|eðf yr_qikd &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on Slavery)
(3) qufo, G rf q _ ikd &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on Communication )
(4) zrf;qD;xdr;f odr;f jcif;qdik &f mtvkyt f zGŒJ (Working Group on Detention)
wkdŒjzpfonf?
100
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(76) toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv w&m;r#wr_ (Transitional Justice)
jzpf&adS eaom Ekid if aH &;pepfwckrS tjcm;wk;d wufaom yGiv hf if;aom Ekid if H
a&;pepfwcko@dk ajymif;vJr=_ um;umvwckwiG f vlrt _ okid ;f t0kid ;f wckv;Hk twGuf
tcsi;f csi;f jyefvnfoifjh rwfr. _ tESpo f m&jzpfonfh w&m;r#wr_uadk z:aqmif
aom tajctaewckyifjzpfonf?
Tok@d ajymif;vJr=_ um;umvwGif w&m;r#wr_uadk zmfaqmif&mY vlr_
tokid ;f t0kid ;f twGi;f r=umao;aom twdwu f jzpfysucf o hJ nfh vl@tcGit hf a&;
csK;d azgurf r_ sm;/ tm%mtvGo J ;Hk pm;r_rsm;ukd rnfo@dk uidk w f , G f ajz&Si;f =urnfenf;
[laom twdw. f t&dyu f dk óuHawGŒ&ouJo h @dk tem*wfwiG f xkx d ufyrdk adk umif;rGef
aomvl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yf/ +ird ;f csr;f om,maom vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfudk xlaxmif
Ekid af p&ef rnfo@dk aqmif&u G =f urnfenf;[laom vltrsm;.opfviG af om ar#mf
vifch suEf iS hf pdwt f m;xufoefrr_ sm; jynf0h / awmufyaom tm±HOk ;D ukv d nf; óuH
awG@&rnfjzpfonf? tem*wfwiG f opfviG af wmufyaom vl@abmifw&yfudk azmf
aqmif&mrSm twdw. f tjzpftysuf orkid ;f a=umif;tay: jyefvnfo;kH oyf oif
cef;pm,ljcif;[kqv kd nf; rSm;rnfrxifay?
twdwjf zpf.ysucf ahJ om vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ukd jyefvnfuidk f
wG,&f mwGif jypfru _ sL;vGecf ohJ rl sm;ESihf epfemcJ&h olrsm;t=um; w&m;r#waom
pDppfrr_ sm;&&S&d efrmS ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uftwGuf tajccHtusq;Hk aom tjzpfreS t f csut f
vufrsm;onf r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfayonf? xko d @dk aom tjzpfreS o f wif;tcsut f
vufrsm;&&S&d ef vlxt k okid ;f t0kid ;f twGi;f &Sd trSew f u,f óuHawG@cpH m;cJ&h olrsm;
tay:wGirf sm;pGmrlwnf+yD; ESpOf ;D ESpb f uf jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;ukd azmfaqmifrnfh
w&m;r#wjcif;. tajccHusaom vkyaf qmifcsuv f nf;jzpfayonf?
vlr_tokdif;t0kdif;twGif; twdwforkdif;a=umif;. tdyfrufqdk;rsm;
a=umifh ±kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m ysupf ;D qk;H ±_;H r_rsm;tjyif pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m em=unf;r_cpH m;cJ&h
olrsm;tay: jyefvnfupk m;ay;onfu h mvwGif vlrt _ okid ;f t0kid ;f wckv;Hk u rnf
ok@d aom twkid ;f twmwcktxd vufawG@usus vufcEH idk rf t _ ay:wGiv f nf; rsm;
101
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vlt
Œ cGit
pGmrlwnfaeayao;onf? vlrt _ okid ;f t0kid ;f wckv;Hk tcsi;f csi;f jyefvnfoifjh rwfr_
&&Sad tmif ukpm;&efrmS vnf; jypfru _ sL;vGecf o hJ rl sm;tay: w&m;pGq J dk jypf'%fcwf
rnfvm;/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf vlrt _ okid ;f t0kid ;f twGi;f rS y,f&mS ;jcif;enf;vrf;jzifh '%f
cwfrnfvm;/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf epfemcJ&h olrsm;tay: ±kyyf idk ;f qkid &f mav#maf =u;ay;
jcif;ESihf pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m ðyjyifay;rnfvm;/ ok@d wnf;r[kwf tjzpftysucf cH &hJ olrsm;
tay: orkid ;f rSwaf usmufwifcEH idk rf nfh todtrSwjf yKrw _ ckjzifh vkyaf qmifrnfvm;
ponfh ukpm;r_enf;toG,o f ,G jf zifh TEkid if aH &; toGiu f ;l ajymif;r_umvwGif
touf0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmrnfjzpfonf?
(77) oabmwlpmcsKyf (Treaty )

oabmwlpmcsKyf (Treaty) qdak ompum;vH;k ESihf t"dym` ,fwal om t
jcm;a0g[m&rsm;rSm (Covenant ) (Convention) ESihf (Charter) wd@k jzpfonf?
xdka0g[m&rsm;tm;vHk;udk EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; &nf!$ef;&mwGif
toH;k ðyavh&o
dS nf? oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;onf ESpEf ikd if t
H =um; oabmwlonfh
oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;&Sod vdk ESpEf ikd if t
H a&twGux
f ufyrkd sm;aom Edik if rH sm;t
=um; oabmwlxm;aom pmcsKyfrsm;vnf;&Syd gonf?
(78) urBmu h v k or*~ ynma&;/ odyEH` iS , hf Ofaus;r_tzG@J (UNESCO)

,leufpudq k akd ompum;vH;k rSm urBmu h v
k or*~ ynma&;/ odyEH` iS hf ,Of
aus;r_tzG@J tpnf;udk twdak umufac: jcif;jzpfonf? ,leufpudt k m; 1945 ckEpS f
wGif pwifxal xmifc+hJ yD; jyifopfEikd if H yJ&pfòrdŒwGif tajcpdu k of nf? ,leufpud. k
&nf±, G cf surf mS ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ouJo h Œkd vlrsK;d a&;/
vdi/f bmompum;/ bmoma&;t& cGjJ cm;r_rsm;r±daS pbJ w&m;r#wr_/ w&m;Oya'
pd;k rd;k r_/ vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf tajccHusaom vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;tay: wurBmvH;k
u av;pm;vmap&ef ynma&;/ odyyH` nm&yfEiS hf ,Ofaus;r_w@kd rw S qifh +idr;f csr;f
a&;ESihf vHòk cHa&;wd@k twGuf tvkyt f au|;ðy&efjzpfonf?
102
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
,leufpudw k iG f tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm;vH;k . ud,fk pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom
taxGaxGnv D mcH/ taxGaxGnv D mcHrS a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;onfh (58) Edik if H
u ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifonfh tr_aqmiftzG@J EiS hf taxGaxG!e$ =f um;a&;rSL;csKyf
wa,mufu OD;aqmifaom twGi;f a&;r–;±k;H ponfw@kd jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf?
,leufpudw k iG v f nf; tzJ@G .vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom o
abmwlpmcsKyfrsm; (Convention)udk twnfðyavh&ydS gonf? xdo k abmwl pm
csKyfrsm;ESifh ,leufpud. k t}uHay;csuf (Recommendation) rsm;udk taxGaxG
nDvmcHwiG f rJo;kH yHEk pS yf akH xmufccH su&f &Syd gu twnfðyEdik o f nf? 1978 ckEpS w
f iG f
rSpwifI ,leufpudo k nf ynma&;tygt0if ‚if;.vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf adS om e,fy,frsm;
twGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;udk ppfaq;oGm;&eftwGuf vkyif ef;pOfwck
udk pwifaqmif±u G cf yhJ gonf?
(79) urBmu h v k or*~ uav;rsm;&efyaHk iGtzG@J (UNICEF)

