Nation Building -/fi6« lgdf{0f_

Nation -/fi6«_ M–
Nation eg]sf] dfG5]x?sf] ;d"x xf], h'g Pp6} 7fpFdf a:5g\, h;n] ;dfg ;+:s[lt cjnDag ub{5g\ . pgLx?sf]
ethnic origin, language Pp6} x'G5, Pp6} common community df a:5g\ / logLx?n] :jtGq ?kdf ;/sf/ agfpg
vf]Hb5g\ cyjf agfpF5g\ . ;du|df hgtf, ;/sf/ / ;fj{ef}d;Qf h:tf cfwf/e"t tTjx? ePsf] s'g} b]znfO{ Nation elgG5 .
To;}u/L ;femf Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / efiffefifL ePsf / Pp6} ;/sf/ cGtu{t lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf /x]sf dflg;x?sf] 7"nf]
;d'bfosf] ?kdf Nation nfO{ kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Nation eGg] zAb Nofl6g zAb Nasci af6 ag]sf] xf], h;sf] cy{ x'G5 to be born cyf{t hGdg' eGg] cy{
lbG5 . To;}n] Ps 7fpFdf hGd]sf dflg;x?sf] ;d"xnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt z'?df o; zAbsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf]
kfOG5 . of] evolving process xf] lsgls of] k|lqmof ;+w} kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . This is not old and new process, it is a
relevant process.
A nation is different from country. Nation / State klg Pp6} xf]Ogg\ . Nation df social contest a9L x'G5 .
Tof] population lglZrt e"efudf a:5 eg] Tof] country xf] / ;fy} Tof] nationalities s'g} lglZrt efudf a:5 eg] Tof]
klg country xf] . A country is the land belongs to the nation.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f # cg';f/ æjx'hftLo, jx'eflifs, jx'wfld{s, jx';f+:s[lts, ljz]iftfo'Qm
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg
/xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf]Æ egL /fi6«sf] kl/efiff / ;f]xL jdf]lhdsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
dflg;x?sf] :jtGq, ;+of]lht, /fhgLlts ?kn] ;+ul7t :j?k / cfGtl/s ?kn] j}wtf k|fKt eGg ;lsg] ;d"xnfO{ g}
/fi6« eGg ;lsG5 . /fi6«df aflx/af6 zfl;t x'Fb}g . aflx/sfx? l;tsf] ;xof]u / ;Dks{sf] Ifdtf tyf ?rLsf] t'ngfdf
cfkm"x? aLrsf] cyf{t\ /fi6«leqsf dflg;x? aLrsf] ;fdflhs ;~rf/ / ;xof]u a9L :jefljs, ;dGjofTds / ;xh x'g] ePsfn]
/fi6« :jtGqtfk"j{s PsLs[t cj:yfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«df Pp6f ;/sf/ v8f ePsf] x'G5 / To:tf] ;sf/n] /fi6«leq
k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 .
State -/fHo_ M–
A State is the government of the nation and country (legitimate administrative and decision making institution).
State means -
– a country considered as an organized political community controlled by one government.
– an organized political community forming part of a country.
– the government of a country.
Geography/Territory, Population, Government, Soveriegnty h:tf rf/j6f k|d'v component x?sf] combined form
nfO{ g} State eGg] ul/G5 . State leq government x'G5 . Government eg]sf] administration / political sf]
;dli6ut xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f $ cg';f/ æg]kfn /fHoM– -!_ g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg,
wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] .Æ
g]kfnL zAbsf]ifdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ /fHo (state) eg]sf] -!_ s'g} /fhf jf zf;g ;Qfsf] clwgdf /x]sf] b]z,
d'n's, /fi6«Ù -@_ s'g} s'g} /fi6« cGtu{t :jfoQ zf;gsf] clwsf/ kfPsf] efu jf k|b]z .
/fHo Ps /fhgLlts ;+u7g cGtu{t ;fdfGo sfg"gL :jefj / /Lltl/jfhåf/f k/Dk/fdf afFlwO{ lglZrt If]q zf:jt ?kdf
sAhf ul//x]sf dflg;x?, h;n] ;+ul7t ;/sf/sf] dfWodåf/f cfkm\gf] If]qleq kg]{ ;a} dflg; tyf j:t'x? dfly :jtGq
;Dk|e"tf / lgoGq0fsf] k|of]u ub{5g\, o'4 / zflGt Joj:yf sfod ug'{sf ;fy} ljZjsf cGo ;d'bfo;+u cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw sfod ug{ ;S5g\ Tof] g} /fHo xf] .
Nation-State -/fi6« /fHo_ M–
— Countries where the social concept of nation coincides with political concept of state are called nation-state.
— A state which identifies itself explicitly as the home of a cultural nation is a nation-state.
— Political contests of state / social contest of nation Ps} 7fpFdf ePsf] cj:yf g} nation-state xf] .
— Geography/Territory, Population, Government, Sovereignty oL rf/j6f component x? ha Ps} 7fpFdf x'G5g\ /
logLx?n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . ;fy} tL uP/ nation df ;dflxt x'G5g\ eg] Tof] nation-state xf] .
ha;Dd nationality strong x'Fb}g ta;Dd nation-state aGb}g .
— Nationalities n] dfgj clwsf/df tf]lsPsf universal human right x?nfO{ h'g state df a;]/ enjoy ug{ kfpF5g\ /
To;df ;dflxt x'G5g\ / To;sf] manage ug{ ;lsof] eg] Tof] nation-state xf] .
Nation and State -/fi6« / /fHo_ M–
/fi6«M– -!_ hgtf, ;/sf/ tyf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] s'g} b]z, d'n'sÙ -@_ Pp6} b]zsf Pp6} ;+:s[lt tyf cy{
Joj:yfdf cfj4 ;di6 gful/s, hgtf .
/fHoM– -!_ s'g} /fhf jf zf;g ;Qfsf clwgdf /x]sf] b]z d'n's, /fi6«Ù -@_ s'g} s'g} /fi6« cGtu{t :jfoQ zf;gsf]
clwsf/ kfPsf] efu jf k|b]z .
— /fi6« / /fHo b'a} zAbx? d'n'snfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt k|of]u ul/G5 . /fHo / /fi6« b'a} zAbn] Pp6f ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf /fhgLlts ;d"x jf ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpF5 .
— /fHo zAb /fi6« cGtu{tsf] Pp6f k|b]z jf ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt klg k|of]u x'G5 .

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— /fHon] ;/sf/nfO{ / /fi6«n] hgtfnfO{ klg hgfpg ;S5 .
— /fi6«n] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fHonfO{ g} a9L dfqfdf hgfpFb5 .
— /fHon] /fhgLlts klxrfg af]s]sf] x'G5 eg] /fi6«n] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts klxrfg af]s]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf 5 .
— /fi6«nfO{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts Pstfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf / /fHonfO{ /fhgLlts Pstfsf] k|tLssf] ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 .
— ;fdfGo af]nLrfnLdf / sfg"gL tyf s"6g}lts hutdf ;d]t /fHonfO{ g} /fi6«sf] ?kdf x]g]{ / lrGg] b[li6sf]0fsf]
ljsf; ePsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf /fi6« / /fHosf] km/s cy{sf] vf]hn] jf:tljstfnfO{ eGbf a9L s[lqdtfnfO{ k|ltljlDat u5{
ls eGg] ts{ ;d]t ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
Nationality -/fli6«otf_ M–
Nation National Nationality
— /fli6«otf zAb /fli6«o zAbaf6 ag]sf] b]lvG5 . /fi6« eGg] zAbsf] Oo k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf] /fli6«o zAbn]
/fi6«sf] jf /fi6« ;DaGwL s'/fnfO{ hgfpF5 .
— g]kfnL zAbsf]ifn] /fi6«k|ltsf] cf:yf jf /fi6« lxtsf] efjgf, /fi6« k|]d / /fi6«sf] l:ylt jf cfkm\gf]kgnfO{
/fli6«otfsf] cy{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
— /fli6«otfn] s'g} d'n'sdf a;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] aLrsf] kf/:kl/s Pstf / cGof]Gofl>t cj:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
To;}n] /fli6«otf zAbsf] k|of]u s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] s'g} vf; d'n's;+usf] ;Dj4tfnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt klg x'g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
— /fli6«otfnfO{ gful/stfsf] cy{;+u klg x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 tfklg /fli6«otfsf] cy{ gful/stf eGbf km/flsnf] /x]sf]
x'G5 .
— /fli6«otfnfO{ /fi6«jfbsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{ rng 5 .
— /fli6«otf zAbn] ;fdfGotof /fi6«sf] klxrfg jf ljz]iftfnfO{ hgfpg vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . ;fy} /fli6«otfn] s'g} d'n'sdf
a;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] aLrsf] kf/:kl/s Pstf / cGof]Gofl>t cj:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
Nationalism -/fi6«jfb_ M–
/fi6« / jfb b'O{ zAb ldn]/ /fi6«jfb zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . /fi6« ;DaGwL ljrf/wf/f jf
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ /fi6«jfb elgG5 .
Nationalism eg]sf] /fi6« k|ltsf] efjgf, df]x, loyalty, sentiment, sympathy h;n] ljleGg ;d"xsf dflg;x?nfO{
Ps} 7fpFdf NofP/ hf]8\b5 . Common institution, common culture -Pp6} ;+:yf jf Pp6} ;+:s[lt_ df cfpg' k¥of]
h;n] ;a}nfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf afFWb5 . h;n] ubf{ /fi6« k|ltsf] efjgf, r]tgf hufpFb5 . o;n] cnu cnu ljrf/x?nfO{
Pp6} d"Nodf NofpF5 .
cS;kmf]8{ l8S;g/Ln] ;femf hflt, efiff / ;+:s[lt ePsf dflg;x?sf] cfkm\gf] 5'§} :jtGq /fi6« u7g ug]{
OR5f / cfkm\gf] /fi6« k|ltsf] k|]d / uj{sf] efjgfnfO{ /fi6«jfbsf b'O{ cy{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnL /fi6«jfbn] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f /fi6«sf] ?kdf k|]d ug'{k5{ / g]kfn /fi6«sf] lxt x'g] sfd ug'{k5{ eGg]
dfGotf /fVb5 . g]kfnL j[xt zAbsf]ifn] cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] pGglt / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] l;4fGt jf /fi6« / /fli6«otf
k|ltsf] ljz]if elQm efjgfnfO{ /fi6«jfbsf] cy{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] pGglt / lxtnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] efjgf jf b[li6sf]0fnfO{ c? /fi6«sf] lxtdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg]
b[li6sf]0f jf efjgfsf] ?kdf cYof{pg gx'g] s'/fl;t klg plts} rgfvf] x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fi6«jfbn] c? /fi6«nfO{
gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg l;sfpFb}g, cfkm\gf] /fi6«nfO{ dfof ug{ / cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] gf]S;fg x'g glbg dfq} l;sfpFb5 .
/fi6«jfb 5f]6s/Ldf (features ?) –
— Pp6} efiff, Pp6} ;+:s[ltdf NofO{ Pp6} efjgf, r]tgf hufpg] .
— of] Pp6f state of mind xf], cfkm\gf] nation-state df h] loyalty b]vfpF5 Tof] nationalism xf] .
— dft[e"ld k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf / dfof .
— /fli6«o cv08tf k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf .
— of] ;fd"lxs k|of; klg xf] lsgls /fli6«otfsf] ;jfndf hft, wd{, efiff s]xL klg gegL ;a} Ps x'G5g\ .
— /fi6«ufg, /fi6«efiff, /fli6«o ;+s]tn] /fli6«otf bzf{pF5 .
— ha /fHon] cfdgful/ssf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}lts, zflGt ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo ;]jf, /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf, cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfx? nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwfx? k"/f ul/lbof] eg] nationalism eGg alnof] -k|uf9_ x'G5 .
Varieties of Nationalism (types) :-
!_ National Purity :- Pp6} homogeneity n] rule ug'{ kb{5, c?nfO{ wkfpg' kb{5 jf x6fpg' kb{5 eGg] . c?nfO{
To;df ldnfpFb}gg\ . h:tf]– e"6fgdf .
@_ Civic Nationalism:- World wide practice ePsf] nationalism . /fHon] lbg'kg]{ cj;/x? ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf lbOPsf] .
wd{, efiff, hfthflt cflbdf lje]b gePsf] Nationalism .
#_ Ethnocentrism :- Ps hfltsf] cflwkTo geO{ ;a} hfthfltsf] clwkTo x'g], ;dfg xs clwsf/ x'g], hfthflt aLr lje]b
gx'g] . h:tf]– cd]l/sfdf .
$_ Expansionist Nationalism :- lj:tf/jfbL ;f]rsf] /fi6«jfb, cfkm\gf] /fHo lj:tf/ ug]{ .
%_ Left wing Nationalism :- sDo'lgi6, sociolist nationalism; ;a} hfthflt, wgL ul/a, efiffefifLx? Ps x'g'kb{5 eGg]
nationalism .
^_ Territorial Nationalism:- Tof] /fHosf] territorial leq hGd]kl5 ;a}nfO{ equal treat ug]{ nationalism .

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&_ Ultra Nationalism :- pu|/fi6«jfb, kmfF;Ljfb .
Objectives of Nationalism:- (according to Breuilly)
!_ Separation:- Mainstream society n] s'g}klg lglZrt efu jf hfthfltnfO{ clwsf/, klxrfg lbOPg eg] ToxfF
separation x'G5 . Separate nation eP/ klg nationalism nfO{ a9fjf lbg ;lsG5 . /fi6« g} 5'l6P/ klg separation x'g
;S5 eg] b]zleq identity sf] ?kdf klg separation x'g ;S5 . h:tf]– ;g\ !(&! df kfls:tfgaf6 5'l6P/ a+unfb]z aGof] .
@_ Reform:- State df nation nfO{ ;dflxt ug{ reform ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . Opportunities, identity lbP/ reform
ug'{kb{5 .
#_ Unification:- clGtddf nationalism sf] nflu ;a}nfO{ unite ul/g' kb{5 . Legal, language, opportunities cflbsf]
cfwf/df PsLs[t x'g'kb{5 .
Elements (essential features) of Nationalism:- (according to Chavan)
— Strong group feeling ;fd'lxs efjgf alnof] x'g'kb{5 .
— language x'g'kb{5, Psn] af]Ng] efiff csf]{n] a'em\g] x'g'kb{5 .
— wd{ (Religion):- Ps ;d'bfosf] wd{nfO{ csf]{ ;d'bfon] OHht ug'{kb{5 .
— k/Dk/f (Traditional)
— Past historical events -ljutdf u/]sf sfo{x?_ .
— Propaganda:- h:tf]– Clts/f]zg sf08, sfnfkfgLsf] uLt .
— Geography/Territory -e"uf]n jf e"efu_ .
— Economy -cy{tGq_M– ef]sf] k]6n] /fli6«otf alnof] x'Fb}g . Opportunity a9L x'Fbf /fli6«otf alnof] x'G5 .
— War -o'4÷n8fOF_M– /fi6« lj?4 s;}n] n8fOF u¥of] eg] To;a]nf hfthflt, wd{, efiff cflb s]xL gegL ;a}nfO{
Ps} 7fpFdf NofpF5 h;n] /fli6«otf a9fpFb5 .
Classification of Nationalism:- (according to Irish and Frank)
!_ Self conscious nationalism -cfkm}+af6 :jrflnt /fi6«_
— Israel / America sf] /fi6«jfb,
— cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] :jfy{ h] ubf{ k"/f x'G5 ToxL ug]{ /fi6«jfb .
@_ Anti colonial nationalism -cf}klgj]z lj/f]wL /fi6«jfb_
— South Asia sf] /fi6«jfb -h:tf]– ef/t 5f]8 cfGbf]ng_
— cf}klgj]zaf6 s;/L :jtGq x'g ;lsG5 eGg] .
#_ Reconstructed Nationalism -h:tf]– hfkfg_
— Japan k"0f{ ?kdf Wj:t e};s]kl5 reconstruct ul/Psf] .
$_ Indigenous nationalism:-
— Homogeneous society df o:tf] nationalism x'G5 .
— Japan / France sf] nationalism nfO{ indigeneous nationalism elgG5 .
Approaches to Nationalism -pkfud_ M–
!_ The Nationalist Approach:- ljleGg /fi6«sf dflg;x?n] nation (wills) sf] express ug{ kfpF5g\ eg] Tof] nationalist
approach xf], hgtfnfO{ freedom 5 eg] Tof] klg nationalist approach xf] . expression of nation's wills or people's
wills.
@_ Communication Approach:- ;~rf/n] k/Dk/fut ;dfhsf] ktg x'g] . Tradition -!(() cufl8sf]_ approach
communication nfO{ /f]Sbf dfq nationalism a9\5 eGg] lyof] eg] xfn modern age df communication sf] ljsf;sf]
sf/0faf6 nationalism nfO{ strong agfpg communication nfO{ a9fpg' kb{5 . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ljutdf
;~rf/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 / clxn] o;n] cem 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;~rf/
dfWoddf lgoGq0f ul/of] / o;nfO{ k|fof]lht k|rf/sf] lglDt dfq k|of]u ul/of] eg] o;n] k|lts"n kl/0ffdnfO{ hGd
lbg ;S5 . cfk;L Pstfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf] lglDt, /fli6«o of]hgfsf] cfjfhsf] ?kdf, cfjZos ;Lk l;sfpg, ahf/sf]
lj:tf/ ug{ ;~rf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . /fi6«sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ stf{sf] ?kdf gofF e"ldsfx? v]Ng dflg;x?nfO{ tof/
kfg]{ sfd klg ;~rf/n] ub{5 .
#_ Marxist Approach:- dflg;x? aLr ju{ ljlxg, ;Ldf ljlxg cj:yf sfod x'g' kb{5 / ;j{xf/fx?sf] g]t[Tj x'g'kb{5 eGg]
s'/f] o; approach n] ub{5, h;n] /fi6«k|lt wgL u/La, 7"nf] ;fgf] efjgfnfO{ x6fpF5 . o;/L ;dfhdf /x]sf] ju{nfO{ jf
c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpg] vfnsf] nationalism cfjZos x'G5 eGg] dfGotf o; approach sf] /x]sf] 5 .
$_ Psychological and functional approach:- k/Dk/futaf6 cfw'lgstftkm{ pGd'v approach . of] approach s/Lj s/Lj
communication approach h:t} 5 . /fHoaf6 cfdhgtfn] kmfObf lng] / cfdgful/sn] klg /fi6«nfO{ of]ubfg lbg]
s'/fx? aLrsf] relationship sf] af/]df o; approach n] a'emfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
%_ Political approach:- o; approach sf cg';f/ state power nfO{ use u/]/ nationalism nfO{ a9fpg' kb{5, state power
nfO{ mis_use u/]/ xf]Og .
Criticism:-
— Nation eg]sf] cultural xf]ls political xf] egL 5'6\ofpg ufx|f] 5 .
— slxn]sfxL+ territory rflxg] elgG5 eg] slxn] territory rflx+b}g eg]sf] kfOG5 t/ territory sf] definition lbg klg
ufx|f] b]lvG5 .

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National Integration:-
— ;/sf/n] nfu' u/]sf gLltx?n] /fli6«o Pstfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 eg] o:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ National Integration elgG5 .
State n] lng] policy n] s;}nfO{ lje]b gu/L ;a}nfO{ PsLs[t u/]sf] 5 eg] Tof] national integration xf] . Tof]
gLltn] ;a} hgtfsf] wills nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sof] eg], ;a}nfO{ represent ug{ ;Sof] eg] jf hgtfx?sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ hlt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 Tolt g} a9L national integration x'G5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ef}uf]lns ?kdf
/fi6« -g]kfn_ sf] PsLs/0f u/], h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] d'n'sL P]g NofP h;n] sfg"gL ?kdf PsLs/0f u/],
efg'eQmn] wd{nfO{ dfWod agfP/ eflifs PsLs/0f u/] .
— Nation strong eof] eg] /fli6«o cfbz{x?sf] define ub{5 . cfly{s j[l4 / cj;/ ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ lbOof] eg]
national integration a9\b5 . cj;/ / resource x?sf] ;dfg ljt/0f ul/of] eg] national integration a9\5 .
— ljleGg lj4fgx?n] /fi6«sf ljleGg If]q / ;d"xsf] PsLs/0fnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] d"n cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng'k5{ eGg]
ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . d"Nox?, dflg;x? / ;d'bfox?, ;+:yfx? / dflg;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns /
efjgfTds jf dgf]j}1flgs / dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] PsLs/0fnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ljleGg cfofdsf ?kdf lng'k5{ eGg]
dfGotfsf] cfwf/df /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] PsLs/0fjfbL pkfudsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
— cnL dh?On] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f cfjZos ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf lgDg kfFr k|d'v k|lqmofx? x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ M– -!_ s]xL xb;Ddsf] ;f+:s[lts /
;}4flGts ;lDd>0f, -@_ ;dfhsf ljleGg If]q / txx?sf] aLrdf cfly{s ;Dks{sf] lj:tf/, -#_ ;fdflhs ;d'lrt ;dfwfgsf]
lglDt ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof, -$_ åGbsf] ;d'lrt ;dfwfgsf] lglDt ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof /
-%_ /fi6«sf] cg'ejsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;~ro .
— Wriggings sf cg';f/ National integration ;/sf/sf] Ifdtfåf/f x'G5 . h:tf]– ljb]zL zq';+u ;fdgf ug]{ k|of;Ù
g]t[Tjsf] tl/sf h;df c;dfgtfnfO{ sd ug]{ / cufl8 a9\g dfu{bz{g ug]{Ù /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs ;+:yf, sd{rf/L, ;]gf,
ljBfno÷sn]h, /fhg}lts bnÙ /fli6«o cfbz{sf] kl/efiff, p2]Zo / ltgnfO{ k|fKt ug]{Ù Jofks cfly{s j[l4 / cj;/sf]
lj:tf/ cflb .
Obstacles of National Integration :-
— Castism -hfltjfb_M– hfltjfbsf] sf/0fn] /fli6«o PsLs/0f x'g ufx|f] x'G5 . hfltjfbn] ubf{ ljleGg hfthfltx? aLrdf
lje]b ePsf] x'G5, h;sf] sf/0faf6 nation strong x'Fb}g.
— Communalism -;d'bfojfb_ .
— Provincialism / Regionalism -juL{otfjfb jf If]qLotfjfb_ .
— Linguistic Antagonism:- Pp6f efiff af]Ng]x?n] csf]{ efiffnfO{ b]vL g;xg] . Pssf] efiffnfO{ csf]{ efiff
af]Ng]n] cfb/, ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
— Economic disparity -cfly{s c;dfgtf_ .
— Illiteracy:- clzIffsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ hgtfsf] capacity, ljj]s sd x'G5 .
State Building -/fHo lgdf{0f_ M–
State:- vf;u/L Geography/territory, population, government, sovereignty h:tf k|d'v rf/ tTjx?sf] combined form nfO{
g} State eGg] ul/G5 . State leq government x'G5 . Government eg]sf] administration / political sf] ;dli6 xf] .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f $ df Joj:yf eP cg';f/ æg]kfn /fHoM– -!_ g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo,
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf]
.Æ
g]kfnL zAbsf]ifdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ State -/fHo_ eg]sf] -!_ s'g} /fhf jf zf;g ;Qfsf] clwgdf /x]sf] b]z,
d'n's, /fi6«Ù -@_ s'g} s'g} /fi6« cGtu{t :jfoQ zf;gsf] clwsf/ kfPsf] efu jf k|b]z .
State Building -/fHo lgdf{0f_ M–
/fHo lgdf{0f /fHosf] sfof{Tds kIf;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo xf] . /fHonfO{ sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L ;Ifd agfpg]
k|lqmof (construction of a functioning state) g} /fHo lgdf{0f xf] . /fHo lgdf{0fn] ;+:yfTds jf ;+u7gfTds ljsf;nfO{
hgfpF5 . /fHo lgdf{0fsf b'O{ ljrf/wf/f 5g\ . h; cg';f/ – -!_ klxnf] ljrf/wf/f cg';f/ sdhf]/ /fHosf] ;anLs/0f,
k'gMlgdf{0f jf ;+/rgf ;'wf/ ug{ jfXo kfqaf6 ul/g] sfo{ . h:tf] ls l5d]sL d'n'sn] ug]{ ;xof]u, /fi6«;+3Lo k4ltaf6
ul/g] x:tIf]k ;d]t /fHo lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof x'g\ . -@_ cfkm\g} g]t[Tj (national process) df /fHo / gful/s aLr
;DaGw ;an agfpg] k|lqmof /fHo lgdf{0f xf] .
t/ Jojxfl/s ?kdf x]bf{ /fHo lgdf{0fsf] g]t[Tj /fli6«o x'G5 / o;df cfGtl/s / jfXo kfqx?n] ;3fpg dfq ;S5g\
.
/fHo lgdf{0f Pp6f /fhgLlts k|lqmof xf] / o;sf ;+oGqx? /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf cleGg efusf ?kdf
lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . To:t}u/L ;/sf/sf] clVtof/L jf k|e'Tjsf] :yfkgfnfO{ /fHo lgdf{0fsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . clVtof/Lsf]
s]Gb|Ls/0f, zflGt Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf, cfly{s ljsf; / ;Ifd k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf cflb /fHo lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? x'g\ .
;g\ @))* df a]nfot ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ljefu (DFID) n] k|sflzt u/]sf] sfo{kq cg';f/ /fHo lgdf{0fsf tLg kIfx?
5g\ M–
s_ /fhgLlts Jojxf/ (political deals)
v_ ;/sf/sf k|d'v sfo{x?sf] k|fyldsLs/0f (prioritization of core government functions)
u_ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] rfxgf ;Daf]wg (willingness to response to public expectation)

