Section 2, Annotated Bibliography

Frieden, R. T., & Blakeman, E. D. (2005). The Dirty Dozen: 12 Myths That Undermine Tobacco

Control. ​American Journal of Public Health. 95, 1500-1504.​ doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.

063073

Summary​: According to the American Journal of Public Health, there are several myths about

smoking that continue to be believed by many people. This source explains how many of these

myths are the reason why our society is being encouraged to take on this behavior, and has even

prevented many from quitting. The author’s position is to illustrate the idea that cigarette

smoking is more than simply understanding the issue; it is one that should be carefully reviewed

in order to avoid basic misinterpretations. The author details the ideas that have been

progressively believed and creates a connection that is related to the overall behavior.

Evaluation​: This research was very successful in grabbing the audience’s attention and keeping

the audience engaged. By appealing to logic, the author is able to evoke a sense of

comprehension in the audience. This was an effective source since it allowed one to gain a better

understanding of all the factors that go into smoking. It was really interesting to see how many

people are actually being affected by the myths that many of us have thought of at least once in

our lives. By the end of the article, you begin to think of the significant impact this behavior has

on an individual. For this same reason, one can see how effective the research is with delivering

the message and getting the point across.

Significant Quotes​:
 ● “Many myths about smoking… encourage people to begin or continue smoking or that

deter them from quitting.”

● “These myths are believed true not only by many smokers but also by some physicians

and policy makers, a fact that hinders development of effective tobacco control policy

and treatment for individuals.”

Goodchild, M., Nargis, N., & d’Espaignet, T. E. (2018). Global economic cost of

smoking-attributable disease. ​BMJ Tobacco Control. 27, 58-64.​

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305

Summary​: In ​The Global economic cost of smoking-attributable disease​, the authors discuss the

worldwide economic loss due to smoking and smoking-attributable diseases. The aim of this

paper is to measure the global economic cost at the hand of this behavior. This paper uses “Cost

of Illness” methodology meaning that the gross economic impact is divided into direct and

indirect costs. Direct costs referring to hospital fees, and indirect costs related to productivity

loss. The authors position is to simply inform the audience of the impact that smoking is having

in the worldwide economy. They do this by explaining how 12% of all deaths in the working-age

population are due to smoking. It also explains how the direct cost of smoking and smoking

related diseases are $422 billion as well as a $1014 billion in indirect costs.

Evaluation​: This is an effective source since it provides the audience with the economic

knowledge when regarding smoking, which provides one with a different perspective on this

issue. After reading this research paper, one is able to understand the economic side of

smoking-attributable diseases and not necessarily the impact on public health. This is vital
information since extends our knowledge of this issue, thus gaining a better angle to approach

this behavior as a whole.

Significant Quotes​:

● “The indirect cost of smoking-attributable diseases is estimated at…. US$1014 billion,

with disability accounting for… US$357 billion and mortality accounting for… US$657

billion.”

● “The total economic cost of smoking is thus estimated at PPP$1852 billion (US$1436

billion).”

Jamal, A., King, A. B., Neff, J. L., Whitmill, J., Babb, D. S., & Graffunder, M. C. (2016).

Current cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 2005-2015. ​Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention. 65, 1205-1211. ​Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6544a2.htm

Summary​: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking is the largest

cause of preventable deaths. This source addresses the proportion of American adults who smoke

as well as introducing several smoking disparities within the American Society. With this in

mind, it can be said that the position of this paper is to introduce the facts of how public health is

being affected by cigarette smoking. This source does an excellent job of illustrating how

aggressive cigarette smoking can be to an individual and ultimately, an entire population.

Evaluation​: This source by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is another great

example because it does a great job of outlining the significant impact that smoking has on

health. The information provided leads to the audience being well informed of the effects of
cigarette smoking. The source is credible because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

is a national public health institution of the United States that seeks to approach the health of the

public population. The introduction of facts about the several smoking disparities does a great

job at allowing the audience understand this issue at a full extent. By providing evidence that

supports the many smoking disparities that have progressively risen to light, one is able to adopt

a different perspective that allows one to see the intensity of the issue and not necessarily just the

surface.

Significant Quotes​:

● “Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States”

● “​The proportion of U.S. adults who smoke cigarettes declined from 20.9% in 2005 to

15.1% in 2015, and the proportion of daily smokers declined from 16.9% to 11.4%.”

● “In 2015, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher among adults who were male.

Were aged 25-44 years; were American Indian / Alaska Native; … had a General

Educational Development certificate (GED); lived below the federal poverty line.”

McGinnis, M. J., & Foege, H. W. (2003). Mortality and Morbidity Attributable to Use of

Addictive Substances in the United States. ​Proceedings of the Association of American

Physicians. 111. ​https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09256.x

Summary​: This source emphasizes in the mortality and morbidity rates of addictive substances.