,leq D ufqo kd nfrmS urBmu h vk or*~ uav;rsm;&efyaHk iGtzJ@G ukd twdk
aumufac: jcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;udk 1946 ckEpS Yf ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D m cHwiG f
zJG@pnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf? rlvwm0efrSm 'kwd,urBmppf'%fcH&aom u
av;rsm;tm; ulnaD pmifah &Smufrr_ sm; ay;&efjzpfaomfvnf; aemufyikd ;f wGif wu
rmBv;kH rSuav;rsm;udk ulnaD pmifah &Smuf&ef vkyyf ikd cf iG w hf ;kd vmcJo
h nf? xdv k yk yf ikd cf iG hf
twdik ;f taumiftxnfazmfru _ kd pDrt
H yk cf sKyf&eftwGuf tzJ@G 0if (36) OD; yg0if
aom tr_aqmifaumfrwDukd zG@J pnf;xm;ygonf? xdt k r_aqmiftzJ@G 0ifrsm;onf
wESpw f cgawG@qI kH ,leq D uf.ay:vpDrsm; csrw S jf cif;/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk jyefvnf
oH;k oyfjcif;/ Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f toH;k p&dwrf sm; owfrw S jf cif;wd@k vkyaf qmif
ygonf? ,leq D ufonf uav;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk xkwjf yef
I pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD (ECOSOC) ESihf taxGaxGnv D mcH (General
Assembly) wd@k xw H iG f wifjyaqG;aEG;ygonf? 1953 ckEpS rf pS wifI ,leq D ufonf
tpd;k &rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G rsm;u v–'ge;f onf&h efyakH iGEiS hf ud, k yf idk &f efyakH iG
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vlt
Œ cGit
rsm;jzifo
h m vnfywfvmcJv h su&f ydS gonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD (ECOSOC) wGit f wdik yf ifct H qifh (Con-
sultative Status) &&Sx d m;aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G rsm;xJrS uav;oli,f
rsm;udpu P kd vkyaf qmifaeaomtzJ@G rsm;tm; ,leq D ufu twdik yf ifct H qifth jzpf
owfrw S af y;tyfEikd yf gonf? xdo k @kd owfrwS cf &H aom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G rsm;
onf ,leq D uf. tr_aqmifaumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk wufa&mufciG v hf nf;
&Sdygonf?
(80) ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;eSiv hf rl a_ &;aumifpD (UN ECOSOC)

Taumifpo D nf urBm@uv k or*~. t"duusaom ta&;ygonfh tzJ@G
rsm;xJrS wckjzpfygonf? Taumifpo D nfp;D yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;&mudprP sm;udk ukid f
wG,af qmif&u G &f onfh ukvor*~. tjrihrf m;qH;k tzG@J jzpfygonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf
vlra_ &;aumifpu D kd twdak umuf tDaumaqmh (ECOSOC) [kac:qdak vh&o dS nf?
Taumifpo D nf taxGaxGnv D mcH+yD;v#if t}uD;qH;k aom ukvor*~tzGŒJ jzpf
+yD; tzJ@G 0if (54) OD;jzifh yg0ifz@GJ pnf;xm;onf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpaD tmufwiG f vkyif ef;aumfr&Sif (6) ck (Fun-
ctional Commissions)/ a'oaumfr&Sif (5) ck (Regional Commissions)t
+rJwrf;aumfrwDrsm; (Standing Committees)/ t+rJwrf;u|r;f usio f rl sm;tzGŒJ
(Standing Expert Bodies) ESihf ukvor*~at*sip f rD sm; (Specialized Agen-
cies) wnf&o dS nf?
vkyif ef;aumfr&Sirf sm;wGif pm&if;tif;qdik &f maumfr&Si/f vlO;D a&qdik &f m
aumfr&Sif/ vlr_b0wdk;wufjrifhrm;a&;aumfr&Sif/ vlŒtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif/
trsK;d orD;rsm; tqift h wef;qdik &f maumfr&Si/f rl;,pfaq;0g;qdik &f maumfr&Si/f &m
Z0wfrw _ m;qD;a&;ESif w&m;Oya'qdik &f maumfr&Si/f wnfwcHh ikd +f rJaom zG@H òzd;wd;k
wufra_ umfr&Si/f zG@H òzd;wd;k wufrq _ ikd &f m odyEH` iS phf ufry_ nmaumfr&Sif ponfwŒkd udk
zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? vlŒtcGit hf a&; vkyif ef;ESiyhf wfoufI vlŒtcGihf ta&;aumfr&Sif
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(Commission on Human Rights) ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tqifhtwef;qdkif&m
aumfr&Sif (Commission on the Status of Women) wdŒk rSm xif&mS ;onf?
a'oqdik &f maumfr&Sirf sm;wGif tm&SES iS yhf pdzw d af 'o/ tmz&dua'o/
Oa&mya'o/ vufwiftar&duESihf ua&bD,aH 'o/ taemuftm&Sa'oqdik &f m
aumfr&Sirf sm;&So d nf? t+rJwrf;aumfrwDrsm;ESihf t+rJwrf;u|r;f usio f rl sm; tzGŒJ
wdŒk wGi&f adS om tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;aumfrwD (NGOs Committee) onf
tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGŒJ rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom tzGŒJ jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD atmufwiG &f adS om ukvor*~at*sipf D
rsm;wGif txl;ðyat*sipf rD sm;ESihf ukvor*~&efyakH iGEiS hf tpDtpOfrsm;at*sipf [ D I
l
ESprf sK;d &So
d nf? Ttxl;ðy at*sipf rD sm;udk tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u uGjJ ym;aomzGŒJ pnf;yH/k
tkycf sKyfa&;pepf/ ay:vpDEiS hf vkyif ef;rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? tjynfjynf
qdik &f m tvkyo f rm;tzGŒJ csKyf (International Labor Organization - ILO)/ uk
vor*~ tpm;tpmESihf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;tzGŒJ (Food and Agricultural Or-
ganization -FAO)/ ynma&;/ odyy H` nmESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtzGŒJ (United Nati-
ons Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - UNESCO)/ urBmh
use;f rma&;tzGŒJ }uD; (World Health Organization -WHO) wdŒk onftxl;ðy
at*sifpDrsm;jzpf=uonf? urBmhb%f (World Bank) ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m
aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJŒ}uD; (International Monetary Fund) wdkŒonfvnf;
txl;ðy at*sipf rD sm;jzpfonf?
ukvor*~&efyakH iGEiS hf tpDtpOfrsm; at*sipf rD sm;udk tzGŒJ 0ifEidk if rH sm;.
qENjzifh aiGa=u;axmufyrhH w _ @kd EiS hf zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? ukvor*~ uav;
oli,frsm;&efyakH iGtzGŒJ (United Nations Children’s Fund - UNI CEF)/ ukv
or*~zGHŒòzd;a&;tpDtpOf(United Nations Development Program-UNDP)/
ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k (United Nations High Com-
missioner for Refugees – UNHCR) wdŒk onf ukvor*~&efyakH iGEiS hf tpDtpOf
at*sifpDrsm;jzpfonf?
105
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vlt
Œ cGit
(81) urBmu
h v
k or*~taxGaxGnv
D mcH (United Nations General As-
sembly)
ukvor*~wiG f taxGaxGnv D mcHonf t"dujzpf+yD; Edik if w H ckprD rS w J rJ
uspD ud, k pf m;ðy yg0ifzŒJG pnf;xm;onf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnv D mcHukd ESppf OfEpS f
wdik ;f pufwifbmv. wwd,ajrmuft*F gaeŒrS 'DZifbmvv,ftxd (3) v
usi;f y+yD; tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if w H ikd ;f wufa&mufonf? taxGaxGnv D mcH. qENro J ;kH
yHEk pS yf jkH zifh obmywdwOD;udak &G;cs,+f yD; wESpw f mwm0ef xrf;aqmifaponf?
trsm;tm;jzifh tqdw k ifoiG ;f r_r&Sb
d J a'otvdu k f aemufu, G w f iG f n‡Ed id_ ;f aqG;
aEG;r_jzifh tvSnu hf sa&G;cs,=f uonf? obmywdonf 'kw, d obmywd (21)OD;
ESit hf wl nDvmcHuOkd ;D aqmif&+yD; obmywd rtm;vyfonft h cg 'kw, d obm
ywdu wm0ef,&l onf?
taxGaxGnv D mcHonf tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u wurBmvH;k wGif jzpfysuaf e
aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;&ef nDvmcHyifjzpfonf? tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;t
=um; vlra_ &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&;&mrsm; yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifa&;udk zH@G òzd;wd;k wufapovdk
vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI ta&;w,laqmif&u G =f u&ef tm;ay;onf? xdt k
axGaxGnv D mcHraS eI xl;jcm;aom oabmwlncD surf sm;/ Edik if w H um Oya't
opfrsm; ay:xGe;f cJo h nf? taxGaxGnv D mcHrS xkwjf yefcahJ om oabmwlncD suf
rsm;onf t}uHay;csurf sm;omjzpf+yD; oufqikd &f mEdik if u H kd rvkyrf ae& trde@f ay;
apcdik ;f Edik jf cif;r&Sad y? od@k aomfurBmay:&Sd Edik if t H rsm;pku ud, k pf m;ðyonfh t}uHay;
csurf sm; jzpfaoma=umifh tm;aumif;aom t}uHay;csurf sm;[k qdEk ikd o f nf?
taxGaxGnv D mcH. vufatmufwiG f atmufygtwdik ;f xyfrzH ŒJG pnf;xm;onf?
(u) yifraumfrwDrsm; (Main Committees)
(c) vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;qdik &f m aumfrwDrsm; (Procedural Committees )
(*) t+rJwrf;aumfrwDrsm; (Standing Committees)
(C) taxmuftulqikd &f m/ ta&;ay:ESit hf jcm;aumfrwDrsm; (Subsidiary, “ad
hoc” and Other bodies) wdŒk jzpfonf?
106
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
yifraumfrwDatmufwiG f aumfrwDta&twGuf (7) ck&adS omfvnf;
wckrmS taxmuftulðy aumfrwDjzpfonft h wGuf yifraumfrwD (6) ck[o
k m
qd=k uonf? ‚if;wdŒk rSmæ
(1) yxraumfrwD (vHòk cHa&;ESihf vufeufzsuo f rd ;f a&;qdik &f m)