4
 To:t}u/L /fHo ;an aGg p;sf] /fhgLlts ;Ifdtf, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng / ljlgof]hg Ifdtf -pTkfbgzLn
vr{, pkof]lutf, l;h{gf, hgsNof0f clej[l4_ cfjZos x'G5 . /fHo lgdf{0fdf /fHosf k|d'v kfqx? log} sfo{x?df cEo:t
/xG5g\ .
To:t} u/]/ ;g\ @)!) df UNRISD n] /fHo lgdf{0fdf tLg kx'Frx? ;'zf;g, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg /
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL tLg kx'FrnfO{ /fHo lgdf{0fsf ;fy} zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] /0fgLltsf ?kdf klg
cjnDag ul/+b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
/fHo lgdf{0fn] /fHosf] ;+:yfut Pj+ ;+u7gfTds ljsf;;+u ;DaGw /fVb5 . ;fy} /fHo lgdf{0fn] /fHo k|b]z
PsLs/0f / /fHo k|b]z ;Dk|e"Tj sfod ub{5 .
lj=lk=sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0faf6 g]kfn /fHosf] lgdf{0f ePsf] / @))& ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs
cfGbf]ngaf6 g]kfnsf] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof cf/De ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgn] Pp6f :jtGq /
;Dk|e'tf ;DkGg d'n'ssf] :yfkgfnfO{ /fHo lgdf{0fsf] ?kdf / d'n'ssf jfl;Gbfx?sf] aLrdf cfkm"x?nfO{ Ps
;d'bfosf] ;b:osf ?kdf x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; x'g] s'/fnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] ?kdf x]/]sf] b]lvG5 .
/fHo lgdf{0fsf] /fi6«lgdf{0f;+u ;Dj4 x'G5 / /fHolgdf{0fn] ;+:yfut jf ;+u7gfTds ljsf;nfO{ hgfpFb5 .
/fHoan÷clwsf/sf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ;s]Gb|0f ug'{ / ;fdflhs k|lqmofdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 . To:t}u/L
/fHolgdf{0fn] /fHo k|b]z PsLs/0f / /fHo k|b]z k|e'Tj jf :jfldTjnfO{ hgfpF5 / /fHo k|b]z PsLs/0fn] /fHo
k|b]zsf ;DalGwt e"–efux?df s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf clwsf/ ;+:yfkg ug'{kg]{ tYonfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .
/fHo lgdf{0fsf ;d:ofx?df k|foM ;/sf/sf] ;dfhsf leqL Pj+ tNnf] tx;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] jf g;Sg] / b]zleq 5l/P/
/x]sf ljleGg ;d"xx?nfO{ PsLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] b'a} kIfx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ tYonfO{ cf}+NofpF5 .
Nation Building -/fi6« lgdf{0f_
/fHozlQm dfkm{t /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f / PsTjsf] efjgf :yflkt ug]{ k|lqmof /fi6« lgdf{0f xf] . o;n] vf;
;d'bfo -/fHo_ sf dflg;x? aLr PsLs/0f ub{5 . vf; ;d'bfodf /x]sf dflg;x? aLr PsTjsf] cg'e"lt ePdf dfq ;fd'lxs
klxrfg :yflkt x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf sf/0f /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ dxTj lbOG5 .
To:t}u/L /fi6« lgdf{0f w]/} klxrfg ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFWg] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/ xf] . e"uf]n
dfq eP/ /fi6« aGb}g, g ;/sf/ eP/ dfq . /fi6« ;dfg klxrfg / efjgf xf], h;sf] k[i7e"lddf Oltxf;, efiffefifL, wd{,
;+:s[lt h:tf kIfx? /xg] ub{5g\ . /fi6«lgdf{0f ePkl5 cfdgful/sdf /fi6«k|lt lgi7f /xg uO{ j}olQms :jfy{ / rfxgf
/fli6«o :jfy{df ;dk{0f x'g] ub{5 . /fi6«lgdf{0f /fhgLlts ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] l;4fGt jf efjgf xf] . ;femf klxrfg :yfkgf
dfkm{t /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg gful/s lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ klg /fi6«lgdf{0f elgG5 . To:t}u/L /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ tLgj6f
kIfx?sf] cGt/;DalGwt k|lqmofsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5M– -s_ PsLs[t klxrfg / efjgfsf] l;h{gf, -v_ PsLs[t ;dfhsf]
l;h{gf, -u_ ;an /fHo ;+oGqsf] l;h{gf .
sfn{ 8f]Pr, rfN;{ l6gL, /fO08/ j]l08S; h:tf lj4fgx?n] cfw'lgs /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ ;fdflhs PsLs/0f ;dflxtsf
?kdf lng] ub{5g\ . ;–;fgf ;d'bfo, wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ju{, eflifs ;Dk|bfo o; k|lqmofdf ;dflxt x'G5g\ .
jf:tjdf /fi6«lgdf{0f cGtu{t -s_ ;dfg Oltxf; / k[i7e"ld, -v_ hftLo, eflifs / ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf, -u_ /fhgLlts
?kdf ;+ul7t ;dfh, -3_ /fHo k|0ffnLsf] j}wflgstf, -ª_ gful/s :jtGqtf, -r_ :jfoQtf cflb ;femf tTjx? /x]sf x'G5g\ .
;a}nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFWg], Ps} 7fpFdf Nofpg], PsLs[t ug]{ k|lqmof g} Nation Building xf] .
Concept of Nation Building :–
— /fHo Ps x'g'sf] efjgf;+u ;DalGwt,
— /fli6«o ljsf;df ;+u} sfd ug]{,
— /fli6«o vt/f / r'gf}lt lj?4 Pstfj4 eO{ n8\g],
— kIfkft / a]jf:tf x'Fbf cfFr cfpg],
— To;}n] /fHon] tL JolQm / ;d"xx?sf] cf;o, p2]Zo / ljrf/x?nfO{ ha;Dd k|j4{g ul//xG5, /fli6«o Pstf sfod
x'G5 .
— /fli6«o PstfnfO{ hf]ufO /fVg] To:tf] /fi6«df r'gf}ltk"0f{ x'G5, hxfF ljljwtfo'Qm -eflifs, wfld{s, hftLo,
ef}uf]lns, juL{o / cGo klxrfgsf cfwf/df_ ;d'bfox? (Heterogeneous society) a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . Homogeneous
society ePsf] 7fpFdf /fli6«o Pstf Tolt r'gf}ltk"0f{ b]lv+b}g .
— /fli6«o ;+ult (unity) / P]Soj4tf (Solidarity) l;h{gf,
— /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof,
— cv08 /fi6«lgdf{0f,
— Sentiment of belongingness and identity;
— The bridging of the elite and mass;
— The creation of minimum value consensus;
— PsLs[t ;+:yf / Jojxf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
— Nation Building sf] process hxfF homogeneous society 5 ToxfF heterogeneous society df eGbf manage ug{
;lhnf] x'G5Ù ToxfF efiff, hft, wd{, ju{ cflbdf lje]b sd x'G5 . xfd|f] society w]/} heterogeneity /x]sf] 5,
To;}n] oxfF nation building sf] process t'ngfTds ?kdf sl7g 5 .
— Elite / mass aLrsf] gap sd ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] nation building sf] process klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . dflg;n] :jtGqtf,
Gofo, ;xeflutf, kx'Fr, cfly{s cj;/x? k|fKt ug'{kb{5.

5
— Nation Building eg]sf] psychological s'/f xf], process klg xf] h;sf nflu /fi6« / /fli6«o efjgf k|ltsf] commitment
a9fpg' kb{5 . ;fgf] OsfO{÷Onfsfaf6 lhNnfdf, lhNnfaf6 If]q / /fli6«o :t/df commitment a9fpFb} hfg' kb{5,
hlta]nf /fi6«k|lt k"/f commitment cfpF5 Tolta]nf nation building sf] process fulfill x'G5 .
Nation Building -kl/ro tyf kl/efiff_ M–
— PsTjsf] cg'e"lt jf dgf]efj (sentiment of belongingness) h;åf/f gful/sx?n] /fi6«k|lt b[9tfk"j{s cfkm\gf] klxrfg
lgdf{0f ub{5g\ .
— /fi6«lgdf{0fn] :jtGqtf, Gofo / ;xeflutf h:tf d"ntTjx?df cfwfl/t eP/ Ps nf}lss ;d'bfo÷;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{
v'8\lsnf]sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
— /fi6«lgdf{0fn] ljsf;sf] dgf]j}1flgs kIfnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] Pp6f o:tf] k|lqmof xf] h;åf/f gful/sx?n] cfkm\gf
jkmfbf/L / k|ltj4tfx? ;–;fgf hflt÷hghflt :t/, j:tL jf ;fgf ;fgf cl:tTj jf k|b]zaf6 7"nf] /fhg}lts :t/÷k|0ffnLdf
?kfGt/ jf kl/jt{g ub{5g\ .
— k|foh;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df gful/sx?n] cfkm\gf jkmfbf/L / PsTjsf] efjgf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«l;t klxrfg ub}{gg\ /
;fgf ;fgf eflifs, If]qLo / wfld{s Pj+ hftLo cfwf/x?df hf]8 lbO{ ;f] cg'?k cfkm\gf] klxrfg ub{5g\ . /fli6«o
PsLs/0fåf/f ljleGg 5l/P/ /x]sf tTjx?nfO{ Pstfj4 u/L a9L ;zQm ug{ ;lsG5 .
— /fi6« lgdf{0f / /fli6«o PsLs/0fn] k/:k/ ?kdf lgDg kIfx?nfO{ hf]8 lbOG5 M– /fi6« k|b]z ;DaGwL /fi6«
efjgf÷ /fi6«jfbsf] lgdf{0f ug'{, ljlzi6 ju{ / hg;fwf/0f aLrsf] b'/L sd ug'{, Go"gtd d"No ;xdlt sfod ug'{,
PsLs/0f Pj+ PsTjdf ;xof]uL x'g] ;+:yf / Jojxf/÷sfo{x? ljsf; ug'{ .
xfnsf] ;fdflhs kl/k|]Ifdf /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ ;du| ?kdf x]/L k"0fL{s/0f÷PsLs/0f k|lqmofdf hf]8, ;~rf/
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pj+ k|efjsf/L k|of]u, ;fdflhs ljsf;, cfly{s ljsf; / ;Ifdtf ljsf; h:tf kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf
lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/ /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmof b]z b]z aLr km/s ?kdf b]lvG5 / /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|ToIfLs/0f gful/sx?
:jo+åf/f leqL ?kdf jf cfGtl/s cg'e"ltåf/f ;xz'; x'g' h?/L x'G5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f af/]df ljleGg lj4fgx?sf] kl/efiffnfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 . Karl W. Deutch n] ;femf klxrfg :yfkgf
dfkm{t /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg gful/s lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f eg]sf 5g\ . To:t} David A. Wilson n] lglZrt
;d"xx?sf] aLrdf /fli6«o r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ;fdflhs k|lqmofsf] ?kdf /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ kl/eflift u/]/ To:tf] /fli6«o
r]tgfn] s]xL xb;Dd ;+:yfut cfsf/ u|x0f u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf] ;dfhnfO{ /fhgLlts ?kn]
:jflwg agfpg] k|oTg u5{ eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} of]u]z c6nn] /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ Pp6f ;dli6ut :j?ksf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ lbzflt/ pGd'v k|lqmofsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] dflg;x?df cfkm\gf] klxrfg sfod ug]{ / k|efj
b]vfpg] OR5f pTkGg ug]{ cfk;L ;fdLKo jf Pstfsf] efjgf pTkGg / ljsl;t x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f eg]sf
5g\ .
Nation Building x'gnfO{ M–
— Authority sf] concentration s]Gb|df x'g'kb{5 . State alnof] agfpgnfO{ clwsf/ lbOg' kb{5 .
— Maintenance of law and order /fd|f];+u ug'{kb{5 .
— ;an Pj+ ;Ifd /fHo ;+oGq -k|zf;g oGq_ lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 .
— State building eg]sf] nation building sf] klxnf] zt{ xf] . State building ljgf nation building ;Dej x'Fb}g .
g]kfndf /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|of; (Efforts) M–
— g]kfn nfdf] ;dob]lv cfkm\gf] klxrfg Pj+ :jtGq /fi6« k|b]z af]s]sf] /fi6«åf/f lrlgG5 . g]d'lg / dGh'>Lsf]
;dob]lvsf] ;Gbe{ NofP/ g]kfnsf] k|frLg cl:tTj Nofpg] k|of; ul/Ptfklg ;–;fgf /fHo k|b]zx?nfO{ Pp6f l;+uf]
7"nf] /fi6«sf] ?kdf PsLs[t ug]{ k|of; uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgn] To:tf
e"/]6fs'/] /fHo k|b]zx? dfly ljho xfl;n u/L /fi6«nfO{ Ps :jtGq cl:tTj, gfd / ;+:sf/ lbP . /fi6«jfb jf /fi6«efjgf
h'g /fi6«lgdf{0fsf nflu ckl/xfo{ x'G5 To;sf nflu dgf]efj lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbP .
— g]kfn ærf/ j0f{ 5lt; hftsf] ;femf km"njf/LÆ h:tf ;femf efjgf / PsTjsf] cg'e"ltsf] cfjZostf dxz'; ul/P eg]
jfXo d'n's;+u ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]{ / g]kfnsf] cv08tf hf]ufpg] s"6gLlts /0fgLlt ;d]t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] rfn]sf
lyP . jf:tjdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] State Building / Nation Building ;+u;+u} z'? u/]sf lyP . ;fy} pgsf] kfnfdf
/fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ljhosf] clwsf/ lbOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn /fi6«sf] hab]lv :jtGq cl:tTj sfod eof], Tolxa]nf
b]lv Nation Building sf] process z'? eof] .
— To;kl5sf /fhf, gfoj gfojL / k|wfgdGqLx?n] /fi6« k|b]zsf] lj:tf/ ug{ of]ubfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . axfb'/ zfx,
/fh]Gb|nIdL / eLd;]g yfkfsf of]ubfgx? pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf o'4sf] clwsf/ lbOof] .
lj=;+= !()# -;g\ !*$^_ sf] sf]tkj{ kl5 h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] zf;g cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP / zlQmzfnL k|wfgdGqL ag]
. pg}sf] sfo{sfndf /fi6« k|b]zsf] l;dfgf :yflkt eof] .
— hxfF;Dd /fi6«lgdf{0fdf zf;ssf] j}wtfsf] ;jfn 5, z'?df o;sf] cfwf/ ljho clwsf/ (Right of conquest) / t/jf/ zlQm
(Right of sword) df /x]sf] b]lvG5 . kl5 cfP/ k/Dk/fut lxGb' dfGotf, s'nLg Pj+ j+z k/Dk/fdf -/fhfnfO{
lji0f'sf] cjtf/_ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] /fHoan÷clwsf/ t/jf/ zlQmsf cfwf/df sfod u/]kl5
hGd÷j+z clwsf/ (Birth right) :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;du|df /f0ff zf;gsfndf zlQms} cf8df /fi6«lgdf{0fsf y'k|}
k|of;x? eP .
— lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq cfPkl5 /fi6«lgdf{0f k|of;x?n] v'nf k|j]z kfPsf] b]lvG5 / w]/} k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ .
k|hftGq cfPkl5 b]z Psk|sf/n] v'nfkgdf k|j]z u¥of] / g]kfn afFsL ljZj;+u klg expose ePsf] kfOof] . b]zdf

6
 ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd h:tf] ælqe'jg u|fd ljsf; sfo{qmdÆ nfu' eP;+u} community development sf] model
z'? eof] h;n] ubf{ lzIff, :jf:Yo h:tf s'/fx? cfdhgtfdf k'¥ofpg z'? eof] eg] o; ;+u;+u} ljleGg k|zf;lgs
;+oGqx? lgdf{0f ul/P eg] ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf klg open eof] . ;fy} ljsf; k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; Pj+ kx'Frsf] bfo/f
km/flsnf] kfl/of] . b]zdf pknAw >f]t ;fwgx?sf] utilization / distributive capability a9fpFb} nluof] . b]z ljsf;sf
b[li6n] k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] z'?jft eof] . o:tf k|of;x?nfO{ cem alnof] agfpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ;+;bLo
Joj:yfsf] z'?jft tyf cEof;x?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 h;n] /fi6«lgdf{0fsf lglDt dha't cfwf/ v8f u/]sf] b]lvof] . k~rfot
Joj:yfsf] z'?jftkl5 /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;sLo OsfO{sf ?kdf ;aeGbf tNnf] txdf ufpF k~rfotx? u7g ul/P / To:tf
OsfO{x?nfO{ gful/s ;dIf k'uL gful/sx?df k|efj kfg]{ dfWodsf ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} k~rfotsf ljleGg
txx?nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f k|of;sf ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . To:t}u/L ljleGg juL{o ;+u7gx? vf]lnPkl5
b]zel/ ljleGg activities nfu' ul/of] h;sf] dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug'{sf ;fy} cfdgful/sx?sf k|fyldstf
Pj+ dfux?nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{df ;Dks{ dfWodsf k"jf{wf/x? ljsf;df kxn ePsf] kfOG5 .
— @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf eO{ /fHosf w]/} s'/fx?df cfPsf] v'nfkg;+u} gofF
gofF kl/jt{gx? ;d]t b]vf k/] . b]z ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg 7"nf cfof]hgfx? nufot ljleGg ;+3;+u7gx?sf] ljsf;
eP . h; cGtu{t /fi6«JofkL ljsf; ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/x?, u|fdL0f ljsf;, ul/jL Go"gLs/0f, k|zf;lgs Ifdtf, /fhg}lts
;+u7gx? cflb k|d'v ?kdf 5g\ . To:t}u/L ;xeflutf ;DaGwL s'/fx?df k|hftflGqs dfGotf÷k|To'Q/bfoL e"ldsf,
;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj, 5nkmnsf] nflu k"0f{ k|hftflGqs cEof;, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfdf hf]8, dlxnfx?sf]
clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTj cflb 5g\ . To:t} /fli6«o uf}/a, /fli6«o ;fxl;s sfo{x? / /fli6«o ;+:s[lt nufotsf klxrfghGo
s'/fx?df ;d]t Wofg k'u]sf] b]lvof] . ;a}h;f] sfdsf/jfxLx?df a]wg÷kx'Fr, ;dfg ljt/0f / ;xeflutfnfO{ hf]8
lbOof] . k|To]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf k|of;x? k|z:t eP . o;/L k|hftflGqs cEof;x? x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf] 5 .
— /fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutfsf] kl/k|]Ifdf x]bf{M– lj=;+= !()# b]lv @))& ;fn;Dd ;xeflutf ljxLg cj:yf . lj=;+=
@))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Dd k|hftflGqs tyf ;+;bLo cEof;sf] ;Lldt ;xeflutf . lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#^ ;fn;Dd
;Lldt Pj+ lgb]{lzt ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf . lj=;+= @)#^ b]lv @)$^ ;fn;Dd v'nf ul/Psf] t/ PsbnLo lgb]{lzt cj:yf .
lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv @)%( ;fn;Dd k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf hf]8 . lj=;+= @)%( b]lv @)^@ ;fn;Dd cf+lzs ?kdf
lgif]lwt ;xeflutfsf] cj:yf . lj=;+= @)^# ;fnkl5 nf]stflGqs k"0f{;xeflutfsf] nflu ;dfj]zL /fHo k'gM;+/rgf tyf
;+3Lo /fHolgdf{0fsf] k|of; / /fi6«sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf . lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h # df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
@)&@ hf/L ePkl5 nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;+3Lo /fHolgdf{0fsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/sf] cj:yf .
— cGTodf, klxrfgsf] kIf ;an kfg{ /fli6«o uf}/a, /fli6«o ;fxl;s sfo{x?, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt, ;+s]tfTds (Symbolic) /
ljt/0f ;Ifdtfsf] k|antf, ;xeflutf Pj+ ;/sf/sf] ;dfhdf k|j]z jf j]wg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf (Penetration) / ljlzi6 ju{ /
hg;fwf/0f aLrsf] b'/L sd ug]{ k|of;x?nfO{ hf]8 lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .
— clxn] d'n's ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfsf] kmn:j?k g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ hf/L ePsf] 5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f dfkm{t ;+3Lotf / u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ lqmofzLn 5 . ljsf; / :jtGqtfnfO{ ;+/lIft u/]/ dfq
/fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsG5 . cfdgful/sn] ;'/lIft eljiok|lt cfZj:t x'g rflx/x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o efjgf /
/fHosf] Ifdtfn] dfq To;nfO{ ;fy{s agfpFb5 .
Nation Building Process and its Pre-requisites & functions:-
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|fylds bfloTj /fi6«jf;Lx?df g} x'G5 / x'g' klg kb{5 . /fi6«lgdf{0f ubf{ /fi6«sf] jftfj/0f,
5gf]6 k|lqmof / OR5fzlQmdf e/kg]{ x'gfn] o; sfo{df Ps b]z / csf]{ b]zdf km/s km/s tl/sfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf
x'G5g\ . To;}n] o; ;DaGwL s'g} Pp6} dfq tl/sf x'Fb}gg\ . o; b[li6n] /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmof sl7g klg 5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf cfGtl/s k|lqmof Pj+ k|oTgx?af6 dfq o;n] ult lng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cGo jfXo
;xof]u / ;dy{gaf6 ;d]t cfGtl/s k|oTgx?nfO{ an k'¥ofO{ o; sfo{nfO{ ck]lIft ult k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
ljZn]ifsx?sf] /x]sf] kfOG5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx?df–
— Nation Building sf] process hxfF homogeneous society 5 ToxfF heterogeneous society df eGbf manage ug{
;lhnf] x'G5Ù ToxfF efiff, hft, wd{, ju{ cflbdf lje]b sd x'G5 . xfd|f] society w]/} heterogeneity /x]sf] 5,
To;}n] oxfF nation building sf] process t'ngfTds ?kdf sl7g 5 .
— Elite / mass aLrsf] gap sd ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] nation building sf] process klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . dflg;n] :jtGqtf,
Gofo, ;xeflutf, kx'Fr, cfly{s cj;/x? k|fKt ug'{kb{5.
— Nation Building eg]sf] psychological s'/f xf], process klg xf] h;sf nflu /fi6« / /fli6«o efjgf k|ltsf] commitment
a9fpg' kb{5 . ;fgf] OsfO{÷Onfsfaf6 lhNnfdf, lhNnfaf6 If]q / /fli6«o :t/df commitment a9fpFb} hfg' kb{5,
hlta]nf /fi6«k|lt k"/f commitment cfpF5 Tolta]nf nation building sf] process fulfill x'G5 .
— Authority sf] concentration s]Gb|df x'g'kb{5 . State alnof] agfpgnfO{ clwsf/ lbOg' kb{5 . Maintenance of
law and order /fd|f];+u ug'{kb{5 . To:t} ;an Pj+ ;Ifd /fHo ;+oGq -k|zf;g oGq_ lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . State
building eg]sf] nation building sf] klxnf] zt{ xf] . State building ljgf nation building ;Dej x'Fb}g / o;sf]
k|lqmof cw'/f] x'G5 .

7
 /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj af]s]sf cfdgful/sx?df cfzf Pj+ ljZjf;sf] efjgfsf] ljsf;, s'zn /fhgLlts lg0f{o
k|lqmof, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx?df Jofks hg;xeflutf, gful/s :jtGqtf / cfk;L lxt tyf kmfObfx?sf] clej[l4
h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ ;Ifd / ;kmn /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] k"jf{jZostfsf] ?kdf lng'kb{5 .
To:t}u/L /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] lglDt /fHosf ljleGg ;+3;+:yf / ;+oGqx?sf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfng cfjZos x'G5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofn] /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofpFb5 / /fi6«k|lt /fi6«jf;Lx?sf] :g]x / nufjnfO{ klg alnof]
agfpF5 . /fi6«sf] ;d[l4n] /fi6«sf] k|lti7f p7fpF5 / /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 tyf k|lti7fsf] j[l4n] cfdgful/sx?nfO{ klg ;d[4
agfP/ pgLx?sf] 5gf}6 IfdtfnfO{ klg a9fpFb5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf slDtdf tLgj6f k"j{cfjZostfx? /x]sf] s'/f lj4fgx?n] cf}+NofPsf 5g\ .
tL x'g\ M–
i) /fi6«sf] kl/l:ylt÷kl/j]z, cfjZostf / Oltxf; cg's"n x'g] u/L /fhg}lts k|lqmofnfO{ rationalization ug'{ kb{5 .
ii) ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] lx;fan] ;Ifd agfpg] u/L k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ rationalized ug'{ kb{5 .
iii) /fHok|ltsf] jkmfbfl/tf / bfloTj lgjf{x cyjf /fli6«o Pstf tyf d]nldnfksf] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .
s'g}klg d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts Pj+ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntfsf] d"Nof+sg oLg} k"jf{jZostfx? xfl;n
ug]{ / ltgsf] Ifdtf j[l4sf] cfwf/df ug'{kb{5 .
lj4fg Milton J. Esman n] /fi6«lgdf{0f / ;fdflhs cfly{s k|ultnfO{ ;dfhsf b'O{ cfwf/e"t / cGt/;DalGwt nIo
Pj+ p2]Zosf] ?kdf lnO{ tL nIo k|flKtsf] lglDt ;/sf/n] lgDg sfo{x? ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 M–
— jfXo cfqmd0faf6 ;'/Iff / cl:tTj /Iff,
— j}wflgs zf;gsf] :yfkgf / ;xdlt,
— ljljw hftLo, wfld{s, ;fDk|bflos tTjnfO{ PsLs/0f,
— s]Gb|, If]q / :yfgLo lgsfosf] formal power and function sf] ljt/0f,
— vested k/Dk/fut / cfly{s :jfy{sf] displacement,
— cfw'lgsLs/0f, ;Lk ljsf; / ;+:yf ljsf; ug]{,
— dgf]j}1flgs / ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] ;anLs/0f,
— cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg,
— ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;'ljwfx?sf] bIftfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg,
— cGt/f{li6«o hutdf k|ltli7t :yfg agfpg] .
Esman n] /fi6«lgdf{0f / ;du| ljsf;sf] lqmofsnfkx?df tLgj6f cfwf/e"t /fhgLlts tTjx? (elements) sf]
;+nUgtf x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tL x'g\ M–
i) ;Qfl;g ;De|fGt ju{x? h;n] modernization sf] k|lqmofnfO{ s;/L move and guide ub{5 eGg] s'/fdf Nation
Building sf] process e/kb{5 .
ii) ;Qfl;g jf zf;s ;De|fGt ju{sf] l;4fGt, j}wflgstf, sfo{, dfGotf, k|fyldstf, /0fgLlt h:tf s'/fx? programmed x'g'kb{5
h;df Nation Building sf] process e/kb{5 .
iii) ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tfx? s;/L action, plan, program df communicate x'Fb} hfG5, To;df klg Nation Building sf] process
e/kb{5 .
o;/L ;Qfl;g jf zf;s ju{ jf ;/sf/n] /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{kb{5 .
Esman n] zf;s jf ;/sf/n] lglZrt ljrf/ / l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o lng'k5{, cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{
k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ / /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfngnfO{ alnof] t'Nofpg'k5{ eGg] ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . To:t}u/L zf;s jf
;Qfl;g ju{n] hftLo, wfld{s / If]qLo PsLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kg]{; cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ / eljionfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] s'/fdf k|ltj4 x'g'kg]{df klg Esman n] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] cfd;~rf/,
k|zf;lgs k|0ffnL / k|lt:kwL{ /fhg}lts ;+u7gx?nfO{ ;~rf/sf /fhg}lts pks/0fsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
o;/L /fi6«lgdf{0fsf cfjZostf Pj+ ljsf; / /fi6«lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?sf] ;dli6n] g} oyfy{df /fi6«lgdf{0f
k|lqmofnfO{ kl/eflift u/]sf] x'G5 .
Approaches/Theories of Nation Building :–
/fi6«lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf / /fi6«lgdf{0fdf k|efj kfg]{ s'/fx?sf] jf/]df ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf ljåfgx?n]
/fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ljleGg pkfud÷l;4fGtx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ pkfudx? lgDg 5g\
!_ ;+s6 ;dfwfg pkfud (Crisis Resolving Approach):- Lucian Pye n] /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ;+s6 ;dfwfgsf] l;4fGt k|:t't
u/]sf x'g\ . /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ljleGg ;+s6x? b]vf k5{g\ / tL ;+s6sf] ;kmntfk"j{s ;fdgf jf ;dfwfg ug]{
Ifdtfn] /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f Pye n] k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ M–
-s_ klxrfgsf] ;+s6 (Identity Cirsis):- klxrfgsf] ;fdfGo af]w÷cg'e"ltsf] k|ToIfLs/0f x'g g;Sg] l:ylt cyf{t /fli6«o
klxrfgsf] cefj, h;sf] sf/0f ;femf efjgf ljsf;sf] ;d:of pTkGg ePsf x'G5g\ . dflg;x? cfkm"nfO{ /fli6«o kl/k|]Iodf
;r]t x'g / k/Dk/fut ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ hflt, kl/jf/, wd{, efiff, ju{ ;d'bfo cflb cfwf/df klxrfg ug]{ 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g
cfjZos b]lvG5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df hgu0fgf cg';f/ xfdL !@% hfthflt ePklg xfdL g]kfnL x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}+ .
Economic opportunity df ;a}nfO{ klxrfg lbg ;lsPg eg] ToxfF identity crisis -klxrfg ;+s6_ pTkGg x'G5, /fli6«o
:jfy{nfO{ sd Wofg lbG5g\ / JolQmut tyf If]qLo :jfy{nfO{ a9L Wofg lbG5g\ . hflt, wd{, kl/jf/, efiff cflbsf]
cfwf/df klxrfg lbg] s'/f traditional klxrfg xf] . ha ;a} dflg;x? hftLotf tyf If]qLotfnfO{ 5f]8]/ dfly cfpF5g\
Tolta]nf klxrfgsf] ;+s6 Go"g x'G5 .

