E-waste management in India

and its impact on Environment

and Healthcare

Submitted to: Ms. Tulika Sharma

Submitted by: Group Member Names
 Preface

This Paper attempts to provide a brief insight into this relatively new concept of e-
waste, its generation in India and the environmental and health concerns attached to
it. It highlights the e-waste recycling economy in the thriving informal and the naive
formal sector and the urgent need for a more clear-cut legislation and forward
looking vision.
In this report, I have incorporated the valuable suggestions of as many people as
possible. An Active survey was an integral part of my report. Priorities were proper
analysis and evaluation of the survey. Survey was conducted with the help of internet
and data obtained from multiple passive surveys too. The analysis was done based
on the statistics provided by the data. The evaluations and the graphs are presented
for better understanding. The questionnaire that was used for the survey is also
provided along with the response analysis.
A list of references too has been given at the end for further reading. Along with,
attached is a list of abbreviations for reference.
The information provided will help the reader to understand the trends that he/she
can follow. The survey conducted supports the saying, “Change in lifestyle and some
measures may prove environmental friendly and health beneficial, if implemented
to their fullest.”
I’d like to thank Dr. Hema Khanna for her constant encouragement and supportive
ideas. I would also express my gratitude to my Head of Department, Prof. A.K.
Dubey, for his arrangement of seminar classes in good schedule. The report is a
combined effort of my friends and the people who filled in the survey and made it
possible to conduct and complete this project.
I sincerely hope that readers find this report relevant and useful.
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Research Methodology:
a. Objectives of The Study
i. Scope/ Future Aspect
ii. Limitations of The
Study
iii. Objectives of The
Study
b. Scope/ Future Aspect
c. Limitations of The Study

3. To Analyze E-Waste Generation in India.

4. Analysis of E-Waste Disposal in India.

5. Functioning of Various E-Waste Disposal Centers.

6. Summery, Conclusion and Suggestions

Abbreviations

Bibliography

Annexure
Introduction

"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device

electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets and refrigerators, whether
sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of "hazardous
household waste, “but considers CRTs set aside for testing to be commodities if they are not
discarded, speculatively accumulated, or left unprotected from weather and other damage. The
basis can also be the invasion of upcoming technology. Nonfunctional or replaced technology
adds up to the E-waste being monitored. It is due to the inclination of more people toward
newer technology.

Often it is seen that not a whole electrical article is a waste but a still a particular part of it is
not functioning for ex. In television, just the cathode rays are not working, but the remaining
parts are working. However, many people chose the other way and replaced the whole article.
So, the entire article becomes a waste and is discarded. E-waste, not only, is the source of
indigestible solid waste but is also a significant reason for worry in healthcare department. The
toxicity caused by E-waste is indirect in means. The components have elements which break to
emit out toxic chemicals like Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium which have been a significant
cause of both chronic as well as acute health problems. African and Asian countries such as
Ghana, Nigeria, China, Pakistan, India, and Vietnam are turning into illegal e-waste hubs,
bypassing the legitimate global waste and recycling market that is thought to be worth $410bn
a year.

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) warns the growing volumes of e-waste,
municipal waste, food waste, discarded chemicals and artificial pesticides are all having a
significantenvironmental and economic impacts.
In 2014, people worldwide discarded all but a small fraction of an estimated 41.8 million
metric tons (megatons Mt) of electrical and electronic product and the volume of e-waste is
expected to rise by 21% to 50 million Mt in 2018.

The bulk of global e-waste in 2014 (almost 60%) was discarded kitchen, laundry, and
bathroom equipment. Personal information and communication technology (ICT) devices such
as mobile phones, personal computers, and printers accounted for 7% of e-waste
last year.

12.8 Mtof small equipment (vacuum cleaners, microwaves, toasters, electric

shavers, video cameras, etc.);

11.8 Mtof large equipment (washing machines, clothes dryers, dishwashers,

electric stoves, photovoltaic panels, etc.);

7.0 Mtof cooling and freezing equipment (temperature exchange equipment);

6.3 Mtof screens;

 3.0 Mtof small IT (mobile phones, pocket calculators, personal computers,
printers, etc.); and
1.0 Mtof lamps

Through enhanced international cooperation and legislative coherence, stronger national

regulations and enforcement, as well as higher awareness and robust prevention measures we
can ensure that the illegal trade and dumping of e-waste ends.

