Final Report PDF

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belgaum, Karnataka-590 014
A PROJECT REPORT
ON
“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WASTE GARBAGE

SEPARATION USING SMART CRUSHER”
Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
MAHESH 1NH15ME724
CHETAN H R 1NH16ME403
NAVNATH 1NH16ME414
Under the guidance of
CHETAN KUMAR D S
Sr. Assistant Professor
NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BANGALORE-560 103
2018-19
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the Project work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WASTE
GARBAGE SEPARATION USING SMART CRUSHER” carried out by MAHESH (1NH15ME724),
CHETAN H R (1NH16ME403), NAVNATH (1NH16ME414), the bonafide students of New
Horizon College of Engineering, Bengaluru, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor
of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belgaum during the year 2018-2019. It is further certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for internal assessment has been incorporated in the report deposited in the
department library. The Project has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements
in respect of Project Work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering degree.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Mr.CHETAN KUMAR D S Dr. M S GANESHA PRASAD Dr. MANJUNATHA
Sr. Assistant. Professor. Dean, Prof. and HoD-ME Principal
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. NHCE
Name(s) of the student: University Seat Number:

MAHESH 1NH15ME724
CHETHAN H R 1NH16ME403
NAVNATH 1NH16ME414
External Examiners:
Name Signature with date:
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the Lord Almighty for showering His blessings on us.
It is indeed a great pleasure to recall the people who have helped us in carrying
out this project. Naming all the people who have helped us in achieving this goal would
be impossible, yet we attempt to thank a selected few who have helped use in diverse
ways.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Manjunatha, Principal, NHCE,
Bangalore, for providing us with facilities to carry out this project.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad
Dean, Professor & HoD-Mechanical Engineering., for his constant encouragement and
cooperation.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our teacher and guide Mr. Chetan
Kumar D S senior, Assistant. Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engg.,
NHCE, for his valuable suggestions, guidance, care & attention shown during the
planning, conduction stages of this project work.
We express our sincere thanks to project coordinators, all the staff members and
non-teaching staff of Department of Mechanical Engg., for the kind cooperation extended
by them.
We thank our parents for their support and encouragement throughout the course
of our studies.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the entire work embodied in this dissertation has been
carried out by me and no part of it has been submitted for any degree of any institution
previously.
Date:
Place: Bangalore
NAME USN SIGNATURE

MAHESH 1NH15ME724
CHETAN H R 1NH16ME403
NAVNATH 1NH16ME414
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above declaration made by the candidate is correct to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
Place: Bangalore Mr. CHETAN KUMAR D S

Date: Senior Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engg,
N.H.C.E, Bangalore.
ABSTRACT
The basic sources of waste of domestic and industrial waste. This

project chiefly concentrates on domestic waste whose worth is unrecognized
since folks don’t pay time on segregating waste into their basic streams. The wet waste
generated are often accustomed generate biogas, metallic and dry waste are
often telling employment, if metallic waste is left untreated then it becomes a threat to
animal and plant lives. If waste is separated at family level, then they'll be directly sent
for employment rather than causing them to industries initial for segregation
that becomes a large task and also the waste doesn't get isolated accurately.
The ways adopted for waste segregation in industries is venturous to human

health since it makes use of x-rays and infrared rays. The most objective of this project is
crush the waste and is to separate the waste supported 3 classes, dry, wet and metal.
Exploitation sensors, the wastes are isolated and motors like DC motor and stepper
motors used for needed rotation of belt.
CONTENTS
Chapter No Particulars Page No
Acknowledgement I
Declaration II
Abstract III
Contents IV
List of Figures VI
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Expansion and Subsequent Increase in Waste 2
1.3 Problem Statement 4
1.4 Problem survey 5
1.4.1 Collectors 5
1.5 Objective 7
1.6 Methodology 8
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10
3 HARDWARE AND FUTURE 16
3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52 16
3.2 Features of AT89S52 are as follows 17
3.3 IR Obstacle sensor 17
3.4 Working principle 18
3.5 Soil Moisture 18
3.6 Metal Sensor 19
3.7 Features Metal Sensor 19
3.8 DC Motor 20
3.9 Stepper Motor 21
3.10 DC Motor Driver 22
3.11 Stepper Motor Driver 23
3.12 Conveyor Belt 23
4 DESIGN MODEL AND FABRICATION 24
4.1 Design Methodology 24
4.2 Design Calculation 24
4.3 Basic block diagram 25
4.5 Cad Modeling 27
4.6 Fabrication 28
4.6.1 Welding process 29
5 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION 31
5.1 Keil uVision3 31
6 APPLICATION, ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE 35
6.1 Applications 35
6.1.1. Colony purpose 35
6.1.2. Offices 36
6.1.3. In and around Schools 36
6.1.4. Public places 37
6.1.5 Shopping malls 37
6.2 Advantages 37
6.2.1 Agriculture 38
6.2.2 One of the step for Swachh Bharat 38
6.2.3 Power generation using plastics 39
6.2.4 Making money out of waste 39
6.4 Costing 40
7 RESULTS 41
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 42
References 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Particulars Page
no no
1.1 1.1: Bengaluru’s merger - an increase in area from 226 01
sq.Km. To 800 sq.km
1.2 Flow of waste through the Pourakarmikas
06
1.3 separation of waste garbage by manually 07
3.1 Microcontroller AT89S5 16
3.2 infrared sensor 18
3.3 IR Sensor working principle 18
3.4 Soil Moisture sensor 19
3.5 DC motor 21
3.7 DC motor drive 21
3.8 Steeper motor drive 22
3.9 Conveyor Belt 23
4.1 Block diagram 24
4.2 3D modeling gear and pinion 26
4.3 3D Modeling Converyor Belt 27
4.4 welding frame conveyor belt 28
4.5 Fitting the Conveyor 29
4.6 fitting the crusher 30
6.1 waste collection 30
6.2 Garbage near govt school, Siddapura 35
6.3 Dustbins at public place 37
6.4 Fertilizing agricultural land 38
6.5 Swachh Bharat 38
6.6 Large size waste 40
7.1 It is basically designed to segregates three types of wastes 41
7.1 LCD displaying message 41
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WASTE GARBAGE SEPARATION USING SMART CRUSHER
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The City of Bengaluru, currently the 3rd largest city in India, is spread over an
area of around 800 square kilometres and estimated to have an urban population of
12,778,146. In the last decade, with the development of the IT industry, the city has
witnessed a huge transformation. An influx of population from all across the country is
reflected in the unprecedented growth rate of 47.18% in the population of 2011 as
compared to population in 2001.Moreover in January 2007, the government of the state
issued a notification to merge the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike (BMP) wards with the
ity Municipal Council (CMC), Town Municipal Council (TMC) and 111 villages around the
city. They then formed a single administrative area, governed by the newly-renamed
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagare Palike (BBMP). Effectively, the area of the city was
increased from 226 square kilometres to 800 square kilometres, which were divided into
8 administrative zones as shown below figure.
1) Yelahanka 2) Byatarayanapura 3) Dasarahalli 4) Rajarajeshwarinagar 5) Kengeri 6)