8
-v_ j}wflgstfsf] ;+s6 (Legitimacy Crisis):- j}wflgstfn] /fHozlQm Pj+ clwsf/sf] cfwf/ hgfpFb5 / cfdgful/sn]
/fHozlQmnfO{ leq}b]lv :jLsfg'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yf gePdf cyf{t\ nf]sdfGotfsf] cefjdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tf
pTkGg eO{ cj1fsf/L Jojxf/, x'nb+uf, ljb|f]x, aGb x8\tfn h:tf ljs[ltx? b]vf kg{ ;Sb5g\ . o;y{ j}wflgstf maintain
ug'{kb{5 h;n] /fHozlQmsf] cfwf/ alnof] agfpFb5 . Legitimacy sfod eof] eg] stability cfpF5 h;af6
/fi6«lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x x'G5 .
-u_ a]wg jf kx'Frsf] ;+s6 (Penetration Crisis):- o:tf] ;+s6 ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?sf] c;/÷k|efj ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf
-tNnf] tx_
;Dd k'Ug ;Sg] jf g;Sg] s'/fl;t ;DalGwt x'G5 . To:tf sfo{qmlds k|of;x?n] cfdgful/ssf] hghLjgdf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g Nofpg' ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 . zf;s / zfl;t aLrsf] a9\bf] b"/L÷vf8n (gap) Pj+ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] cefjdf o:tf
;+s6 cem a9\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;}n] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx? penetrate eP/ cfdgful/ssf] tNnf]tx (grass root) ;Dd
jf u/Lau'?jf tyf ufpFufpF;Dd k'U5 Tolt g} nation building sf] process ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;y{ opportunities, policy,
program, activities cflb grass root level sf hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg' kb{5, To;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] nation building sf] process
;lhnf] x'G5 .
-3_ ;xeflutfsf] ;+s6 (Participation Crisis):- zf;s ju{n] hgtfnfO{ zlQm jf clwsf/ lbg] s'/fdf pbfl;g /x]sf] sf/0faf6
;xeflutfsf] ;+s6 pTkGg x'G5 . zf;sx?n] cfdgful/ssf k|fyldstfx? Pj+ dfux?k|lt Wofg cfslif{t x'g' cfjZos x'G5
. cfd gful/ssf dfux? ;DalGwt clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfox? ;dIf k'¥ofpg] k|lqmof alnof] t'Nofpg' kb{5 . tNnf] txsf
dflg;x?sf] k|fyldstf Pj+ cfjZostf jf dfux? ;/sf/n] k"/f ug{sf] lglDt hg;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug'{kb{5 . cfdhgtfsf
dfux?nfO{ address ug]{ k|lqmof alnof] agfOof] eg] ;xeflutf a9\b5 / h;n] /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-ª_ Ps;"qLs/0f jf PsLs/0fsf] ;+s6 (Integration Crisis):- ha ;/sf/ hgtf jf ;dfhsf] tNnf] tx;Dd k'Ug ;Sb}g jf
cfdgful/ssf] Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ c;Ifd /xG5 / hxfF hg;xeflutfsf] l:ylt klg /fd|f] /xFb}g eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf o:tf]
;+s6 a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . t;y{ Pstfj4 ?kdf ;dfh÷;d'bfonfO{ alnof] agfO{ 5l/P/ /x]sf ljleGg tTjx?nfO{ /fli6«o
d"n k|jfxdf ;d]6\g' kb{5 . cfdhgtfsf] d"No dfGotf Pj+ ljrf/x?nfO{ /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd dfkm{t
/fi6«sf] main stream df hf]8\g] -Nofpg]_ sfo{af6 g} integration/univication crisis sd x'g uO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f
k|lqmof ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-r_ ljt/0fsf] ;+s6 (Distribution Crisis):- ;/sf/n] j:t' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwfx? / cj;/x? ;xh tl/sfn] ;dfg ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf;Dd
k'¥ofpg c;dy{ ePdf d'n'sdf ljt/0fsf] ;+s6 b]vf kb{5 . o:tf s'/fx?df ;xL Pj+ ;dfh ?kdf ljt/0f eof] eg] /fi6«k|ltsf]
ckgTjsf] feeling a9L x'G5 . j:t' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf Pj+ cj;/x?sf] ljt/0fdf ;d'lrttf sfod ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'kb{5 .
Redistribution sf] s'/fx? klg o;}leq cfpF5g\ . ;dfg ?kdf ljt/0f u/L /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5 .
@_ ;~rf/ pkfud (Communication Approach):- Karl W. Deutsch åf/f k|ltkfbg u/]sf] o; ;~rf/ pkfud /fHolgdf{0f tyf
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofl;t ;DalGwt csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . o; pkfud cg';f/ Oltxf;sf] qmlds ljsf;qmdaf6
;fdflhs kl/rfng / /fi6« lgdf{0fdf s]xL lglZrt ljz]iftfx? b]lvPsf] s'/f lgDg a'Fbfx?af6 :ki6 x'g cfpF5 M–
— s[lifaf6 ljlgdo cy{tGqlt/sf] kl/jt{g,
— u|fdL0f If]qaf6 x'g] ;fdflhs kl/rfng / dxTjk"0f{ jf s]Gb|Lo If]qx?df x'g] PsLs/0f / ljlgdosf] a9\bf] lj:tf/,
— zx/x?sf] j[l4 / zx/ / d'n'ssf] aLrsf] ;Dks{ / ultzLntf,
— gbLx?, zx/x? / Jofkfl/s dfu{ cflbnfO{ hf]8\g] Jofj;flos ;~rf/ ;~hfnx?sf] j[l4,
— k"FhL, ;Lk / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?sf] km/s km/s k|sf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f,
— lghL lxtsf] cjwf/0ffsf] pbo / /fli6«o lrGxx?sf] cg'ej .
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ljutdf ;~rf/n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 / clxn] o;n] cem 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng
;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;~rf/ dfWoddf lgoGq0f ul/of] / o;nfO{ k|fof]lht k|rf/sf] lglDt dfq k|of]u
ul/of] eg] o;n] k|lts"n kl/0ffdnfO{ klg hGd lbg ;Sg] s'/fdf ;hu /xg' kb{5 . ;~rf/ k|lqmofn] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf w]/}
tkm{af6 ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . cfk;L Pstfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf] lglDt ;~rf/sf] pkof]u x'g ;Sb5 . /fli6«o
of]hgfsf] cfjfhsf] ?kdf klg ;~rf/sf] k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 . cfjZos ;Lk l;sfpg / ahf/sf] lj:tf/ ug{ klg ;~rf/n] d2t
k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . /fi6«sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ stf{sf] ?kdf gofF e"ldsfx? v]Ng dflg;x?nfO{ tof/ kfg]{ sfd klg ;~rf/n]
ub{5 .
#_ PsLs/0fjfbL pkfud (Integrationist Approach):- lj4fgx?n] /fi6«sf ljleGg If]q / ;d"xsf] PsLs/0fnfO{
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] d"n cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . d"No dfGotfx?, dflg;x? / ;d'bfox?, ;+:yfx? /
dflg;sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns / efjgfTds jf dgf]j}1flgs / dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] PsLs/0fnfO{
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf ljleGg cfofdsf ?kdf lng'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] PsLs/0fjfbL pkfudsf] ljsf;
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljåfg Ali Mazrui n] klg /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f cfjZos ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b} o;
;DaGwL kfFr k|d'v k|lqmofx? cf}+NofPsf 5g\, h; cg';f/ –
— s]xL xb;Ddsf] ;fF:s[lts / ;}4flGts ;lDd>0f,
— ;dfhsf ljleGg If]q / txx?sf] aLrdf cfly{s ;Dks{sf] lj:tf/,
— ;fdflhs Ps;"qLs/0fsf] k|lqmof,
— åGbsf] ;d"lrt ;dfwfgsf] lglDt ;+:yfx?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmof,
— /fi6«sf] cg'ejsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;~ro .

9
oL k|lqmofx?n] /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ultdf tLj|tf k|bfg ub{5 .
$_ ljsf;jfbL pkfud (Developmentalists Approach):- d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ljsf;n] /fi6«sf] PsLs/0f /
;anLs/0fdf d2t k'¥ofpg] / To;af6 /fi6«sf] lgdf{0fdf d2t k'Ug] ePsfn] ljZn]ifsx?n] klg ljsf;nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf]
k|d'v cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng] ub{5g\ . o:tf] b[li6sf]0fn] /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ljsf;jfbL pkfudsf] pTklQ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
oLg} ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fn] ljsl;t /fi6«x? k|efjzfnL /xg uPsf] s'/fsf] cg'ej ;xh ?kdf lng ;lsg] s'/f o; pkfudn] OlËt
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
%_ ;+:yfjfbL pkfud (Institutionalist Approach):- /fi6«x?sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;+:yfx?sf]
lgdf{0f / ljsf;nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf o; pkfudsf] klxrfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ;'b[9Ls/0faf6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'G5 / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? k|ltsf]
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ljZjf;df j[l4 x'G5, h;af6 /fi6«lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;lhnf] x'g k'U5 .
^_ k|0ffnL pkfud (System Approach):- /fi6«lgdf{0fdf s'g} Pp6f kIf jf cfwf/n] eGbf ljleGg kIfsf] kl/jt{g, ljsf; /
PsLs/0fn] d2t k'¥ofpg] s'/f :ki6 5, To;}n] ;an Pj+ ;Ifd /fi6«sf] lglDt cfjZos dflgg] ljleGg k|sf/sf] Ifdtfsf]
ljsf;af6 /fi6«lgdf{0fdf d2t k'Ub5 eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL k|0ffnL l;4fGt÷pkfudsf] ljsf;
ePsf] b]lvG5 . s'g} Pp6f kIfdf ;Lldt geO{ ;du| kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ dfGotf o; pkfudn] lnPsf] kfOG5 .
&_ ;xeflutfd"ns pkfud (Participatory Approach):- /fi6«lgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/sf ;fy;fy} hgtfsf] ;xeflutf cTofjZos 5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0f ubf{ ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} lgsfo jf s'g} ;d'bfo jf If]q ljz]if PSn}n] /fd|f] 9+un] ug{ ;Sb}g . o;df
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] klg plts} ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df of] ;xeflutfd"ns pkfudsf] klxrfg ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ;fy} o; pkfudn] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/, cfdhgtf / cGt/f{li6«o If]qsf] ;xeflutfd"ns Pj+ ;dGjofTds k|of;sf]
dxTj /]vf+lst ub{5 .
Challenges and Issues of Nation Building -/fi6«lgdf{0fsf r'gf}ltx?_ M–
/fi6«lgdf{0f /fi6«jf;Lx?df ;dfg cfsf+Iff, klxrfg / PsTjsf] cg'e"lt xf] . /fi6«lgdf{0f /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf]
k|lqmof klg xf] . /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgf / zlQmx? /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df cgj/t lqmofzLn x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df o; k|lqmofdf lgDg r'gf}ltx? 5g\ M–
-s_ cfly{s kIfdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx? M–
Psrf}yfO hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg x'g', Jofks a]/f]huf/L, cy{tGqsf] Go"g pTkfbsTj, ljvl08t cy{tGq,
k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] ;':t k|lqmof, zx/ s]lGb|t cfly{s ultljlw, k/lge{/tfdf j[l4, cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf / ljsf; ;fem]bf/Laf6
l;lh{t ;+:s[lt, economic growth / population growth aLr gap df j[l4, cJojl:yt ljsf; k|lqmof cflb .
-v_ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts If]qdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx? M–
hftLo ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs kb;f]kfg, k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf, n}lËs c;dfgtf, ;f+:s[lts
ljrngdf j[l4, ljvl08t kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, ;fdflhs åGbdf j[l4 cflb .
-u_ /fhgLlts kIfdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx? M–
c;n /fhg}lts ;+:s[ltsf] cefj, zx/ s]lGb|t /fhgLlts ultljlw, Go"g /fhgLlts ;xeflutf, /fhgLltleq /fli6«otfsf]
efjgf :vlnt x'Fb} hfg', ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;d:of, ;+3Lo ;+/rgf÷l;df+sgdf ;d:of, /fHosf}zn k|bz{g ug]{ /fhg]tf gx'g',
/fhgLlts ck/flws/0fdf j[l4, cJojl:yt /fhgLlts ljsf;, gful/s ;dfh / ;+ul7t bjfj gx'g' cflb .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ljBdfg r'gf}ltx? M–
sdhf]/ k|zf;lgs Ifdtf, lxgtfjf]w dgf]lj1fg, sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{z}nL, k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotf / ;bfrf/af6 k[ys,
k|zf;g–/fhgLlt–;]jfu|fxL aLr ljZjf;sf] cefj, ;'ljwf / ;fwg s]lGb|t, Go"g k|lt:kwL{, ;'zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxsf] sdhf]/
;+oGqÙ kl/jt{g, ljsf; / d"No l;h{gfsf] sdhf]/ ;xof]uL cflb .
xfn} g]kfndf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ hf/L ePsf] 5 . of] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] k|d'v cfwf/ ljGb' xf], h;n]
gful/sx?aLr wd{, j0f{, hfthflt, efiffefifL, e]ife"iff, lnË, pTklQ jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gul/g] u/L
/fHonfO{ lglb{i6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ g]kfndf ljBdfg /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} s]xL klxrfgsf]
k|ZgnfO{ cfu|x k"jf{u|x tl/sfaf6 p5flnP/ pu|tf lng vf]h]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnLx?df /x]sf] ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf] g]kfnL
;+:s[lt ljyf]Ng vf]h]sf] xf]ls eGg] yk lrGtf 5 . o;nfO{ ;dod} cfjZos Joj:yfkg u/L g]kfnLx?df Ps;"qLs/0fsf]
efjgf hufO{ g]kfn /fi6«lgdf{0f ug'{ h?/L 5 .
Prospectus to Nation Building -/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ;DefJotf cWoog_M–
— ;Defjgf (Prospect):- cfw'lgsLs/0f / /fhg}lts ljsf; ljleGg ;DefJotf cWoog cg';Gwfgx? cfkm\gf] kl/k|]Iodf
ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 .
— k|i6 ?kdf k"jf{wf/x? lgwf{/0f ug'{ / To:tf cfwf/x?sf] /fi6«lgdf{0f;+u ;DaGw x]l/g' cfjZos x'G5 .
— /fi6«sf] kl/l:ylt, cfjZostf Pj+ Oltxf;nfO{ b[li6ut u/L /fhg}lts k|lqmofsf] cf}lrTos/0f .
— cf}lrTok"0f{ ;d:of ;dfwfg, hgd'vL k|zf;sLo ;+oGqsf] ljsf;, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx?sf] lj:tf/ .
— /fli6«o ;+ult (unitary) / ;d:jfy{tf (solidarity) sf] jf]w tyf efjgfdf j[l4 .
— /fHoJoj:yf ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lng] JolQmTjx?df cfjZos u'0fx?sf] ljsf; .
— ;fdflhs ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf;df k|fyldstf .
— /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs kl/rfng .
— hghftLo, eflifs, wfld{s Pj+ If]qLo k'g/PsLs/0f, eljio k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfdf ;antf .

10
— ;~rf/df ;'udtf–dgf]efj, PsLs/0fdf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u, Pstfj4tfsf] jf]wdf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u, ljsf; k|of;sf jf]w÷1fg
ljt/0fdf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u, ;fdflhs r]tgf j[l4df ;~rf/sf] k|of]u cflb .
— ;+:s[lt ;lDdng (Infusion):- ljleGg ;d"xx? aLr k/:k/ ;DaGw / cGt/lqmofdf hf]8 .
— ;dfhsf ljleGg txx?df kf/:kl/s cfly{s kx'Fr÷j]wg (economic interpenetration) .
— /fi6«lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t tTjx?sf] klxrfg / dfGotf .
— k|zf;lgs ;+oGq0fsf] b[li6sf]0f .
— cWoog cg';Gwfgåf/f k"j{ cfjZostfx?sf] klxrfg .
— k"jf{jZos tTjx? k|zf;lgs ;+oGqåf/f ;dfhdf k|ToIfLs/0f .
g]kfndf Nation Building sf] ;Defjgf cgGt Pj+ k|antf 5 . ;dli6df cfly{s, /fhg}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f ug'{
kb{5 . Unitary / Solidarity df vested interest ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ sd ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . hgtfsf] kIfdf sfd ug]{ elite x?
agfpFb} hfg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . /fhgLlts kl/rfng, ;fdflhs kl/rfng, hftLo, eflifs, If]qLo
PsLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 . hgd'vL k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . j:t' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf / cj;/x? grass root -tNnf]
tx jf ;j{;fwf/0f_ hgtf;Dd ljgf e]befj k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
Barriers to Nation Building -/fi6«lgdf{0fsf cj/f]wx?_ M–
/fHozlQm dfkm{t /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f / PsTjsf] efjgf :yflkt ug]{ k|lqmof /fi6« lgdf{0f xf] . o;n] vf; ;d'bfo -
/fHo_ sf dflg;x? aLr PsLs/0f ub{5 . To:t}u/L /fi6«lgdf{0f w]/} klxrfg ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf jfFWg]
dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/ xf] . ;femf klxrfg :yfkgf dfkm{t /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg gful/s lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f elgG5 .
To:t}u/L /fi6«lgdf{0fnfO{ tLgj6f kIfx?sf] cGt/;DalGwt k|lqmofsf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 M–
(i) PsLs[t klxrfg / efjgfsf] l;h{gf, (ii) PsLs[t ;dfhsf] l;h{gf, (iii) ;an /fHo ;+oGqsf] l;h{gf cflb . oBlk
/fi6«lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf ljleGg cj/f]wx? cfpg] ub{5g\ . k|zf;s Pj+ ljZn]ifs o'j/fh kf08]n] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf
pNn]v u/]cg';f/ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf ljleGg ;+s6x?nfO{ g} /fi6«lgdf{0fsf cj/f]wsf ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . tL ;+s6x?df–
klxrfgsf] ;+s6, j}wflgstfsf] ;+s6, a]wg jf kx'Frsf] ;+s6, ;xeflutfsf] ;+s6, Ps;"qLs/0f jf PsLs/0fsf] ;+s6,
ljt/0fsf] ;+s6 cflb kb{5g\ .
s'g} d'n's ljz]ifsf] gful/sn] cfkm"nfO{ d'n'ssf] gful/ssf] ?kdf glnP/ d'n'sleqsf] s'g} Ps ;d"x ljz]ifsf
cfwf/df lrgfpg vf]Hg] dflg;x?sf] k|oTgnfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] dfu{df /x]sf] Pp6f cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . To:t}
/fli6«o sfg"gsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}lt lbg] / pNn+3g ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] csf]{
cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . b]zsf ;a} If]q / ;d'bfodf ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf cj;/ / ;'/Iffsf] kx'Fr x'g g;s]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ csf]{ cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . hgtfx? cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g gkfpg]
cj:yf 5 eg] To;n] klg /fi6«lgdf{0fdf cj/f]wsf] sfd ub{5 . To:t} /fi6«sf ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?df kf/:kl/s
;b\efj / Pstfsf] efjgf x'g'kg]{df cfk;L åGb, cljZjf; / zq'tfsf] efjgf x'g uof] eg] klg To;af6 /fi6«lgdf{0fdf cj/f]w
x'G5 . b]zsf ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfosf aLr cfk;L ;+:s[lt / eflifs Pstf tyf ;fldKotf sfod x'g'kg]{df To;f] geO{
gful/sx? aLr efiff ;Dks{sf] cefj clg /xg ;xgsf] cGt/n] klg /fi6«lgdf{0fdf cj/f]wsf] sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf cf}krfl/s ;+oGqsf] k|efj tyf Ifdtfsf] sdL / cglws[t kIfsf] cTolws lgoGq0fnfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf]
cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
To:t}u/L lgDg tTjx?nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] cj/f]wsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 M–
— j}wflgs ;+oGqsf] k|efjsf] x|f; jf ;Lldttf,
— gful/sx?df cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«–/fHosf] cfwf/df lrgfpg] k|j[lQsf] sdL,
— ;femf ;Dks{ efiffsf] cefj,
— wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tfsf] cefj,
— ;a} If]q, ;d'bfo / hg;+Vof ;Ddsf] ;/sf/ / ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwf tyf cj;/x?sf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] cefj,
— ;/sf/ / c? /fhsLo ;+oGqsf] j}wflgstfsf] sdL jf cefj,
— Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ :yfg;Ddsf] ;~rf/ ;Dks{ / cfjfudg ;'ljwfsf] sl7gfO{,
— /fhg]tfx? / j'l4hLjLx?df /fli6«o Pstf / ;b\efjsf] ;hutfsf] sdL,
— zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0f,
— lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] sdL,
— /fHon] ;a} If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ u5{ eGg] ljZjf;sf] cefj .
/fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL o:tf cj/f]wx?nfO{ lj:t[t b[li6sf]0faf6 5'§f5'§} kIfaf6 klg ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M–
-!_ cfly{s kIfdf ljBdfg cj/f]wx? M–
— cfGtl/s Pj+ /fli6«o ufx{:y pTkfbg (GDP/GNP) sf] j[l4sf ;fy;fy} xfn sNof0fsf/L cy{gLltdf hf]8 lbOPklg
To;sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]wx? cfOk/]sf 5g\ .
— pTkfbsTjsf] sdLn] cljsl;ttfsf] ;+s]t ub{5 / o; cj:yfdf cfd ul/aL a9\5 / ul/aLn] cGo cfly{s kIfx?nfO{ c;/
kfb{5 . h:tf]– cfDbfgL, art, nufgL, pTkfbg k|ljlw, pkef]u :t/ .
— ul/aLsf] s'rqm M– Go"g pTkfbsTj, Go"g cfDbfgL, Go"g art tyf dfu, Go"g nufgL / k"FhLsf] cefj .
— k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] sdL / nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cefj,
— ljvl08t cy{tGq,
— cJojl:yt hg;+Vof j[l4,

11
— s[lif tyf pBf]u If]qdf Go"g pTkfbsTj,
— k/lge{/tfdf j[l4,
— cJojl:yt ljsf; k|lqmof .
Economy sf s'/fx? cl3 ga9Lsg Nation Building sf] process cl3 a9\b}g . Nation building / economy sf] w]/}
7"nf] cGt/;DaGw tyf cGt/lge{/tf 5 . hlt a9L per capita income x'G5 Tolt g} a9L gful/sx?n] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\,
wlg x'G5g\, life style a9\b5 . Welfare scheme, social security df klg ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg economy s} x'G5 . Vicious
circle of poverty df hlt a9L b]z kb{5, Tolt g} a9L nation building df cj/f]w cfpF5 . Capital formation sf] ratio n] klg
nation building sf] process df cj/f]w k'¥ofpFb5Ù ratio hlt a9L x'G5 cj/f]w Tolt g} sd x'G5 eg] sd ratio ePdf
cj/f]w a9L x'G5 . Economy sltsf] fragmented 5 To;n] klg nation building df k|efj kfb{5Ù hlt a9L fragmented 5 Tolt
g} nation building df barrior sd x'G5 . Division of labour sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f s:tf] vfnsf] 5 To;n] klg nation building df
k|efj kfb{5 . Population growth / economic growth aLrsf] ratio n] klg nation building df k|efj kfb{5 .
-@_ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kIfdf ljBdfg cj/f]wx? M–
— ;fdlhs ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] Go"g :t/Lo cj:yf .
— ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] cj:yfM– :jf:Yo ;]jf, /f]huf/L, lzIff, cfjf;, /xg ;xg, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf, afn ;+/If0f, dlxnf
hLjg:t/, >d lgoldttf, /f]u lgoGq0f, ;'/Iff, ul/jL lgjf/0f cflbdf sdhf]/ cj:yf .
— k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs kb;f]kfg / d"No dfGotf .
— k/Dk/fut hftLo k|yfsf] k|efj .
— ljvl08t kfl/jfl/s cj:yf .
— ;f+:s[lts ljrngdf j[l4 .
— ;fdflhs åGbdf j[l4 .
lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L h:tf socio-cultural tTjx?df hlt a9L k|ult Pj+ pGglt x'G5 Tolt g} a9L nation building
df cj/f]w sd x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s structure n] klg nation building sf] process df k|efj kfb{5 . ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf / hftLo
k|yfn] klg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .
-#_ /fhg}lts kIfdf ljBdfg cj/f]wx? M–
— /fhg}lts :jtGqtf / k|]; :jtGqtf,
— /fhg}lts ljsf; Ö /fhg}lts cfw'lgsLs/0f ± /fhg}lts ;+:yfs/0f .
— /fhg}lts cfw'lgsLs/0fn] /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] sfof{Tds jf kl/rofTds kIfnfO{ hgfpFb5, h; cGtu{t Extractive,
Regulative, Distributive, Responsive, Symbolic u/L kfFr capabilities kb{5g\ .
— /fhg}lts ;+:yfs/0fn] ;xeflutfsf] kIfnfO{ hgfpF5 . o; cGtu{t /fhg}lts kl/rfng÷ ultzLntf, /fhg}lts PsLs/0f /
/fhg}lts ;xeflutf kb{5g\ .
— ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ju{x? jf cfjZostf Pj+ k|fyldstfx? ;d]6\g' kg]{ x'G5 .
— /fli6«o PsLs/0f, d"No PsLs/0f / ljlzi6 ju{ tyf hg;fwf/0f aLrsf] b"/L sd ug'{ g} /fhgLlts PsLs/0fsf cfwf/
x'g\ .
— To:t} /fhgLlts ;xeflutfåf/f hgtfsf dfux?k|lt pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf hfu[t u/L Jojl:yt ?kdf /fhg}lts kl/jt{g Nofpg
;lsG5 .
/fhgLlts e|i6frf/df sdL NofO{ /fhg}lts k|ltj4tfdf j[l4 u/]/ n}hfg ;s]df Nation building sf] process df cj/f]w
Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t}u/L political development x'gnfO{ political modernization / political institutionalization x'g'kb{5,
To;f] ePg eg] barrier pTkGg x'G5 . Political system capability hlt a9L x'G5 Tolt g} barrier sd x'G5 eg] hlt
capability sd x'G5 Tolt g} barrier a9L x'G5 . To:t}u/L Elite / Mass aLr integration ug{ political sytem ;kmn eof] eg]
barrier sd x'G5 gq barrier a9L x'G5 . Political institutionalization sd ePdf klg barrier x'G5 . To:t} u/]/ Go"g
/fhg}lts ;xeflutf, /fhgLltleq /fli6«otfsf] efjgf :vlnt x'Fb}hfg', ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ;d:of, ;+3Lo ;+/rgf÷ l;df+sgdf
;d:of, /fHosf}zn k|bz{g ug]{ /fhg]tf gx'g', /fhg}lts ck/flws/0fdf j[l4, cJojl:yt /fhgLlts ljsf;, gful/s ;dfh / ;+ul7t
bjfj gx'g' cflbn] klg nation building df c;/ kfb{5 .
-$_ k|zf;lgs kIfdf ljBdfg cj/f]wx? M–
sdhf]/ k|zf;lgs Ifdtf, lxgtfjf]w dgf]lj1fg, lgk"0f{ / kl/jt{g lj/f]wL ;+:s[lt, sd{rf/LtGqLo sfo{z}nL,
;+u7gx?sf] j[l4 / cf}lrToxLg OsfO{x?sf] lg/Gt/tf, k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotf / ;bfrf/af6 k[ys, k|zf;g–/fhgLlt–
;]jfu|fxL aLr ljZjf;sf] cefj, rfs8L rfKn';L / e|i6frf/df j[l4, ;'ljwf / ;fwg s]lGb|t, ;'zf;g / ;]jf k|jfxsf] sdhf]/ ;+oGqÙ
kl/jt{g, ljsf; / d"No l;h{gfsf] sdhf]/ ;xeflutf cflb k|zf;sLo sf/0fn] nation building sf] process df barrier k'¥ofpFb5 .
-%_ k|fljlws kIfdf cj/f]w (Technological barriers):-
Technology sf] barrier nfO{ cfhsn digital gap eGb5g\ . gofF gofF technology sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ePklg ;f]sf]
nflu cfjZos Joj:yfkg h:tf]– v/Lb, k|of]u, ;b'kof]u, cfjZostf dxz'; cflbdf sdhf]/ eOlbgfn] nation building sf]
process df cj/f]w x'G5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf s]xL ;jfn÷rf;f]x? -j[xt kl/k|]Io_ M–
/fi6«lgdf{0f /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof xf], h'g /fli6«o ;+ult (unitory) / P]Soj4tf (solidarity) l;h{gf ug{
;s]dfq b]lvG5 . To;}n] sltko cj:yfdf of] b]lvg] eGbfklg ;j{;fwf/0fx?sf] cg'e"ltaf6 dxz'; ul/G5 . of] /fHo
OR5fzlQmsf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, /fli6«o ljDa / klxrfgsf] :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/;+u ;d]t ;DalGwt /xG5 . of] ;/sf/sf]

