*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273

Note: This is an extended description of MAT_273 input provided by Peter Grassl. It

contains additional guidance on the choice of input parameters beyond the
description in the official LS-DYNA manual. Last updated: 10.11.2016

*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL

*MAT_CDPM

This is MAT_273. CDPM is a damage plastic concrete model based on work published in Grassl et
al. (2011, 2013) and Grassl and Jirásek (2006). This model is aimed to simulations where failure of
concrete structures subjected to dynamic loadings is sought. It describes the characterization of the
failure process subjected to multi-axial and rate-dependent loading. The model is based on effective
stress plasticity and with a damage model based on both plastic and elastic strain measures. This
material model is available only for solids.

There are a lot of parameters for the advanced user but note that most of them have default values
that are based on experimental tests. They might not be useful for all types of concrete and all types
of load paths but they are values that can be used as a good starting point. If the default values are
not good enough the theory chapter at the end of the parameter description can be of use.

History variables that can be exported to the database are:

1 – damage function in tension
2 – damage function in compression
3 – number of integration points in element that have failed

Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Variable MID RO E PR ECC QH0 FT FC

Type A8 F F F F F F F

Default none none none 0.2 AUTO 0.3 none none

Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Variable HP AH BH CH DH AS DF FC0

Type F F F F F F F F

Default 0.5 0.08 0.003 2.0 1.0E-6 15.0 0.85 AUTO

*MAT_273 *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL

Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Variable TYPE BS WF WF1 FT1 STRFLG FAILFLG EFC

Type F F F F F F F F

Default 0.0 1.0 none 0.15*WF 0.3*FT 0.0 0.0 1.0E-4

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION

MID Material identification. A unique number or label not exceeding 8

characters must be specified.

RO Mass density.

E Young's modulus. If the value of the Young's modulus E is not available, it

can be estimated from the uniaxial compressive strength according to, for
instance, the CEB-FIP Model Code 2010.

PR Poisson's ratio.

ECC Eccentricity parameter.

EQ.0.0: ECC is calculated from Jirásek and Bazant (2002) as
.
1+𝜖 𝑓+ 𝑓,- − 𝑓-.
𝐸𝐶𝐶 = , 𝜖= , 𝑓,- = 1.16𝑓-
2−𝜖 𝑓,- 𝑓-. − 𝑓+.

QH0 Initial hardening defined as Fci/FC where FCi is the compressive stress at
which the initial yield surface is reached. Default is 0.3

FT Uniaxial tensile strength (stress). If the value of the uniaxial tensile

strength is not available, the tensile strength can be estimated from the
uniaxial compressive strength according to, for instance, the CEB-FIP
Model Code 2010.

FC Uniaxial compression strength (stress)

*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273

HP Hardening parameter.
For applications without strain rate effect (STRFLG = 0) a value of
HP = 0.01 is recommended. An even lower value, such as HP=0.001, is
recommended for explicit analyses in which a realistic description from the
transition from tension to compression is important.
Default in LSDYNA is HP = 0.5 which was the value used in
Grassl et al. (2011) for strain rate dependent material response and is only
recommended if STRFLG = 1.
AH Hardening ductility parameter 1 (see default value in card 2)

BH Hardening ductility parameter 2 (see default value in card 2)

CH Hardening ductility parameter 3 (see default value in card 2)

DH Hardening ductility parameter 4 (see default value in card 2)

AS Ductility parameter during damage. (see default value in card 2)

DF Flow rule parameter. (see default value in card 2)

FC0 Rate dependent parameter. Only needed if STRFLG = 1. Recommended

value is 10 MPa, which has to be entered consistently with the system of
units used.

TYPE Flag for tensile damage type.

EQ.0.0: Linear damage formulation
EQ.1.0: Bi-linear damage formulation
EQ.2.0: Exponential damage formulation
EQ.3.0: No damage
Default = 0.0. However, the best results are obtained with the bi-linear
formulation.

BS Damage ductility exponent during damage.

*MAT_273 *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL

WF Tensile threshold value for linear tensile damage formulation.

Parameter controlling tensile softening branch for exponential tensile
damage formulation. For TYPE=0 (linear softening), WF = 2 GF/FT
where GF is the total fracture energy. For TYPE=1 (bilinear softening),
and the default values for WF1 and FT1, WF = 4.444 GF/FT. Finally, for
TYPE = 2 (exponential softening), WF = GF/FT.
If the value of the fracture energy GF is not available, it can be estimated
from the uniaxial compressive strength according to, for instance, the
CEB-FIP Model Code 2010.
For tetrahedral meshes it is currently recommended to use 0.56 WF
because the way that the element length is computed for this type of
element overestimates the fracture energy.
In some cases, softening down to zero stress might result into numerical
problems, which are not directly related to the constitutive model. To
overcome these problems, it might be necessary to use an exponential
softening law.
WF1 Tensile threshold value for the second part of the bi-linear damage
formulation.