India is experiencing a rapid increase in rates of consumption of electrical and electronic

products. Also, accompanied by high obsolescence rates, has led to higher rates of E-waste
generation. E-waste handling is a problem of increasing proportion, especially when crude
methods are adopted for recovery of useful components from it. India is also facing the
challenge of e-waste management due to lack of awareness among people about the dangerous
effect of e-waste on the environment and human being through informal e-waste collection and
absence of implementation of rules for the process of e-waste in an environment-friendly
manner. The condition of e-waste in India, the problem associated with e-waste, the method
used for used for e-waste management and focuses light on the legislation work done regarding
e-waste in India. In India,some studies have been carried out since 2004 on e-waste generation
and its recycling in different geographical locations.

As per a study released by MAIT, India generated 330,000 MT of electronic waste in 2007,
while an additional 50,000 MT was illegally imported. MAIT estimated that by 2011, e-waste
in India would touch 470,000 MT. According to the district-wise segregation, the Western
region contributes the maximum to e-waste generation which is up to 35% of the total E-waste
generated. Sixty-five cities in India generate up to 60% of total E-waste. Ten states alone
produce more than 70% of total e-waste. MAIT estimated that only 19,000 tons of the total e-
waste generated ultimate lyget processed by the formal recycling sector in India due to
established disposal and recycling organizations. As per the study, around 94% of corporates in
India do not have a policy on disposal of obsolete IT products/ e-waste. In India, the current
estimate projects 2.7 million tons of E-waste generation annually. The E-waste (Management
and Handling) Rules 2011 be based on EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) concept. Since
the Rules came into force in May 2012, E-waste management infrastructure has slowly been on
the rise in India. As of February 2014, there were a total of 98 number of registered recyclers
and dismantlers having recycling/ dismantling capacity of 293,572 MTA for environmentally
sound management of E-waste. The department of information and technology projects the
estimated E-waste by 2025.
 Research Methodology

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Based on the survey and research, the following goals seem fit for study.
 Analysis of E-waste generation in India.
 Analysis of E-waste Disposal in India
 Study the functioning of various E-waste disposal centers in multiple states

SCOPE/ FUTURE ASPECT

It is imperative that the safe management of waste be done in an organized manner with
sufficient resources and sustainable recycling technologies on the one hand and
efficientlegislation and monitoring mechanisms on the other. With the responsibility of
implementing the E-waste Rules in the country, the central and state pollution control boards
observe that the level of maturity over the two years of implementation of the Rules will grow.
The need to quantify the amount of E-waste generated and recycled would beundertaken.
Environmental activists opine that environmental protection laws in India are not stringent
enough to address the issues relating to either domestic waste or imports of hazardous waste
including e-waste. We do not have the appropriate technology to ascertain the quantum and
quality of wastes in the imported items.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 Restriction of survey area- The active survey area was limited to Delhi and rest was
analyzed by passive surveys and information
 Survey population- The survey population was from Delhi and included the fair amount
in each age group. Centered in Delhi.
 Limitation of some responses- The responses were 92 in number which in
magnanimously less than the population of Delhi (16.3 million) and also of India (1.2
billion).
 Limitation of Governmental Data Confidentiality- The data of some passive surveys
were confidential. The gazette’s had the key points considered in formulating the polls
and then the outcomes.
 Lack of data and inconsistency in existing data were a major hurdle while performing
the study
 Objective 1- Analysis of E-waste generation in India.

The Indian Context- Status of E-waste Generated

India is emerging as a significant generator of E-waste in its right. In India, the current estimate
projects 2.7 million tons of E-waste generation annually. The ICT sector accounts for 34% of
this.
The Rajya Sabha (2011) observed that 10 States contribute to 70 percent of the total E-waste
generated in the country, while 65 cities produce more than 60 percent of the total E-waste.

Figure 1: Sources of E-waste in India (% of total E-waste generated), by MAIT 2013

Among the topten E-waste generating States, Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Punjab. Among the top ten cities generating E-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed
by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat, and Nagpur.
The primary sources of E-waste in India are the government, public and private (industrial)
sectors, which account for almost 70% of total generation. The contribution of individual
households is relatively small at about 15%,rest being contributed by manufacturers.
Though individual households are not significant contributors to waste generated by
computers, they consume large quantities of consumer durables and are, therefore, potential
creators of waste.