12
;lqmotf / hgtfsf] ;dy{gsf] kl/0ffd :j?k /fHok|0ffnLdf b]lvg] PsTj / :jfldTjdf b]lvG5 . P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / jt{dfg
j:t'l:yltsf] ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fi6« lgdf{0fsf lgDg ;jfnx? b]lvG5 M–
!_ Rationalization of political authority:-
— k/Dk/fut clwsf/sf] ;§fdf /fli6«o /fhg}lts clwsf/ Pj+ /0fgLlts ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/ .
— problem solving ug]{ vfnsf ;/sf/L k|zf;lgs ;+oGqx?sf] lj:tf/ ub}{ rationalization ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
— /fli6«o ;+ultsf] jf]w / P]Soj4tf l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 .
@_ Changes in the qualities of governing actors:-
— /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf JolQmTjx?df cfjZos u'0fx?sf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} ;sf/fTds ;f]r lgdf{0f .
— ;fdflhs ;'wf/df k|fyldstf lbO{ tbg'?k /fhg}lts kl/rfng, ;fdflhs kl/rfng / interest articulation df hf]8 .
— eljio k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfdf hf]8 / ;~rf/sf] ;'udtf .
#_ Cultural infusion -;f+:s[lts ;lDdng_ M–
— ljleGg ;d'xx?sf aLr kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / cGt/lqmof .
— ;dfhsf ljleGg If]q / ;d'bfo aLr cfly{s cGt/a]wg -kx'Fr_ .
— Elite / Mass, town / country nufot social integration df hf]8 .
— åGb lg/fs/0f / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu ;+:yfut ljsf; .
$_ Communication as instrument of emotional integration:-
— ;~rf/sf] efjgfTdstfnfO{ /fli6«o PsLs/0fdf k|of]u .
— P]Soj4tfsf] cg'e"ltdf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u .
— ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] jf]w 1fg lbnfOFbf ;~rf/sf] k|of]u .
— gful/sx?sf] e"ldsf clej[l4 jf/] hfu?s agfpg ;~rf/sf] k|of]u .
— mass media, administrative system, professional organization df ;~rf/sf] k|of]u .
%_ /fli6«o uf}/asf] af]w (National Pride):-
— cfdgful/sdf g]kfnL x'g'sf] uf}/a jf]w, Tof] efjgf l;h{gf ug]{ bfloTj ;/sf/sf] x'g] .
— ;kmn /fi6«sf] kl/ro, cg'e"lt l;h{gf .
— /fli6«otf cfdgful/ssf] lj:tfl/t klxrfg xf] .
^_ klxrfgsf] jf]w (identity):-
— vf; ;d'bfoaf6 ;femf ;d'bfosf] d"No :yfkgf u/L klxrfg ;Daf]wg .
— efjgfTds ?kdf Pstfsf] cg'e"lt .
— hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[ltdf PsTjsf] klxrfg jf]w .
— k/Dk/fut ;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsg] .
— ;fdflhs r]tgf, ;~hfnLs/0f / /fhgLlts ;|f]t kl/rfng .
&_ /fHo k|lqmofsf] j}wflgstf (legitimacy):-
— /fHosf] ;a} sfo{ cfdgful/s jf hgtfsf vflt/ ul/gfn] /fHo k|ltsf] ljZjf; a9\b5 .
— /fHoåf/f ul/g] sfd sf/jfxLdf cTolws hg;xeflutf .
— gLlt lgodsf] kl/kfngf / sfof{Gjog, /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod x'g] .
*_ ;xeflutf lj:tf/ (participation):-
— /fHo jf ;/sf/ eg]sf] gful/s ;xeflutfsf] k'~h xf] .
— cfdgful/sx? ;+ul7t ?kdf kl/rfng x'g] .
— gful/s ;xeflutf dfkm{t cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'wf/ / /fhgLlts / ljsf; k|lqmofx? ;+:yfut x'g] .
— ;fy{s hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/]/ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;xh .
(_ kx'Fr jf /fHok|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ (penetration):-
— ;dfhsf ;a} kIf÷ju{df /fHo k'Ug ;Sg] Ifdtf .
— /fHosf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? /fHosf] b"/b/fh / hg:t/;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ .
— /fli6«o d"NonfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg, /fHosf] ;an pkl:ylt hgfpg / /fli6«o efjgf alnof] agfpg ;xof]u .
!)_ /fHo k'g;{+/rgf (State restructure):-
— /fHosf] ljBdfg zf;sLo ;+oGq / kl/kf6Lsf] nf]stflGqs/0f .
— ;xeflutf Pj+ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs lg0f{osf cj;/ ljt/0fdf ;xh .
— /fli6«o d"Nosf] PsLs/0fdf b]lvg] cj/f]wdf Go"gtf .
— zf;sLo ;+/rgf kl/jt{g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, lgIf]k0f, k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlwdf ;fdlos ;'wf/, ;fd'bflos efjgfnfO{ /fli6«o
k|lqmofdf pGgog .
!!_ Goflos ljt/0f (Distributive justice):-
— ;/sf/n] j:t' tyf ;]jf ;'ljwf / cj;/x?sf] ljt/0fdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod x'g]u/L u/]df /fli6«otf k|ltsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg] .
— cj;/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfaf6 ;a}n] ;dfg cg'e"lt .
!@_ /fHosf}zn (Statemanship):-
— s'zn /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 /fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] .
— /fhgLlts ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng / /fHosf}zn k|bz{gaf6 /fi6«lgdf{0f .

13
— cfdgful/ssf] wf/0ff / efjgfnfO{ /fHo k|lqmofdf reflect u/fpg ;lsg] .
— hf]lvdk"0f{ lg0f{o Ifdtf jxg ug{ ;Sg] .
Nation Building and State Building -/fi6« lgdf{0f / /fHo lgdf{0f_ M–
/fi6« / /fHo zAbdf kfOg] ;dfgtf / leGgtfs} ;fk]Ifdf /fi6«lgdf{0f / /fHolgdf{0f zAbfjnL aLr w]/} cj:yfdf
;dfgtf / s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf c:ki6tf aLr / kl/k"/stfsf] ;DaGw klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ljåfgx?n]
oL b'a} zAbfjnLnfO{ ;dfgfyL{ ?kdf klg k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;j{;fwf/0fn] klg To:t} a'em\g] u/]sf 5g\ . oL
b'O{sf] ;DaGwsf af/]df lgDg a'Fbfx?af6 pNn]v ul/G5 M–
— /fHolgdf{0f /fHosf ;+/rgf / ;+oGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ k|lqmof xf] / /fi6«lgdf{0f rflx+ ;femf ;+:s[lt /
klxrfgsf] lgdf{0f xf] h;n] vf; If]qsf dflg;x?sf] ;dfg cl:tTj P]Soj4tf jf]w u/fpg ;sf];\ .
— Well functioning state -lqmofzLn / ;an /fHo_ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf], h;ljgf /fi6« lgdf{0f ug{
sl7g k|foM x'G5 . To:t} /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; ePkl5 /fHo lgdf{0f jf /fHo ;+oGqsf] ;anLs/0fnfO{ ;lhnf]
agfpFb5 .
— /fHolgdf{0fdf jfXo kIf engage x'g ;S5g\ t/ ;f+:s[lts Pstf / /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; ljz'4 cfGtl/s sfo{ xf] .
— k/Dk/fut cy{df /fi6« eg]sf] Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / efiffåf/f :yflkt ;femf klxrfg ePsf] hgtf xf] . /fhgLltzf:q cg';f/
/fi6«lgdf{0f ljljw hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f xf] . t/ cfw'lgs cy{df dfgj ljsf; / cfly{s
;d[l4 dfkm{t gful/s ;zlQms/0f gul/sg /fli6«o efjgf dhj't x'Fb}g . /fHo ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0fn] o;
k|lqmofnfO{ dha't agfpFb5 .
— /fHolgdf{0f zAb /fi6«lgdf{0f eGbf sd ljjfbf:kb x'G5 .
— /fi6«lgdf{0f ;f+:s[lts, dgf]j}1flgs PsTjsf] cg'e"lt hufpg] k|lqmof xf], /fHolgdf{0f /fHo Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] k|fljlws
kIf xf] .
— /fHolgdf{0f ;+w}sf] lgoldt k|lqmof xf], /fi6«lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+:yfut x'g ;S5 .
— /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tf / lgikIftfsf dfWodaf6 /fi6«sf hgtfx? cfkm\gf] efjgf ;Daf]lwt ePsf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\ .
ToxL cg'e"lt /fi6« jf efjgf xf] .
— ;du|df /fi6« / /fHo b'a} Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ .
/fHo / /fi6«df leGgtf M–
/fHo /fi6«
A state is an organized community under a unified Nation denotes acommunity of race, language and
political system. religion.
gful/ssf] ;+ul7t x'g] rfxgfsf] kl/0ffd vf; gful/sx?sf] ;femf klxrfgsf] kl/0ffd Pstfj4
ef}uf]lns ;Ldf / sfo{If]qdf lqmofzLn ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, hftLo k[i7e"ld
Joj:yfkg ;/sf/n] ub{5 . /fhgLlts ;fdflhs k|lqmofaf6 Jojl:yt x'G5 .
eozlQmaf6 kl/rflnt x'G5 . /fi6« efjgf / dgf]lj1fg xf] .
ljlw / k|zf;lgs ;+oGqaf6 ;+:yfut x'G5 . efjgf / P]Soj4tfaf6 ;+:yfut x'G5 .
/fi6« gag] klg /fHo aGg ;S5 . /fHo ljgf klg /fi6« cl:tTjdf /xg ;S5 .
e"uf]n, ;+/rgf / ;+oGqdf b]lvG5 . hgtfsf] PsTj, ljDa, k|lts, cg'e"lt h:tf efjgfdf
b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f $ cg';f/ æg]kfn g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f # cg';f/ æjx'hftLo,
/fHoM– -!_ g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf jx'eflifs, jx';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf
;DkGg, wd{ lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns
pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] cv08tf, /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4 k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf]
.Æ ;"qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] .Æ
Role of Bureaucracy for Nation Building :-
/fHoJoj:yf ;~rfngdf ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfk cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] ;femf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;~rfng
ul/g] ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ultljlw g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf] . To:t}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] ;d'lrt
kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfWod / k|lqmofsf] ;dli6ut ultljlw tyf ;+/rgfTds :j?knfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g elgG5 .
xfn ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6} :j?kdf lnOG5 .
To:t}u/L ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 cfdgful/ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{sf nflu /fi6«sf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt
kl/rfng u/L ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;~rfng ul/g] lqmofsnfknfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf jf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g jf sd{rf/LtGq
eGg] ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwf dfkm{t cfdgful/snfO{ dxz';of]Uo t'NofpF5g\ .
vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?df /fli6«o ljrf/wf/f / /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf ljljw If]q /
;d'bfonfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf afFWg ;Sg] ;+u7gsf] cefj b]lvG5 . To;}n] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf sd{rf/LtGqn] lgs} dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cyjf sd{rf/LtGqsf s]xL cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . h; cg';f/ – of] :ki6
sfg"gL cfwf/df ;~rfng x'G5 . j[xt ;+/rgf;+u} lj:t[t sfo{If]q 9fSg] ub{5 . o;df ;fdflhs / cfly{s b'a} k|sf/sf ;]jf
;'ljwf tyf cj;/x? kb{5g\ . o; dfkm{t hjfkmb]lxtf Pj+ pQ/bfloTjsf] dfu ul/G5 / /fHosf] j}wflgstf l;4 ug]{ cfwf/
klg k|zf;g g} xf] . /fhg}lts ?kdf o;nfO{ lglZrt dfu{bz{g ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] ?kdf k|zf;gn]

14
Joj:yfksLo Pj+ Jofj;flos bfloTj lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . kbLo >]0fL Pj+ txut >[+vnf / ;]jf cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 cflb
cflb .
/fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] e"ldsf lgDg a'Fbfaf6 :ki6 x'g] b]lvG5 M–
— lje]b / cfu|x/lxt /fHo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog,
— /fHosf d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] ;+oGq,
— /fHo÷/fi6« gLlt / d"Nosf] lg/Gt/tf,
— j}rfl/s a]d]ndf ;Gt'ngsf/L e"ldsf,
— /fHo / hgtf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;"q,
— j}rfl/s, hftLo / ;f+:s[lts ?kdf ;Gt'ng .
lj4fg Gerald E. Caiden n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyjf sd{rf/LtGqdf lgDg kfFr k|d'v sfo{x? ug]{ Ifdtf /xg] s'/f
cf}+NofPsf 5g\ M–
!_ k/Dk/fut sfo{x? h; cGtu{t jfXo ;Dks{, cfGtl/s sfg"gL Joj:yf, zflGt ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f sfo{, s/f/f]k0f,
c;xfox?sf] ;+/If0f cflb kb{5g\ .
@_ /fi6« lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x? h;df /fli6«o ;f+s]lts lrGxx?sf] ;Ddfg, /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«o ;fdflhsLs/0f,
/fli6«o ljsf; cflb .
#_ cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{x? cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs pBd, cfly{s lgodg, cfly{s of]hgf cflb .
$_ ;fdflhs sNof0f ;DaGwL sfo{x? h;df /fli6«o :jf:Yo ;]jfx?, /fli6«o sNof0fsf/L ;]jfx?, /fli6«o ljdf=
lgj[QLe/0f / ;]jf lgj[Qx?sf lglDt ;xof]u sfo{qmdx?, /fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs cfjf;, ljz]if ;d"x ;]jf cflb .
%_ jftfj/0f lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfo{x? h; cGtu{t zx/L of]hgf, jftfj/0f lgoGq0f, JolQmut lxt jf sNof0f cflb
kb{5g\ .
Caiden n] k|:t't u/]sf sd{rf/LtGqsf kfFr ljleGg sfo{x?dWo] /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ klg Pp6f k|d'v
sfo{ut e"ldsfsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ cGtu{t /fli6«o ;f+s]lts lrGxx?sf]
lgdf{0f jf klxrfg Pj+ k|rf/k|;f/ tyf ;+/If0fsf] sfo{, /fi6«sf ;femf p2]Zox?sf] k|flKtsf nflu If]qut / ;d'bfout :jfy{sf]
ck]Iff /fli6«o gLltx? / d"Nox?nfO{ ;jf]{kl/ :yfg lbP/ /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;Dj4{g / ;+/If0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] sfo{,
/fli6«o :jr]tgfsf] ljsf; Pj+ wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / Pp6f dfgs efiff tyf Ps k|sf/sf] kf]zfsdf hf]8lbg] h:tf sfo{x? /
cfkm}+ wflgg] ljsf; lgdf{0f, j:t' jf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, Jofks /fhgLlts ;xeflutf / JolQmTj ljsf;sf]
dfWodaf6 ;a} gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?sf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
/fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pk/f]Qm sfo{x?nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ /fi6«lgdf{0f sfo{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyjf sd{rf/LtGqsf]
e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
Characteristics/Attributes of good administrator :-
cfhsf] k|zf;g hl6n Pj+ r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5, Pp6f ck|Toflzt Joj:yfkgsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;y{ Pp6f k|zf;sdf
olt / o:t} u'0f jf ljz]iftfx? x'g'kb{5 eg]/ ls6fg ug{ Tolt ;xh 5}g . k|zf;lgs sfdsf] k|s[lt tyf ;do kl/l:yltn] km/s
km/s u'0fx?sf] dfu ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . k|zf;gjLbx?sf] egfO Pj+ k|zf;lgs P]g lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{
dWogh/ /fVbf cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df Pp6f s'zn k|zf;sdf lgDg u'0fx?sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 M–
— gLlt lg0f{o th'{df ljZn]if0f / sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg],
— of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ c+ufNg ;Sg] dfgl;stf ePsf],
— ljifoj:t'sf] kof{Kt 1fg ePsf], cg'ejL, ljz]if1, cfTdljZjf;L / l;h{gzLn tyf cu|;/ JolQmTj,
— jftf{ / ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg],
— cfkm\gf] sfdk|lt ;b}j k|ltj4,
— sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg / dgf]an p7fpg ;Sg],
— kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh 9+uaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg],
— ;fdflhs kl/jt{g / /fi6«lgdf{0f sfo{df s'zn e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg],
— g]t[Tj lng ;Sg],
— plrt ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng / lbg ;Sg],
— ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;sf/fTds sfo{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf Pj+ ;Lk ePsf],
— rt'/ s"6gLlt1tf k|bz{g ug{ ;Sg],
— plrt lg0f{o, ljj]ssf] k|of]u / d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg]÷ u/fpg ;Sg],
— sfo{rfk jxg ug{ / hf]lvd lng ;Sg],
— ljj]szLn, w}o{jfg / ;xgzLn JolQmTj ePsf],
— OdfGbf/, g}ltsjfg, b"/ufdL ;f]r ePsf] / c;n zf;s,
— /fi6«k|]dsf] efjgf / rfxgf ePsf],
— ;do Joj:yfkg, j:t'l:yltsf] 1fg / ljZn]if0ffTds Ifdtf ePsf],
— ;f]rfOdf gjLgtf / ;+u7gfTds s'zntf ePsf] cflb .
Hegemonism :-
ljsf;nfO{ jx;sf ?kdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf klZrdf /fi6«x?df Hegemonism sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;
qmddf ;g\ !($)–%) sf] bzsdf th'{df ul/Psf ljsf; ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?sf] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf; zAbn]

15
Modernization nfO{ Pp6f alnof] zlQmsf ?kdf cfTd;ft ub}{ nluof] . cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / zx/Ls/0f b'a} k|lqmofx?
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu ckl/xfo{ / cfjZosLo k|ultzLn kIfsf ?kdf b]vf k/] . ef}lts ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts /
/fhgLlts k|ult x'g] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n u/]sf] kfOof] . k"FhL nufgL cfly{s j[l4 / ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf ?kdf ljZjf;
ul/of] . o:t} o:t} ;Gbe{df u/La Pj+ cljsl;t d'n'sx?n] ;dfhsf] k"jf{wf/, cf}Bf]lus / ;du| cfw'lgsLs/0fsf nflu
k"FhL cfk"lt{ ug]{ qmddf k/lge{/ x'g k'u]sf] b]lvof] lsgls ljsf;sf] gfddf u/La Pj+ cljsl;t /fi6«x? k"FhL cefjsf]
b'irqmdf kml;;s]sf lyP . o;/L ljsf;sf] gfddf cfjZos k"FhL / k|ljlw ljsl;t b]zx?af6 lelqg yfNof] / ;+u;+u}
ToxfFsf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts k|efj ;d]t a9\g yfNof] . cGttM ljb]zL 7"nf /fi6«x? / cGt/f{li6«o
;+u7gx?n] u/Lj Pj+ k5f}6]kg / cfly{s cNktfdfly ljho k|fKt ug{ cfjZos k|of;nfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{
ul//x], Tof] qmd cBflk rNb}5 .
ljsf; eg]sf] ;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{, ;DaGwx?sf] kl/0ffd, gofF ljrf/x?, kl/rosf] pTkfbg, gofF cGt/f{li6«o
;+u7g jf ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] k|efj xf] . ljsf;nfO{ jx;sf ?kdf a'em\gsf] nflu ltgLx? aLr :yflkt ;DaGwx?sf]
k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . Jojl:yt ?kdf p2]Zo, cjwf/0ff / /0fgLltx? th'{df ug'{kb{5 . o:tf
;DaGwx? ;+:yfx?, ;fdflhs cfly{s k|ult, 1fgsf :j?k, k|fljlws kIfx? / ltgLx?sf] p2]Zo, cjwf/0ff, l;4fGt /
/0fgLltx? aLrdf :yflkt x'G5 .
;g\ !($% kl5 ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df ljleGg jx; tyf d'2fx? b]vf k/] . h:tf]– ul/jL, ckof{Kt k|ljlw, k"FhL, tLj|
hg;+Vof j[l4, ckof{Kt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, k/Dk/fut s[lif tyf pBf]u Joj;fo cflb . ;du|df cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts /
e"/fhgLlts k[i7e"lddf ljsf;sf jx;x? hf]l8Psf 5g\ . o;/L t]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?df ljsf; jx;sf d'2fx? Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{
cufl8 a9] . k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotf, ;+:yf, k|lqmof, PsfO{, k|0ffnL, klxrfg, kx'Fr, ;DaGw cflb ljifox? t emg\
ljsf;sf] l;4fGt / cEof;sf] jx;df ;dfj]z eP . s'g}klg ljifoj:t' tyf 36gfnfO{ ;du| jx;sf] ;Gbe{df ;dfwfg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf eO{ tL ;d:ofx?nfO{ klg jx;df ;dfj]z ub}{ nluof] . ljsf;nfO{ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts k|lqmofsf ?kdf eGbf klg
k|fljlws sfo{of]hgfsf ?kdf cg'z/0f ul/of] .
;du|df ljsf;nfO{ jx; ubf{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|fljlws, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs cflb If]qdf klZrdL d'n'sx? h'g
zlQmzfnL 5g\ ltgLx?sf] PsflwkTo /x]sf] b]lvof] eg] t]>f] ljZj cyf{t\ u/La d'n'sx? oL ljleGg kIfdf sdhf]/ ;fljt
ePsf sf/0f cljsl;t cj:yfdf a:g jfWo 5g\ . oL d'n'sx? dfly klZrdf zlQm ;DkGg d'n'sx?n] cfkm\gf] k|efj nf8\g
vf]h]sf] kfOG5 .
a'Fbfut ?kdf Hegomonism sf] ljsf; M–
— bf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5 -;g\ !($% kl5_ ljZj b'O{ w|'adf afFl8Psf] kfOof] . Psflt/ k"FhLjfbL -cd]l/sL g]t[Tj_ /
csf]{lt/ ;dfhjfbL -tTsfnLg ;f]leot ?;sf] g]t[Tj_ b]vf k/] / oL b'O{ kIfaLr k|ljlw, cy{tGq nufot /fhgLltdf
k|lt:kwf{ eof] . cd]l/sL g]t[Tjsf /fi6«x? klxnf] ljZj, ;f]leot ?; g]t[Tjsf /fi6«x? bf]>f] ljZj / oL b'a} jfx]ssf
:jtGq / c;+nUg /fi6«x? t]>f] ljZjsf ?kdf /x]sf] kfOof] .
— klxnf] / bf]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?n] t]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efj kfg{ hgzlQm, wgzlQm / k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fP t/ t]>f] ljZjsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf ;Gtf]ifhgs ;'wf/ b]lvPg . kmn:j?k ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff l;4fGtdf
s] slt sdL sdhf]/L ePsf] 5, ljsf;sf] cGt/lqmof s;/L c;kmn eof], nlIft ju{sf] hLjg:t/df lsg ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g egL
ljsf;sf d'2fx?df jx; b]vf k¥of] .
— ;g\ !($% df tTsfnLg cd]l/sL /fi6«klt Xof/L l6«pd]gn] ljsl;t / cNkljsl;t -pQ/ – blIf0f If]q_ sf] ;+1f lbPkl5
ljsf;df w]/} g} jx; eof] .
— ljsl;t / cljsl;t d'n'sx?aLr ljsf;sf b[li6n] ;txd} 7"nf] cGt/ b]vf k¥of] .
— Apturo Escobar sf cg';f/ ljsf;sf jx;x? lg/Gt/ ?kdf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|fljlws / ;fdflhs kIfx?;+u a9L ;DalGwt
5g\ eg]sf lyP .
— ljsf;sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] u/La Pj+ cNkljsl;t d'n'sx?nfO{ k/lge{/ cj:yfdf k'¥ofof] .
— cGttM ljsf;df tTjx? eGbf klg ltgLx? aLr :yflkt ;DaGwx?sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbOof] .
— vf;u/L ;g\ !($% kl5 ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ul/aL, sdhf]/ k|ljlw, ckof{Kt k"FhL, hg;+Vof j[l4, wfld{stf, hghftLotf,
;fdflhs, jlxis/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;dtf÷ ;dfgtf, lbuf] / n}lËs ljsf; h:tf ljleGg kIfdf jx;x? b]vf k/] .
— t]>f] ljZjsf] ljsf; ToxfFsf hgtf / ;/sf/sf] OR5f, lgoGq0f / cu'jfO{df x'g] cyjf cGt/f{li6«o bftfx?åf/f ul/g]
eGg] ;DaGwdf Jofks jx; rNof] . ;fy} ljsf;df b]vf k/]sf d'2f dfldnf tyf ;d:ofx?nfO{ jx;sf ?kdf AofVof ul/of]
.
— ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff, p2]Zo Pj+ /0fgLlt, 9fFrf, l;4fGt, k|ljlwdf klxnf] ljZj -ljsl;t /fi6«x?_ sf] k|e"Tj / Psflwsf/ 5
eg] t]>f] ljZj clwg:y, bdg, k5f}6]kg, ul/aL / k/lge{/tfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] klg t]>f] ljZjsf
d'n'sx?n] :jfanDaL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ckl/xfo{ 5 .
Post Development -pQ/ ljsf;_ M–
pQ/ cfw'lgstf cyjf pQ/ ljsf; l;4fGt ljsf; ;DaGwL To:tf] cjwf/0ff tyf cEof; xf] h;n] ;Dk"0f{ ljZjdf pQ/–
klZrdL k|e"TjnfO{ k|i6 kf/]sf] x'G5 . of] wf/0ff ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf pbo ePsf] xf] . of] ljsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf /
l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ljsf;sf of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx?df klZrdfx?sf] :jfy{ lgb]{zg
sfo{ljlw /xg] x'Fbf cfwf/e"t ?kdf klZrdL ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf] k|e"Tj /x]sf] x'G5 .