Bommanahalli 7) Mahadevapura 8) K R Puram 9) BMP OR BBMP
Figure 1.1: Bengaluru’s merger - an increase in area from 226 sq.Km. To 800 sq.km.
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-19 Page 1

1.2 Expansion and Subsequent Increase in Waste
The rapid expansion of the city’s scale has created a gap in terms of
infrastructure as development has not kept pace with the growing requirements of its
rapidly increasing population. These gaps had developed in several areas, including
developmental infrastructure, town planning and most critically, Waste Management.
The quantum of waste is estimated to have increased form 2500 tonnes in 2012 to the
current contested number of over 4500 tonnes.
A majority of the growth in the city is taking place along its outskirts, in zones
such as Bomanahalli, Mahadevapura, Dasarahalli, Rajarajeshwari Nagar and Yelahanka.
The boundaries of the city are expanding and these areas are witnessing intense
development of real estate and private investment, as well as influx of population.
Unlike the Central Business District, a lot of the growth is vertical, since several high-
rises and apartment complexes are being constructed in these zones. Besides this, there
has also been development of large office complexes and IT tech-parks, such as ITPL and
Bagmane Tech Park.
In addition to the real estate growth, the predominant lifestyle in these areas
also set them apart from the Central Business District. With a high concentration of IT
firms and the prevalence of the “BPO culture”, offices tend to operate on 24-hour shifts
and have a much larger number of employees. Hence, the quantum of waste generated
is not only large but also disposed of in a continuous stream, requiring more frequent
collection.
Growth on the fringes of the city has not only been vast, but also diverse.
Apartment complexes of various sizes, gated colonies, tech-parks, office blocks,
shopping malls, hotels and restaurants are all developing in close proximity to each
other. Consequently, waste collection mechanisms have to be equally adaptable, since
each of these generators produces different categories of waste, in different quantities.
In recent times, garbage disposal has become a huge cause for concern in the
world. A voluminous amount of waste that is generated is disposed by means which
have an adverse effect on the environment. The common method of disposal of the
waste is by unplanned and uncontrolled open dumping at the landfill sites. This method

is injurious to human health, plant and animal life. This harmful method of waste
disposal can generate liquid leach ate which contaminate surface and ground waters can
harbour disease vectors which spread harmful diseases and can degrade aesthetic value
of the natural environment and it is an unavailing use of land resources.
In India, rag pickers play an important role in the recycling of urban solid waste.
Rag pickers and conservancy staff have higher morbidity due to infections of skin,
respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and multisystem allergic disorders, in addition to a
high prevalence of bites of rodents, dogs and other vermin. Dependency on the rag-
pickers can be diminished if segregation takes place at the source of municipal waste
generation.
The economic value of the waste generated is not realized unless it is recycled
completely. Several advancements in technology has also allowed the refuse to be
processed into useful entities such as Waste to Energy, where the waste can be used to
generate synthetic gas (syngas) made up of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is
then burnt to produce electricity and steam, Waste to Fuel, where the waste can be
utilized to generate bio fuels.
When the waste is segregated into basic streams such as wet, dry and metallic, the
waste has a higher potential of recovery, and consequently, recycled and reused. The
wet waste fraction is often converted either into compost or methane-gas or both.
Compost can replace demand for chemical fertilizers, and bio-gas can be used as a
source of energy. The metallic waste could be reused or recycled.
Even though there are large scale industrial waste segregators present, it is always
much better to segregate the waste at the source itself. The benefits of doing so are that
a higher quality of the material is retained for recycling which means that more value
could be recovered from the waste. The hazard for waste employees is reduced. Also,
the divided waste might be directly sent to the usage and process plant rather
than causation it to the segregation plant then to the plant. Currently there's no system
of segregation of dry, wet and gilded wastes at a ménage level. The aim of this project is
that realization of a compact, low value and user friendly segregation system for urban
households to contour the waste management method. We area unit implementing a
wise trash barrel that may be a low cost, straight forward to use answer for a

segregation system at households, in order that it are often sent directly for process.
It’s designed to type the refuse into gilded waste, wet waste and dry waste. The mixed
waste is sorted supported the subsequent strategies at the commercial level. Larger
things area unit removed by manual sorting .Then the refuse is sorted supported its size
by victimisation massive rotating drums that is perforated with holes of an exact size.
Materials smaller than the diameter of the whole are able to drop through, how ever
larger particles can stay within the drum. For gilded objects electromagnets or eddy
current primarily based separators are often used. Close to infrared scanners area unit
accustomed differentiate between varied varieties of plastics supported the flexibility
of the fabric to mirror lightweight. X-rays can even be accustomed segregate materials
supported their density.
1.3 Problem Statement
The main sources of waste area unit industrial and domestic waste. This
project primarily think about domestic waste whose worth is unrecognized since folks
don‘t pay time on segregating waste into their basic streams. The wet waste generated
is wont to generate biogas, bronze and dry waste is telling exercise, if bronze waste is
left untreated then it becomes a threat to animal and plant lives. If waste is separated
at house level, then they'll be directly sent for exercise rather than causing them to
industries initial for segregation that becomes an enormous task and also the waste
doesn't get separate accurately. The ways adopted for waste segregation in industries
is venturesome to human health since it makes use of x-rays and infrared rays.
The environmental risks related to poor waste management square measure
documented and understood. Fly tipped wastes will poison and injure kids and animals
in addition as create ugliness. Careless disposal of liquid wastes like solvents will leach
into the bottom water and contaminate potable provides. Poorly planned and managed
landfills can produce a big neighbourhood nuisance, and wherever lowland gas and
leach ate don't seem to be properly treated there'll be a heavy threat to the protection
of native residents. Incinerators operated while not adequate pollution abatement
instrumentation can unharness extremely cytotoxic dioxins. Even exercise and
composting facilities are often a supply of litter and unsightly odour if not properly
regulated. The most aim of the project is to segregate waste at supply level to wet, dry

and aluminiferous specified waste isn't wasted however their price is known and might
be reborn to a supply of energy, during price effective means.
1.4 Problem survey

