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9.1. General
Fuselage is the main part of an airplane structure. It serves for joining of all its
parts in a whole, and also for arrangement of crew, passengers, equipment and freights.
The exterior shape of a fuselage is determined by the airplane assigning, range of
speeds of flight, arrangement of engines and other factors.
The airplane fuselages (Fig. 9.1) and engine nacelles have the shape of the body
of revolutions or close to it. For the airplanes having integral configurations the wing
passes smoothly into the fuselage and the shape of the fuselage cross-section can
essentially differ from circular. The fuselages of transport airplanes frequently have tail
unit deflected upwards. The noses of modern fighters, as a rule, are rejected downwards.
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Maximum equivalent diameter of a fuselage d m . f . is the diameter of a circle,
The distinction of a fuselage from the body of revolution is taken into account by
an addend in the aerodynamic characteristics depending on design features. Therefore
we shall consider the geometric and aerodynamic characteristics of body of revolutions,
connecting them with the specific fuselage below.
Fuselage aspect ratio λ f is the ratio of the fuselage length to its maximum
equivalent diameter,
λf = lf d f . (9.2)
where λ nose , λ cil , λ rear is the aspect ratio of nose, cylindrical and rear parts,
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The following angles are used at presence of a cam tail part. An angle of mean
line deviation β rear , the deviation of the nose part is determined by the angle β nose
(angle β nose is considered as positive at nose part deflection downwards).
1
Wnose = l nose S m . f . - volume of the nose part.
3
1 − η nose 1 − η nose
λ nose = , tgβ 0 = ;
2 tgβ 0 2λ nose
Wnose =
1
3
( 2
1 + η nose + η nose )
l nose S m . f . .
[
r = 0 .5 d f ηnose + (1 − ηnose ) x( 2 − x ) ; ]
Wnose =
1
15
( 2
8 + 4η nose + 3η nose )
l nose S m . f . .
The ogival shape formed by arcs of a circle is close to the parabolic one, which
β0
aspect ratio is equal to λ nose = 0 .5 ctg . Volume of the nose part at λ nose ≥ 2 .5 is
2
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x
r = 0 .5 d f 1 − ( x − 1) = 0 .5 d f x( 2 − x ) , x =
2
;
l nose
2
Wnose = l nose S m . f .
3
The particular case of an elliptical nose part is the hemisphere.
The shapes of rear parts are designed the same as nose ones.
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2. At moderate angles of attack
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and the moments of a yaw conditioned by non-symmetry of the fuselage vortical are
absent.
C p incomp
while at flow about the wing C p = , i.e. the factor of pressure C p of the body
1− M ∞2
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that an overpressure p − p∞ (Fig. 11.1) acts on an elementary site of the lateral surface
dS = r dl dϕ .
dr
taking into account, that dl sinϑ = dr and dr = dx , we shall receive
dx
.
dX = q∞C p r r dx dϕ . (11.4)
Integrating expressions (11.2) and (11.4) by length of the body of revolution from
0 up to l f and by an arc of a circle from 0 up to 2π we shall receive the formulae for
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lf 2π
.
X = q∞ ∫ r( x) r( x)dx ∫ C p ( x ,ϕ ) dϕ . (11.6)
0 0
Let's write down the expression for the elementary moment dM z from normal
Let's pass in the formulae (11.5), (11.6) and (11.8) from forces to their factors. As
the characteristic area we shall accept the area of midsection of a body of revolution
S m . f . , and as characteristic length - length of a fuselage l f . We can write down
lf π
2
C ya ≈ C y = −
Sm. f . ∫ r( x) dx ∫ C p cos ϕ dϕ ; (11.9)
0 0
lf π
2 .
Cx =
Sm. f . ∫ r( x) r( x) dx ∫ C p dϕ , (11.10)
0 0
at α = 0 the factor of pressure C p in the last formula does not depend on the angle ϕ ,
For thin bodies ( r& << 1 ) it is possible not to take into account a moment from
longitudinal force:
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lf π
2
mz ≈
Sm. f . l f ∫ r x dx ∫ C p cos ϕ dϕ . (11.13)
0 0
xc . p . mz m
x c . p. = =− ≈− z . (11.14)
lf Cy C yа
Let's define pressure forces which act onto the blunt base. If the blunt base is
located along the normal to an axis of the body of revolution, there is only longitudinal
force, which at small angles of attack practically does not vary on α . This force is
called the force of base drag. The force of base drag can be determined at α = 0 . In
this case, value of ( pbase − p∞ ) along the circle with radius r is a constant
Practically, pressure on the blunt base C p base ( r ) ≈ C p base = const and in this
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C x base = − C p base S base . (11.17)
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