16
 Apturo Escobar / Gustavo Esteva n] ljsf;sf] cy{nfO{ r'gf}lt lbPsf 5g\ . cf}klgj]lzs b[li6af6 ljsf;nfO{ a'em\g]
xf] eg] pQ/cfw'lgstf cyjf pQ/ ljsl;t eg]sf] k|ultzLn / klZrd hf]l8Psf] / cflbd ?kdf b]lvG5 . pQ/–ljsf; l;4fGtsf
cg';f/ ljsf; ;w}+ cGoflos, sfd ljxLg, c;kmn cflb /lx/Xof] .
ljsf;n] ljleGg kIfx? u'dfO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj hg;+Vofsf] rfxgf klZrdf hLjgz}nL xf]Og . ljsf;n] hgtfsf]
a'emfOnfO{ ;xL 9+un] k|i6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . Post-development n] ljsf;sf] Psn cEof; tyf wf/0ffsf] cfnf]rgf ub{5 .
ljsf;n] ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0f / k|fyldstfsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVb5 . u}/klZrdf hgtfnfO{ ljsf;n]
k'¥ofPsf] c;dfgtfnfO{ vf]tNg] k|of; ub{5 . jf:tjdf ljsf;n] hgtfsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ a'em\g' kb{5 / ;d]6\g' kb{5 .
Critiques -cfnf]rgf_M– ljsf;sf ;a} ;+/rgf, ljsf; / ?kfGt/0fsf] cl:jsf/Ù k|ToIf b]lvg] ?kfGt/0fsf] cl:jsf/Ù
ljsf;n] ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;s]g .

17
Change Management :-
Ps cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yfdf k'Ug' g} kl/jt{g xf] . kl/jt{g gjLgtf tkm{sf] ofqf xf], km8\sf] xf] . kl/jt{g
cu|udg xf] . jt{dfgsf] cj:yfaf6 x'g] k|:yfg (departure) kl/jt{g xf] . df}h'bf cj:yfsf] ?kfGt/0f g} kl/jt{g xf] . x/]s
kl/jt{gn] gofF kl/l:yltsf] l;h{gf u5{ eg] gofF kl/l:yltn] klg kl/jt{g lgDTofpF5 . kl/jt{g lg/Gt/ k|lqmof klg xf], of]
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . kl/jt{g ljsf; of ;'wf/ tk{sf] ofqf xf], cleofg xf] . cj;/x? tyf r'gf}ltx?sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf nflu kl/jt{g
ul/G5 .
kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgn] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh 9+un] cjt/0f u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . kl/jt{gsf Jojwfgx?sf]
;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmof÷k4lt jf Jojxf/nfO{ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg elgG5 . kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ljifoj:t'x?df Joj:yfkg z}nLsf
kl/jt{g, ;/sf/L gLlt lgodx?df kl/jt{g, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw If]qdf kl/jt{g, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qdf
kl/jt{g, ;+u7gfTds gLlt lgod tyf ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / pkof]udf kl/jt{g, ahf/df kl/jt{g cflb
k|d'v 5g\ .
Manager as a Change agent :-
;fdflhs, ;f+u7lgs / jftfj/0fLo cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ / /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL
sfo{df Public administrator sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lgDg u'0f tyf ;Lkx? x'g] ePsfn] Manager nfO{
change agent sf ?kdf klg lnOG5M–
kl/jt{gnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf, ;d:ofsf] lgbfg ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{tf, ;d:ofsf pkfox? lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf, k|Zg
ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk snf, ;"rgfsf] k|zf]wg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg] ;Lk tyf Ifdtf, k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ ;Sg] v'aL, Wofgk"j{s
c?sf] s'/f ;'Gg ;Sg] w}o{tf, g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cflb .
To:t}u/L lgDg k|lqmofut sfo{x? ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] klg administrator nfO{ change sf ;Dafxssf] ?kdf lng]
ul/G5 M–
— kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{,
— kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ sf/0fx? kQf nufpg],
— kl/jt{g ubf{ pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg ug]{,
— kl/jt{g kZrftsf] ;Defljt kl/0ffdsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg],
— lgbfgsf] pkfox? / k|lt/f]wfTds zlQm kQf nufpg],
— kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ :ki6 If]qx?sf] lgwf{/0f ug]{,
— kl/jtL{t sfo{If]qsf] kl/efiff ug]{,
— kl/jt{gsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / ;~rf/ ug]{,
— sfo{of]hgfsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug]{, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ / k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ .
Modernization of Politics :-
Modernization:-
k'/fgf] cj:yfaf6 gofF cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfpg' jf ljsf; x'g' cfw'lgsLs/0f xf] . cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ cfly{s,
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts d"No dfGotf, ;Lk bIftfsf] k'glgdf{0f, gjLs/0f / ?kfGtl/t b[li6sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . of]
vf;u/L ;fdflhs ljsf;sf qmddf b]vfkg]{ df}lns gofFkg xf] . cfw'lgsLs/0f ;fdflhs ;+/rgfTds tyf efjgfTds kl/jt{gsf]
k|lqmof xf] . o;n] /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s kIfsf ;fy} ;dfhsf x/]s ;+/rgfsf] kl/jt{g / ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 . cfw'lgstfn]
kl/jt{gzLn ;Gbe{df gofF Jojxf/, k|ljlw, ;Lk, rng, k4lt, e"ldsf lelq+b} hfFbf ;dfh cfw'lgstfsf] dfu{df
nlDs/x]sf]tkm{ O+lut ub{5 . ;fy} cfw'lgsLs/0fn] s'g}klg If]qsf] r/0fj4 kl/jt{g k|lqmofnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 .
cfw'lgsLs/0f dflg;sf] ;f]rfO{ / lqmofsnfksf] ;du| kIfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] jx'cfoflds k|lqmof xf] h;n] dgf]lj1fgsf]
txdf cfwf/e"t ?kdf dflg;sf] d"No clej[l4 / cfsf+Iffx?df qmlds kl/jt{g NofpFb5, ;fdfGotfdf ljlzi6Ls/0f NofpF5
. ;du|tfdf cfw'lgsLs/0f eg]sf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws kIfdf cfpg] gofFkg xf] . of]
Pp6f Jojl:yt k|lqmof xf] h;df ljsf;sf ljljw kIfx? ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\, of] Pp6f ljZjJofkL k|lqmof klg xf] .
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v Pj+ cljsl;t d'n'sx?df tLj| ?kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .

Political Modernization:-
/fHo ;~rfng ;DaGwL k|0ffnLut Joj:yf g} /fhg}lts Joj:yf xf] . /fd|f] tyf Jojl:yt ?kdf /fHo ;~rfng ug{
;s]df dfq ljsf; sfo{x? ;/n Pj+ ;xh x'G5 clg dfq cfw'lgstfn] ;fy{stf kfpF5 . hgtfn] vf]h] rfx] cg';f/sf] output lbg
;s]df /fhgLlts k|0ffnL klg ;an Pj+ ;Ifd ePsf] dflgG5 .
Politics sf] modernization cGtu{t vf;u/L government / state sf] s'/f cfpF5 . State sf] functionalism eGg]
tl/sfaf6 politics nfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . Politics nfO{ power tyf status ;+u klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . Politics vf;u/L merit
sense eGbf aflx/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ positive / negative b'a};+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . Modernization of politics n]
positive improvement nfO{ a9L focus ub{5 .
To:t} u/]/ modernization of politics kIfnfO{ political freedom, freedom of press / establishment of democratic
norms u/L tLg tl/sfaf6 klg x]g]{ ul/G5 . vf;u/L /fhgLlts cfw'lgsLs/0f /fhgLlts ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . b]z
ljsf;sf nflu k|ydtM /fhgLlts ljsf; x'g' h?/L x'G5 . o;n] ;dfgtf, ;Ifdtf / lje]bLs/0f tyf ljlzi6Ls/0fnfO{ ;xh :jLsfb{5
.

18
 /fhgLlts ljsf; cGtu{t political modernization / political institutionalization u/L b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ tTjx?
x'G5g\ h;df modernization n] politics df kl/jt{gsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] x'G5 . Political system df ljz]ifu/L structure,
procedure, behaviour u/L tLg dxTjk"0f{ dimension x'G5g\ . oL tLg cfofddf k|hftflGqs norms cg';f/ cyjf ;dosf]
dfu cg';f/ kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ ug{ ;s]df political modernization ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
To:t}u/L Political modernization eg]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf clej[l4;+u ;DalGwt 5 . /fHo ;~rfng ubf{
k|efjsf/L, :jR5, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL 9+un] ug'{ g} /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] ;Ifdtfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] /fhgLlts
;Ifdtfaf6 g} /fhgLlts cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] x'G5 . oxfF political system capability cGtu{t Extractive,
Regulative, Distributive, Responsive, Symbolic capability u/L kfFr kIf jf cfofd 5g\ . o;n] political system sf]
development x]g{sf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 / o;sf] dfWodaf6 hgtf jf ;d'bfo;+usf] interaction klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .
jf:tjdf hgtfsf] support kfPdf political system capability a9\b5 eg] hgtfsf] support geP political system capability
sd x'g hfG5 / support sd ePdf /fhgLlts c;kmntf ;fljt x'g k'U5 . t;y{ hgtfsf] OR5f / cfjfhnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'
h?/L x'G5 .
ljz]ifu/L political change sf] nflu political system / people tyf society sf ;fy} international
pressure/environment klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . Political system development sf] nflu goal, action plan / political leader
sf ;fy} environment n] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . Capability nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg main role -e"ldsf_
political leader x?n] g} v]n]sf] x'g'kb{5 . Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df political leader x? ;kmn ePsf] dflgG5g\ .
Chief Ingredients/conditions of Political Modernization:-
— End of feudalism,
— Democratic system and norms & values,
— Secular values to be adopted in politics,
— Differentiation and specialization of political rules and structures,
— Development of different institutions/organizations,
— Increased popular participation,
— Rational distribution of human resources.
Political System Capability:-
/fhgLlts ?kdf s'g}klg sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] of]Uotf jf Ifdtf g} /fhgLlts k|0ffnLut ;Ifdtf xf] . Almond and Powel
n] Political system capability nfO{ kfFr efudf ljefhg u/L j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\ M–
!_ Extractive Capability:- u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifdtf . National tyf international society af6 s] slt
resources nfO{ klxrfg u/L u|x0f÷bf]xg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o;n] indicate ub{5 . /fhgLlts ?kdf pknAw
resources hlt a9L extract ug{ ;lsof] Tolt g} rfF8f] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g jf cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 .
@_ Regulative Capability:- ljleGg lgod sfg"gx?nfO{ nfu' u/fpg ;Sg] Ifdtf . pko'Qm gLlt lgodsf] th'{df /
To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] Ifdtfn] klg zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ;Ifdtf k|ltljlDat u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;a}eGbf
a9L Regulative capability ePsf] /fi6« cd]l/sf xf] .
#_ Distributive Capability:- x'g]af6 lng] / gx'g]nfO{ lbg] ;dfg ljt/0fsf] Ifdtf . pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f
ug]{ sfo{ . Gofodf ;dfgtf, income level, tax h:tf s'/fx?df equal treatment, ;DkGg ju{af6 tax p7fP/ ljkGg ju{df
Gofof]lrt ?kdf ljt/0f ug]{ h:tf s'/fx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
$_ Responsive Capability:- ljkGg tyf cfjfh ljlxgx?sf voice, choice and demand x?nfO{ response ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf .
/fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf /x]sf] s'g}klg 36gf ljz]ifdf ;dodf k|ltlqmof b]vfpg] Ifdtf / cfkm"n] b]vfPsf] k|ltlqmofs]
lhDd]jf/L jf pQ/bfloTj lng] ;Ifdtf .
%_ Symbolic Capability:- /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cGtu{t cfkm\gf] goodwill, brandname, image cflbsf] sf/0fn] ;f+s]lts
?kdf klxrfgof]Uo agfpg ;Sg] ;Ifdtf . ;f+s]lts ;Ifdtfaf6 /fhgLlts ;Ifdtf klg k|ltljlDat x'G5 eGg] dflgG5 . /fli6«o
em08f / lrGx, o'4 tyf v]n cEof;x?, UN sf] lrGx, /]8qm;, k'ln;, /fli6«o lje"ltx?sf ;flns cflb .
Factors Affecting the capability of a political System -k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?_M–
!_ /fhgLlts nIo / sfo{gLlt,
@_ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / pkof]u,
#_ /fhgLlts k4lt÷k|lqmof÷k|0ffnL,
$_ ;xdlt / ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj
%_ /fhgLlts l:y/tf÷:yfloTj,
^_ cfly{s ljsf; / cfTdlge{/tf,
&_ sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf,
*_ cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z / ultljlwx? .
Political system capability alnof] agfpgsf] lglDt lgDg pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M–
— ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf cfjZostf / ;d:ofx?k|lt /fHo÷;/sf/ ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kb{5 / ;a}nfO{ plrt Gofosf]
cfwf/df ;dfg cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] k|oTg ug'{kb{5 .
— d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg tyf tTsfnLg nIo / ltgsf] k|flKtsf] lglDt pko'Qm gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df u/L
ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 .

19
k|z+uj;\M–
European mode of Modernization:-
Hunting and gathering; Feudalism; Capitalism (Democracy, Citizen's right, Political and press freedom); Socialism
etc.
American mode of Modernization:-
Extractive Capability, Regulative Capability, Distributive Capability, Responsive Capability, Symbolic Capability etc.

Modernization of Government:-
;/sf/ eg]sf] tf]lsPsf] e"efu leqsf hgtfsf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff tyf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu :jtGq ?kdf /fHo
Joj:yf dfkm{t zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ j}wflgs lgsfo xf] . ;/sf/ ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg /fHosf] k|d'v ;+oGq xf] jf k|ltlglw xf]
eg] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] ljlw;Ddt k|of]u ug]{ lgsfo xf] . To:t}u/L /fHonfO{ ultzLn t'Nofpg], To;sf]
;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ bfloTj af]s]sf] j}wflgs ;+:yf jf lgsfo g} ;/sf/ xf] . 5f]6s/Ldf b]zsf]
zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ hgtfåf/f :yflkt j}wflgs ;+:yf÷lgsfo g} ;/sf/ xf] . zf;sLo ljlw / k4ltaf6 of] lgb]{lzt x'G5 .
o;sf] d"n sfo{ b]z ljsf; tyf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ xf] . k|zf;gnfO{ /fHosf] :yfoL ;/sf/ dflgG5 .
Government sf] modernization eg]sf] government sf] business nfO{ modern agfpg], hgtfsf] dd{ / efjgf
cg';f/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf / cj;/x?df k|efjsf/L k|jfx ug]{ / hgtfsf] life standard nfO{ modern agfpg] xf] . o;sf nflu long-
term vision rflxG5, nfdf] process df hfg'kb{5 .
k'/fgf] cj:yfaf6 gofF cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfpg' jf ljsf; x'g' cfw'lgsLs/0f xf] . cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ cfly{s,
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, k|zf;lgs, k|fljlws cflbsf] d"No dfGotf, ;Lk bIftfsf] k'gMlgdf{0f, gjLs/0f / ?kfGtl/t
b[li6sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
;/sf/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f vf;u/L /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf b]vfkg]{ df}lns gofFkg xf] . of] /fHo tyf /fi6«sf]
;+/rgfTds, k|lqmofTds, efjgfTds / Jojxfl/s kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof xf] . o;n] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts kIfsf
;fy} ;dfhsf x/]s ;+/rgfsf] gjLg kl/jt{g / ljsf;df hf]8 lbG5 . To:t}u/L ;/sf/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f hgtfsf] ;f]rfO tyf ultljlw
/ /fi6«sf] ljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] ;du| kIfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|lqmof xf] . ;/sf/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f Pp6f Jojl:yt
k|lqmof xf] h;df ljsf;sf ljljw kIfx? ;dfj]z ePsf x'G5g\ .
Government cyjf Administrative modernization sf] process ;g\ !**&
df Woodrow Wilson n] /fhgLlt / k|zf;g 5'§f5'§} ljifoj:t' xf] egL JofVof u/]kl5 z'? ePsf] dflgG5 .
Administrative modernization sf] qmddf classical tyf neo-classical approach x? ;a} cufl8 cfPsf x'g\ . oL
approach x? modernization sf] nflu cfPsf] dflgG5 .
To:t}u/L ;g\ !(^* df New Public Administration Jojxf/df cfof], o;n] bf]>f] ljZjo'4 kl5 w]/} b]zx? cf}klgj]z
d'Qm eP, ltgLx?sf] d'Vo p2]Zo Social change / Nation building x'g uof] . To;sf] nflu Public Administration jf
;/sf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ eof] . To;sf nflu ljleGg JolQmTjx?n] conference x?sf] cfof]hgf u/], tL ;a} g}
administrative modernization sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ step xf] . To;kl5 public administration df economy / efficient sf]
concept cfof] . ;g\ !(** df csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ conference eof], To;n] public administration nfO{ review u¥of] . ;g\
!(() sf] bzs kl5 Modernization of Government eGg] s'/f necesity eof], ca s;/L ug]{ eGg] ax; z'? eof] .
Reinventory government eGg] s'/f To;a]nf b]lv z'? eof] . ;g\ !((@ df Osborne / Gaebler åon] ;/sf/sf] reinventing
ug'{kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff ;lxtsf] k':ts k|sfzdf NofP h;df ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg :j?kdf catagorised ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5
;/sf/sf] modernization cjwf/0ffn] yk dnhn k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvof] .
Administration cyjf Bureaucracy nfO{ modernization ug'{kgf{sf sf/0fx? lgDg 5g\ M–
— Time cg';f/ h] h] gofF change cfpF5 To;nfO{ adopt ug{,
— aflx/af6 cfPsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{,
— System leqsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{,
— Administrative capability nfO{ strengthening ug{,
— of] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] / o;nfO{ ;do cg';f/ kl/jt{g ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] ;kmntfn] g} cfw'lgstfn] gofF
df]8 lng ;Sb5 .
Areas of Modernization of Government:-
!_ Public Services:- government n] eGbf private sector n] /fd|f] ;]jf lbPsf]n], sd{rf/LtGq average lsl;dsf] ePsf] /
effective service gePsf] sf/0fn] public n] tolerant ug{ ;s]gg\ . State level, regional level, local level sf] review ug{
z'? eof] . Public n] timely service kfpF5 kfpFb}g, public service ;j{q available 5 ls 5}g cflb s'/fx?df Wofg
lbOG5 .
@_ Performance oriented Bureaucracy:- sd{rf/LtGqsf sfd sf/jfxL performance based x'g'kg]{, sfd u/fO{sf]
dfkgsf] cfwf/df reward / punishment sf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .
#_ Policy making:- long-term and comprehensive gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? agfpFbf bL3{sfnLg / sfof{Gjog
of]Uo x'g'kg]{ .
$_ Responsive government:- hgtfsf] dd{, efjgf, rfxgf Pj+ cfjZostfx? administration n] ;dod} lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{
sfdsf/jfxL responsive governance x'G5 .
%_ ICT based Governance:- cfw'lgs ;dodf ICT n] yf]/} cjlwdf klg w]/} kl/jt{g ug{ ;kmn 5 .

20
^_ Inclusive Governance:- cf/If0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;sf/fTds lje]b, ;sf/fTds egf{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
&_ Integrated Government:- mobile services, different actions nufotsf ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jfx?nfO{ PsLs[t k|0ffnLaf6
lbg] .

21
Public Administration and task of Nation Building:-
/fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfk cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] ;femf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;~rfng
ul/g] ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ultljlw g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs÷;/sf/L ;]jf xf] . To:t}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf]
;d"lrt kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfWod / k|lqmofsf] ;dli6ut ultljlw tyf ;+/rgfTds :j?knfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
elgG5 . xfn ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6} :j?kdf lnOG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwf dfkm{t
cfdgful/snfO{ dxz';of]Uo t'NofpF5g\ h;n] /fi6«lgdf{0f tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g h:tf dxTjk"0f{ sfo{df d2t ldNb5 .
vf;u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x?df /fli6«o ljrf/wf/f / /fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf ljljw If]q /
;d'bfonfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf jfFWg ;Sg] ;+u7gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LtGq÷;/sf/L ;]jf jfx]ssf] ljsNksf] cefj b]lvG5 .
To;}n] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf sd{rf/LtGqn] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .
/fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g÷sd{rf/LtGq cyf{t ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] e"ldsf lgDg a'Fbfx?af6 :ki6 x'G5 M–
— lje]b / cfu|x /lxt /fHo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog,
— /fHosf d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg] ;+oGq,
— /fHo÷/fi6« gLlt / d"Nosf] lg/Gt/tf,
— j}rfl/s a]d]ndf ;Gt'ngsf/L e"ldsf,
— /fHo / hgtf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;"q,
— j}rfl/s, hftLo, ;f+:s[lts ?kdf ;Gt'ng .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|d'v sfd g} /fi6«lgdf{0f / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g xf] . lghLIf]q a9L gfkmfpGd'v x'g] / elite tyf
mass aLrsf] gap nfO{ sd ug{ vf;} of]ubfg glbg] x'gfn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -;/sf/_ nfO{ g} /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v
lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgfb]lv ;/sf/, lghLIf]q, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, :yfgLo ;/sf/
cflbnfO{ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ If]qsf] ?kdf dfg]sf] kfOG5 .
;g\ !(() ;Dd National Building sf] sfo{ ;/sf/n] dfq ub{Yof] . xfn /fi6« ljsf;sf nflu ;–;fgf sfdb]lv 7"nf 7"nf
cfof]hgfx?;Ddsf sfo{x? ;/sf/n] lghLIf]q dfkm{t u/fpg yfn]sf] 5 . NGO nfO{ klg bzf}+ of]hgfb]lv
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ u/fpg yflnPsf] 5 cyf{t\ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ;fem]bf/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf
sfdx? :yfgLo lgsfon] ub{5 eg] :yfgLo lgsfon] /fh:j c;"n ug]{ / :yfgLo ?kdf ljsf;sf sfo{x? ub{5g\ . oL
;a}nfO{ regulate ug]{ sfd ;/sf/sf] xf] . ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg actor x? cfPklg Nation building sf] sfo{ ug]{
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf -sfo{_ ;/sf/sf] g} xf] . hlt actor x? cfPklg tNnf] lgsfo;Dd ;/sf/ dfq} k'u]sf] 5 .
/fi6«lgdf{0fsf] ;xofqLsf] ?kdf ;/sf/L, lghLIf]q, ;xsf/L, NGO/INGO, gful/s ;dfh nufotsf] pkl:ylt ePklg
National ideology / National program, ljljw If]q tyf ;d"xx?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afFWg] ;+u7g sd{rf/LtGq jf ;/sf/L
k|zf;g g} xf] . o;sf] k|d'v pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ef/tnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . g]kfndf klg /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|lqmof / o;sf]
Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g÷sd{rf/LtGq bl/nf] cfwf/ x'g ;S5 .
Task of Nation Building:-
ljåfg Gerald E. Caiden n] ;/sf/L÷;fj{hlgs k|zf;g jf sd{rf/LtGq jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lgDg kfFr k|d'v sfo{x?
ug]{ Ifdtf /xg] s'/f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ M–
!_ Traditional functions/tasks -k/Dk/fut sfo{x?_ h; cGtu{t jfXo ;Dks{, cfGtl/s sfg"gL Joj:yf, zflGt ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs
lgdf{0f sfo{, s/f/f]k0f, c;xfox?sf] ;+/If0f cflb kb{5g\ .
@_ Nation Building functions -/fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?_ h;df /fli6«o ;f+s]lts lrGxx?sf] ;Ddfg, /fli6«o
Pstf, /fli6«o ;fdflhsLs/0f, /fli6«o ljsf; cflb .
#_ Economic Management functions -cfly{s Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{x?_ h; cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs pBd, cfly{s lgodg,
cfly{s of]hgf cflb .
$_ Social Welfare -;fdflhs sNof0f ;DaGwL sfo{x?_ h;df :jf:Yo ;]jfx?, /fli6«o sNof0fsf/L ;]jfx?, /fli6« jLdf,
/fli6«o lzIff k|0ffnL, ;fj{hlgs cfjf;, ljz]if ;d"x÷;]jf cflb .
%_ Environmental function -jftfj/0fLo sfo{x?_ h; cGtu{t zx/L of]hgf, jftfj/0f lgoGq0f, JolQmut lxt jf sNof0f
cflb kb{5g\ .
Caiden n] k|:t't u/]sf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf÷sd{rf/LtGqsf ljleGg kfFr sfo{x?dWo] /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ klg
Pp6f k|d'v sfo{ut e"ldsfsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ cGtu{t /fli6«o ;f+s]lts
lrGxx?sf] lgdf{0f jf klxrfg Pj+ k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf ;+/If0fsf] sfo{, /fi6«sf ;femf p2]Zox?sf] k|flKtsf nflu If]qut /
;d'bfout :jfy{sf] ck]Iff /fli6«o gLltx? / d"Nox?nfO{ ;jf]{kl/ :yfg lbP/ /fli6«o Pstfsf] ;Dj4{g / ;+/If0fdf ;3fp
k'¥ofpg] sfo{, /fli6«o :jr]tgfsf] ljsf; Pj+ wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / Pp6f dfgs efiff tyf Ps} k|sf/sf] kf]zfsdf hf]8
lbg] h:tf sfo{x? / cfkm}+ wflgg] ljsf; lgdf{0f, j:t' jf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, Jofks /fhgLlts ;xeflutf /
JolQmTj ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 ;a} gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ut
e"ldsfsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . ctM /fi6«lgdf{0f ;DaGwL pk/f]Qm sfo{x?nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ /fi6«lgdf{0f sfo{df
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cyjf sd{rf/LtGqsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

Changing Perspective:-
Administrative Adaptation in a changing Society:-

22
 ;dfh kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . ;dfhsf ultljlwx? ;do kl/l:ylt;+u} ;w}+ kl/jt{g eO/xG5g\ . ICT sf] ljsf;,
Globalization, modernization cflbsf] sf/0fn] ljZjdf w]/} l56f] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;dfhdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{
public administration n] s;/L adapt ub}{ cufl8 a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f oxfF JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .
Changing society df adaption x'g k|zf;g;+u lgDg capacity x? x'g'kb{5 M–
— s] s] kl/jt{gx? of] jftfj/0fdf cfpFb}5g\, Tof] s'/f eljiojf0fL ug{, cGbfh ug{ / a'em\g ;Sg' kb{5 .
— ;dfhdf s] s] gofF kl/jt{g Nofpg] eGg] of]hgf agfpg] .
— /fhg}lts k|0ffnL÷zlQm / gb]lvPsf forces n] Nofpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ adopt ug'{kb{5 .
— Public administration cfkm}+ klg innovative x'g'kb{5 .
Barriers of Change :-
1) Administrative culture (Bureau pathology)
2) Organizational barriers:-
— lack of bureaucratic institutionalization.
– existence of feudocracy - fused and prismatic society.
– growth and persistence.
– bureaucratic frustration.
3) Procedural barriers
4) Corrupt environment barriers
5) Administration perception.
Changing society df adapt x'gsf] nflu g]kfnsf] Administrative system df ePsf kl/jt{gx? M–
kl/jt{g cu|udg xf], gjLgtf tkm{sf] ofqf xf] . jt{dfgsf] cj:yfaf6 x'g] departure g} kl/jt{g xf] . cyjf df}h'bf
cj:yfsf] ?kfGt/0f g} kl/jt{g xf] . of] lg/Gt/ eO/xg] k|lqmof xf] . of] jx'ljifout lqmofsnfk ePsfn] o;sf] Jofks :j?k
5 . cj;/x? tyf r'gf}ltx?sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf nflu kl/jt{g ul/G5 . o; cy{df kl/jt{g eg]sf] ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ Ps
dfWod xf] . kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgn] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh 9+un] cjt/0f u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpFb5 . To:t} kl/jt{gsf
Jojwfgx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmof÷k4lt tyf Jojxf/sf] ?kdf klg kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgnfO{ lnOG5 .
kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ljifoj:t'M–
Joj:yfkg z}nLdf kl/jt{gÙ k|ljlwdf kl/jt{gÙ :jfldTjdf kl/jt{gÙ ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{gÙ ;+:s[lt, d"No dfGotf, wf/0ff /
Jojxf/df kl/jt{gÙ ;+u7gfTds gLlt lgoddf kl/jt{gÙ ahf/df kl/jt{gÙ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf / pkof]udf kl/jt{gÙ
hgzlQm tyf ;Lkdf kl/jt{gÙ u|fxs / bjfj zlQmdf kl/jt{gÙ ;+u7gsf] nIo tyf p2]Zo, /0fgLlt, sfo{of]hgf /
k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g .
g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostfM–
— ;~rf/, ;"rgf / k|ljlwdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{gÙ
— Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf cfPsf gjLg dfGotfx?Ù
— ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+ lghLs/0fsf] k|of]uÙ
— cfdhgtfsf] xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltÙ
— ;/sf/sf gofF sfo{qmdx?sf] 3f]if0ffÙ
— P]g sfg"gdf cfPsf÷ePsf kl/jt{gx?Ù
— ;dfg ;]jf÷;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] aLr k|lt:kwf{sf] l:yltÙ
— /fHo;Qf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gÙ
— Democracy df hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yfÙ
— gofF gofF technology sf] :yfkgf / k|of]u .
k/Dk/fut ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}ltx?M–
— kl/jt{gsf nflu plrt df]8n tof/ ug{ g;Sg' .
— kl/jt{gnfO{ cj;/df ptfg{ g;Sg' .
— kl/jt{g jfxsx?n] g} kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft gug'{ .
— /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tfsf] cefj x'g' .
— ;fdflhs P]Soj4tf sfod x'g g;Sg' .
— 1fg÷lzIff tyf hgr]tgfsf] sdhf]/ l:ylt /xg' .
— zlQm / kbsf] e/df sfg"g ldRg] k|j[lQ /f]Sg g;Sg' .
— kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf lbuf] jsfnt sfod x'g g;Sg' .
— hg;xeflutf / hgljZjf; cfh{g ug{ g;Sg' .
— g]t[Tj ju{df b"/b[li6sf]0fsf] cefj /xg' .
— k|zf;lgs sfo{x? gf]s/zfxLaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g' .
— kl/jt{gk|lt ;xof]ufTds eGbf cj/f]wfTds jftfj/0f x'g' .
— Jojxfl/s Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg' .
— risk taking sf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' .
kl/jt{gsf nflu ePsf k|of;x?M–
— ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] bjfj l;h{gf u/]sf] .