Figure 2: State-wise E-waste Generation in India (% of total waste) by Rajya Sabha survey 2011
 Figure 3: City wise E-waste generation in India (% of total waste) by Rajya Sabha survey 2011

Quantity of Waste Generated

10 States contribute to 70 percent of the total e-waste generated in the country, while 65 cities
produce more than 60 percent of the total e-waste in India. Among the tenlargest e-waste
generating States, Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Among the top
ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai,
Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat, and Nagpur. The sources of electronic waste in
India are the government, public and private (industrial) sectors, which account for almost 70
percent of total waste generation. The contribution of individual households is relatively small
at about 15 percent; remaining by manufacturers.
Generation of MSW has an apparent relation to the population of the city due to which bigger
towns generate more waste. The metropolitan area of Kolkata produces an enormous amount
of MSW (11,520 TPD or 4.2 million TPY) among Indian cities.

E-waste consists of all waste from electronic and electrical appliances which have reached their
end- of- life period or are no longer fit for their original intended use and are destined for
recovery, recycling or disposal. It includes computer and its accessories monitors, printers,
keyboards, central processing units; typewriters, mobile phones and chargers, remotes,
compact discs, headphones, batteries, LCD/Plasma TVs, air conditioners, refrigerators and
other household appliances. The composition of e-waste is diverse and falls under ‘hazardous’
and ‘non-hazardous’ categories. Broadly, it consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics,
glass, wood and plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete, ceramics, rubber and other items.
Iron and steel constitute about 50% of the waste, followed by plastics (21%), non-ferrous
metals (13%) and other constituents.
 Objective 2- Analysis of E-waste Disposal in India

Loopholes in legislation

Some provisions contained in some specific policies enable import of e-waste. For instance,
India’s EXIM (export-import) policy allows import of the reused computers not more than ten
years old, besides letting computers in as donations. The Foreign Trade (Development and
Regulation) Act, 1992 provides for import of computers and peripherals from zones which
have been set up primarily for export. Hence, EOU (Export Oriented Units), EPZ (Exports
Processing Zones), STP (Software Technology Parks) and EHTP (Electronics Hardware
Technology Parks) at a zero customs duty. These computers were donated to the recognized
non-commercial educational institutions, registered charitable hospitals, public libraries,
public-funded research and development establishments and organizations of the Government
of India and State/ UT Governments.
Such provisions in the law can be misused by the developed countries to export hazardous e-
waste to the nation. In the new draft rules on e-waste, Rule 16 in Chapter VI says that ‘every
producer, distributor collection center, refurbisher, dismantler, recycler, consumer or bulk
consumer shall not import used electrical and electronic equipment or components in India for
use unless it is imported for repair or refurbishment or to fulfill obligations under the Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR)’. The fact that e-waste could still be imported under the pretext
of metal scrap and second-hand electrical appliances have been a matter of grave concern

Procedure for importing e-waste

The standard process followed for importing a consignment to India involves an importer, an
exporter, an agency registered and notified by the Directorate-General of Foreign Trade, a bank
and the customs department at the port. First, the importer is required to get a pre-inspection
certificate of the imported material by a registered agency, which could be an Indian or a
foreign company. After the agency issues the certificate, a bill detailing the number of
containers, excise duty classification, and product details are prepared. Thereafter, the
consignment is shipped. When it reaches India, the customs officials at the port check the
certificate, levy a customs duty on the product as specified in the Central Excise Tariff Act and
release the consignment to the importer. The e-waste trade is a thriving business in India with
strategic port cities like Singapore and Dubai serving as transit centers in the e-waste trade
route. E-waste from Australia, North America, South Korea and Japan is received in Singapore
and dispatched again to the importing Asian countries including India.

Recycle of E-waste in India has a much higher scope. It’s not ideally performed by either
government or private sector. Generalizing it for formal and informal sectors the following
protocol is followed for the cause.