(2) Edik if aH &;qdik &f m txl;aumfrwD (yxraumfrwD. tvkyw f m0efrsm;udk t
axmuf tulðyvkyaf qmifonf)
(3) 'kw, d aumfrwD (pD;yGm;a&;ESihf aiGa=u;qdik &f m)
(4) wwd,aumfrwD (vlra_ &;/ vlom;csi;f pmemr_EiS hf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m)
(5) pwkwaˆ umfrwD (udv k ekd zD suo f rd ;f a&;)
(6) yOPraumfrwD (tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf aiGpm&if;qdik &f m)
(7) qÏraumfrwD (Oya'qdik &f m) wdŒk jzpfonf?
vlŒtcGit hf a&; wdu k yf 0JG iforl sm;twGuf wwd,ESihf pwkwaˆ umfrwDwŒkd
onf ta&;ygonf? rdrw d Œkd Edik if t
H ay: ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;u qH;k
jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S &f mwGif t&Sed t f [kef aumif;rGeaf p&eftwGuf wwd,aumf
rwDwiG f wGe;f tm;ay;v_ŒH aqmf=uonf? xdrk w S qifh taxGaxGnv D mcHoŒkd wuf
a&mufvmaom Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,f tzGŒJ rsm;. axmufcrH &_ &S+d yD; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
twnfðy csrw S v f mEdik &f ef ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ rsm;udk csO;f uyfvŒH_ aqmf=u&onf?
odŒk &mwGif wwd,aumfrwDwiG f pwkwaˆ umfrwDrmS uJo h Œkd woD;yk*v
~
rsm;onf taxGaxGa&;&m tajctwifaqG;aEG;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifEikd cf iG rhf &Sad y?
(82) ukvor*~v@l tcGit