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— k|To]s /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 k|zf;gdf klg kl/jt{gsf] k|of;x? x'g] u/]sf] .
— k|zf;g planned change tkm{ pGd'v /x]sf] .
— sfof{nosf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ sDKo'6/ k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ul/Psf] .
— k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ ;+:yfut k|of;af6 zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;DaGwL sfo{ eO/x]sf] .
— ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj :j?k ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kIfdf kl/jt{g;+u} k|zf;gtkm{ klg kl/jt{g x'g] k|of;/t .
— xfn kl/jt{gnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng] u/]sf] .
— ;+u7g ;+/rgfdf ;do ;dodf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] .
— ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf nflu ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] .
— ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ /0fgLlts ?kdf pkof]u ul//x]sf] .
— ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;tkm{ cu|;/ /x]sf] .
— k|zf;g / gful/s ;dfh aLr ljleGg cGt/lqmof x'g] u/]sf] .

Inclusion -;dfj]zLs/0f_ M–
;/sf/L ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t ljlzi6 pkfox? cjnDag u/L ;a} hflt, hghflt, ln+u, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt tyf
If]qLo ;d"x?sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] cfwf/df zlQm / clwsf/sf] ;fem]bf/L ug'{ g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .
To:t}u/L ax'njfbL ;dfhdf /fHon] ;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnË, wd{, ;+:s[lt / If]qsf hgtfx?k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/
u/L /fHosf ;a} txdf pgLx?sf] cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf u/fpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . jx'ntfdf cfwfl/t
;dfhdf sdhf]/ ju{ / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf lglDt ;dGofosf] l;4fGtsf] cjnDagåf/f ;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfgtfsf] cg'e"lt k|bfg
u/L /fHo k|0ffnLk|lt ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ckgTj sfod u/fpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGt ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] w]/} hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt ePsf] ax'njfbL ;dfhdf ;Ldfts[t ;d'bfosf] klxrfg,
kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] p2]Zo jf:tljs ?kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf jx';+Vos hgtfnfO{
/fHoJoj:yfsf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg' xf] . of] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} k|sf/sf] lje]bsf] cGTo u/L ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . s;}k|lt s'g} e]befj gu/L ;a}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] clei6 xf] .
/fi6«sf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z x'g g;s]sf hfthflt, wd{, j0f{, lnË, efiffefifL, ;Dk|bfo, ;d"x÷;d'bfo / If]qsf
JolQmx?nfO{ /fi6«sf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z u/L power, resources / opportunity df Gofof]lrt ;fem]bf/L ;'lglZrt
ug'{nfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f elgG5 . of] ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . o;n] equal access jf power /
equal sharing jf benefit sf] jsfnt ub{5 .
;dfj]zLs/0f b]zdf /x]sf] hftLo, eflifs, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, ef}uf]lns, cfly{s ljljwtfnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf
k|ltljlDat u/fpg] k4lt xf] . of] /fHo ;~rfngsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] txdf /fi6«leqsf] ;Dk"0f{ hftLo, ;d'bfo,
ju{, lnË, tx Pj+ If]qsf dflg;x?sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf )^@.^# sf] bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 ag]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs–
;f+:s[lts Pj+ cfly{s ?kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf] zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffnfO{
c+lusf/ u/L /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ n] klg o;
s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;dfj]zL cjwf/0ffsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0f Joj:yf M–

tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]cg';f/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] p2]Zon] klxnf] k6s
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg @)^$_ df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ?kdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|of]udf
NofOPsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 k|x/L, ;]gf, lzIfs ;d]tsf ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL P]g lgodx?n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . zf;g k|0ffnLdf ljleGg ju{, If]q, lnË, hfthflt / ;Dk|bfosf] kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj /
klxrfgsf lglDt ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt lnOPsf] x'G5 . ;+/If0f, ljsf;, ;zlQms/0f, cf/If0f, cj;/, ;sf/fTds lje]b, k'g;{+/rgf,
cf/If0fsf] :yfgLos/0f Pj+ ;r]tgf sfo{qmd, lzIff If]qdf nufgL cflb ;dfj]zLs/0fsf k|lqmofx? x'g\ . g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLltnfO{ c+uLsf/ ub}{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] k|of]u cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . cf/If0f eg]sf] /fHo jf zf;g k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj gePsf] al~rt ;d"xnfO{ ;'ljwfdf /x]sf] ;d"x ;dfg
agfpg lglZrt ju{, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnË / If]qsf JolQmx?n] dfq efu lng kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' xf] . of]
;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ nfu' ug]{ Pp6f dfWod Pj+ k|lqmof xf] .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_ n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ x'g]
kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb /fHo ;+oGqdf kl5 k/]sf, kfl/Psf ju{, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnË / If]qsf] nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf h:t} cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L ;a} ju{ ;d'bfo, hfthflt, lnË / If]qsf]
/fHo ;~rfngdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] $% k|ltzt kbnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL ;f] dWo] dlxnfsf nflu ##,
cflbjf;L hghfltsf nflu @&, dw];Lsf nflu @@, blntsf nflu (, ckfËsf nflu % / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu $ k|ltztsf
b/n] kb 5'6\ofOPsf] kfOG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf jf:tjd} k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, efiffefifL, lnË / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjsf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu ( j6f lhNnfnfO{ lk5l8Psf] if]qsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 eg] dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L / blntsf
nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] kb cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sfx?sf nflu cf/lIft ul/Psf] :ki6 x'G5 . To:t} ckfËsf nflu

24
5'6\ofOPsf] kbsf nflu s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfdsf nflu tf]lsP jdf]lhdsf ckfËx?aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] eGg]
Joj:yf u/L ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ /fHo ;+oGqsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg cf/If0fsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . t/ ;dfj]zL
gLltsf] Jojxfl/s k|of]unfO{ x]bf{ o;n] s]xL r'gf}ltk"0f{ s'/fx? l;h{gf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] p2]Zo
;dfgx?sf aLrdf ;dfgtfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ c;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx?nfO{ ;dfg :t/df k'¥ofpg] /x]sf]n] ;f] jdf]lhd
Jojxf/df ptfg{ sl7g eO/x]sf] jf r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf r'gf}ltx? M–

— jf:tljs ?kdf lk5l8Psf ju{ ;d'bfosf] kl/efiff x'g g;Sbf cf/If0fsf] kmfObf s]xL ;Lldt elite ju{n] g} lng] ubf{
kx'Fr gePsfx?n] cem}+ al~rtLs/0fsf] l;sf/ eO/x]sf] .
— ;'uddf /x]a;]sf JolQmx?n] lk5l8Psf] If]qaf6 gful/stf lnP/ ;f] Joj:yfsf] cg'lrt kmfObf lng] u/]sf] .
— ckfËx?sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] sf]6fdf klg jf:tljs ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx?n] dfq cf/lIft ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{df
efu lng] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ .
— lghfdtL ;]jf k|0ffnLdf sltko cf/If0f tkm{sf ;dfj]zL kbx?df pDd]bjf/ gk'u]sf / sltkodf s'g} pDd]bjf/ ;kmn
x'g g;sL lj1fkg bf]x¥ofpg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] .
— cf/If0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf kl/df0ffTds nIo lgwf{/0f u/L cf/If0f gLlt Nofpg g;lsPsf] .
— cf/If0f sf]6faf6 ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?k|lt ;+u7gleq ul/g] km/s Jojxf/sf] lzsf/ x'g] cj:yf .
— ;dfg kbdf Ps}k6s Pp6} JolQmn] lnË, hflt, If]q ;d]tsf] cfwf/df PseGbf a9L cf/If0fsf lj1fkgx?df efu lng
kfpg] l:ylt eO/x]sf] .
— cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ubf{ s'g ;d"x jf ju{ ;d'bfosf JolQmn] slt k6s;Dd cf/If0fsf] ;'ljwf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] eGg] :ki6
Joj:yf gePsf] .
— j[lQ ljsf; / a9'jf k|of]hgdf ;d]t cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf x'Fbf To;n] ;]jf k|jfxdf kfg{ ;Sg] c;/sf af/]df cWoog x'g
g;s]sf] .
— ljz]if Jofj;flos ;Lk / Ifdtf rflxg] kbsf nflu ;d]t cf/If0f ul/+bf k]zfut bIftf / s'zntfdf c;/ ug{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] .
lgZsif{M–
xfd|f] h:tf] ax'njfbL ;dfhdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg' cfjZos xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLltnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ h'g p2]Zoaf6 ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ ul/Psf] xf] ;f] p2]Zodf k'Ug ;lsPsf] 5 5}g egL jf:tljs d"Nof+sg ul/g' kb{5 . xfn lghfdtL
;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 lk5l8Psf] ju{, ;d'bfo, hfthflt, lnË / If]qsf JolQmx?sf] ;]jf k|j]zdf ;sf/fTds j[l4 ePklg
;+VofTds ?kdf x]bf{ lg0f{o lgdf{0f txdf eGbf tNnf] txdf a9L pkl:ylt /x]sf] x'Fbf Tof] pkfoaf6 lglZrt ju{sf]
s]xL ;Lldt JolQmx? dfq nfeflGjt ePsf] / lg0f{o lgdf{0fsf] txdf pgLx?sf] pkl:ylt cToGt Go"g g} /x]sf] cj:yf 5
. To:t} ;dfj]zLsf] ?kdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf s]xL JolQmx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu s'g} sfo{qmdx? Nofpg g;Sbf ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;d]t ;d:ofx? b]lvg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
oxfF cf/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df Psyl/n] cf/If0fsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] csf]{yl/ dt /fVg]x?n] cf/If0fsf] kIfdf
hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . cf/If0fsf] lj/f]w ug]{x?sf cg';f/ cf/If0fn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ bIftfdf lu/fj6 NofO{ ;]jf
k|jfxdf ;d]t x|f; Nofpg] / of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ c;/ ug]{ Pj+ jf:tljs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf ju{ ;d'bfosf
JolQmx?n] o;af6 s'g} kmfObf lng ;Sb}gg\ eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} cf/If0fsf kIfw/x?sf] egfO
cg';f/ cf/If0f g} o:tf] k|efjsf/L sbd tyf cf}hf/ xf] h;n] ljleGg sf/0faf6 /fHosf] d"nk|jfxdf cfpg g;s]sf, gkfPsf
;d"x / ju{ ;d'bfonfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg Pj+ pgLx?n] ljutdf ef]Ug' k/]sf] zf]if0fsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg ;lsG5 eGg] /x]sf]
kfOG5 . t;y{ ;dfj]zLs/0f k4lt cjnDag ug{ u/fpgsf nflu ;fdflhs jftfj/0f klg ;'dw'/ agfpg' kb{5 . To:t}
;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljleGg pkfox?dWo] pko'Qm pkfosf] 5gf]6 u/L ljz]if sfo{qmdx?sf] dfWodåf/f b]z ;'xfpFbf]
gLltsf] cjnDag ug'{sf ;fy} Ifdtfjfg JolQmx?nfO{ ;]jfdf k|j]z u/fpg] k|oTg ug'{ kb{5 .
Social Change
;dfhM– ;dfh eg]sf] dflg;x?sf] ;d"x h;df ;femf wf/0ff, d"No dfGotf / ;DaGwx?sf] >[+vnf /x]sf] x'G5Ù ;dfh
eg]sf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwx?sf] hfnf] xf] . ;dfhsf tTjx?df– Usages, Procedures, Presence of authority, Feeling of
togetherness, Several grouping, Controling measures, Liberty cflb kb{5g\ . To:t}u/L ;dfhsf juL{s/0fdf Tribunal,
Pastorial, Agricultural, Industrial society cflb x'G5g\ .
;fdfGotof kl/jt{g eGgfn] s'g} ;+/rgfdf cfpg] km/skg xf] . s'g} lglZrt ;dofjlwleq j:t'sf] :j?k jf ;+/rgfdf
cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emfpFb5 .
;fdflhs kl/jt{g eg]sf] dflg;x?sf] hLjg k4lt, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf jf 9fFrf, OsfO{ ;DaGw, cGt/lqmof cflbdf
cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] . dflg;sf] ;f]rfO{ / sfo{k|0ffnLsf] tl/sfdf cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] . ;doqmd / kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} ;dfh Ps
:j?kaf6 csf]{ :j?kdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . vf;u/L of] ;fdflhs tyf dfgjLo hLjgdf cfpg] kl/jt{g xf] . of] ;dfhsf] ;fj{ef}d /
ckl/xfo{ lgod xf] . of] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof klg xf] . ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Ps}rf]6L x'g] k|lqmof xf]Og, of]
lgoldt ?kdf lj:tf/} lj:tf/} x'g] gradual change xf] . ;fdflhs ;/ntfaf6 hl6ntftkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ePsf
x'G5g\ . o;af6 social behaviour / philosophy df klg kl/jt{g x'G5 . ef}uf]lns, hg;+VofTds, k|fljlws, cfly{s,
/fhgLlts dgf]j}1flgs, j}rfl/s / ;fF:s[lts tTjx?sf sf/0f ;fdflhs kl/jt{g x'G5 . o:tf] kl/jt{gn] whole society df kl/jt{g

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NofpF5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;DaGwx?df uxg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . of] ;fdflhs ;+u7gx?df of]hgfj4 Pj+ qmflGtsf/L b'j}
k|lqmofsf] kl/0ffdsf ?kdf b]vf kb{5 .
— Social change refers to an alternation in the social order of a social group or society; a change in the nature, social
institutions, social behaviours or social relations of a society.
— It may refers to the notion of progress or socio-cultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward
by dialectial or evolutionary means.
— Social change may be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or technological forces.
Definitions :-
Maclver - "Social change is change in human relationship".
Merill and Eldridge - " When human behaviour is in the process of modification this is only of indicating that social
change is occuring".
Anderson and Parker - "Social change involves alternation in the structure or functioning of social forms or process
themselves.
M.P.Jenson - "Social change may be defined as modification in ways of doing and thinking of people".
;du|df ;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] ;fdflhs 9fFrf jf k|ltdfg, ;fdflhs k|lqmof, ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;fdflhs cGt/lqmof,
;f]rfO, b[li6sf]0f, d"No dfGotf / Jojxf/df cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ a'emfpg] ul/G5 .
Characteristics/Attributes/Natures of Social Change :–
!_ Social change is a universal :- ;a} ;dfh kl/jt{gzLn 5 / ;w}+ kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . h] u/]klg jf s]xL gu/] klg ;dfh
kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . ;dfhsf] cl:tTj /x];Dd kl/jt{g hf/L /xG5 . ;dfh l:y/ x'Fb}g ultzLn x'G5 .
@_ Nature of social change is social :- ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] :j?k ;fdflhs k|s[lts} x'G5, of] lg/Gt/ eO/xG5 . ;fy}
;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;dfhsf tTjx? h:t}– cfly{s, ;fdflhs, sfg"gL ?kdf x'G5 .
#_ Speed of social change is unequal and comparative :- ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf ;do / :yfgsf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g 7fpF / ;do cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g'sf ;fy} t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
$_ Social change is complex phenomenon :- clxn] ;dfhsf x/]s ;DaGwx? hl6n vfnsf b]lvG5g\ . Power use ug]{
JolQm / cGo JolQmx?sf] ;DaGwdf w]/} gap x'G5 . Relation sf] complicity sf] sf/0faf6 ;dfhsf ljleGg
3/jf/x? lalu|Psf] b]lvG5, ;fy} kl/jf/x? Ps cfk;df 5'l6P/ leGg a:g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
%_ Unpredictability :- ;fdflhs kl/jt{g af/]df o:t} lsl;dsf] egL k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;ls+b}g . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu ul/g]
s'g}klg sfo{qmd nfu' ubf{ To;n] ;dfhdf s:tf] kl/jt{g NofpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . To:tf
sfo{qmdx?n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds b'a} lsl;dsf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
^_ Social change is community change :- ;fdflhs kl/jt{g eg]sf] JolQmut Pj+ b'O{rf/ JolQm dfq kl/jt{g geP/
;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo -;dfh_ df x'G5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ;xh x'G5 .
&_ Social change is both planned and unplanned :- ljleGg sfo{qmdx? nfu' u/]/ Nofpg vf]h]sf] kl/jt{g planned
;fdflhs kl/jt{g xf] eg] automatic ?kdf s'g} s'/fsf] kl/jt{g x'g] unplanned ;fdflhs kl/jt{g xf] . h:t}– clxn]
g]kfndf lqmlZrog wdf{jnDaLx?sf] ;+Vof XjfQ} a9]sf] kfOG5 .
*_ Nature and speed of social change is related to time factor :- ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|s[lt / o;sf] ult ;do kl/l:ylt cg'?k
km/s km/s x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf tLj|t/ ultdf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
(_ Result of the interaction factors :- ;fdflhs cj:yf / ;DaGwdf w]/} tTjx?n] k|efj kf/]sf x'G5g\ / tL tTjx?dWo]
s]xL jf ;a}sf] cGt/lqmofn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 .
Causes and Factors of Social Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ljleGg sf/0f jf tTjx? x'G5g\ . tL tTjx?n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf
x'G5g\ . tL sf/s tTjx?sf] kl/0ffdn] ubf{ g} ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts kIfdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf k|d'v
sf/s tTjx? lgDg 5g\ M–
!_ Biological factors :- hLljt j:t'x? -vf;u/L dflg;_ sf dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs u'0fx?nfO{ h}ljs tTj jf ljz]iftf dflgG5 .
dflg;sf u'0fx? klg km/s km/s x'G5g\ . ;do kl/l:ylt cg';f/ tL u'0fx?df ;d]t kl/jt{g ePsf x'G5g\ . tL u'0fx?sf
cfwf/df kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs ;+u7g / OR5f cfsf+Iffx? x'G5g\ . dflg;sf] ?rL / Ifdtfsf] leGgtfn] klg ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
Nofpg d2t ub{5 . Pp6} hfltsf dflg;x?df klg ljleGg leGgtfx? x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fdflhs jftfj/0f agfpg] tyf
afFRgsf] nflu ;+3if{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;y{ h}ljs tTjx?n] ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts :j?ksf] lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
Nofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
@_ Educational factors/reasons :- lzIffn] dflg;sf] ;f]r / r]tgfdf kl/jt{g NofpFb5 h;af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf d2t k'Ub5 .
z}lIfs 1fgu'0f / ;Lksf] ljsf;n] ubf{ dflg; ljleGg ljrf/wf/f / b[li6sf]0fl;t klg kl/lrt x'g k'Ub5 . To:t} z}lIfs 1fgn]
dflg;sf] dgf]j}1flgs / j}rfl/s kIfnfO{ klg ;an agfpFb} n}hfG5 . o;n] z}lIfs If]qdf klg ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} dfl;gx?
;dfhdf ;'wf/ ug{ cl3 a9\5g\ / o;af6 ;fdflhs ;'wf/df ;d]t d2t k'Ub5 .
#_ Physical and geographical factors :- k[YjLsf] k|fs[lts Pj+ ef}uf]lns jftfj/0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] klg ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gdf d2t k'Ub5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf hghLjg z}nL, pTkfbg k|0ffnL, e]ife"iff, /xg;xg, vfgkfg cflb km/s
km/s x'G5g\ . To:t} klxn] klxn] ljsl;t cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] ;dfh klg clxn] cfP/ cljsl;t aGg k'Ug'df k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL, jf9L klx/f], clgsfn, dxfdf/fL, cfFwLa]x/L,
;'Vvfu|:t tyf 8'jfg cflb h:tf k|fs[lts b'3{6gfx?af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

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$_ Technological factors/reasons :- k|fljlws sf/0f jf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIfsf ljleGg
If]qdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] kfOG5 . pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; jf kl/jt{g / oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; jf kl/jt{gn] dflg;sf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts cflb nufot hghLjgsf ljljw kIfdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0fn] ;dfh kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] s'/f prof. Lenski n] eg]sf
5g\ .
%_ Political factors :- /fhgLlts kIf klg ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] dxTjk"0f{ sf/s tTj xf] . /fhgLlts cj:yf /
k|lqmof, /fhg}lts ;+u7g, /fhg}lts cEof;x?, /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ cflbn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5g\ . /fHo,
;/sf/, ;Qf sfg"gn] ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltnfO{ s'g df]8df k'¥ofpg] eGg] s'/fdf ljz]if e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . /fhgLlts kIfn]
gful/ssf xslxt, clwsf/, k]zf, Joj;fo, :jtGqtf / cj;/ cflb h:tf s'/fx?df klg hf]8 lbG5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg
oy]i6 d2t ub{5 .
^_ Economic factors/reasons :- cfly{s kIfx? alnof] ePsf] v08df ;dfhsf cGo kIfx? klg alnof] g} x'G5g\ . dflg; /
;dfhsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 dflg;x?sf] /xg ;xg, hLjgrof{, b[li6sf]0f÷;f]r / Jojxf/ clg sfo{ k|lqmofdf ;d]t
kl/jt{g ePsf] x'G5 . cfly{s k|0ffnLn] g} z}lIfs ljsf;, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng, kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f, ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0f,
k|hftflGqs tyf u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf cflbnfO{ klg ljz]if hf]8 lbG5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf k|efj kb{5 . Karl
Marx n] cfly{s kIfn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf Pj+ PsfOnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5, lgwf{/0f ub{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8
lbPsf 5g\ . pgn] cfly{s pTkfbg k|0ffnLn] ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 eg]sf lyP .
&_ Demographic factors/reasons :- hg;+Vofsf] agf]6 / hGd, d[To', ljjfx / a;fOF;/fO h:tf demographical attributes
df cfpg] kl/jt{gn] klg ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . s'g} 7fpFsf] leGg ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/j]zdf
/x]sf dflg;x? ToxfFaf6 cGoq a;fOF ;/]/ cfpFbf jf hfFbf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltx? Pscfk;df mixed x'G5 / o;/L
mixed ePkl5 k'/fgf / gofF culture x? k|rngdf cfpg] sf/0faf6 klg ;fdflhs kl/jt{g x'G5 .
*_ Psychological factors :- dflg;df /x]sf] dgf]j}1flgs kIf ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f cfwf/ tTj xf] .
dflg;sf] dfgl;s l:ylt÷cj:yf, Ifdtf, l;h{gf / ;f]r ljrf/ cg';f/ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts sfo{x? x'G5g\ . Pscsf{df ul/g] af]nL
Jojxf/, ;f]Rg] Ifdtf, tfls{s z}nL Pj+ Ifdtf, l;Sg] ?rL, ;+j]u, efjgf cflb h:tf dgf]j}1flgs kIfx?n] ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts
kIfdf gofF cfofd sfod ug{, l;h{gzLn sfo{ ug{ / cfbz{tf sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ .
(_ Ideological factors :- ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gdf j}rfl/s bz{gn] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf Pj+
k|lqmofnfO{ s'g lbzf jf dfu{df n}hfg], s'g ultdf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ug]{ h:tf s'/fx?df ;dfhsf cfbz{ JolQmTjsf ljrf/
tyf bz{gx?n] ljz]if k|efj kfb{5g\ . h:tf]– uf}td a'4sf] bz{g, dxfTdf ufGwLsf] ljrf/, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
lbJobz{g, g]tfx?sf] ljrf/, ;dfh;]jLsf] ljrf/ cflbn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfb{5 .
!)_ Environmental factors :- kof{j/0fdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5 . jg h+unsf] ljgf;,
cJojl:yt pTvgg\, d?e"dLs/0f cflbn] ubf{ dflg;sf] b}lgs Jojxf/ tyf /xg ;xg / s[lif k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] kfOG5
eg] dflg;sf] Joj;fodf ljljwLs/0fn] ubf{ kfl/jfl/s cfsf/ k|sf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . ctM
kof{j/0fLo tTjn] klg ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 .
!!_ International factors :- ljb]zL /xg;xg, hLjgz}nL, jfgL Jojxf/ cflbaf6 klg dflg;n] cfkm\gf] cfr/0f Pj+ Jojxf/df
klg ;f]xL jdf]lhd kl/jt{g Nofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL ;Demf}tf / ;Dd]ngx?af6 klg d'n'ssf]
;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
Pattern of Social Change :-
!_ Linear change of positive change :- lj:tf/} lj:tf/} -k|ult_ tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] kl/jt{g g} linear change or positive
change xf], o;n] ;dfhnfO{ pGglt tyf k|ulttkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ pGgltzLn tyf k|ultzLn kl/jt{g klg
elgG5 . of] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] .
@_ Fluctuating, ups and downs :- o;df ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} lsl;dsf] kl/jt{g b]lvG5 . o;df ptf/ r9fj eO/xG5 .
#_ Cyclic pattern of social change :- hxfFaf6 ;dfh kl/jt{g z'? x'G5, k'gM kl/jt{g x'Fb} ;f]xL 7fpFdf k'Ug] kl/jt{g
. h:tf]– z'? z'?df cyf{t h+unL o'udf sfFrf] df;' vfg] rng lyof], To;kl5 kf]n]sf] vfg] / kl5 ksfP/ vfg] rng cfof]
eg] xfn k'gM kf]n]/ jf sfFr} df;' vfg] rng z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}u/L nufpg] n'ufdf klg k'gM 5f]6f cyf{t\ yf]/}
sk8f nufpg] rng z'? ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] qmddf Pp6f cj:yfaf6 csf]{ cj:yf x'Fb} ljsl;t cj:yfdf
k'lu;s]kl5 k'gM kl/jt{g eP/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf k'Ug] rlqmo kl/jt{g xf] .
Process of Social Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{g ljleGg k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df cl3 a9]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] To:tf
s]xL k|d'v k|lqmofx? lgDg 5g\ M–
i) Evolution -pb\ljsf; cyf{t qmlds ljsf;_ M–
— Society moves from simple to complex -;/naf6 hl6n cj:yflt/ x'g] qmlds kl/jt{g_ .
— ;+u7g, ;d"x /fHo lj:tf/, pBf]uwGwfx?sf] lj:tf/,
— ;fdflhs Joj:yf -ljleGg lsl;dsf ;d"x, ;+u7g, hfthflt cflb_ ;'wf/tkm{ pGd'v x'g].
— Pattern of social life df g} kl/jt{g cfpg] .
— h:tf]– Hunting and gathering age df Pp6f dfq gfOs] x'GYof] eg] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf w]/} gfOs] -g]tf_ x? 5g\ .
/fHo lj:tf/sf] s'/f ubf{ ef}uf]lns e"–efu lj:tf/ x'g] ;fy} ljleGg k|fGt -/fHo_ sf ?kdf lj:tf/ x'g] -/fHosf]
k'g;+/rgf_ .