Bengaluru creates around 4000 - 4500 tons of Waste every day. The BBMP is
doing accumulation, road clearing, transportation, preparing and transfer of Municipal
Waste from generators. BBMP has an arrangement of way to entryway gathering for
gathering the MSW. The MSW gathered must be handled before land filling. BBMP has
found a way to streamline the MSW the board in the city. The present status report is as
below:
1.4.1 COLLECTORS
I. Door To Door:-The general method of collection for independent residences and
apartments is door to door collection 6 days a week, which was started by the BBMP
back in 2013. Apart from this, community bin collection in recognized dump spots
also gets cleared by the Pourakarmikas (PKs). In the newer zones, the collection is
given to SHGs or RWAs. The PKs informally picks out valuable dry waste which he/she
can sell informally to the Kabadiwallah or Scrap-dealer, the rest is then is given to
Auto-tippers. The drivers of these vehicles also pick out remaining valuable dry waste
to be sold informally, before they send the remaining waste to the formal sector.
Unofficially households and informal settlements tend to throw out their waste in
‘Black Spots’ which can emerge anywhere. It is in these mounds of mixed garbage
that the rag-pickers/waste-pickers pick out valuable dry waste.
II. Pourakarmikas: - Pourakarmikas (PKs) are the waste collectors employed by the
BBMP to render door-to-door collection services. The PKs collect waste, sweep
streets and clean shoulder drains. They are also responsible for the conservancy
cleaning. Most PKs work as contract labour, though some are also direct employees
of the BBMP. With the introduction of the door to door collection system in 2011
through the ‘Swaccha Bangalore’ initiative, a number of PKs were allocated pushcarts
and buckets for collection of wet and dry waste. The cement bin system was removed
which was the old prevailing system for garbage clearance in Bengaluru. The PKs
started collecting and transacting in dry waste and soon found the potential of
monetising this by selling clean hi-value dry waste to the local Kabadiwallah. The
system is now acknowledges this value of dry waste and adds it to their perks!! Hence
the introduction of the DWCCs, where rest of the waste is then brought
independently or through Auto-tippers. Figure 30 demonstrates the flow of dry waste
through the PKs number of PKs commented on not receiving their salaries on time
and how the income from selling to local Kabadiwallahs helps them get through their
daily expenses. A substantial number of them also belong to the rag-picker
community and all the waste they are able to separate and retrieve is routed into the
informal sector and traded. It seems as though the PKs belong to the same
community, and if amalgamated they could all yield better results for the
City.
Figure 1.2: Flow of waste through the Pourakarmikas
III. Rag-pickers/Waste pickers: - Rag pickers form the rock-bottom base of the
waste chain and comprise a body of independent individuals and families, often
from displaced communities. They operate at the earliest stage of waste
collection, and gather almost all categories of dry waste. They recover waste
from community bins, dump sites, individual households and other commercial
categories of generators, which they then sell to scrap-dealers. It is estimated

that the volume of waste handled per day by rag pickers in the city ranges
between 2000 – 2500 kgs .
Fig 1.3:- separation of waste garbage by manually
1.5 Objective
The main sources of waste are domestic and industrial waste. This project mainly
concentrates on domestic waste whose value is unrecognized since people don’t spend
time on segregating waste into their basic streams. The wet waste generated can be
used to generate biogas, metallic and dry waste can be send for recycling, if metallic
waste is left untreated then it becomes a threat to animal and plant lives. If waste is
separated at household level then they can be directly sent for recycling instead of
sending them to industries first for segregation which becomes a huge task and the
waste does not get segregated accurately. The methods adopted for waste segregation
in industries is hazardous to human health since it makes use of x-rays and infrared rays.
The environmental risks associated with poor waste management are well known and
understood. The main aim of the project is to segregate waste at source level to wet, dry
and metallic such that waste is not wasted but there value is understood and can be
converted to a source of energy, in a cost effective way.

1.6 Methodology:
When waste is dumped into crusher first its remove from the bags and crush
garbage into small particle and waste is sense by IR sensor detects the entry of the
waste. The sensitivity of the IR Sensor is tuned using the potentiometer. The
potentiometer is tuneable in both the directions. Initially tune the potentiometer in
clockwise direction such that the Indicator LED starts glowing. Once that is achieved,
turn the potentiometer just enough in anti-clockwise direction to turn off the Indicator
LED. At this point the sensitivity of the receiver is maximum. Thus, its sensing distance is
maximum at this point. The transmitter continuously transmits the signal to detect the
presence of obstacle. When the waste is dumped into the bin the receiver receives the
reflected signal from the waste and starts the entire process by the activation of
microcontroller. Microcontroller AT89S52 is used which is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable
Flash memory. The microcontroller in turn activates DC motor by executing program to
rotate the motor in the forward direction. Two DC motors are used for the smooth
rotation of the conveyor belt. Both DC motors rotates in forward direction allowing the
waste to be detected by the sensors connected in series near the conveyor belt. A belt
conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with
an endless loop of carrying medium the conveyor belt that rotates about them. One or
both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the waste on the belt forward. The
powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler
pulley. Sensors are connected near conveyor belt to detect different types of waste. First
sensor connected is the proximity sensor to detect metal waste and which is having
highest priority among the two sensors connected. This sensor gives accurate results
even for smaller objects. Proximity sensor continuously emits electromagnetic waves
and if any metallic object is passing over the belt within the range of proximity sensor,
the metallic object gets energized and retransmits electromagnetic field of its own to
the sensor. Microcontroller continuously checks the status of proximity sensor. If sensor
is detecting metal then program is written to select that particular bin using stepper
motor. If the waste is not metallic then it passes through another sensor connected near
belt itself called the moisture sensor. Metal waste is connected in such a way, so that it
makes a contact with every type of waste. If there is short in metal sensor then waste is

of wet type. Microcontroller continuously checks the status of moisture sensor and if it
is getting activated then bin for wet waste is selected using stepper motor otherwise by
default it is dry waste. Three bins are placed in circular fashion with 120 degrees spacing
between them. Based on the waste detected microcontroller activates stepper motor
and the program is written for the stepper to rotate in clockwise and anticlockwise
direction to select a particular bin. Buzzer produces beep sound when any one of the
wastes in sensed by any one of the sensors.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1] Claudine Capel1, “INNOVATIONS IN WASTE”, Waste management-world, Volume