Formal Sector

In this method, the e-waste is collected and disposed of by government authorized agency or
company which do the e-waste management work in an environment-friendly way. These
organizations perform the e-waste management by using proper equipment and also provide
adequate safety measures to the worker and on the recycling site.
Informal Sector

In this method, the e-waste is collected and disposed of by unauthorized people. They gather
the e-waste from the household and market and then separate the useful and useless part by
breaking the e-waste in an improper way, this is very harmful to the environment because they
keep the valuableportion and either dump the remaining waste or burn it . They also do not use
any safety measures which increase the risk to the health of the worker. They do this work in a
slum area of big metros and in metro cities either via small workshops or from their home
which pollutes the surroundings of their living space.

Informal sector Formal sector

 Dissembler/ Dismantler  Importer
 Smelter  Producer/Manufacture
 Recycler  Retailer (businesses/ government/ other)
 Consumer (individual household, businesses,
government)
 Trader
 Scrap dealer

Our progress
According to experts, the classification of e-waste as hazardous in Indian legislation is unclear.
While its status, according to Toxics Link analysis, depends upon the extent of the presence of
harmful constituents in it, the country does not have specific laws or guidelines for e-waste
handling. Then, we have the Directorate-General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) or Exim Policy
2002-07 that bans the import of second-hand PCs, laptops, photocopiers and air conditioners.

In India, this waste is subjected to primitive and highly polluting recycling operations that
contaminate air, water and impacts the health of workers. Strangely enough, officials from
CPCB, Customs and the Port Authorities, deny dumping of e-waste in India by developed
countries. An NGO also brought to light the fact that about 30 metric tons (MT) of e-waste,
consisting monitors and printers, was imported and landed at Ahmedabad port in a month
during 2003.
 Objective 3- Study the functioning of various E-waste disposal
centers in different states

Per Capita Waste Generation

Waste generation rate in Indian cities ranges between 200 - 870 grams/day, depending on the
region’s lifestyle and the size of the city. The per capita waste generation is increasing by about
1.3% per year in India (7).
Waste Generation (Tons per Per Capita Waste Generation
day) (kg/day)
Low High Low High
Metros Value 3344 11520 0.445 0.708
City Greater Greater Greater Chennai
Bengaluru Kolkata Bengaluru
Class 1 Cities Value 317 2602 0.217 0.765
City Rajkot Pune Nashik Kochi
All Cities Value 5 11520 0.194 0.867
City Kavarati Kolkata Kohima Port Blair
States Value 19 23647 0.217 0.616
State Arunachal Maharashtra Manipur Goa
Pradesh
Union Territories Value 5 11558 0.342 0.867
(UT)
UT Lakshadweep Delhi Lakshadweep Andaman &
Nicobar
Regions Value 696 88800 0.382 0.531
Region East West East West

The per capita waste generation rate is strongly correlated to the gross domestic product (GDP)
of a country. Per capita waste generation is the amount of waste generated by one person in
one day in a country or region. The waste generation rate generally increases with increase in
GDP. High-incomecountriesproduce more waste per person compared to low-income countries
due to reasons discussed in further sections. The average per capita waste generation in India is
370 grams/day as compared to 2,200 grams in Denmark, 2,000 grams in the US and 700 grams
in China (12) (13) (14).

Out of 29 states in India, only 12 have a well-established system of E-waste disposal and
management. According to a recent study carried out by MAIT and GTZ in 2007,these states
count for only about 6 percent of the E-waste being recycled, of which 95 percent is recycled
through the informal sector. , India is the fifth biggest producer of e-waste in the world,
discarding 1.7 million tons (Mt)of electronic and electrical equipment in 2014, the recycle rate
and the harmony of both formal and informal sectors for E-waste management isn’t dissolving
the issue, the measures taken still need to be implemented in a more efficient manner.

The highly toxic chemicals found in the different components of computer parts can
contaminate soil, groundwater, and air as well as affect the workers of the unit and the
community living around it. Research has shown that some steps of the recycling chain, mainly
related to material recovery, are highly dangerous and risky. Hence, it is imperative that the
general population should hand-over electronic.
 Summary and suggestions

The E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules notified by Ministry of Environment &
Forests (MoEF) in 2011 recognize the producers’ liability for recycling and reducing E-waste
in the country. These rules apply to every producer, consumer or bulk consumer, collection
center, dismantler and recycler of E-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, and purchase and
processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components. The rules place the primary
responsibility for E-waste management on the producers of the electrical and electronic
equipment by introducing the concept of “extended producer responsibility” (EPR). EPR is the
main feature of the rules, wherein the producer of electrical and electronic equipment is given
the responsibility of managing such material after its end of life; thus the producer is
responsible for their products once the consumer discards them.