In other words, it provides an extensive amount of information that allows one to understand the

death and illness numbers that can be attributed to addictive substances, which also includes

tobacco. The main situation addressed in this source is the impact that these substances have
continued to have on public health. The author’s position is to show the various effects of

addiction to tobacco, alcohol, and several other drugs and how these eventually lead to physical

and psychological problems.

Evaluation​: The authors do a great job at getting the message across. This source can be

considered credible since authors J. Michael McGinnis, physician and epidemiologist, and

William H. Foenge, epidemiologist, have extensively contributed to national and international

health programs throughout the years. While McGinnis contributed to health policies and health

promotion, William H. Foege, was a former director of the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, which qualifies them both to explain the rigorous effects of addictive substances.

The information was effective at showing the correlation between substance addiction and

morbidity and mortality rates. The source delivers transparent and clear evidence in a brief way

that describe the problem as a whole.

Significant Quotes​:

● “Addiction to tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs inflicts a substantial toll on Americans,

measurable in terms of deaths and illnesses, social costs, and economic costs.”

● “More than one fourth of Americans over the age of 15 has a psychological dependence

on at least one addictive substance. As a result, nearly 590,000 deaths - about a quarter of

all deaths in the United States - are caused by addictive substances: … 446,000 from

tobacco use."
Polito, R. J. (2015). The Smoker’s Body. ​WhyQuit.Com. Motivation, Education and Support for

Cold Turkey Nicotine Cessation.​ Retrieved from

https://whyquit.com/whyquit/A_Smokers_Body.html

Summary​: This picture illustrates the Smoker’s

body. It serves as shocking yet alarming evidence of

what could be of someone who has dedicated their

life to smoking. This illustration tells a story of a

person who has progressively smoked throughout

their lives. As shown, this behavior got ahold of this

person, which unfortunately has resulted in many

effects that can be considered detrimental to the

health of the individual. This source focuses on the

negative effects of smoking in order to create

awareness in our society and to gain a better

understanding what smoking really is about. The

illustration also puts smoking into perspective since it provides the possible morbidity causes of

smoking ranging from cataracts to even cancer and amputation.

Evaluation​: This image serves as more evidence that the issue of smoking in the United States

and the world is extreme. It provides a visual representation to what could happen when someone

spends the majority of their lives engaging in this behavior. It demonstrates that the health of

many individuals is at risk and that many smokers might end up like this. Again, this illustration
evokes a sense of fear and disgust in the audience which is rhetorically effective in terms of

making one understand the consequences of smoking.

Significant Quotes​:

● “People who start smoking in their teens (as more than 70 percent do) and continue for

two decades or more will die 20 to 25 years earlier than those who never light up.

● “ Some of [the] smoking’s less publicized side effects [include] Psoriasis, Cataracts,

Wrinkling, Hearing Loss, Cancer, Tooth decay, Emphysema, Osteoporosis, Heart

disease, Stomach ulcers, Discoloured fingers, Cervical cancer and miscarriage, etc.”

Proctor, N. R. (2004). The Global Smoking Epidemic: A History and Status Report [Abstract].

Clinical Lung Cancer. 5. 371-376. ​https://doi.org/10.3816/CLC.2004.n.016

Summary​: This source focuses on the history of smoking and how this led to the widely known

issue that it is considered today. It explains in detail the factors that lead to an increase in

smoking and how these eventually lead to other morbidities. For instance, it presents the

historical causes for the increase in smoking such as the cigarette rolling machine and mass

media advertisement. The information provided also illustrates how epidemiological evidence

started to create several connections between smoking and lung cancer. The author’s position in

this issue is to simply explain the background of this issue and to provide ways in which this

problem can be approached and addressed in order to control tobacco usage.

Evaluation​: Robert N. Proctor, being an American historian of Science evokes a sense of

credibility in the readers. By providing evidence that is related to the history and background of

cigarette smoking, the author succeeds at persuading the audience into understanding his
position. Personally, this source was really effective at the moment of helping me understand of

how this behavior became such a relevant issue in our society. It also allows one to understand

the perspective that others might have regarding this issue, thus gaining the ability to talk about

this issue in a neutral way.

Significant Quotes​:

● “Historical causes for the rise of smoking include… cigarette rolling machines… the

distribution of cigarettes to soldiers during World War I, mass marketing, the failure of

governments to limit consumption, and the duplicitous denial of hazard by

manufacturers.”

● “Cancers of the lip, throat, and tongue were linked to tobacco as early as the 18th

century, but a lung cancer hazard from smoking was not suspected until the first decade

of the 20th century.”