11, Issue 2, Mar 2010 Source separation of waste:
The waste hierarchy as laid out in European law states the ideal chain of
events when it comes to waste is reduce, reuse, recycle, energy recovery, and
dispose, and it is interesting to look at the wide variation of systems in Europe today
for citizens disposing of their household waste. Where some countries such as
Germany and the Netherlands have had efficient methods in place for years, other
countries still have the majority of residents throwing all their household waste into
one bin and leaving it for the local authority to separate it. It seems that more
stringent measures need to come into play to ensure that the waste hierarchy is
followed wherever possible.
While streams of mixed MSW can be collected and then separated into the
various components, i.e. recyclable items and organic waste, it is much better to
separate the waste stream at the source. This has several benefits:
I. Maintains a higher quality of material for recycling, meaning there is
more value to be recovered,
II. Decreases the occupational risks for waste workers, and
III. Means that waste can most often be sent straight to the correct place for
processing, instead of one facility to be separated and then another to
be processed.
[2] Claudine Capel1, WASTE SORTING - A look at the separation and sorting
techniques in today’s European market
Separating the different elements found in waste streams is essential for enabling
the recovery of useful materials, minimizing the amount of material sent to landfill
and allowing recyclable materials to find a new incarnation. Companies sort and
recycle materials in order to extract value. Separation technologies:

Waste disposal companies dealing with the sorting of materials will commonly
use one or more of these five methods:
I. Drum screens: - these separate materials according to their particle size.

Waste is fed into a large rotating drum which is perforated with holes of a
certain size. Materials smaller than the diameter of the holes will be able to
drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum.
II. Eddy current separator: - This method is specifically for the separation of
metals. An eddy current‘occurs when a conductor is exposed to a changing
magnetic field. Put simply, it is an electromagnetic way of dividing ferrous and
non-ferrous metals.
III. Induction sorting Material is sent along a conveyor belt with a series of
sensors underneath. These sensors locate different types of metal which are
then separated by a system of fast air jets which are linked to the sensors.
IV. Near infrared sensors (NIR) When materials are illuminated they mostly
reflect light in the near infrared wavelength spectrum. The NIR sensor can
distinguish between different materials based on the way they reflect light.
V. X-ray technology X-rays can be used to distinguish between different types of
waste based on their density.
[3] Rashmi M. Kittali1 and Ashok Sutagundar2 ‘’Automation of Waste
Segregation System using PLC’’
The paper describe the method where the separation of wet and dry waste
into respective bins by the sensing of different sensors included along the conveyor belt
on which initially crushed waste is moving. Pieces of glass, paper, metallic materials, and
wet waste are separated out.
Segregation is the process of separating biodegradable waste from non-
biodegradable waste for proper disposal and recycling and is the first step of waste
segregation.
AUTOMATED WASTE SEGREGATION SYSTEM
I. One is the input module to which the wet waste detecting, object detecting,
metal, plastic, glass and paper detecting sensors are included.

II. A continuously moving conveyor belt is used to which the different object
detecting sensors are attached .Along the conveyor belt these all are
appropriately arranged with the respective hydraulic cylinders below them and
the collecting bins in front.
III. High speed blowing fan is also used to blow away the dust particles and other
lightweight materials into a collector placed exactly opposite to it.
[4] Sreehari S Nair1, J Sivadutt2, Manu Mohanan3, Abhi S, Vishnu Sanal4,

Mukil M V5 ‘’Solid Waste Crushing and Separation of Plastic Waste Machine’’
They proposes that project deals with the design and the fabrication of the waste
separating machine using belt conveyor drum. There is a direct link between the country
population and the waste produced.
The problem with these types of machines is that they need a lot of space and
also the cost of the machine is also high. In this project, we fabricate a simple waste
separating machine which is of less cost and contains a very less space. Simple
components and mechanisms are used to fabrication and an efficient waste separating
machine is built. A variety of separation methods for municipal solid waste materials are
available.
A variety of separation methods for municipal solid waste materials available are
following:
I. Screeners are shifting units that are rotated as powder is fed into their inside.
II. Air classifiers, cyclones are used to spiral the air flow action and acceleration
within a chamber to separate solid particles.
III. Density separators screen mass materials or minerals base on the density size
and shape of the particles.
IV. Electrostatic separators are used for separating wastes by restricted ionization
V. Floatation systems separate hydrophobic particulates from hydrophilic
particulates by passing well air bubbles up from beginning to end of a solid-
liquid mixture. The fine bubbles connect to and lift or float the hydrophobic
particles up where they are collected.

VI. Magnetic separators employ existing magnetic fields, to detach iron, steel,
ferrosilicon or other ferromagnetic materials from non-magnetic large materials.
The magnetic field may produce by permanent magnets or electromagnets.
VII. Rake, spiral and bowl classifiers use mechanical accomplishment to dewater
separate coarse bulk materials as of finer materials.
VIII. Trammels are rotating drum shaped, with a grate like surface with large
openings to detach very high materials from bulk materials.
IX. Water classifiers such as elutriators and classifying hydro cyclones, use settling
or flow in water or a liquid to separate or classify powdered materials based on
particle size or shape.
X. Hydro cyclones are a type of Static Separator, based on centrifugal disjointing in
which a vortex generated with a cone-cylindrical arrangement.
[5] AnkitaKharade1, PurnimaPisal2, S. P. Vibhute3 ‘’Intelligent Waste Segregation