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— dflg;sf] ;f]rfO{df km/s cfpg] . h:tf]– p;sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g x'g] h;n] /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf g} km/s kb{5 .
ii) Progress -k|ult cyf{t\ ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g_ M–
— ;dfh ;sf/fTds k|ultsf] lb;ftkm{ pGd'v x'g] cyf{t\ ;dfhsf] u'0ffTds kl/jt{g Pj+ ljsf; .
— ;dfhsf d"No dfGotf, ;+:s[ltdf x'g] kl/jt{g . h:tf]– rGb| zDz]/sf] kfnfdf ;lt k|yfsf] cGTo eof] .
— ;dfh k|ult tkm{ pGd'v x'g] .
iii) Adaptation -cg's"ng÷;dfof]hg_ M–
— Survival of Fittest -cfkm"nfO{ jftfj/0f jf kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] agfpg] k|lqmof_ .
— ;do cg';f/ rNg] rnfpg] .
— s'g}klg ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/df kl/jt{g ug{ s'g} g s'g} factor n] pull u/]s} x'g'kb{5 .
— s'g}klg k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/ kl5Nnf] lk+9Ln] c+ufn]g eg] Tof] lglZrt ;dokl5 phase out x'G5 .
iv) Development -ljsf;_ M–
— klxn]sf] simple hunting and gathering society xfnsf] complex (global) society df kl/0ft ePsf] 5, h'g
development sf] sf/0fn] dfq} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . clxn]sf] ICT df cfPsf] ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] ;dfhdf w]/} 7"nf]
kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qx?df ePsf] ljsf;n] xfd|f] ;dfh -hghLjg_ df 7"nf]
kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 .
v) Migration -a;fO{+;/fO_ M–
— cfjZostf k"/f ug{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf a;f]jf; ;g]{ .
— Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cfjZostf cg';f/ dflg;x? a;f]jf; ;b}{ hfg] k|lqmof a;fO{+ ;/fO xf] . o;/L a;fO{+;/fO
x'Fbf dflg;x? cfkm\gf] ;fdfg dfq lnP/ hfFb}g, p;n] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, d"No dfGotf klg ;+u}
lnP/ uPsf] x'G5, h;n] gofF 7fpFdf k|efj kfb{5 / oL s'/fx? gofF 7fpFdf klg ;ld>0f x'G5g\ . a;fO{+;/fOsf]
sf/0fn] ubf{ Pp6f ;dfhsf] wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt ;d]t csf]{ ;dfhn] dfGg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf]– cfhsn kxfl8of
;dfhn] ;d]t 57 kj{ dfGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
vi) Diffusion -k|;f/_ M–
— Ps 7fpFsf] ljz]iftf csf]{ 7fpFdf x'g] k|rf/ k|;f/ .
— Rural to urban or Urban to urban or Rural to rural
— u|fdL0f If]q / zx/L If]qsf] k/Dk/f, d"No, dfGotf, ;+:s[lt cflb mix x'g] . Mix x'g] ;f+:s[lts tTjx? h:t} way of
living, kj{x?, efiffx? cflb .
vii) Urbanization -zx/Ls/0f_ M–
— ufpFnfO{ lj:tf/} zx/df abNg] .
— Metrocity, Municipality x'gnfO{ cfkm\g} criteria x? x'G5g\ -h:t}M oftfoft, lzIff, ;8s, hg;+Vof cflb_ .
— zx/x?df ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5, h;n] ubf{ JolQmn] hLjg lgjf{x ug{ comfort feel ub{5g\ .
— ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] sf/0fn] a;fO{+ ;/fO a9\b5, h;n] ubf{ hg;+Vofdf j[l4 x'gsf ;fy} /xg;xg, rfF8kj{,
njfOvjfO cflbdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 o;n] JolQmsf] life style df km/s kfb{5 .
— hg;+Vofsf] j[l4n] ubf{ 7"nf tyf demf}nf lsl;dsf ahf/sf] lj:tf/ x'g k'Ub5 .
viii) Industrialization -cf}Bf]lusLs/0f_ M–
— cy{tGqdf pBf]usf] e"ldsfdf lj:tf/ / ljsf; .
— cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] sf/0fn] a;fO{+ ;/fOdf j[l4 x'G5 .
— Gender sf] role df ;d]t kl/jt{g cfpF5 . h:t}– pBf]udf dlxnfx? klg sfd ug{ yfNb5g\ h;n] dlxnfnfO{
;zlQms/0f ug{ d2t ub{5 / lj:tf/} dlxnf k'?if aLrsf] e]befj ;d]t sdL x'Fb} hfG5 .
ix) Innovation -cflj:sf/÷gjLs/0f_ M–
— dfgj hLjg ofkg ug]{ qmddf comfort sf] nflu gofF gofF j:t'x?sf] cflj:sf/ eP h;n] ;do, k};f cflb art eO{
To;/L art ePsf] ;do / k};fnfO{ cGo pTkfbgzLn sfo{df vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}– Hunting and gathering sf]
;dodf ;–;fgf cf}hf/x?sf] k|of]u ul/GYof] eg] lj:tf/} s'6f], sf]bfnf], xnf] h:tf cf}hf/x? cfljisf/ eO{ k|of]u eP
eg] clxn] 6\ofS6/sf] k|of]uaf6 w]/} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
— Innovation n] ubf{ >dzlQmsf] lj:yfkg ePsf] kfOG5, h;n] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, efiff cflb ;d]t cGt} lnP/
uPsf] kfOG5 . gofF gofF ;fdfgx?sf] innovation sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;~rf/df 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfPsf] kfOG5 . h:tf]–
xfn cd]l/sfdf ?=@ k|lt ldg]6 kmf]g ug{ ;lsG5 .
x) Revolution -qmflGt_ M–
— kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/sf] p2]Zo /fv]/ ul/g] cfGbf]ng jf ;+3if{ . h:tf]– ljz]if u/]/ Political, Economical, Social cflb If]qdf
;+3if{ .
— Political Revolution:- ;do ;dodf /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs kIfx?df ePsf] qmflGtn] klg ;dfhdf 7"nf] ;fgf] kl/jt{g
NofpFb5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf klg ljutsf jif{x?df /fhgLltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g
cfof], h;n] ubf{ dlxnfx? /fhgLltsf] d"nwf/df ;dfj]z eP, hgtfdf awareness cfof] . Democratic model sf] ?kdf
ljleGg lsl;dsf model x? Jojxf/df NofOP . /fhgLlts qmflGtaf6 shift of paradism of political thought x'G5,
h;n] ubf{ ;dfh kl/jt{g x'G5 . x'Fbf vfg] / x'g] vfg] aLrsf] gap x6fpg political revolution n] d'Vo e'ldsf lgjf{x
u/]sf] kfOG5. h:tf]– /f0ff zf;g, /fhfsf] zf;g, k|hftflGqs cEof; cflb .

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— Economical revolution:- cfly{s qmflGtn] dflg;x?sf] e]ife'iff, /xg;xg, vfg]s'/f cflbdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .
— Socio-cultural revolution:- o:tf qmflGtn] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts s'/fx?df kl/jt{g NofpF5 . h:t}– ;lt k|yfsf] pGd'ng,
Psn dlxnfx? dfly x'g] lje]bx?sf] cGTo h:tf s'/fx? socio-cultural revolution cGtu{t kb{5g\ . xfn wfld{s
qmflGtn] klg ;dfh kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 .
xi) Modernization -cfw'lgsLs/0f_ M–
— ljsl;t ;dfhsf ljz]iftfx?sf] lj:tf/} cjnDag ug]{ .
— k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotfx?nfO{ 5f]8]/ gofF gofF d"No dfGotfx?sf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg], h;nfO{ ;dfhn] adopt
ub{5 To;nfO{ modernization elgG5 . gofF d"No dfGotfx? new practices sf] ?kdf b]vf kb{5g\, h'g ;+w}
sfod /xg yfNb5g\ . h:t}– hfthflt aLrsf] 5'jf5't, dlxnfx? dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf ul/g] 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ modernization
sf] sf/0fn] xfn kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 .

xii) Westernization -kfZrfTos/0f_ M–

— klZrdf /fi6«x?sf] ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx? l;sf] jf gSsn ug]{, klZrdfx?n] nfb\g] k|j[lQ .
— klZrdL ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ u|x0f u/]/ To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ g} westernization
xf] . h:t}– klxn] xfdL lksf{df a;]/ vfgf vfGYof}+ eg] xfn 8fOlgË 6]jnsf] k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5f}+ . nufpg]
e]ife'iff, vfg] s'/fx?df klg kfZrfTos/0fsf] k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'nsx?af6 cg's/0f u/]sf] s'/fx? h;n] xfd|f]
/xg;xg, efiff, njfO vjfO, e]ife'iffdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .
xiii) Sanskritization -;f+:s[lts/0f_ M–
— o;nfO{ Indian x?n] a9L k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
— Generally lxGb' pRr hftsf ;dfhn] c+ufn]sf ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs tTjx? h:t}M /xg ;xg, e]ife'iff, vfglkg, tNnf txsf
jf tNnf hftsf ;dfhn] klg c+ufNg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M /f0ff, zfxx?n] k|of]u ug]{ cfO:of];, vfO:of];,
Ho"gf/, ul/aS:of]; h:tf zAbx? xfn w]/}n] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
xiv) Acculturation -k/;+:s[lt u|x0f_ M–
— Pp6f ;d'bfon] csf{sf] ;+:s[lt u|x0f ug]{ .
— csf{sf] ;+:s[lt c+ufNg] sfo{nfO{ k/;+:s[lt u|x0f elgG5 . h:t}– xfn g]kfnLx?n] bf}/f ;'?jfn 5f8]/ sf]6, 6fO
nufpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
xv) Assimilation -cfTdLs/0f_ M–
— cfkm\gf] k'/ftg ;+:s[lt (original) 5f8]/ jf Tofu]/ -ljnog_ k'/} csf{sf] ;+:s[lt c+ufNg] sfo{ cfTdLs/0f xf] . o:tf]
qmd klg rn]sf] kfOG5 .
Agents/Actors of Social Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg k|oTg ug]{ kIf jf stf{ -dflg;_ nfO{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf stf{x? elgG5 . lgDg s'/fx?n]
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf stf{x?sf] sfd u/]sf] kfOG5 M–
1. Media and Press :-
— Print media, T.V., FM etc.
— kqklqsf tyf TV media n] ;dfhdf ePsf åGb, cfGbf]ng, ljsf; nufot ;dfhsf ljleGg 36gfx?sf] k|;f/0f u/]/ ;dfhdf
kl/jt{g NofpFb5g\ . hgtfdf awareness Nofpg] sfd oL media x?n] ub{5g\ . Media sf] sf/0fn] lzIff, e]ife'iff,
vfg]s'/f, vfg] tl/sf h:tf ;dfhsf ljleGg d"No dfGotf, wd{, efiff cflbdf kl/jt{g cfpFb5 .
2. Educational Institution :-
— Education sf] sf/0fn] JolQmsf] mind set df kl/jt{g cfpFb5 . /fd|f] education eof] eg] dflg;x?sf ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, cfly{s nufot Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpFb5 .
3. Family :-
— kl/jf/ leqsf] ljleGg sf/0faf6 klg ;dfh kl/jt{g x'G5 . Pp6f kl/jf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] k|efj ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhdf kg{
;Sb5 . lzlIft kl/jf/sf] d"No dfGotfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g eO{ Tof] kl/jf/df modern practices z'? x'g yfNb5 .
4. Community :-
— s'g} Ps ;d'bfon] c+ufn]sf] kl/jt{g jf /fd|f] ;+:s[lt cGo ;d'bfon] klg c+ufNg k'Ub5 h;n] ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfh
kl/jt{g x'G5 .
5. Means of transportation :-
— oftfoftsf] ljsf; ePdf Ps 7fpF jf Pp6f ;dfhsf JolQmx? csf]{ 7fpF jf ;dfhdf hfg ;lhnf] x'g] / To;/L dflg;x?sf
cfjt hfjt ePsf] sf/0f Ps 7fpFsf] jf ;dfhsf] /xg ;xg, efiff, wd{, k/Dk/fx?sf] af/]df csf]{ 7fpF jf ;dfhsf
dflg;x?nfO{ klg cjut x'g] x'Fbf pgLx?n] gofF 7fpFsf] ;+:s[lt adopt ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;sf] sf/0f ;dfh kl/jt{g x'g
;Sb5 .
6. Communication and Technology :-
— cfw'lgs ljZjdf ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr / k|ljlwdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+;f/ g} Pp6f ufpF (Global village) sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'g
yfn]sf] 5 . To:t} xfn ;+;f/ g} Pp6f satelite sf] e/df rNg yfn]sf] 5 . xfn dflg;x? internet ljgf jfFRg g;Sg]
cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\, h;sf] sf/0f ;dfh w]/} g} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .
7. Political Parties :-

29
— ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx?sf] cf–cfkm\gf] Ph]08fx? x'G5g\, h;nfO{ pgLx?n] ;dfh kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu ;dfhdf
nfG5g\ cyf{t ;dfhdf sfof{Gjog ub{5g\, h;n] ubf{ ;dfh kl/jt{g x'G5 .
8. NGOs and INGOs :-
— ;fdflhs sfo{x? ug]{ NGOs tyf INGOs x? h;n] ;dfhdf ljleGg ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? nfG5g\ . To:tf sfo{qmdx?
;kmntfk"j{s nfu' u/]/ ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . h:tf]– NGOs, INGOs x?n] jfbL k|yfsf] cGTo
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] . To:t} 5fpk8L k|yfsf] cGTosf nflu klg s[ofzLn /x]sf] kfOG5 .
9. International Convention and Treaties :-
— ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng / ;GwLx?df x:tfIf/ u/]sf ;Demf}tfx?sf ;fy} ;Dd]ngx?af6 kfl/t ePsf ljifox? cf–
cfkm\gf] b]zdf nfu' u/]/ ;dfh kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf]– Education for all.
10. Intellectual Communities :-
— jf}l4s ;d'bfo jf JolQmTjx?n] ;do ;dodf ;dfhsf] kl/jt{gsf] nflu ljleGg ljrf/x? JoQm ub{5g\ / tL ljrf/x?df
dGyg\ x'G5, h;n] practice ul//x]sf] s'/fx?sf] model g} kl/jt{g x'G5 . Intellectual communities ;dfhsf roll
model x'G5g\ .
— Greater philosopher and thinker and top leaders.
— Civil society.
11. State and government :-
— /fHo jf ;/sf/n] ;dfh kl/jt{g ug{sf] nflu ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? NofpF5 h;nfO{ ;dfhdf inforce u/]/ ;dfhdf
kl/jt{g NofpFb5 . h:tf]– dfk;], ;lt k|yf, 5'jf5't cflb . /fHo jf ;/sf/n] nfu' u/]sf lgod sfg"gx? dfg]gg\ eg] an
k|of]u u/]/ klg nfu' u/fpF5 h;n] ;dfhdf kl/jt{g NofpFb5 .
Obstacles in Social Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] /fi6« / hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxtsf] ;+/If0f / clej[l4sf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 . tL p2]Zo k"lt{sf]
l;nl;nfdf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] dfu{df ljleGg cj/f]wx? b]vf kg{ ;S5g\ . tL cj/f]wx? b]xfo jdf]lhd 5g\ M–
— oyfl:ylt / k/Dk/f k|ltsf] ljZjf; / df]x,
— kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffd k|ltsf] cljZjf; / 8/,
— :yflkt d"No dfGotf ljkl/tsf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt / bl08t ug]{ ;fdflhs tyf j}wflgs k|rng Pj+ d"No
dfGotfx?,
— clzIff / c1fgtf,
— kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofut 1fgsf] cefj,
— hf]lvd Joxf]g]{ ;fx;sf] sdL÷cefj,
— ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] sdL,
— kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, ljZjf;, ;fdGh:otf, ;b\efj / Pstfsf] sdL÷cefj / ;fd'lxs k|oTgsf] ;Defjgfsf] ;Lldttf .
Indicators and Consequences of Social/Culcural Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gdf / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfg]{ x'gfn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts
kl/jt{gnfO{ kl/k"/s ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf kl/;"rsx? lgDg 5g\ M–
— dflg;sf] vfgkfg / njfO vjfOdf kl/jt{g,
— ef}lts ljsf;df x'g] kl/jt{g,
— wd{ ;DaGwL lrGtg / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g,
— ;~rf/hut / k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g,
— z}lIfs If]qdf cfPsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g,
— ;fdflhs Gofo / k|rngdf kl/jt{g,
— ;fdflhs 9fFrf / k4ltdf kl/jt{g,
— hLljsf z}nL jf hLjg:t/df kl/jt{g,
— ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g,
— >d ljefhg / sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0fdf kl/jt{g cflb .
;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx?n] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g ePsf] 5÷5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ul/g]
ePsfn] ltgnfO{ g} ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf ;d]t lng ;lsG5 .
Difference between Social and Cultural Change :-
s'g} 7fpFsf] ;+:s[ltdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g elgG5 eg] ;dfhdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g elgG5 . ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g wd{, efiff, snf, ;flxTo, g}ltstf, ljZjf; cflbdf x'g] kl/jt{g xf] eg] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
;fdflhs ;DaGwdf x'g] kl/jt{g xf] .
— ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g d'Vo ?kn] gofF gofF cfljisf/x? / ;f+:s[lts k|of;x?af6 x'G5 eg] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] nflu
;fdflhs ;DaGw / ;fdflhs 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 .
— ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] If]q Hofb} 7"nf] x'G5 / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] If]q ;fF3'/f] x'G5 .
— ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ ljut jf Oltxf;;+u ufFl;Psf] x'G5, To;}n] ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gn] w]/} k|efj kf5{ . t/ ;dfhsf] cfwf/
jt{dfg x'G5, To;}n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gn] yf]/} k|efj kfb{5 .
— ;a} ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g ;fdflhs kl/jt{g xf]Ogg\ t/ ;a} ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g x'g\ .

30
— ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] If]q Jofks vfnsf] x'G5 t/ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f cfofdsf] ?kdf dfq /xG5 .
t;y{ ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gnfO{ macro level elgG5 eg] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ micro level eGg ;lsG5 .
Theories of Social Change :-
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ljifodf w]/}h;f] lj4fgx?n] u/]sf cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 o; ;DaGwL w]/} l;4fGtx?sf]
k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . s]xL k|d'v l;4fGtx? lgDg 5g\ M–
!_ Economic Theory -cfly{s l;4fGt_ M–
cfly{s ;+/rgf / k|0ffnLdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] l;+uf] ;dfh / ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . To;k|sf/sf]
kl/jt{gaf6 ;+:s[ltdf klg k|efj k5{ / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g klg x'G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f Economic Theory n] c+lusf/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtsf] ljsf;df k|d'v ?kdf Karl Marx / pgsf ;fyL Engels sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ef}lts hLjgdf
cfly{s pTkfbg k4ltn] hLjgsf] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts Pj+ cfWoflTds k|lqmofsf] ;fdfGo :j?knfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 eGg]
Marx sf] egfO{nfO{ o; l;4fGtsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
Marx n] pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} ;dfhsf] qmlds ?kn] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] / To; qmddf ;dfhn]
;fdflhs ljsf;sf ljleGg r/0fx? kf/ u/]/ gofF cj:yfdf k|j]z ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf ;/n :t/sf]
pTkfbg k|0ffnL ePsf] k|f/lDes ;dfhnfO{ Marx n] cflbd ;fDojfbL o'usf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ . To;a]nfsf] ;dfh ju{
ljlxg /x]sf] / dflg; dfly dflg;n] zf;g ul/+b}gYof] . To;kl5 pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] qmlds kl/jt{gn] Jofkf/
Joj;fosf] ljsf; x'g yfNof], ufpFaf6 zx/ aGg yfn], pTkfbg sfo{x?df wft'sf] k|of]u x'g yfNof], dflg;x?nfO{
bf;sf] ?kdf pkof]u ug{ yflnof] / ;dfhn] bf; o'udf k|j]z u¥of] . bf; o'udf klg pTkfbg k|0ffnL qmlds ?kdf
rln/Xof] . kl/jt{gsf] qmddf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx? s]xL ;Lldt JolQmx?sf xftdf k'Uof] . hldGbf/ jf s'lng ju{ / s[lif
>ldsx? u/L ;dfh b'O{ ju{df b]vf k/] . ;dfh bf; o'uaf6 ;fdGtL o'udf kl/0ft eof] / pTkfbg If]qdf klg ;fdGtjfbL
k|0ffnLsf] c+lusf/ ul/of] . To;kl5 ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] qmddf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eP;+u} s[lifk|wfgaf6 pBf]u k|wfg
pTkfbg k|0ffnLtkm{ kl/jt{g eO{ ;fdGtL pTkfbg k|0ffnLaf6 k"FhLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ljsl;t x'g k'Uof] /
;dfhn] klg k"FhLjfbL o'udf k|j]z u¥of] .
Marx n] k|To]s gofF cj:yf To;eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf eGbf ljsl;t x'G5 / ;+3if{ Pj+ åGbsf dfWodaf6 ;dfh
gofF cj:yflt/ cl3 a9\b} jf kl/jtL{t x'Fb} hfG5 eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f cj:yfsf] pTkfbg Pj+ ljt/0fsf] tl/sf
csf]{ cj:yfsf] To:tf] tl/sf eGbf km/s x'G5 / ToxL leGgtfn] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g NofpF5 eGg]
s'/fdf o; l;4fGtn] ljZjf; /fVb5 . ;doqmd ;+u;+u} k"FhLjfbL o'u ;dfKt eP/ ;dfhjfb jf ;fDojfbL o'usf] :yfkgf
x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] o; cfly{s l;4fGtn] ;fDojfbL o'unfO{ ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf pGgt cj:yfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
cfly{s l;4fGtn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfg]{ u}/cfly{s tTjx?df plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g tfklg
;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf cfly{s tTjn] kfg]{ k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ o;n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof :ki6 kfg{ 7"nf] of]ubfg
k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
@_ Technological Theory -k|fljlws l;4fGt_ M–
k|fljlws ljsf; / kl/jt{gaf6 ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] l;4fGt g} k|fljlws l;4fGt xf]
.
pTkfbg k|ljlw, ;~rf/ k|ljlw tyf oftfoft cflb If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] dfgj ;dfhdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] x'G5 .
pBf]u, s[lif / :jf:Yosf If]qdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] b]lvG5 / ;fy} cGtl/If k|ljlw / cf0fljs
zlQmsf] ljsf;n] klg ;dfhdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsG5 . k|];, /]l8of], l6eL, 6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS; /
sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] klg ;+;f/df 7"nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . To:t} /]n, df]6/, xjfOhxfh, kfgLhxfh h:tf
;fwgx?sf] ljsf;n] klg ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
o; k|fljlws l;4fGtn] kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df u}/k|fljlws tTjx?af6 kg]{ k|efjsf] pk]Iff u/]sf] b]lvG5 tfklg o;n]
k|fljlws ljsf;n] kl/jt{gdf v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfdf hf]8 lbP/ kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f ;an kIfsf] ?kdf pEofOPsf] 5 .
#_ Conflict Theory -;+3if{÷åGbsf] l;4fGt_ M–
;dfhsf ljleGg kIfx?sf] aLrdf x'g] ;+3if{sf] kmn:j?k ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg]
l;4fGtnfO{ Conflict Theory -åGb jf ;+3if{sf] l;4fGt_ elgG5 . Hegel / Karl Marx nfO{ o; l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs
dflgG5g\ . pgLx?sf cg';f/ ;dfhdf /x]sf ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] nflu fight/struggle u/]sf] cj:yfdf conflict pTkGg
x'G5 . George Hegel n] ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] k|lqmofsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] jf/]df AofVof u/]sf lyP .
pgsf cg';f/ s'g} Pp6f thesis aGb5 eg] ToxfF anti thesis x'G5, ha oL b'j} merge x'G5g\ ToxfF synthesis x'G5
h;sf] sf/0f new thesis ag]sf] x'G5 . ljrf/sf] :yfkgf (thesis), k|lt:yfkgf (anti thesis) / ;+Zn]if0f jf ;dGjo (synthesis)
sf] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 / To;sf] kmn:j?k ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] s'/f Hegel n] lbPsf 5g\ .
Conflict Theory sf] main sf/0f economic conflict between social classes cyjf class struggle xf] . Marx n] klg
åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ju{x? aLrsf] åGb jf ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . o;df Marx n] klg economic conflict nfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . pgsf
cg';f/ ;dfhdf ljleGg ju{x? x'G5g\, ltgLx? ;+3if{ jf åGb x'G5 h;nfO{ ju{ ;+3if{ elgG5 . pgsf cg';f/
k"FhLkltx?n] hlxn] klg u/Ljx?nfO{ dominate ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ ToxfF åGb pTkGg x'G5 . s'g}klg
;dfhdf kx'Fr x'g] / kx'Fr gx'g] ju{ aLr ;+3if{ -åGb_ x'G5 . h;sf] xftdf a9L capital accumulation / zlQm x'G5
pm ;j{zlQmdfg aG5 / To;}sf] g} cfly{s Psflwsf/ x'G5 . k"FhLkltx?n] ;j{xf/fx? dfly u/]sf] exploitation sf]