Under EPR, the producer/ manufacturer is also entrusted with the responsibility to finance and
organize a system to meet the costs involved in complying with EPR. Under the new rules,
producers will have to make consumers aware about the hazardous components present in the
product and instructions for consumers for handling the equipment after its use along with the
do’s and don’ts need to be given. They will also have to provide information booklets
highlighting practices to prevent E-waste from being dropped in garbage bins. The
manufacturers are required to establish E-waste collection centers or introduce take-back
systems to ease the burden on the consumers. The rules became operational in May 2012. The
rules also put the onus of giving back the end of life electronic item to registered dismantlers
and recyclers by consumers and bulk consumers. This means the country’s sprawling IT, ITES
and banking industry, which are heavily dependent on electronic equipment for their core
operations now need to devise formal procedures to ensure their waste is disposed of through
authorized parties.

According to the rules, bulk consumers such as enterprises and government will be responsible
for recycling of the E-wastes generated by them. The bulk users have to ensure that the E-
waste produced by them is channelized to authorized collection centers or is taken back by the
producers. As per the government data, close to 95 % of all the electronic waste is currently
recycled by the unauthorized sector — scrap dealers (Rajya Sabha, 2011). They usually resort
to recycling methods that cause significant damage to the environment and human health,
according to various studies conducted by environmental agencies including the Central
Pollution Control Board. Printed circuit boards and electronic parts are usually immersed in
acid solutions or burnt to extract small amounts of metals.

The newly framed rules aim to change this situation by entrusting the responsibility of
collection and safe disposal of waste with the manufacturers of electronic goods. It mandates
manufacturers to collect electronic scrap directly from consumers and route them to authorized
recycling centers across the country. The rules also try to address other issues such as
restricting the use of hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, mercury and other harmful
substances like brominated flame retardants in electronics. The Rules are currently under
revision to make the EPR more effective. All the necessary parties have to maintain records of
E-wastes generated by them and make such records available with State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) or the Pollution Control Committees. The SPCBs are required to prepare and
submit to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) an annual report (based on the data
received by consumers) with regard to the implementation of these rules, by September 30 of
every year. On receiving which, the CPCB has to prepare a consolidated annual review on the
management of E-waste and forward it to the government along with its recommendations by
30th December every year.

The Collection & Recycling Approach

Multiple modes of waste-collection are required for achieving the closed-loop flow for E-waste
recycling. These methods could be a site-specific cost-effective blend of various options. The
consumers varied from household consumers in urban and rural areas and bulk consumers. The
entire setup of collection and recycling (C&R) can be accomplished through active mass public
awareness programs to operationalize the system in the region, which can be the mandate of
PROs (Producers Representative Organizations). The collection agents and aggregation &
transport system would be physically established by PROs.

The collection agents could be the local bodies, NGOs or private entities, and may engage
kabadiwalas for door-to-door collection. Alternatively, the household consumers could be
incentivized to bring the E-waste to the mobile van and other dedicated collection centers and
eventually recycler. The proposed C&R mechanism provides the necessary linkages that are
crucial for assuring the viability of the E-waste recycling facilities.

Integration of Informal & Formal – Model for E-waste Management

The model for E-waste management in India ideally requires integration of the activities
between the informal and formal sectors. And thereby bring them into the mainstream of E-
waste recycling activity. Activities for the informal sector should be harnessed and integrated
with the official recyclers for an efficient E-waste recycling along the following stages of
management.