and Monitoring System’’
The project proposes to segregate, the dry waste and wet waste at the household level.
The level of the garbage collected in the container is known, and using ultraviolet
sensor. This is known at the control system office. Adding to it, at roadside the garbage
container is created using the load sensor concept, if the garbage spills out.
 Very less work is done in the field of collecting biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste.
 Previously, optical sensor are used to collect only plastics and waste particles
but in this work biodegradable waste includes papers, fruit waste, vegetable
waste, leaves and non- biodegradable, waste includes glass , plastic is collected.
[6] Twinkle Sinha1, “Smart Dustbin”
The paper proposes a new model for municipal dustbins which includes the
centre of municipality for immediate cleaning of dustbin.
This dustbin is also designed, to compress the garbage periodically, thus

preventing the unnecessary occupying of dustbins, space by light weighted but space
occupying garbage particles like sponges etc. when leaf switch is pressed by garbage
when it reaches a particular level provides an indication.
[7] Omkar Matkar1, Sagar Kalsekar2, Kaushal Tirawdekar3, Prashant Palve4
, Medha Kulkarni5, ‘’Smart Bin’’
This Paper describes the sensors will sense the type of waste, in the container and
accordingly the container will be move the waste appropriate bin all empty the waste.
This paper Smart Garbage Management in Smart Cities using IOT proposed a
method as follows.
 The level of garbage in the dustbins is finds with the help of ultrasonic sensors
system, and communicated to the authorized control room, through GSM
system.
 PI microcontroller is used to interface the sensor system with GSM system.
[8] Yeshwant M. Sonkhaskar1, Amit Choubey2, Amritpal Bhamra3, Raghav

Singhal4, Anurag Sahu5, ‘’New Design of A Plastic Bottle Crusher’’
This paper is about design of a Plastic Bottle Crusher which help to crush the
used Plastic bottles and thereby help in waste management and disposal, The crusher
thus would help in recycling plastic waste. It would also help in reducing the volume of
waste generated and will thus help in effective waste management. The crushing of
used water bottles will also ensure that the bottles are no used beyond the shelf life of
its plastic.
I. In first stage the design of base plate was done. The basic idea behind this
project is to manufacture such a machine crusher that recycle cans and crushing
operation carried out easily.
II. In second stage the crushing mechanism was designed. Experimentally it was
found that the bottom and top portions of bottle are hard so it is difficult to
crush the bottle along its axis.
III. The Crushing is the desired action is carried out only in one stroke of cycle. A
flywheel is link between the reciprocating ram and driving mechanism to store
the energy in idle stroke and deliver it in the operational stroke of crushing.

IV. In the upcoming stage of design driving mechanism for the flywheel and
reciprocating parts where designed. The design of driving mechanism should be
such that maximum torque should be transmitted.
[9] Hemant Shinde1, Mandar Diwakar2, Nachiket Salvi3, Raviraj Sarde4,

Shanawaz Shaikh5, ‘’Survey on Smart Garbage Collection System Using IOT’’
Waste Management is defined as the control of generation, collection ,storage,

transfer and transport ,processing and disposal of waste accord with the best principle
of public health .Nowadays the Dustbins placed in public are get overflow due to
increase in waste in cities.
The IOT is the solution for this problem are follows:
I. The Internet of Things (IOT) is the network of physical devices embedded with
software and sensors and network link which is enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.
II. We can develop Smart Garbage Collector System Using IOT.
III. The main purpose is when the Smart Bin is filled up to its maximum value then
the message is displayed on web portal and the responsible authority take
proper action.

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND FUTURE
3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel‘s high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
Fig 3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data
pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing
the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

3.2 Features of AT89S52 are as follows
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

 Compatible with MCS-51Products
 Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer
 Power-off Flag
 Fast Programming Time
 Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
3.3 IR Obstacle sensor
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain

characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation.
Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and
detecting motion. An Infrared (IR) sensor is used to detect obstacles. An IR sensor
consists of an emitter, detector and associated circuitry. The circuit required to make an
IR sensor consists of two parts; the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit. The emitter is
simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode
which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED.
When IR light falls on the photodiode, its resistance and correspondingly, its output
voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received. This is the
underlying principle of working of the IR sensor.
Fig 3.2 infrared sensor
3.4 Working principle:
All objects which have a temperature greater than absolute zero (0 Kelvin)
possess thermal energy and are sources of infrared radiation as a result. Sources of
infrared radiation include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps and silicon carbide.
Infrared sensors typically use infrared lasers and LEDs with specific infrared
wavelengths as sources.
Fig 3.3 IR Sensor working principle
A transmission medium is required for infrared transmission, which can the

atmosphere or an optical fibres. Optical components, such as optical lenses made
from quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si, polyethylene Fresnel lenses and Al or Au mirrors, are
used to converge or focus the infrared radiation. In order to limit spectral response,
band-pass filters can be used. Next, infrared detectors are used in order to detect the
radiation which has been focused. The output from the detector is usually very small
and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry are required to further process the
received signals.
3.5 Soil Moisture

Ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil science,
agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture, botany, and biology.
Use the Soil Moisture Sensor to:

Sensor:-
• Measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake.
• Evaluate optimum soil moisture contents for various species of plants.
• Monitor soil moisture content to control irrigation in greenhouses.
• Enhance your Bottle Biology experiments.
Fig 3.4 Soil Moisture sensor
3.6 Metal Sensor (Proximity Sensor):
The sensors provide excellent results even with difficult-to-detect objects, e.g.
small or thin parts, wires or bright metals. A variety of types cover a wide range of
individual requirements and installation situations. Thus, devices are available with
N.C. or N.O. functions, with NPN or PNP switching outputs, and cable or plug
connection. The enclosure rating is IP66.
3.7 Metal Sensor Features:
 Easy-to-use and tough

 Wide range of models
 Wide operating voltage range
 Short circuit protected
 Ideal for a variety of applications
 a metal connector that can be tightened securely and a cord protector
 Enclosure rating of IP66, water-proof and oil-drip proof
 Fast response