hf a&;qkid &f m r[mrif;}u;D ±H;k ( United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights)
ukvor*~wGif&Sd+yD;jzpfonfh vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m XmeESpfckjzpfaom
tzG@J tpnf;ESpcf jk zpfonfh vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k ESifh vl@tcGit
hf
a&;Xmewd@k ukd 1993 ckEpS w f iG f aygi;f pyfI zG@J pnf;vdu
k jf cif;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~
107
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vlt
Œ cGit
vl@tcGit hf a&;qkid &f m r[mrif;}uD;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfrS
cef@tyfI xdrk [mrif;}uD;onf taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfxH tpD&ifcpH m wdu k f
±du
k wf ifoiG ;f &onf? ukvor*~wiG f vlŒtcGit hf a&;udprP sm;udk xdu k o hJ Œkd r[mrif;
}uD;±H;k rsK;d zGiv hf pS +f yD; vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G &f ef umvtwef=umuyif óud;yrf;aqmif
&Gucf o hJ nf? odŒk aomf Edik if t H rsm;tjym;. axmufcrH e_ nf;yg;r_a=umifh 1993 ckEpS f
AD,ifemòrdŒwGiu f si;f yaom urBmv h Œl tcGit hf a&;nDvmcH usi;f yonfw h ikd af tmif
taumiftxnf ay:vmcJjh cif;r&Sad y? urBmv h Œl tcGit hf a&; nDvmcHoŒkd wuf
a&mufvmaom Edik if u H , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;t=um; tacstwifajymqdrk r_ sm;pGm jzpf
ay:cJ+h yD; aemufq;kH rS “ukvor*~tzGŒJ }uD;. vlŒtcGiahf &;&m vkyif ef;rsm;udk ydrk kd
aumif;rGeaf tmif vkyaf qmifEikd &f ef &nf&, G I f ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk zGŒJ pnf;&ef” qdak omvkyif ef;pOfukd nDvmcH. a=unmcsuw f iG f
xnfo h iG ;f Edik cf ohJ nf? taxGaxGnv D mcHtm; qH;k jzwfcsucf s&ef wm0efay;cJo h nf?
1993 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeŒwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;u
vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk zGŒJ pnf;&ef uefŒuGurf rJ &Sd qH;k jzwfco hJ nf?
ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk *seD AD mòrdŒwGif tajc
pduk +f yD; e,l;a,mufòrdŒwGif jyef=um;qufo, G af &;±H;k w±H;k zGiv hf pS x f m;&So d nf?
r[mrif;}uD;. oufwrf;udk (4) ESpo f ufwrf;owfrw S of nf? u|r;f usiaf om
0efxrf;rsm;jzifh ay:vpDEiS v hf rf;!$erf r_ sm; owfrw S af zmfjyjcif;/ tpd;k &rsm;ESihf yl;
aygi;f qufqv H yk u f ikd jf cif;/ a=unmcsuEf iS t hf pD&ifcpH mrsm; jyifqifjcif;/ tpnf;t
a0;rsm;wGif yg0ifwufa&mufjcif;/ owif;Xmersm;ESiq hf ufqjH cif; ponfwŒkd udk
aqmif&Gufaeonf? ukvor*~ vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;onf
vl@tcGit hf a&;e,f y,fwiG f enf;ynmykid ;f qdik &f m tultnDrsm;jzifh Ekid if rH sm;udk
axmufyahH y;&ef/ tpd;k &rsm;ESiahf qG;aEG;r_rsm; vkyaf qmifay;&efEiS fh ukvor*~.
vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;ukd csw d q f ufrad p&eftwGuf vl@
tcGit hf a&;udk wd;k jr‡iv hf yk af qmifay;jcif;ESihf umuG,af y;jcif;rsm;ukd OD;pD;aqmif
&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?
108
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
(83) ukvor*~ 'kuo
Q nfrsm;qdik &f mr[mrif;}uD;±H;k (United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees - UNHCR)
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;t& ukvor*~'u k oQ nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk
1951 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D (1) &ufae‹wiG f zGŒJ pnf;cJo h nf? ukvor*~tzGŒJ twGi;f
'kuo Q nfrsm;jy\emudk udik w f ,G af jz&Si;f onfh t"dutzGŒJ tpnf;jzpfonf? T
'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k u 'kuo Q nfqo kd nfrmS “vlrsK;d a&;udp/P bm
oma&;udp/P Edik if o H m;jzpfr/_ Edik if aH &;t,ltqESihf vlrt _ zGŒJ wzGŒJ zGŒJ odŒk tzGŒJ 0if
a&mufrw _ Œkd a=umifh n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf uf tjypfay;cH&rnf[k a=umuf&ŒHG &ef cdik v f akH om
tcsut f vufrsm;&So d /l xdo k Œkd a=umuf&ŒHG r_ukd ta=umif;ðyI rdrw d Œkd Edik if t
H pd;k &.
umuG,af pmifah &Smufru _ kd rcH,El ikd af omolrsm;” [k t"dym` ,fziG q hf x kd m;onf?
Tr[mrif;}uD;±H;k onf 'kuo Q nfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI Edik if w H umumuG,rf r_ sm;
ay;&efEiS hf 'kuo Q nfrsm;jy\emudk xm0&ajz&Si;f Edik af om tcsurf sm;&SmazG&ef
t"duvkyaf qmifonf? ae&yfoŒkd jyefvnfaexdik cf ahJ om 'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf jynf
wGi;f rSmyif vSnv hf nfaexdik af eaom ae&mtwnfwus raexdik &f olrsm;tyg
t0if urBmay:&S'd u k o Q nfaygi;f oef; (30) cefŒ. ta&;udprP sm;udk aqmif&u G f
ae&onf? Edik if w H um umuG,rf [ _ q k &kd mwGif 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; rdrq d ENrygbJ
twif;t=uyf jyefvnfyŒkd aqmifjcif;ukd umuG,&f ef/ 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; zrf;qD;
xdr;f odr;f jcif;ukd umuG,&f efEiS hf 'kuo Q nfrsm;.vHòk cHa&;udk wm0ef,&l efwŒkd yg
0ifonf? xdrk #ru 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd Edik if rH sm;u oabm
wlvufrw S f a&;xd;k vmap&ef/ rdro d abmtav#muf ae&yfoŒkd jyefonfh tpDtpOf
rsm;jzifh 'kuo Q nfjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &efEiS hf tjcm;u,fq,fa&;tzGŒJ rsm;jzifh
yl;aygi;f vufwI JG 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; ulnaD xmufyrhH r_ sm; vkyaf qmif&efwŒkd udk
óud;yrf;v#u&f o dS nf? vuf&w dS m0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r
[mrif;}uD;rSm e,fomvefEidk if . H 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;jzpfol ±k'v f wfAb f m (Ruud
Lubbers) jzpfonf?
Ekid if w
H umu 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmS uf&efEiS hf ywfouf
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vlt
Œ cGit
aom tajccHtcsurf sm;rSmæ
- 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; twif;t=uyf ae&yfo@kd jyefvnf yd@k aqmifjcif;tm; wm;
jrpfjcif;?
- 'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; umuG,af y;a&;ESihf ywfoufI tajccHtusq;kH umuG,f
ay;r_rmS xd'k u k o
Q nfrsm;udk ae&yfo@kd armif;xkwjf cif;/ jyefy@kd jcif;rðy&efjzpfonf?
xdv k . l vlrsK;d jzpfr/_ ud;k uG,rf /_ Ekid if o
H m;jzpfr/_ vlra_ &; od@k r[kwEf ikd if aH &;toif;t
zJ@G wiG f tzJ@G 0ifjzpfra_ =umifh ae&yfujkd yefv#if tE &W m,fusa&mufEikd yf gu xd'k u k Q
onfukd ol.ae&if;t&yfo@kd jyefvnfy@kd aqmifjcif; rðy&ay?
Õ 'kuo Q nfrsm;.vHòk cHr/_

'kuo Q nfrsm;. vHòk cHrr_ mS vnf; tajccHusaom tcsuw f csujf zpfonf?
cdv
k cH_ iG hf awmif;cHaomolrsm;onf olw@kd b0touf&iS o f efa&;twGuf cdv k cH_ iG hf
awmif;cHjcif;jzpfonf? 'kuo Q nfrsm; cdv k cH_ iG afh wmif;cHaeaom e,fajrwGif xdo k l
wd@k ukd vHòk crH r_ ay;Edik yf gu 'kuoQ nfrsm;tm; umuG,af pmifah &Smufro _ nf t"dyg` ,f
rJjh zpfayvdrrhf nf? 'kuo Q nfrsm;. ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m vHòk cHa&;ESihf 'kuo
Q nfrsm; cdvk &H_ m
ae&ma'orsm;. vHòk cHa&;onfvnf; Ttcsuw f iG tf óuH;0ifonf? trsK;d orD;
'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t=urf;zufro _ nfvnf; ,cktcsuw f iG f tóuH;
0ifygonf?
Õ 'kuo
Q nfrsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;
rdrtd ouf&iS cf iG u hf kd tE &W m,fay; taESmuft,Suðf yaeaom wdik ;f jynf
rS tjcm;wdik ;f jynftwGi;f od@k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom rnfonh'f u k o Q nfurkd S
wdkif;jynftwGif; w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufr_oufoufjzifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;
rðy&ay? ol. vlrsK;d jzpfr/_ ud;k uG,rf /_ Ekid if o
H m;jzpfr/_ vlra_ &; od@k r[kwf Edik if aH &;t
oif;tzJ@G wiG f tzJ@G 0ifjzpfra_ =umifh ol.wdik ;f jynfwiG f tE &W m,f&I dS xGuaf jy;wdr;f
a&Smifvmolonf xdt k csuu f kd oufqikd &f m tpd;k &xHwiG f cdik cf ikd v
f vkH wkH ifjyEdik f
110
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
ygu ‚if;wd@k ukd wdik ;f jynftwGi;f w&m;r0if0ifa&mufrj_ zifh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifI
r&ay?
'kuo
Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;onf 0efxrf;aygi;f ig;axmifausmjf zifh
vnfywfv#u&f o dS nf? 0efxrf;rsm;. (80) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f rSmvufawGŒe,fy,frsm;wGif
vkyu f ikd v
f #u&f +dS yD; Edik if aH ygi;f (115) Edik if w
H iG f ±H;k cGaJ ygi;f (200) ausmf zGiv
hf pS x
f m;
onf? 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k . A[dak umfrwD0if Edik if aH ygi;f rSm (50)
EdkifiH&Sdonf?
(84) urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J tpnf; (United Nations Organization)