31
sf/0fn] ;dfhdf åGb -;+3if{_ eO{ qmflGt x'G5 h;sf] sf/0faf6 ;dfh kl/jt{g x'G5 . åGb ;dfhdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf
rln/xG5 . ;dfhdf hf] ;j{zlQmdfg x'G5 To;n] g} rule agfpF5 / nfu' ug{ vf]Hb5 . To:t}u/L ;dfhdf /x]sf haves /
haves not aLr polorization of the classes x'G5 / tL ju{x?aLr struggle x'G5 .
sfdbf/x?nfO{ expoilet u/]/ gfkmfsf] clwstd efu k"FhLkltx?n] /fVb5g\ / To;nfO{ accumulate u/L
sfdbf/x? dfly zf]if0f ub{5g\ . ;w}+ cfkm"dfly zf]if0f ePkl5 sfdbf/x? Psh'6 eP/ dflns;+u åGb ub{5g\ . o;n]
ubf{ dfgjLo ;DaGw economic value df convert x'G5 . o;af6 b'O{ ju{ aLr gap x'G5 h;n] ubf{ conflict z'? x'G5 .
>ldsx?n] cfkm"x?nfO{ j:t' ;/x Jojxf/ u/]sf] dxz'; ug{ yfN5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf qmflGt z'? x'G5, h;n] 7"nf]
?k lnG5 / >dhLjLx?sf] ljho ePkl5 k"FhLkltx?sf cl:tTj x/fpF5 h;n] ubf{ gofF ;dfhsf] k|f?k tof/ x'G5 /
;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
Marx n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmdsf ;Gbe{df ;dfhnfO{ Primitive communism, Slave society, Feudalism, Capitalism,
Socialism, Communism u/L ljleGg efudf j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ / oL qmlds ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf x'g\ . Slave society af6 ju{
;+3if{ z'? x'G5 / communism df cfP/ ju{ cGTo x'g hfG5 .
;dfh;+u ;DalGwt cfly{s s'/fx?df pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] kl/jt{gsf] kmn:j?k pTkfbg ;DaGwx?df klg
kl/jt{g cfpg yfN5 . Marx n] pTkfbgsf ;fwgx? / pTkfbg ;DaGwx?df cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ /f]Sg vf]Hbf ;dfhdf ju{
;+3if{ x'G5 / To;n] ;dfhnfO{ gofF r/0f -o'u_ df k'¥ofpF5 eGg] lgSof}{n u/]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf ju{ ljefhg
/xFbf;Dd zf]if0f /lx/xG5 / zf]if0f /lx/xFbf;Dd ju{ ;+3if{ klg lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 / To;}sf] kl/0ffdaf6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{g
x'G5 eGg] Marx sf] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] k|l;4 k':ts Communist Menifesto df pgn] ;dfhsf] clxn];Ddsf]
Oltxf; ju{ ;+3if{sf] Oltxf; xf] eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ .
Marx sf cg';f/ conflict ;w}+ negative form df x'Fb}g . kl/jt{gsf nflu klg conflict cfjZos x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/
capitalist society eg]sf] transitional society xf] . k|lt:kwf{Tds ;d"xx?df balanced ul/of] eg] To;n] ;dfhdf /fd|f]
k|efj kfb{5 . Means of production df h;sf] ownership x'G5 p;n] g} price b]lv lnP/ cGo s'/fx?sf] determine ub{5 .
Max Weber / Sorokin cflbn] Marx n] cfly{s kIfdf lbg'kg]{ eGbf a9L hf]8 lbPsf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
Marx n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf ef}uf]lns, h}ljs / wfld{s cflb u}/cfly{s tTjn] kfg]{ k|efj dfly plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg g;s]sf]
egL sltkon] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ sfo{df åGb -;+3if{_ l;4fGtsf]
of]ubfg /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ eg] ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
$_ Evolutionary Theory -qmlds ljsf;sf] l;4fGt_ M–
"Society moves from specific direction i.e. very simple to complex".
;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gnfO{ qmlds ?kn] lg/Gt/ cl3 a9\g] k|lqmofsf] ?kdf lnOg] l;4fGtnfO{
Evolutionary Theory elgG5 . of] theory sf k|ltkfbsx?n] Charles Darbin sf] h}ljs ljsf;sf] l;4fGtl;t ldNbf]h'Nbf]
;fdflhs ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0f c+lusf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtn] ;dfhdf a9\bf] hl6ntf / ;+/rgfTds ljljwLs/0f / s]xL
xb;Dd kl/jt{gsf] lbzf lgb]{zstfsf dfGotfx?df klg hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .
Darbin sf] l;4fGt Survival of the fittest sf] s'/f ubf{ selective adoptation -cg's'ng÷;dfof]hg_ sf] s'/f cfpF5
.
s'g}klg sfds'/f cufl8 a9\g To;nfO{ society n] adopt ug'{kb{5, To;/L adopt u/]sf] s'/f ;dfhdf :yflkt x'G5
. o;/L adopt ug]{ qmddf theory of convenion x'G5 . h'g lrh ;dfhdf fit x'G5 Tof] s'/f ;dfhn] lnG5 eg] cGonfO{
5f]8\5 .
Evolutionary Theory sf] ljZn]if0fsf qmddf s]xL ljåfgx?sf] egfOnfO{ oxfF k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M–
A. Comte sf cg';f/ society hlxn] klg mythological -kf}/fl0fs cj:yf_ af6 scientific tkm{ hfG5 eg]sf 5g\ .
Durkheim n] oflGqs Pstfsf] r/0fb]lv h}ljs Pstfsf] cj:yflt/ ;dfhsf] ljsf; x'g] s'/f cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . o; qmddf ;dfh
emg\ emg\ complex ;+u7gx?tkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsf] kfOG5 .
Harvard Spance n] 8flj{gsf] l;4fGt Survival of the fittest df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ Pp6f culture n] hlxn] klg
csf]{ culture nfO{ dominate ub{5 . h'g culture ;dfhdf survive x'G5 Tof] /xG5 eg] ;dfhdf survive gx'g] culture
cfkm}+ ljlng -nf]k_ eP/ hfG5 . pgn] culture difussion sf] s'/f u/]sf 5g\ . h:tf]– g]jf/sf] a:tLdf a|fDx0f hflt
a:5g\ eg] a|fDx0fn] klg g]jf/sf] culture practice ub{5g\ / To;nfO{ adopt u5{g\ .
pgn] ;dfhnfO{ Pp6f organism sf] ?kdf compare u/]sf 5g\, h;df ljleGg OsfO{x? aLr cGt/;DaGw /x]sf]
x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/ h;/L dflg;sf] z/L/df oL ;a} tTjx? ldn]/ whole body aGb5 To:t}u/L ;dfh klg lgDg tTjx? ldn]/
ag]sf] kfOG5 M–
body :- Cell Tissues Organs System
Society :-
Family Community Societies Villages Towns State
o; qmlds ljsf;sf l;4fGtsf] af/]df lgDg lj4fgx?n] klg JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 h;df G. Lenski, L.D.White,
Talcott Parson cflb k|d'v 5g\ . logLx?n] social change jx'/]vLo (multi linear) x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ . kl/jt{gn] survival
sf] ways nfO{ occuring u/]sf] x'G5, o;df change dicrection same gx'g klg ;Sb5 .
To:t} A. Comte n] tLg stage df progression x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ M–
i) Theocratic stage :- h;df Animist, Polytheism, Monotheism sf ?kdf section ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ .
ii) Metaphysical stage :- h;df events are divide in abstract form.

32
iii) Positivity stage :- Scientific explanation.
To:t} Morgan's n] klg technical achievement sf] s'/f u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;dfh ljsf; eg]sf] Savagery,
Barbaric, Civilized u/L tLg stage df ePsf] x'G5 .
Karl Marx n] ;dfhnfO{ Primitive communism, Slave society, Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism, Communism
df ljeQm u/L qmlds ?kdf ;fdflhs ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ h;df economic system n] a9L k|efj kf/]sf
x'G5g\ .
To:t}u/L Adolphe Coste n] z'?df ;–;fgf zx/ (borough) sf] sNkgf u/]sf 5g\, o:tf ;fgf zx/ lj:tf/} hf]l8+b}
uPkl5 city aG5, city ag]kl5 metropolish aG5, To;kl5 capital city aG5 / To;kl5 federation of capital city aG5,
o;/L qmlds ?kdf ;dfh cufl8 a9\b5 eGg] pgsf] egfO{ 5 .
Borough City Metropolish Capital city
o;/L qmlds ljsf;sf l;4fGtx?n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] qmddf ;dfhn] lglZrt r/0fx? kf/ ub}{ qmlds ?kdf cl3
a9\5 eGg] s'/f ljleGg lj4fgx?n] JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 tyflk ;dfhn] s'g s'g r/0fx? s] s;/L kf/ u5{g\ eGg] s'/fdf
eg] lj4fgx?df dte]b /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
Neo Evolutionism :- o;sf k|d'v bftf L.F.Ward x'g\ . pgsf cg';f/ elite x? dfq xf]Og ls ;dfhsf k|To]s JolQm social
engineer x'g ;Sb5 . pgsf cg';f/ lzIffn] ;dfh lgdf{0f tyf kl/jt{g ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . lzIffn] ubf{
democratic excercise x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/ social change is planned and purposive and befieved that society changes with
speed only in planned way.
%_ Functional Theory -sfof{Tds l;4fGt_ M–
Functional Theory ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt xf] . W.E.Moore n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf
l;4fGtx?nfO{ Evolutionary theories, Marxism, Functionalism, Conflict theory u/L rf/ efudf afF8]sf 5g\ .
N.V.Smelser n] klg Functionalism nfO{ evolutionism -ljsf;jfb_ sf ljsNkx? dWo]sf] Pp6f ljsNk eg]sf 5g\ .
;dfhn] s;/L sfd ub{5 / s;/L cufl8 a9fpF5 eGg] s'/f functionalism xf] . Functionalism -sfof{Tdstfjfb_ n]
;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf ljleGg efux? cGt/lge{/ x'G5g\ / o:tf ;+/rgfx?n] s]xL xb;Dd cfkm}+n] Psk|sf/sf] ;Gt'ng sfod
u5{g\ eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ ;fdflhs 36gfx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;dfhnfO{ Functional equilibrium
system sf] ?kdf x]/]/ ;dfhsf ljleGg r/x? aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf ljifodf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf
Functionalism l;4fGtn] /fVb5 .
Characteristics of Functionalism :-
— Interdependent and interrelated social units :- ;fdflhs OsfO{x?n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf cg'?k bfloTj k"/f ub{5g\
h;nfO{ function -k|sfo{_ elgG5 h'g Pscsf{df interdependent and interrelated x'G5g\ .
— k|To]s function n] ;dfhdf jf ;DalGwt ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 eGg ;lsGg .
— Function n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds b'a} lsl;dsf] k|efj kfb{5 .
— Function ;fdflhs cl:tTj, cg's'ng÷;dfof]hg, lg/Gt/tf / ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
— k|To]s ;dfhsf] agfj6 cfly{s, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts / /fhg}lts ;+/rgfn] function nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 .
— k|To]s function sf] k5fl8 Pp6f p2]Zo x'G5 .
k|To]s ;dfhdf /x]sf k/Dk/f, rfnrng, /xg;xg cflb Pscsf{df interdependent / interrelated x'G5g\ / ;dfhdf
survive u5{g\ . h'g function nfO{ ;dfhn] :jLsf5{ Tof] /xG5 eg] ;dfhn] g:jLsf/]sf] function nf]k eP/ hfG5 .
;dfhn] h] h:tf] d"No dfGotf sfod u/]sf] 5 jf ;dfhsf] demand cg';f/ function n] dflg;nfO{ To;df 8f]¥ofpF5 .
;dfhnfO{ organized ug{ s]xL sfg"gL rules and regulations agfOG5g\ . values n] norms sf] nflu guidelines lbG5 .
;dfhnfO{ living organism ;+u compair ul/ x]l/g] s'/fnfO{ organic analogy elgG5 .
Key concept of Functional Theory :-
of] l;4fGt lgDg rf/j6f concept df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 M–
— ;dfhnfO{ system sf] ?kdf x]l/G5 .
— h'g rLhx? ;dfhsf] rngrNtLdf cfpF5g\ To;nfO{ accept ul/G5 eg] rngrNtLdf gcfpg] rLhx? nf]k eP/
hfG5g\ .
— s'g}klg function x?nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ljleGg lsl;dsf cGo s'/fx? klg ;dfhdf x'g'kb{5 .
— Organic Analogy :- ;dfhnfO{ living organism ;+u compare u/]/ x]l/G5, h;nfO{ organic analogy elgG5 .
h;/L cell, tissue, organ x? ldn]/ system aG5 / ;a} system x? ldn]/ whole body aG5, To;/L g} ;dfhsf
ljleGg institution x? ldn]/ ;dfhsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9\b5 .
Structural Functionalism :-

;fdflhs Joj:yf

;f+:s[lts ;dfh cfly{s Joj:yf

Joj:yf

/fhgLlts
Joj:yf 33
h'g;'s} ;dfhdf klg dflysf rf/j6f Joj:yf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
Functional Theory sf cg';f/ social change must contribute to society's stability . To:t}u/L ;dfh lg/Gt/ ?kdf
cufl8 a9\g' kb{5, o;sf] nflu function x?sf] h?/t kb{5 . h'g function nfO{ ;dfhn] accept ub{5 Tof] sfod /xG5
eg] ;dfhn] accept gu/]sf] function nf]k eP/ hfG5 . To:t}u/L ;dfhdf s]xL s'/fx?sf] adjustment ug'{ kb{5 tfls ;dfh
kl/jt{g xf];\ .
ljåfg Emile Durkheim sf cg';f/ ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf JolQmsf] cl:tTj eGbf ;fdflhs cl:tTjnfO{ a9L hf]8
lbOG5 . t/ ;fdflhs k|lqmof / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df JolQmsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 . To:t} A. Comte n] klg organism
functionalism sf] concept cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
Function -k|sfo{_ sf k|sf/x?df ;'sfo{, csfo{, k|s6 sfo{, n'Kt sfo{ / gsfo{ u/L kfFr k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
^_ Cyclical Theory -rlqmo l;4fGt_ :-
of] theory n] ;dfh Ps o'uaf6 ljsl;t x'Fb} csf]{ o'udf k'Ug] / cfbz{td ljsl;t cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 k'gM z'?s}
cj:yfdf cfpg]u/L rlqmo ?kdf ;dfhsf] ljsf; x'g] s'/f :ki6 ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtsf cg';f/ social change
takes place in cyclical form df x'g] ub{5 .
o; l;4fGtsf cg';f/ ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] primary cause n] necessary for growth eg]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtn] ;dfh
starting point af6 z'? eO{ z"Go x'G5 / k'gM z'? eO{ k'/fg} cj:yfdf kms{G5 .
Cycle of evolution :-
Progress - decline and return to the same position.
lxGb'wd{ cg';f/ ;To o'uaf6 z'? eO{ q]tf, åfk/, sln o'u x'Fb} k'gM ;To o'u z'? x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
To:t} u/]/ Stone age df dflg;x?n] n'uf sd dfq nufpFy] eg] xfn cfP/ klg 5f]6f 5f]6f n'uf nufpg] k|rng
cfPsf] 5 . To:t} vfg]s'/f stone age df sfFr} jf kf]n]/ vfg] rng lyof] eg] xfn klg k'gM To:t} vfg] rng ckgfpg
yflnPsf] 5 .
Oswald Spengler sf cg';f/ Society has predetermined life cycle. pgsf cg';f/ birth, growth, maturity, decline
x'G5 / To;kl5 k'gM birth x'G5 . pgsf cg';f/ history repeats itself; cultural passes through stages; cultural life eg]sf]
!))) jif{ x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ .
To:t} Pritim Sorokin sf cg';f/ "Society as super system, they have social structure, culture and groups of
people". Super system eg]sf] continuous system cyjf stage of social change xf] .
Society Pp6f type of civilization af6 csf]{ type sf] civilization df uP/ k'gM ;f]xL civilization df kms{G5 .
Society change eP/ Pp6f limit ;Dd k'u]kl5 k'gM k5fl8 g} kms{G5g\ .
To:t}u/L Arnold J. sf cg';f/ civilization passes through three stages like Youth, Maturity and Decline . Youth
n] challenge nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ innovative 1fgn] ubf{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;Dej x'G5, Maturity n] ;do Joj:yfkg ub{5 eg]
Decline n] lglZrt ;do kZrft gradual degradation cyjf ktg x'g hfG5 . km]l/ k'gM gofF ?kdf z'? x'g yfN5 . o;/L
rlqmo ?kdf ;dfh ljsf;sf] cj:yf 3'ld/xG5 .
&_ Critical Theory -cfnf]rgfTds l;4fGt_ M–
of] l;4fGt Marxism df cfwfl/t l;4fGt xf] . o; l;4fGtsf cg';f/ h'g;'s} l;4fGt cfPklg ;a} l;4fGtnfO{ cfnf]rgf
ul/g' kb{5 . of] l;4fGt leftist x?n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ . of] l;4fGt Frankford School af6 ;g\ !(@@ df k|ltkfbg
ePsf] xf] . pkef]Qmfjfb, cfw'lgs k"FhLjfb, cfly{s lgwf{/0fjfbsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ sfo{ o; l;4fGtn] ub{5 . Power
h;sf] xftdf x'G5 p;}n] ruled ub{5 . o; l;4fGtn] ljleGg ;dfhzf:qLo l;4fGtn] k'/ftg jf tradition nfO{ dfq a9fjf
lbPsf] 5 eGb5g\ . o; l;4fGtsf lj4fgx?sf cg';f/ dflg;sf] wf/0ff eg]sf] ;dfhsf] pkh xf], dflg;nfO{ ;dfhn] guide
ub{5 .
o; l;4fGtn] value judgement nfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;df k"FhLjfbL :jtGqtf / ;dfhjfbL /fHosf]
lgoGq0f jf/] AofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o; l;4fGtn] Comparative capitalism af6 monopoly capitalism and socialism df
?kfGt/0f x'G5 eGb5 . o;n] psychological / ideological s'/fx?sf] ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f ub{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf /
JolQmsf] cGt/lqmofdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;sf cg';f/ s'g}klg l;4fGtdf debate ul/G5 .
k|To]s ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfsf tTjx?l;t AolQmsf cfkm\gf s]xL c;Gt'li6x? x'g ;S5g\ . AolQmn]
;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfsf cfkm"nfO{ dg gk/]sf tTjx?sf] cfnf]rgf u5{ / To:tf] cfnf]rgfn] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
kl/jt{gsf] hu a;fN5 eGg] dfGotf cg'?k g} o; cfnf]rgfTds l;4fGtn] klg ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f kIfsf] pb\uf/ ug{
;kmn ePsf] 5 .
Herbamas n] ;dfhnfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . pgn] ;dfhnfO{ Primitive society -cflbd ;dfh_, Traditional
society -k/Dk/fut ;dfh_ / Free Capitalist society -pbf/ k"FhLjfbL ;dfh_ sf] ?kdf AofVof u/]sf 5g\ . Primitive
society gft]bf/L k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5 h;df jfXo tTjaf6 social change cfpF5 . Traditional society df /fhgLlts
:j?ksf] s'/f x'G5, h;df wf/0ff / dfGotf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wn] social change x'G5, o;df klg gft]bf/L k|0ffnL /x]sf]
x'G5 . Free Capitalist society df ;+ul7t / ljsl;t ;dfhsf] s'/f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df capital / wage labour sf] s'/f x'G5 .

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k"FhLjfbLx?n] agfPsf] sfg"gåf/f ;dfh rn]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhsf] mode of production change x'G5 . k"FhLklt /
sfdbf/x? aLr åGb l;h{gf x'G5 . o;df kl/jt{g Nofpg] sfo{ ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?af6 x'G5, h;n] ;dfhdf d'lQm
NofpF5 . o;/L cfnf]rgfTds l;4fGtn] k"/stf k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 .
*_ Cultural Exchange Theory -;f+:s[lts cfbfg k|bfgsf] l;4fGt_ M–
b'O{ leGg ;+:s[lt ePsf JolQm, ;d"x / ;dfhsf aLrdf ;Dks{ x'Fbf tL b'O{ kIfsf] aLrdf ;f+:s[lts cfbfg
k|bfg tyf cGt/lqmof x'G5 . o:tf] qmddf Pp6f ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltn] csf]{ ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltdf k|efj kf5{ / cfk;df
;+:s[lts/0f u5{ . Pp6f JolQm÷;d"x÷ ;dfhn] csf]{ JolQm÷;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltsf sltko ljz]iftfx? u|x0f ug]{ sfd x'G5
. o;/L cultural exchange theory n] b'O{ km/s ;+:s[ltl;t ;Dj4 JolQm jf ;d"xsf] ;Dks{n] tL JolQm jf ;d"xx?sf]
;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . o;/L Pp6f ;dfhn] csf]{ ;dfhsf sltko ljz]iftf -u'0f_ x? c+ufn]/
cfkm\gf] ;dfhsf sltko ljz]iftfx?df kl/jt{g jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ug{ d2t ldN5 .
d"ntM ;f+:s[lts cfbfg k|bfg / cGt/lqmofaf6 ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g x'g] ePsfn] o; l;4fGtnfO{ ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lnOg] ePklg ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]t ult k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ klg ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gsf l;4fGtsf] ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
(_ Global Theory -ljZjJofkL l;4fGt_ M–
o; cGtu{t b'O{j6f l;4fGt k|rngdf b]lvG5 M–
-s_ Modernization Theory :- o;nfO{ ljsl;t ;dfhsf ljz]iftfx? h'g ;sf/fTds 5 To;sf] l;sf] u/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ug]{
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . k/Dk/f eGbf km/s Pj+ gofF tl/sfn] d"No dfGotfx?sf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5, h;nfO{ ;dfhn]
adapt ub{5, To;nfO{ modernization theory sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . h:tf]– 5'jf5'tsf] Jojxf/ modernization sf] sf/0fn] xfn
kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t}u/L k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;dfhdf harmonized x'G5 . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ Technology
and global development sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g x'G5 . ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ ;f/f a|Dxf08 g} Pp6f
village sf] ?kdf kl/0ft eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df of] l;4fGtnfO{ klg ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 .
-v_ World System Theory :- o; l;4fGt cg';f/ unequal relationship result in some nations becoming more advanced. o;
l;4fGt jdf]lhd primary cause of social change eg]sf] growth of international capitalism xf] . To;}u/L ljsl;t
d'n'sx?af6 cg's/0f ul/Psf s'/fx? h;n] xfd|f] /xg;xg, efiff, njfO vjfOdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To:t}u/L ljsl;t /fi6«n]
cljsl;t -t]>f] d'n's_ d'n's;+u raw material x? lnG5g\ / To;nfO{ k|zf]wg u/L ;fdfgx? pTkfbg u/]/ k'gM cljsl;t
/fi6«x?df a]R5g\ h;n] ubf{ ljsl;t /fi6«x? ;w}+ wlg eO/xg] / cljsl;t /fi6«x? ;w}+ u/La g} /xG5g\ . o;af6 klg
åGb l;h{gf x'g uO{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ug{df e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
!)_ Dependency Theory -cGt/lge{/ l;4fGt_ M–
o; l;4fGtsf cg';f/ ;Ifd Pj+ ljsl;t /fi6«sf ;dfhn] cljsl;t ;dfhnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|efjdf kf/]/ cfkm"df cGt/lge{/
u/fO{ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g u/]sf] x'G5 . vf;u/L successful country x?n] cljsl;t b]zx?nfO{ dependent agfpFb5 . o;
l;4fGt cg';f/ causes of social change from economic inequality in global economy. ljsl;t ;dfhsf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/
cljsl;t ;dfhsf] cy{tGqnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbP ;+u;+u} ;fdflhs kl/jt{g klg u/]sf x'G5g\ .
Public Administration as an Agent of Social Change :-
/fHo Joj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfk cGtu{t tf]lsPsf] ;femf nIo Pj+ p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;~rfng ul/g]
ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ultljlw g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] . To:t}u/L ;fj{hlgs ljifoj:t'x?sf] ;d"lrt kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfWod
/ k|lqmofsf] ;dli6ut ultljlw Pj+ :j?knfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g elgG5 . jf:tjdf k|zf;g eg]s} ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt k|aGw
ug'{sf ;fy} hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;'ljwf jf ;]jf k|jfx;+u ;DalGwt 5 . xfn ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6}
:j?kdf lnOG5 .
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf b[li6n] cfhsf] k|zf;g hl6n Pj+ r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5, Pp6f ck|Tofl;t Joj:yfkgsf] ?kdf o;nfO{
lng ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] kof{j/0fdf k|efj kf5{ / kof{j/0fn] klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf 1ftf Pj+ cWoog cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|zf;gaf6 kof{j/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ / kof{j/0faf6
k|zf;gdf k|efj kfg]{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ k|zf;gsf] kof{j/0fLo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf F.W.Riggs n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ .
o;nfO{ cGo ljleGg ljåfgx?n] ;d]t cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 .
Riggs n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;~rfl/s / ;f+s]lts cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;dfh ;~rfngsf kfFr k|d'v cfwf/ tTjsf]
?kdf klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . oL cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs k|0ffnL / To;sf pkk|0ffnLx?sf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 . ;fdflhs
k|0ffnLsf] oL cfofdx? dWo]af6 g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf kof{j/0fsf] ?kdf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs u/L tLgj6f
cfofdnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs k|0ffnL / kl/jt{gn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|ToIf k|efj kf5{g\ eg]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfb{5 .
Riggs n] k|zf;lgs pkk|0ffnL cGtu{t ;dfhsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts pkk|0ffnLx?;+usf]
cGt/lqmofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . To:t}u/L pgn] Diffracted society / Prismatic
society sf] cGt/sf] klxrfg u/]/ oL b'O{ ;dfhdf ljBdfg k|zf;lgs k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng k4ltdf /x]sf cGt/sf] klxrfg ug]{
s'/fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] eP klg kl5 cGo ljåfgx?n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] klg cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts
k4lt÷k|0ffnLdf k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t cWoog ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvG5 .

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 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ljleGg lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -
;/sf/L ;]jf_ n] lgDg lqmofsnfkx?af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 M–
— P]g lgod, gLlt lgb]{lzsf / sfo{of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog,
— k|zf;lgs lqmofsnfkx? / sfo{ k/Dk/f,
— tflnd, uf]i7L, 5nkmn / sfo{zfnf÷;]ldgf/,
— lj1fkg / ;"rgf,
— sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] AofVof / k|of]u,
— clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg / lgIf]k0f,
— hgd}qL ?kdf of]hgfj4 ljsf; k|lqmof cjnDag,
— kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfTd;ft,
— ;~rf/ ;Lk / åGb Joj:yfkg,
— cfdgful/s / ;fdflhs If]q;+u ldn]/ ljsf; lgdf{0f nufot ;fd'lxs lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfng,
— lglZrt ;fdflhs k|yf, k/Dk/f / k|rngdf ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g Nofpg] vfnsf r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjog,
— ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmd / kf7\oqmd,
— ;~rf/ dfWod;+usf] ;dGjo / ;xsfo{,
— ;'zf;g ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf,
— cfdgful/ssf] xslxt / clwsf/sf] ;+/If0ffTds sfo{df ;xof]u,
— d'2f dfldnfsf] km};nf / Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjog .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofP h:t}u/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] sf/0fn] klg k|zf;lgs Jojxf/df kl/jt{g
Nofpg ;lsG5 . k|zf;lgs kof{j/0fsf] l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf kof{j/0fsf] s:tf] k|efj k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t}u/L Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx? / gjLgtd l;4fGtx?n] Joj:yfkgdf kof{j/0fLo tTjsf] k|efj kg]{
s'/fx?nfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t}u/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] Ph]G6sf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf lqmofsnfk Pj+ dfGotfx?nfO{ j'Fbfut ?kdf lgDg
jdf]lhd k|:t't ul/G5 M–
— ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf sfod ug'{,
— zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{,
— d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ .
To:t}u/L ;g\ !(^* kl5 k|zf;gsf ljleGg dfGotfx?df– k|zf;lgs ;fGble{stf, d"No dfGotfx?, ;+:yfut kl/jt{g,
u|fxsk|ltsf] rf;f], ;'zf;gdf tLj|tf, hgd'vL k|zf;lgs ;+oGq :yfkgf, sfg"gsf] zf;g, hg;xeflutf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f,
pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf, Jojxfl/stf, hgd'vL ;]jf k|jfx, /f]u tyf dxfdf/L lgoGq0f, >d lgoldttf, ;'/Iff k|aGw, ;"rgf k|jfx,
hgd'vL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd, jsfntL e"ldsf, ;xhstf{, lgodgstf{, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;DaGwL nIo lgwf{/0f cflb k|d'v
5g\ .

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