3.8 DC Motor:
A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current

electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the forces
produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal
mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion, a
linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line. The very basic
construction of a Dc motor contains a current carrying armature which is connected
to the supply end through commutator segments and brushes and placed within the
north south poles of a permanent or an electro-magnet as shown in the diagram
below.A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an
armature with one more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core
that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns
around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The
ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows
each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects the rotating coils with the
external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that
switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes).The total amount
of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the
strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular
coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed.
By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created.
These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets
(permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create
a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the
stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater
control over the motor. Different number of stator and armature fields as well as
how they are connected provides different inherent speed/torque regulation
characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage
applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature
circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled

by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current
into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
Fig. 3.5 DC motor
3.9 Stepper Motor:
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless DC electric motor that divides a
full rotation into a number of equal steps. The motor's position can then be
commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without any feedback sensor as
long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. DC brushed motors rotate
continuously when DC voltage is applied to their terminals. The stepper motor is
known by its important property to convert a train of input pulses (typically square
wave pulses) into a precisely defined increment in the shaft position.
Fig 3.6 steeper motor
Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle. Stepper motors effectively have
multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of
iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a
microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given
power, which magnetically attracts the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are
aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next
electromagnet. This means that when the next electromagnet is turned on and the
first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one. From there the
process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number
of steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise
angle.
3.10 DC Motor Driver
The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel
driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads
(such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors.
To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable
input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower
voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in
switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz.
The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 centre pins
connected together and used for heat sinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead
surface mount which has 8 centre pins connected together and used for heat sinking.
Fig 3.7 DC motor drive

3.11 Stepper Motor Driver
The required stepper motor is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor

array. It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with
common-cathode fly back diodes for switching inductive loads. It is very similar to the
ULN2801A, ULN2802A, ULN2803A, ULN2804A, and ULN2805A, only differing in logic
input levels (TTL, CMOS, PMOS)and number of inputs (8). The drivers can be
paralleled for higher current capability, even stacking one chip on top of another,
both electrically and physically has been done. Generally, it can also be used for
interfacing with stepper motor, where the motor requires high ratings which cannot
be provided by other interfacing devices.
Fig 3.8 Steeper motor drive
3.12 Conveyor Belt:
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often

shortened to belt conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of
conveyor systems. A belt conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys
(sometimes referred to as drums), with an endless loop of carrying medium—the
conveyor belt—that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered,
moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called
the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley. There are two
main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as
those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those

used to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such as grain,
salt, coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.
The belt consists of one or more layers of material. Many belts in general
material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear
strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is
often a woven fabric having a warp &weft. The most common carcass materials are
polyester, nylon and cotton. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds
specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for
unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is
essential. Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a belt
weigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as elevator belts, are used for
transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-
unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Belt conveyor technology is also
used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on
many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often have conveyor belts at the check-
out counter to move shopping items. Ski areas also use conveyor belts to skiers up
the hill.
Fig 3.9 Conveyor Belt

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN MODEL AND FABRICATION
4.1 Design Methodology

The salient features of the design implementation are as follows:
I. Microcontroller: - AT89S52 is used, which controls the entire operation. When
waste is introduced into the system, IR proximity sensor detects the waste
activating the controller, which in turn starts the entire process.
II. IR proximity sensor is used which detects the entry of waste into the system and
sends a signal to the controller.
III. Proximity sensor is used for the detection of metallic waste, when any metallic
particle is introduced into the system proximity sensor gets activated.
IV. Moisture sensor is used for the detection of wet waste, this sensor measures the
moisture content to differentiate between wet and dry waste.
V. DC motor along with a driver is used for the rotation of a conveyor belt, the
speed of rotation of the motor is controlled by using PWM.
VI. Stepper motor is used for the rotation of bins which collect wet, dry and metallic
waste.
VII. A 16 x 2 liquid crystal display is used to display the kind of waste whether it is
wet, dry or metallic.
VIII. Buzzer is used which produces beep sound when any one sensor gets activated
detecting waste.
IX. CRUSHER is used crush the garbage into small
4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION
The pulling force for by the motor for conveyor

1. F=(Mp+Mb)*L*Fbw*9.81 Newton……………………(1)
where
F=pulling Force in Newton
Mp- total product weight of product in kg
Mb-total weight of belt in kg
Fbw :- coefficient of friction between belt & wear strip

a. Ex: 1
b. Mp:-20kg
Mb:-15 kg
Fbw :-0.18
then
F=(20+15)*.18*9.81
F=61 N
c. Solving for Feed rate:
2. Q=π*60*D*W*ω*L*B (t/h) ……………………….(2)
a. Where:
3. Q= crusher capacity
4. D= diameter of roll,
5. W= width of the roll,
6. ω= roll speed,130 rpm
7. L= distance between rolls,
8. B= bulk density of feed material, t/m3
9. Q= ……… t/h
4.2 Basic block diagram
Fig- 4.1Block diagram

4.5 Cad Modeling
SOLIDWORKS:- A solid modelling computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided

engineering (CAE) computer program that runs on Microsoft Windows. SolidWorks is
published by Assault. SolidWorks currently markets several versions of the SolidWorks CAD
software in addition to Drawings, a collaboration tool, and Draft Sight, a 2D CAD product.
Fig 4.2 3D modeling gear and pinion
Fig 4.3 2D model of conveyor belt

Fig 4.4 3D Modeling Converyor Belt
4.6 Fabrication
The creation of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling processes. It is
a value-added process involving the creation of machines, parts, and structures from
various raw materials.
Typically, a fabrication shop bids on a job, usually based on engineering drawings,

and if awarded the contract, builds the product. Large fab shops employ a multitude of
value-added processes, including welding, cutting, forming and machining.
Metal fabrication usually starts with drawings with precise dimensions and
specifications. Fabrication shops are employed by contractors, OEMs . Typical projects
include loose parts, structural frames for buildings and heavy equipment, and stairs and
hand railings.
As with other manufacturing processes, both human labor and automation are
commonly used. A fabricated product may be called a fabrication, and shops specializing in
this type of work are called fab shops. The end products of other common types of
metalworking, such as machining, metal stamping, forging, and casting, may be similar in
shape and function, but those processes are not classified as fabrication.