urBmu h v
k or*~tzG@J tpnf;onf ta&;}u;D qH;k aom tjynfjynfqidk &f m
tzG@J tpnf;jzpfygonf? 1945 ck/ Zefe0g&v D (26) &ufae@wiG f tar&duefEidk if H
qefz&efppPuòkd rd@Y vufrw S af &;xd;k cJah om ukvor*~a=unmpmwrf;t& ay:
ayguv f mcJjh cif;jzpf+yD; urBmEh idk if rH sm;tm;vH;k eD;yg;udk twlwuG yg0ifvmatmif
vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhonf?
AmqDvo D abmwlpmcsKyft&“Ekid if w H umyl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ wd;k wuf
&efEiS hf +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vHòk cHa&;&&Sad p&ef”&nf&, G cf sujf zifh 1919 ckEpS wf iG f Edik if H
aygi;f csKyftoif;}uD; (The League of Nations) udk zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifco hJ nf?
od@k aomf yxrurBmppf}uD;t+yD;wGif zGŒJ pnf;cJah om Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;onf
'kw, d urBmppfukd wm;qD;Edik jf cif;r&Sb d J ysujf ym;oGm;&onf? 'kw, d urBmppft+yD;
wGif aemufxyfurBmppf wm;qD;Edik af pa&;twGuf Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;uJo h Œkd
Edik if wH umyg0ifaom toif;wckukd zGŒJ pnf;&ef&nf&, G cf =hJ uonf? ,cifu zGŒJ pnf;
cJ+h yD; xifoavmufatmifjrifr_ r&&Scd ahJ om Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;. oifcef;pm
udk,lI rnfuJhodkŒatmifjrifatmif zGJŒpnf;Edkifrnfukd avhvmtm;xkwfcJh=u
onf? 1945 ckEpS w f iG f tar&duefEikd if /H qefz&efppPuòkd rdŒY usi;f ycJah om ukv
or*~/ Edik if w H umtzGŒJ tpnf;nDvmcHoŒkd wufa&mufvm=uaom Edik if aH ygi;f
(50) rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u ukvor*~ vlŒtcGit hf a&;qdik &f m vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;
111
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vlt
Œ cGit
rsm;. tajccHtoufaoG;a=umjzpfaom ukvor*~yÉdnmOf (United Nations
Charter) udk a&;qGjJ yXmef;Edik cf o hJ nf? ppfa=umifh nDvmcHoŒkd rwufa&mufEikd af om
ydv
k efEikd if u H yg aemufyikd ;f wGif twnfðycJo h jzifh ukvor*~ukd pwifzŒJG pnf;cJo h nfh
Edik if t H a&twGuo f nf (51) Edik if jH zpfonf? xdpk mcsKyf pwiftouf0ifco hJ nfh
1945 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv (24) &ufaeŒrSpI ukvor*~}uD;vnf; touf0if
v_y&f mS ; vnfywfco hJ nf? ,cktcgwiG f ukvor*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if aH ygi;f (180) ausmf
&SdcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
urBmu h vk or*~. t"du&nf&, G cf surf mS æ
Õ wurBmvH;k +idr;f csr;f a&;pd;k rd;k ap&ef/
Õ Edi k if rH sm;twGi;f rdwb f ufqefaom qufo, G rf _ wd;k wufap&ef/

Õ jynfor l sm; b0wd;k wufaumif;rGev f map&ef/ qif;&JraGJ wr_/ pmrwwfajrmuf
r_EiS hf a&m*gab;xlajymr_w@kd ukd wdu k zf su&f ef/ obm0ywf0ef;usif zsuq f ;D r_ukd
&yfw&Hh efEiS hf wOD;.tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfru_ kd wOD;u tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;&ef/
Õ xd& k nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf Edik if rH sm;t=um; A[dck sut f jzpf
pGr;f aqmif ay;&efw@kd jzpfonf?
xd&k nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf ukvor*~ukd Edik if w H um
Oya'ESihf ukvor*~yÉdnmOfwŒkd tay:wGif tajcwnfI zGŒJ pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
ukvor*~. rl0g'rsm;rSmæ
Õ tzJ@G 0ifEi dk if w H ikd ;f tcsKyftjcmtm%m wef;wlr&_ o dS nf?
Õ tzJ@G 0ifEi kd if wH ikd ;f ukvor*~yÉdnmOfukd vdu k ef m&rnf?
Õ Edi k if rH sm;onf rwlujGJ ym;r_rsm;udk +idr;f csr;f aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifo h m ajz&SiS ;f
&rnf?
Õ Edi k if rH sm;onf tiftm;oH;k jcif; od@k r[kwf tiftm;oH;k &ef +cdr;f ajcmufjcif; wd@k ukd
a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
Õ ukvor*~onf rnfonfE h ikd if .H jynfwiG ;f a&;&mudrk S 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;
rðy&?
112
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
Õ Edi
k if rH sm;onf ukvor*~tm; 0dik ;f 0ef;yhyH ;kd ulno D ifo
h nf?
ukvor*~ukd pwifzŒJG pnf;&mwGif 'kw, d urBmppf. ppfEikd Ef ikd if rH sm;u
xlaxmifco hJ jzifh vljzLrsm;toif;[kyif ac:a0:cHc&hJ +yD; Oa&mywdu k o f m;rsm;ESihf
tar&duefrsm;u v$r;f rd;k xm;onfukd awGŒ&onf? AsL±du k a&pDEiS hf Edik if aH &; ay:v
pDrsm;a&;&mwGif ,aeŒwdkif‚if;wdkŒ. =oZmtm%mtiftm; oufa&mufae
vsu&f odS nfukd awGŒjrifEikd o f nf?
ukvor*~pepft& 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf ukvor*~&dS aumfrwDrsm;/ Xmersm;
udk tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;. yx0De,fajrrsm;tvdu k f cGw
J rf;csxm;onf? xdŒk a=umif0h ef
xrf;rsm;ESiXhf mewdik ;f wGif e,fajrtvdu k f uefŒowfxm;aom ta&twGuu f kd
awGŒ&rnfjzpfonf? tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;udk a'otvdu k f atmufygtwdik ;f t=urf;
tm;jzifh cGjJ cm;xm;onf?
(u) tmz&du Edik if rH sm; (50 Edik if )H
(c) tm&S Edik if rH sm; (50 Edik if )H
(*) ta&SŒOa&my Edik if rH sm; (18 Edik if )H
(C) vufwiftar&du ESihf ua&bD,H Edik if rH sm; (34Edik if )H
(i) taemufOa&my ESihf tjcm;Edik if rH sm; (23Edik if )H wdŒk jzpfonf?
tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k uae'gEikd if EH iS hf =opa=wvsEikd if w H Œkd udk a'o(i)
wGif xnfo h iG ;f xm;+yD; wl&uDEikd if o H nf a'o (i) tjyif tm&SEikd if rH sm;wGiv f nf;
yg0ifonfukd awGŒ&onf? azmfjyyga'o cGjJ cm;r_wiG yf if tmz&du/ tm&S/ vufwif
tar&duESihf ua&bD,EH ikd if rH sm;. pkaygi;f rJta&twGuo f nf pkpak ygi;f rJta&
twGu. f oH;k yHEk pS yf x
kH ufyakd eojzifh rJc&JG mwGif tm;aumif;r_ &&Sad eonfudk awGŒ
&onf?
(85) ukvor*~v+kH cHKa&;aumifpD (United Nations Security Council)