E-waste Collection
 Skills of informal sector to be tapped for collection and sourcing of material
 Contracts with large corporations and business enterprises for channelization of E-
waste
 Set up authorized collectors/collection centers
 Financing mechanisms for collection, transportation, and storage/other infrastructure

Segregation and Dismantling

 Evolving and adhering to standards and benchmarks
 Efficiency in dismantling and segregation (manual-mechanical combo)
 Storage and transportation infrastructure to be provided
 Training and awareness in process and productivity - skill development
 Practice using personal protection equipment

Some measures which can have Harmful effects of the inappropriate disposal and improper
management must be made aware of to the general public. According to the survey conducted
by me, the reasons which came under crosshairs are
 The lack of awareness about the appropriate disposal centers in their respective states
 The lack of sincerity about the same
 Inappropriate implementation of laws framed and formulated by the government

All these must be considered in accordance with some newer initiatives. The changing
generation thus demands a different and a more modern way. According to the survey,
following conclusions can be jotted down.
Conclusions:
 The interest in younger generation, age group of 15-25 years, are keen to recycle and
had a positive attitude towards E-waste Disposal drives
 Battery disposal recycle bins
 Small electronics recycling bins
 End of the year E-waste collection drives
 Pick-up services and drop off locations for bulkier e-waste like TV’s and refrigerators

Based on the response to the survey conducted, following conclusions can be made
 Most of the e-waste in Delhi consists of entertainment devices (88%)
 Primary two methods for E-waste disposal in Delhi are throw away in recycling bins
and recycle centers
 There is high demand (85.9%) of E-waste disposal centers
 A majority of people are interested in End of the year E-waste drives, and also, Small
E-waste recycle bins at multiple locations

Recommendations:

One of the simplest ways of reducing e-waste, experts suggest, is to increase the lifespan of
electronics and IT products by reusing the products in parts or entirely. While India is pushing
forward to increasing PC penetration in the country and the IT minister is talking about low-
cost PCs, a good idea would be to create a channel whereby corporates can donate their two-to-
three-year PCs to schools and other institutions. However, there is a need to develop a
foolproof system that ensures that these boxes reach the right places and do not land up with
the scavengers extracting precious metal. Besides, companies can also look at the refurbished
market, drawing inspiration from Maruti’s TrueValue experience of creating a successful
second-hand product sales channel, complete with finance schemes.

It’s also essential that instead of creating in-numerous task forces aimed at reinventing the
wheel, the MoEF and enforcement agencies recognize the root cause of the problem and make
sure that the Bassel Convention and DGFT guidelines are followed, to begin with.

The following steps might manage and reduce the levels of E-waste in coming years.
 Need for stringent health safeguards and environmental protection laws in India
 Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR)
 Import of e-waste under license
 Producer-Public-Government cooperation
 Awareness programs
 Choosing safer technologies and cleaner substitutes
 Monitoring of compliance with Rules
 Efficient regulatory mechanism strengthened by workforce and technical expertise
 Reduction of waste at source
 Abbreviations
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
RoHS - Reduction of Hazardous Substances
MT - Metric Tons
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
CFC - ChloroFluroCarbon
CCC - Common Collection Centers
IT& TE - Information Technology & Telecommunication Equipments
EPR - Extended Producer Responsibility
MoEF - Ministry of Environment & Forests
CPCB - Central Pollution Control Board
EST - Environmentally Sound Technology
BFR - Brominated Flame Retardants
EEE - Electrical Electronic Equipments
HCFC - Hydro ChloroFluroCarbon
LED - Light Emitting Diode/Device
TSDF - Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility
HW (M, H&TM) - Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement)
Rules, 2011
PCBs - Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCTs - Polychlorinated terphenyls
P & C - Prevention & Control
RWAs - Resident Welfare Associations
NGOs - Non-Governmental Organization
SPCB - State Pollution Control Board
PCC - Pollution Control Committees
PWB - Printed Wire Board
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
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 Board, Mumbai, March 2007
 Sustainable Solid Waste Management in India by Ranjith Kharvel Annepu, Columbia University
in the City of New York, Sponsored by the Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council
(WTERT).
 The gazette of India, 2015, the gazette of India, 2011
 ‘The great e-waste recycling circus’, (http://www.grid.unep.ch/waste/download/waste
3637.pdf)
 WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, The EU and India: sharing best practices
EU-INDIA ACTION PLAN SUPPORT FACILITY – ENVIRONMENT, A project funded by the European
Union.
 YES BANK Ltd. and TERI BCSD: E-waste Management in India – The Corporate Imperative,
Lead Authors: Arupendra Nath Mullick (TERI), YES BANK Ltd; Richa Agarwal (Responsible
Banking, YES BANK)