4.6.1 Welding Process
Welding is the main focus of steel fabrication. Formed and machined parts are
assembled and tack-welded in place, then rechecked for accuracy. If multiple weldments
have been ordered, a fixture may be used to locate parts for welding. A welder then
finishes the work according to engineering drawings
Fig 4.5 welding frame conveyor belt
Fig 4.6 Fitting the Conveyor

Fig 4.7 fitting the crusher

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1: Keil uVision3:
Keil was founded in 1982 by Günter and Reinhard Keil, initially as a German GbR. In April
1985 the company was converted to Keil Elektronik GmbH to market add-on products
for the development tools provided by many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented
the first Compiler designed from the ground-up specifically for the 8051 microcontroller.
Keil provides a broad range of development tools like ANSIC compiler, debuggers and
simulators, linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time operating systems and evaluation
boards for Intel 8051, Intel MCS-251.
The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source
code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful
environment. The µVision development platform is easy-to-use and helping you quickly
create embedded programs that work. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated
in a single application that provides a seamless embedded project development
environment. The µVision IDE is the easiest way for most developers to create
embedded applications using the Keil development tools. Keil uVision is a compiler that
is usually used to write and compile the coding for the microcontroller IC chips. This
compiler allows users to write programs on assembly language or C language. It
generates a .hex file after compilation which contains the Operational code (op code)
that can be stored in the memory of the microcontroller for execution.
The following are the steps to write a application program in IDE environment.
Step1: To launch µVision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil µVision3 from
The Start Menu.

Step 2: Open Keil IDE installed previously on your PC.
Step 3: Create a New Project from Project -> New -> uVision Project.

Step 4: IDE will tell you to save the project and give it a name. Do it according to
your convenience. Now keil will ask you to choose your target device. Choose your
device either AT89S52 or P89V51RD2 or anyone else you are using.
Step 5: A window will open up asking for add up some start up files. Press NO.
Step 6: Now make a new empty file.


CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
6.1 Applications:
The following are the applications of smart dustbin at various places:
6.1.1. Colony purpose:
 Keep separate containers for dry and wet waste.
 Keep two waste box for dry waste collection- paper and plastic.
 Send wet waste out of the colony daily.
 Store and send dry waste out of the home , once a week
 Keep plastic from the colony clean and dry and drop into the dry waste bin.

 Keep glass /plastic containers rinsed of food matter.

 Send wet waste out of the home daily.

 Store and send dry waste out of the home, once a week.

 Keep a paper bag for throwing the sanitary waste.
Our one Smart crusher will be sufficient to manage the garbage into small pieces,
segregates wet and dry waste appropriately.
Fig 6.1: waste collection

6.1.2. Offices
We know that company’s infrastructure is usually calm and clean. Cleanliness

is just not achieved simply. They do take many measures to achieve cleanliness
 Reduction of waste at source.

 Reuse of material wherever possible.
 Recycling.
 Purchasing products with recycled content.
Usually, waste from almost all offices/companies will be dry, wet, or metallic waste.
Our Model best suits this application.
6.1.3. In and around Schools:
Nowadays, the people dumping of garbage in front of the Government higher

secondary school causes serious health hazard to the students. , if Govt. provides Smart
Dustbins segregation for schools this problem can be avoided.
Fig 6.2: Garbage near govt school ,Siddapura

6.1.4. Public places:
Usually at public place different dustbins are placed for different kind of waste to
segregate.
Fig 6.3: Dustbins at public place
6.1.5 Shopping malls:
Shopping malls produces large amount of waste every day, it is better to use
smart dustbin segregation and understand the social responsibility .It will be useful to
those shopping centre employees who might be involved with planning and
implementing recycling and waste prevention programs at malls and shopping Centre’s.
6.2 Advantages:
6.2.1 Agriculture:
 The wet waste is used for agricultural purpose as fertilizers. Most people are
familiar with making compost from food wastes that can be done at the
backyard. Rotten vegetables, fruits, grass and leaves are common ingredients of
compost which is then used for home gardening purpose.
 They are mixed together with certain moisture level and turned regularly for air
flow to the heap. It can take several weeks or even months before they are
considered suitable to be used as fertilizer.
Fig 6.4: Fertilizing agricultural land
6.2.2 One of the step for Swachh Bharat:
Smart crusher can be one of the method to implement swacha bharat. It is better to
reduce and recycle waste at source root, which our smart dustbin does.
Fig 6.5: Swachh Bharat

6.2.3 Power generation using plastics:
 The waste containing plastic are further used in the generation of power. The
below figure shows power generation system using plastics.
 Plastic recycling is limited by the fact that different types of plastic cannot be
mixed. The quality of the resulting recycled plastic may also be poor. "That's why
recycling is not very successful though recycling of plastic is not completely
successful, we can use plastic for generating power.
Fig 6.6: Power generation using plastics
6.2.4 Making money out of waste:
The economic value of waste can be understood only if it is separated. The waste which
we separate can get us some amount of money but saves huge amount of money by
providing us good health and health is wealth

6.3 Disadvantages:
 Cannot be used for large waste: it cannot be used for large size waste. It is
basically for separating waste at root source so, it is not designed for huge size
waste.
 High costs.
Fig 6.7: Large size waste
6.4 Costing
Components Rating Quantity cost

microcontroller AT89S52 1 550
IR sensor 1 1 220
Soil Moisture sensor 1 1 997
Metal Sensor 1 1 650
DC Motor 4.5 kg 2 1874
Stepper Motor 180 degree 2 1200
Metal frame 16 kg 1 1280
Travelling cost - - 700
TOTAL COST 7471/-

Chapter 7
RESULTS
The waste garbage separation using smart crusher, of prototype setup is
working well and experiment has been conducted for large volume of the dry waste
objects, and a minimum quantity of one object each for wet waste objects. This is
done to consider the worst case scenario.
The module is as shown in the fig 7.1. It is basically designed to segregates three types of
wastes i.e, metallic, wet and dry waste.
Fig 7.2 LCD displaying message