Taumifpo D nf ukvor*~tzG@J tpnf;}uD;. t"duusaom Xmersm;
xJrS wckjzpfygonf? vHòk cHa&;aumifpu
D kd t+rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0if (5) Edik if jH zpfaom tar
113
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vlt
Œ cGit
&duef/ +Adwed /f qdAk , D uf/ jyifopfEiS hf w±kwEf ikd if w H Œkd tjyif t+rJwrf;r[kwaf om
tzGŒJ 0if (10) Edik if jH zifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? t+rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0if (5) Edik if w H iG f ADwkd
tm%m&So d nf? xdu k o hJ Œkd ADwt kd m%m ay;tyfxm;jcif;a=umifo h m tar&duef
Edik if EH iS hf tjcm;tiftm;}u;D Edik if w H Œkd udk ukvor*~wiG f yg0ifvmatmif qGaJ qmifEikd f
cJjh cif;jzpfonf? ‚if;.wm0efrmS ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfwiG f jyXmef;xm;onft h wdik ;f
+idr;f csr;f a&; xdr;f odr;f a&;/ ppfwm;qD;a&;/ usL;ausmrf r_ sm;udk wm;qD;tjypfay;a&;
wdŒk jzpfonf? taxGaxG nDvmcHuo hJ @kd ukvor*~. Xmersm;onf tpd;k &rsm;udk
‚if;wd@k t}uHay;csurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef t}uHay;yef=um;±Ho k m yef=um;
Edik af omfvnf; vHòk cHa&;aumifpw D iG yf gaom t+rJwrf;tzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh
wm0ef&&dS dS vkyaf qmif&rnfh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk csrw S Ef ikd o
f nfh yg0g&odS nf? vHòk cHa&;
aumifpo D nf urBmyh v k yd t f zGŒJ wzGŒJ uJo h Œkd yifjzpfonf? vHòk cHa&;aumifpt D wGuf
qH;k jzwfcsurf =l urf;w&yfukd axmufcrH J (9) rJ &&Srd o S mtwnfðyEdik o f nf?t+rw J rf;
tzGŒJ 0if (5) Edik if t H euf Edik if w H Edik if u H ADwt kd m%moH;k +yD;uefŒuGucf v hJ #if pkpak ygi;f
(14) rJ &&Sad pumrl qH;k jzwfcsuf txrajrmufay? tar&duefEikd if o H nf tpP
a&;ESihf awmiftmz&duEdik if H udprP sm;wGif ADwt kd m%moH;k I uefŒuGucf o hJ nfukd
awGŒonf? tmz*efepPwefwiG f ppfjzpfymG ;aomtcg qdAk , D ufjynfaxmifpu k
ADwt kd m%m oH;k rnfðycJo h jzifh vHòk cHa&;aumifprD S 0ifa&mufta&;,laqmif&u G rf _
rðyEdik cf ahJ y? jyifopfEiS hf +Adwed Ef ikd if w H Œkd onf ADwt kd m%mudk oH;k cJonf? w±kwEf ikd f
iHonfvnf; wdik 0f rfu|e;f ta&;udpjP zpfymG ;cJo h nfh 1972 ckEpS /f uwnf;rSpI
ADwt kd m%m aemufxyfo;kH jcif; r&Scd ahJ cs? vHòk cHa&;aumifpD t+rJwrf; (5) Edik if . H
tm;òyid rf r_ sm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r–;topf a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ uf&m
wGif r=umc%awGŒ&wwfonf? xdŒk a=umift h +rJwrf; tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H wEdik if o H nf
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfxufyif ydrk t kd m%m&So d nf[k qd=k uonf?
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf yÉdyuQwckjzpfvmygu vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D od&dS
vmatmif wifjyEdik o f nf? xdt k cgrsK;d wGif vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D yÉdyuQjzpfaeaom
Edik if rH sm;udk +idr;f csr;f aomenf;jzifh ajz&SiS ;f =u&efyef=um;Edik o f nf? xdo k @kd jzpfaeaom
114
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
yÉdyuQukd rdrw d @kd u, kd w f ikd f ajz&Si;f Edik jf cif;r&So d nft h cg xdjk y\emudk tjynfjynf
qdik &f mw&m;±H;k (ICJ) od@k wifjyI xdw k &m;±H;k rS rnforl eS o f nf/ rnforl mS ;onf
udk qH;k jzwfonf? vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;udk Edik if w H Edik if H
od@k r[kwf Edik if rH sm;tay: ukeo f ,
G rf r_ sm; &yfwef@yw d q f @kd &ef/ yifv,f/ ava=umif;/
rD;&xm;vrf;/ pmwdu k /f w,fvzD ek ;f / a&'D,kd tp&So d nfh qufo, G af &;enf;vrf;
rsm; ydwq f @kd ta&;,l&ef yef=um;Edik o f nf? xdo k @dk vkyaf qmifrr_ sm; ratmifjrifygu
vHòk cHa&;aumifpo D nf ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udak pv$wI f vHòk cHa&;ESihf
ppfrZhJ rkH sm;wnfaqmuf&ef od@k r[kwf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;aqG;aEG;&ef wm0efay;
apcdik ;f Edik of nf? od@k aomf yÉdyuQwiG f yg0ifywfoufaeaom Edik if rH sm;tm;vH;k u
oabmwlciG ðhf yrSom ukvor*~ +idr;f csr;f a&;wyfrsm;udk apv$wEf ikd rf nfjzpfonf?
tcsKŒd ta&;udprP sm;wGif vHòk cHa&;aumifpu D tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm; ppfa&;t& 0if
a&mufjzefajzay;&ef tm%may;Edik o f nf? tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;uvnf; xdo k @kd ta&;
udpjP zpfay:vmygu rdrw d @kd ppfwyftiftm;rsm;udk apv$wu f n l &D ef wm0ef&o dS nf?
t+rJwrf;tzGŒJ 0if r[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;. oufwrf;udk (2) ESpf owfrw S f
xm;+yD; oufwrf;wd;k cGihf r&Sad y? xdu k o hJ Œkd t+rJwrf;r[kwaf om Edik if rH sm;udk a&G;
cs,&f mwGif qENro J ;kH yHEk pS yf kH trsm;pk&&efv+kd yD; a'oqdik &f m Edik if rH sm;u oabmwl
ygu t+rJwrf;r[kwaf omtzGŒJ 0if jzpfEikd o f nf? vHòk cHa&;aumifp. D OuUXtjzpf
t*Fvyd t f uQ&m tpDtpOftwdik ;f vpOfajymif;vJ wm0efxrf;aqmifaponf?
(86) tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit

hf a&;rsm;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Dec-
laration of Human Rights)
ukvor*~. vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human
Rights) u jyifqifa&;qJ+G yD; 1948 ck/ 'DZifbmv 10&ufae@wiG f urBmu h v
k or*~
taxGaxGnv D mcHrS twnfðyjyXmef;vdu k af om Ta=unmpmwrf;onf vl@t
cGit
hf a&;rsm;ukd Edik if w
H um±_axmifrh aS eI v$r;f òcHEikd o
f nfh yxrqk;H aom tjynf
jynfqikd &f mjyXmef;csujf zpfygonf? ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;. tyd'k f (68) t&
115
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vlt
Œ cGit
vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights) tygt0if ukv
or*~txl;aumfr&Sirf sm;udk zJ@G pnf;wnfaxmifvmcJo h nf? vl@tcGit hf a&;aumf
r&Siu f kd 1946 ckEpS w f iG f wGif pwifz@GJ pnf;cJo h nf? xdak umfr&Sirf S OD;pD;OD;aqmifI
ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGiyf g0ifaom vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG q hf akd om
t"dym` ,frsm;udk zGiq hf &kd iS ;f jyEdik rf nfh tjynfjynfqikd &f mvl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpm
wrf;udk jyifqifa&;qJG&ef wm0efay;cJhonf? tar&dueforwuawmfjzpfol
t,fveD m±d;k pbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) . acgi;f aqmifrj_ zifh a&;qJcG ahJ om xdpk m
wrf;tay: urBm@Eikd if rH sm;u txl;pdw0f ifpm;cJ=h uonf?
tpdk;&ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;/ tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJG@rsm;ESifh t}udrf}udrf
aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifrr_ sm; vkyaf qmift+yD; 1948 ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif xdak =unmpmwrf;
udk t+yD;owfEikd cf o hJ nf? xdrk =l urf;udk t}udr}f udrt f zefzefavhvmr_rsm; ðyvkyf
t+y;D 1948 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wiG f jyifopfEikd if H yJ&pfòrŒd wGiu f si;f yaom
urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrSaeI xdka=unmpmwrf;udk twnfðyjy
Xmef;EdkifcJhonf? EdkifiHaygif; 48 EdkifiHuaxmufcHcJhonf? bJvwf&yf/ csufudkp
vdak A;uD;,m;/ ydv k ef/ aqmf't D ma&;AD;,m;/ awmiftmz&du/ ,lu&dr;f / qdAk D
,ufjynfaxmifpEk iS hf ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if pH onfh Ekid if (H 8) Edik if w H @kd u rJray;bJ
=um;aecJ=h u+yD; uef@uu G o f nfEh ikd if v H ;kH 0r&Sbd J twnfðyjyXmef; Edik cf o hJ nf? tjynf
jynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufaom
taxGaxGEiS hf tajccHtcsurf sm;yg0ifonf? xdv k Œl tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;
onf tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;taeESihf av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k oabmwlvufrw S af &;
xd;k &efvt kd yfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsK;d r[kwaf omfvnf; a=unmpmwrf;ygt
csufrsm;udk wefzdk;xm;apmifha&Smuf&ef urBmhukvor*~tzGJŒ0if EdkifiHwdkif;wGif
wm0ef&o dS nf? urBmu h v k or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu 1948 ckEpS w f iG f jyXmef;
vdu
k af om tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;onf vufrw S af &;
xd;k p&mvdt k yfaom oabmwlpmcsKyfr[kwaf omfvnf; rnfonfEh ikd if rH qdk ukv
or*~yÉdnmOfpmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k vdu k +f yD; ukvor*~tzGŒJ 0ifEikd if H jzpfomG ;
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Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
onfEiS w hf òydief uf tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlŒtcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsuf
rsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef wm0ef&o dS mG ;+yDjzpfonf? tjynfjynfqikd &f mvlŒtcGihf
ta&; a=unmpmwrf;udk ukvor*~yÉdnmOfrv S I JG rnfonfph mcsKyf/ rnfonfh
Oya'urSrv$r;f rd;k Edik ?f Ta=unmpmwrf;udk Edik if t H pd;k &rsm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;ESifh
ywfoufI av;pm;vdu k ef mr_ukd wdik ;f wmaom pHcsed pf n H e$ ;f tjzpf toH;k ðyvm
cJo
h nf? ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHwiG o f mru vHòk cHa&;aumifpw D iG yf g ud;k
um;=u&onf? Edik if w H umOya'qdik &f m pmcsKyfrsm;wGiv f nf; ud;k um;azmfjy=u
onf? Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;. zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;wGiv f nf; ud;k um;azmfjy
avh&o dS nf? xdŒk jyifEikd if t H awmfrsm;rsm;. Oya'a&;qGrJ r_ sm;wGiv f nf; =oZmouf
a&mufr&_ o dS nfuakd wGŒ&+yD; wcgw&H trsK;d om;Oya'rsm;. tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfvm
onf? Edik if t H oD;oD;. Edik if aH wmfw&m;±H;k rsm;wGiv f nf; Oya't& ud;k um;vm
cJ=h uonf?
xdv k Œl tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif vlom;wdŒk . Edik if o H m;tcGit hf
a&;/ Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcGit hf a&;/ vlra_ &;tcGit hf a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'k af ygi;f (30) yg0if+yD; tyd'k (f 1)
ESihf (2) wd@k onf vl@tcGit hf a&;. t"dym` ,ft,ltqwd@k ukd zGiq hf &kd iS ;f jyxm;onf?
tyd'k f (3) rS (2&) txdonf tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf? tyd'k f (28) rS
(30) txdonf xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm; av;pm;&ef/ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;
udk av;pm;&ef/ rnforl S rcsK;d azmuf&ef wm0efrsm;udk &Si;f vif;azmfjyxm;onf?
(87) trsKd ;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif; (Violence Against Women)

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;qdkonfrSm “trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;
pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap/ vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap/ ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap tE W
&m,fjzpfapaom/ temw&cHpm;apaom/ cHpm;ap&rnf[I l +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;
tygt0if ajcmufveS @f ord ;f oGi;f r_rsm;/ ‚if;wd@k . vGwv f yfrr_ sm;tm; rw&m;z,f
&Sm;jcif;rsm;jzpfapr_/ xdkodk@jzpfapEdkifavmufaom tðytrlrsm;tm;vHk;”[lI
117
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vlt
Œ cGit
1993 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGiu f si;f ycJah om ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH. trsK;d
orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufry_ aysmufa&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif t"dym` ,fziG x hf m;
onf? wenf;tm;jzifq h akd omf trsK;d orD;ESit hf rsK;d om;rsm;t=um; trsK;d orD;rsm;
tay: wqifeh rd ahf omtjrifa=umifh ay:ayguv f m&aom rnDr#onft h =urf;zuf
r_udkqdkvdkonf?
1993 ckEpS f ukvor*~ urBmv h Œl tcGit hf a&;nDvmcHwiG f xdu k pd EP iS yhf wf
oufI us,u f s,jf yefŒjyefŒ aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; tdraf xmiftwGi;f
ESihf jyifywdŒk wGif t=urf;zufru _ kd umuG,&f efwifjycJo h nf? trsK;d orD;rsm;tay:
t=urf;zufjcif;qdik &f m a=unmpmwrf;udk 1993 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmv (20) &ufaeŒ
wGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu xkwjf yefa=unmcJo h nf? 1994 ckEpS /f rwf
vwGif trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufrq _ ikd &f m txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su d kd
yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf cefŒtyfco hJ nf? xdpk pkH rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&St d m; trsK;d orD;rsm;
tay: t=urf;zufjcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESihf tusK;d qufrsm; avhvmazmfxw k f
&ef wm0efvyk yf ikd cf iG hf tjynft h 0ay;cJo h nf? trsK;d orD;rsm;onf tb,fa=umifh
t=urf;zufcaH e&onfukd txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su d olr.tpD&ifcpH mwGif
atmufygtwdik ;f qdx k m;onf?
“trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf olrwdŒk .vdiaf =umifh t"rRusichf &H jcif;/ vdit f *F g
tm; zsuq f ;D jcif;ponfwŒkd ESihf &ifqikd &f onf? trsK;d om;rsm;ESihf qufo, G af er_
a=umifh tdrw f iG ;f &Sd rdom;pktwGi;f t=urf;zufjcif;/ ZeD;tm;owfjzwfjcif; ponf
wdŒk ESihf &ifqikd &f onf? vlrsK;d wrsK;d odŒk r[kwf tkypf w k pk0ifjzpfaoma=umifh t"rR
usicfh &H jcif;/ vlrsK;d pkrsm;tm;zdEydS &f mwGif t"rRusichf &H jcif;rsm;udk &ifqikd &f onf?
rdom;pktwGi;f wGif trsK;d orD;jzpf&jcif;a=umifh ±du k Ef uS jf cif;/ vdit f &
apmfum;cH&jcif;/ tcGit hf a&;rsm; jiif;y,fc&H jcif;/ tvdrk wlbJ rdrcd ifyeG ;f uvdif
qufqjH cif; ponfwŒkd udók uHawG@&onf? vlrt _ odik ;f t0dik ;f wGiv f nf; t"rRusihf
cH&jcif;/ a&mif;0,fc&H jcif;/ t"rRjynfw h efqmtjzpf apcdik ;f cH&jcif;wd@k ukd &ifqikd &f
onf? Edik if t H wGi;f wGiv f nf; tusO;f axmiftwGi;f t"rRusichf &H jcif;rsm;/ trsK;d
118
HRterm.pmd 118 2/26/2004, 3:25 PM

Œ cGit
hf a&;a0g[m&rsm;
orD;rsm;tm; zdEydS af omOya'rsm;ESihf &ifqikd &f jcif;rsm;udk óuHawG@onf” [kqkd
xm;onf?
trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufro _ nf trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; vdiyf ikd ;f qdik f
&muJjG ym;r_t& cJjG cm;owfrw S jf cif;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom ta=umif;t&mwck
yifjzpfonf? t=urf;zufro _ nf yHo k ¾mefrsK;d pHjk zifh ae&mwdik ;f / Edik if w
H ikd ;f wGif awG@
jrifjzpfymG ;vsu&f o dS nf? vufcu H siohf ;kH aeaom trsK;d orD;rsm;tay: zdEydS o f nfh
,Ofaus;r_tpOftvmtcsKŒd / bmoma&;usiphf OftcsKŒd ESihf Oya'tcsKŒd wd@k tjyif
‘zd0k g'’ }uD;pd;k v$r;f rd;k aeaom ywf0ef;usiEf iS hf Edik if aH &;tajctaewcsKŒd u trsK;d
orD;rsm;tay: zdEydS rf u _ w
kd eG ;f tm;ay;aeonf?
(88) qd;k 0g;vSaomyHpk t