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion:
The waste garbage is crush into small pieces and hot blower is removes
maximum moisture from the waste. Waste Segregation using smart crusher has been
successfully implemented for the segregation of waste into metallic, dry and wet waste
at root source.
One of several environmental problems is bad waste management practices

which can result in land and air pollution and can cause respiratory problems and other
adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from the lungs into other parts of
the body. The method presented provides a fruitful way to come out of this problem by
making entire system automated. The components used in smart dustbin are economic,
environmental friendly and gives accurate results for separating three different types of
wastes which are generally produced at places like shopping malls, offices, houses,
schools/colleges etc.
Presently there is no device/product available for segregation of waste at root

source other than manual separation probably the biggest advantage of smart dustbin is
the safety it provides. This device carefully separates all three types of waste and not
only increases the economic value of waste but also gives a healthy and beautiful
environment at lesser cost.
Segregating waste manually is not accurate and many of us don‘t like to do that.
Due to open dumping of solid waste, it emits bad smell due to presence of dead animal
waste and biodegradable components. Rodents and dogs are feeding on such dumping
place and they may bite peoples present in those areas. Such dumping sites are spoiling
environment of nearby villages surrounding the dumping site.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE:
I. Inlet section can be Included with a crusher mechanism to reduce the size of the
incoming waste.
II. Inlet section can also be integrated with a blower mechanism to dehumidify the
waste input in the system.
III. Plastics can be segregated from the collected dry waste and also be processed
based on their types, grades and colors. Thus further separation of dry waste can
also be done.
IV. Solar panels can be used as power supply.
V. If more sensors are used then it will be possible to sort more types of materials.
VI. It will be cheaper because the mechanical structure is very simple and the
sensors will be industrial grade.
VII. The microcontroller and servo motor used Increasing Response Time.

REFERENCES
[1] DANIEL HOORNWEG1 et al.,” Global Review of Solid Waste Management”,

Urban Development & Local Government Unit World Bank, Washington, DC. No.15,
Mar. 2012
[2] NISHIGANDHA KOTHAR1 ,”Waste to Wealth”, NSWAI, New Delhi, Jul. 2013
[3] CLAUDINE CAPEL1, ―”INNOVATIONS IN WASTE”, Waste-management-world,
Volume 11, Issue 2, Mar2010
[4] J.S. BAJAJ1,”Urban Solid Waste management in India”, Planning
Commission Government of India, NEWDELHI,1995
[5] CLAUDINE CAPEL1, ―”WASTE SORTING” - a look at the separation And sorting
techniques in today‘s European market Waste management -world, Volume 9,
Issue 4, Jul 2008
[6] S. Longhi D. Marzioni E1. Alidori G2, Di Buo M2,Prist M3, Grisostomi4 et al. "Solid
Waste Management Architecture Using Wireless Sensor Network Technology" The
5th International Conference on New Technologies Mobility and Security 1-5 7-10
May 2012.
[7] Rashmi M. Kittali1 and Ashok Sutagundar2 ‘’Automation of Waste Segregation
System using PLC’’, International Journal on Emerging Technologies
[8] Sreehari S Nair1, J Sivadutt2, Manu Mohanan3, Abhi S, Vishnu Sanal4, Mukil M
V5 ‘’Solid Waste Crushing and Separation of Plastic Waste Machine’’, International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 7, Issue
5, May 2018.
[9] AnkitaKharade1, PurnimaPisal2, S. P. Vibhute3 ‘’Intelligent Waste Segregation
and Monitoring System’’, International Journal of Engineering Science and
Computing, May 2017
[10] Omkar Matkar1, Sagar Kalsekar2, Kaushal Tirawdekar3, Prashant Palve4,
Medha Kulkarni5 ‘’ Smart Bin’’ International Journal for Research in Applied Science
& Engineering Technology Volume 6 Issue III, March 2018.

[11] Yeshwant M. Sonkhaskar1, Amit Choubey2, Amritpal Bhamra3, Raghav

Singhal4, Anurag Sahu5, ‘’New Design Of A Plastic Bottle Crusher’’,International
Journal of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 3, Issue7, July 2014.
[12] Hemant Shinde1, Mandar Diwakar2, Nachiket Salvi3, Raviraj Sarde4, Shanawaz
Shaikh4, ‘’Survey on Smart Garbage Collection System Using IOT’’, International Journal
of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 10,
October 2017.

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belgaum, Karnataka-590 014

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WASTE GARBAGE

Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

NEW HORIZON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Name(s) of the student: University Seat Number:

We thank the Lord Almighty for showering His blessings on us.

NAME USN SIGNATURE

Place: Bangalore Mr. CHETAN KUMAR D S

The basic sources of waste of domestic and industrial waste. This

The ways adopted for waste segregation in industries is venturous to human

1) Yelahanka 2) Byatarayanapura 3) Dasarahalli 4) Rajarajeshwarinagar 5) Kengeri 6)

Dept. of Mechanical Engg. NHCE, Bengaluru 2018-19 Page 1

1.2 Expansion and Subsequent Increase in Waste

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1.3 Problem Statement

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1.4 Problem survey

Figure 1.2: Flow of waste through the Pourakarmikas

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Fig 1.3:- separation of waste garbage by manually

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[1] Claudine Capel1, “INNOVATIONS IN WASTE”, Waste management-world, Volume

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I. Drum screens: - these separate materials according to their particle size.

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[4] Sreehari S Nair1, J Sivadutt2, Manu Mohanan3, Abhi S, Vishnu Sanal4,

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[5] AnkitaKharade1, PurnimaPisal2, S. P. Vibhute3 ‘’Intelligent Waste Segregation

[6] Twinkle Sinha1, “Smart Dustbin”

This dustbin is also designed, to compress the garbage periodically, thus

[7] Omkar Matkar1, Sagar Kalsekar2, Kaushal Tirawdekar3, Prashant Palve4

, Medha Kulkarni5, ‘’Smart Bin’’

[8] Yeshwant M. Sonkhaskar1, Amit Choubey2, Amritpal Bhamra3, Raghav

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[9] Hemant Shinde1, Mandar Diwakar2, Nachiket Salvi3, Raviraj Sarde4,

Waste Management is defined as the control of generation, collection ,storage,

The IOT is the solution for this problem are follows:

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HARDWARE AND FUTURE

3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

Fig 3.1 Microcontroller AT89S52

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3.2 Features of AT89S52 are as follows

 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain

Fig 3.2 infrared sensor

3.4 Working principle:

Fig 3.3 IR Sensor working principle

A transmission medium is required for infrared transmission, which can the

3.5 Soil Moisture

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Fig 3.4 Soil Moisture sensor

3.6 Metal Sensor (Proximity Sensor):

3.7 Metal Sensor Features:

 Easy-to-use and tough

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A DC motor is any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current