H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh uav;oli,frsm;tm; cdik ;f apjcif; (Worst
forms of Child Labor)
qd;k 0g;vSaom yHpk tH rsK;d rsK;d jzifh uav;oli,frsm;tm; cdik ;f apjcif;qdo k nfh
t"dym` ,fukd 1999 ckEpS w f iG jf yXmef;cJah om tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G
csKyf (ILO) . oabmwlq;kH jzwfcsut f rSwf 182 (ILO Convention - 182) Y
azmfjyxm;ygonf? xdkazmfjyxm;csuft& touf (18) ESpfatmuft&G,f&Sd
a,mufsm;uav; rde;f uav;rsm;tm; (u) u|eðf yjcif;/ u|eo f zG,af pcdik ;f jcif;/
t"rRvyk f tm;apcdik ;f jcif;ESihf ppfyrGJ sm;twGi;f wdu k cf ukd &f eftwGuf ppfwyftwGi;f
0ifa&mufcikd ;f jcif; (c) jynfw h efqmod@k r[kwf npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toH;k ðyjcif;/
jrLqG,jf cif;ESihf toH;k ðy&eftwGuu f rf;vSr;f jcif;/ (*) rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyif ef;tyg
t0if w&m;r0ifvyk if ef;rsm;wGif toH;k ðyjcif;/ jrLqG,jf cif;ESihf toH;k ðy&eftwGuf
urf;vSr;f jcif; (C) uav;.use;f rma&;/ vHòk cHa&;ESihf pdw"f mwfyikd ;f wd@k ukd xdcu kd f
tE &W m,fjzpfaponhf vkyif ef;cGiw f iG f apcdik ;f jcif;ponfw@kd onf qd;k 0g;vSaom
yHpk t
H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh uav;oli,frsm;tm; cdik ;f apjcif;ajrmufygonf? uav;.use;f
rma&;/ vHòk caH &;ESihf pdw"f mwfyikd ;f wd@k ukd xdcu kd t
f E &W m,fjzpfaponhf vkyif ef;cGiw f iG f
apcdik ;f jcif;udk tao;pdw&f iS ;f vif;xm;&mwGif xdv k yk if ef;cGirf sK;d onf uav;rsm;.
119
HRterm.pmd 119 2/26/2004, 3:25 PM

vlt
Œ cGit
±kyyf ikd ;f / pdwyf ikd ;f ESihf umrydik ;f qdik &f mudk apmfum;rw&m; ðyusichf EH ikd &f onft h vky/f
tusO;f tusyt f wGi;f ydwaf vSmifxm;aomae&mrsK;d / tE &W m,f}uD;I jrifrh m;
aomae&mrsKd;/ a&atmuf/ ajratmufponfhae&mrsKd;wGif vkyf&onfhtvkyf/
use;f rma&;ESihf rnD!w G o f nfh ywf0ef;usit f wGi;f vky&f onft h vky/f tE &W m,f
&Sad omt&m 0wWKrsm;t=um; vky&f onft h vky/f tcsed =f umjrifph mG vky&f jcif;/ nt
csed v
f yk &f jcif;/ ydwaf vSmifreG ;f =uyfaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif vky&f jcif;pojzifh tvGef
cufcJaom tajctaersm;wGif vkyf&aomtvkyf (tdrfwGif;r_tvkyful&eft
wGuf tvkyf&Sif.aetdrfwGif oGm;a&mufaexkdif tvkyfvkyf&onfhuav;rsKd;
onf TtcsuEf iS hf tóuH;0ifonf) ponfw@kd jzpfygonf?
oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrw S x f ;kd xm;aom tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taejzifh
xdak pcdik ;f jcif;rsm; vH;k 0yaysmufap&eftwGuf tcsed u f mvwckukd owfrw S +f yD;
tpDtpOfrsm;udv k nf; pepfwuscsrw S u f m aqmif±u G o f mG ;&rnfjzpfonf? xdo k @kd
vkyaf qmif&mwGif rdrEd ikd if t H wGi;f &Sd uav;tvkyo f rm; tajctaersm;ESihf ywf
oufaomowif;rsm;/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;&ef/ EdkifiHwumtzJG@
tpnf;rsm;ESiyhf ;l aygi;f I xdo k wif;rsm;udk zvS,jf cif;/ usL;vGeo f rl sm;udk tjypfay;
jcif;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmif&ef/ tvky&f iS t f vkyo f rm; tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf tjcm;vlxk
tzJ@G rsm;t=um; xdu k pd t
P a=umif; ydrk ekd m;vnfvmatmif v_@H aqmf&ef/ xdu k pd uP kd
wdkufzsuf&mwGif taumif;qHk;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udkazmfaqmifI trsm;od
atmifjzef@a0&efEiS hf xdo k @kd apcdik ;f cH&aom uav;rsm;.rdbrsm;ESihf t±G,af &muf
+yD;om;rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk tvkyt f udik rf sm; zefw;D ay;jcif;ESihf oufarG;0rf;a=umif;
twwfrsm; oif=um;ay;&efw@kd yg0ifonf?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
120
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(HUMAN RIGHTS TERMS) vlt

HRterm.pmd 1 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 2 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 3 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 4 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

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HRterm.pmd 7 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 8 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 9 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

vl@tcGit hf a&;oifwef;rsm;udk yd@k csvmcJo h nfh tawG@tóuHrsm;t& vl@

HRterm.pmd 10 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

a0g[m&rsm;udk t*Fvyd t f uQ&mtpDtpOf (A-Z) twdik ;f pDpOfxm;yg

HRterm.pmd 11 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 12 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(2) vdu k ef mapmifx h rd ;f r_ (Adherence)

(3) vufcEH idk rf l (Admissibility)

HRterm.pmd 13 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(4) ,m,Dtxl;vkyaf qmifay;r_ (Affirmative Action)

HRterm.pmd 14 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(5) tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit

HRterm.pmd 15 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(6) tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit

HRterm.pmd 16 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 17 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(7) tmz&du vlom;ESijhf ynforl sm;. tcGit

HRterm.pmd 18 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 19 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 20 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(10) tajccHtcGit fh a&;rsm; (Basic Rights)

HRterm.pmd 21 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(11) yÉdnmOfpmwrf; (Charter)

(12) uav;oli,f (Child)

HRterm.pmd 22 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(13) uav;ppfom; (Child Soldier)

HRterm.pmd 23 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 24 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(15) vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights)

HRterm.pmd 25 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 26 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 27 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 28 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 29 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(16) trsK;d orD;rsm;tqift

HRterm.pmd 30 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(17) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyof rm;tzGŒJ csKyf. t}uHðyaxmufccH surf sm;ESihf

HRterm.pmd 31 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(18) pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESi,

HRterm.pmd 32 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 33 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(19) trsK;d orD;rsm;tm; cGjJ cm;qufqrH y_ aysmufa&; aumfrwD (Committee

HRterm.pmd 34 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 35 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(20) vlrsK;d a&; zdEydS cf jGJ cm;qufqrH r_ sm; zsuo

HRterm.pmd 36 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(21) tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzG@J csKyf. tzG@J tpnf;rsm; vGwv

HRterm.pmd 37 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 38 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

HRterm.pmd 39 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(23) qufo, G jf cif; (Communication)

HRterm.pmd 40 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM

(24) vkyyf ikd cf iG hf (Competence)

HRterm.pmd 41 2/26/2004, 3:24 PM