FT1 Tensile strength threshold value for bi-linear damage formulation.

STRFLG Strain rate flag.

EQ.1.0: Strain rate dependent
EQ.0.0: No strain rate dependency.

FAILFLG Failure flag.

EQ.0.0: Not active ⇒ No erosion.
GT.0.0: Active and element will erode if wt and wc is equal to 1 in
FAILFLG percent of the integration points. If FAILFLG=0.60,
60% of all integration points must fail before erosion.

EFC Parameter controlling compressive damage softening branch in the

exponential compressive damage formulation.

ISOFLAG Flag to determine if an isotropic or an anisotropic damage formulation is

used. It is controlled through the sign of E. A negative value of E sets the
isotropic damage formulation.
Sgn(E) = 1: ISOFLAG EQ.0.0: Anisotropic damage formulation
Sgn(E) = -1: ISOFLAG EQ.1.0: Isotropic damage formulation
Default: ISOFLAG = 0
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273
History variables
Note: these history variables might only be available in the latest development version of LS-DYNA.

1 kappa
2 equivalent strain
3 plastic strain xx
4 plastic strain yy
5 plastic strain zz
6 plastic strain xy
7 plastic strain zy
8 plastic strain xz
9 kappa tension kdt
10 kappa tension kdt1
11 kappa tension kdt2
12 kappa compression kdc
13 kappa compression kdc1
14 kappa compression kdc2
15 damage variable tension omegaT
16 damage variable compression omegaC
17 strain rate factor
18 compression factor, alphac
19 equivalent strain - tension
20 equivalent strain - compression
21 total xx strain
22 total yy strain
23 total zz strain
24 total xy strain
25 total yz strain
26 total xz strain
27 equivalent strain w/out rate factor

Remarks:

The stress for the anisotropic damage plasticity model (ISOFLAG=0) is defined as
𝝈 = 1 − 𝜔+ 𝝈+ + (1 − 𝜔- )𝝈𝒄
where st and sc are the positive and negative part of the effective stress 𝝈899 determined in the
principal stress space. The scalar functions wt and wc are damage parameters.

The stress for the isotropic damage plasticity model (ISOFLAG=1) is defined as
𝝈 = 1 − 𝜔+ 𝝈899
*MAT_273 *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL

The effective stress σeff is defined according to the damage mechanics convention as

𝝈𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝑫𝒆 : (𝜺 − 𝜺𝒑 )

Plasticity:

The yield surface is described by the Haigh-Westergaard coordinates: the volumetric effective stress
sv, the norm of the deviatoric effective stress r and the Lode angle q, and it is given by
.
.
𝜌 𝜎B 3𝜌 𝜌 𝜎B
𝑓@ 𝜎B , 𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜅 = 1 − 𝑞G 𝜅 + + + 𝑚J 𝑞G 𝜅 . 𝑞. 𝜅 𝑟 cos 𝜃 +
6𝑓- 𝑓- 2 𝑓- 6𝑓- 𝑓-

− 𝑞G. 𝜅 𝑞.. 𝜅 .

The variables q1 and q2 are dependent on the hardening variable k. The parameter fc is the uniaxial
compressive strength. The shape of the deviatoric section is controlled by the function
4 1 − 𝑒 . cos . 𝜃 + 2𝑒 − 1 .
𝑟 cos 𝜃 =
2 1 − 𝑒 . cos 𝜃 + 2𝑒 − 1 4 1 − 𝑒 . cos . 𝜃 + 5𝑒 . − 4𝑒
where e is the eccentricity parameter (ECC). The parameter m0 is the friction parameter and it is
defined as
3 𝑓-. − 𝑓+. 𝑒
𝑚J =
𝑓- 𝑓+ 𝑒+1
where ft is the tensile strength.

The flow rule is non-associative which means that the direction of the plastic flow is not normal to
the yield surface. This is important for concrete since an associative flow rule would give an
overestimated maximum stress. The plastic potential is given by
.
.
𝜌 𝜎B 3𝜌 𝑚J 𝜌 𝑚S 𝜎B , 𝜅
𝑔 𝜎B , 𝜌, 𝜅 = 1 − 𝑞G 𝜅 + + + 𝑞G 𝜅 +
6𝑓- 𝑓- 2 𝑓- 6𝑓- 𝑓-

where
VW XYZ 9[ /]
^_ 9`
𝑚S 𝜎B , 𝜅 = 𝐴S 𝜅 𝐵S 𝜅 𝑓- 𝑒
and
3𝑓+ 𝑞. (𝜅) 𝑚J 𝑞. (𝜅) 1 + 𝑓+ /𝑓-
𝐴S = + , 𝐵S =
𝑓- 2 3 𝐴S 𝐷9 + 1
ln 𝑚J + ln 2𝐷9 − 1
3𝑞. +
2
The hardening laws q1 and q2 control the shape of the yield surface and the plastic potential, and they
are defined as
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273

𝑞G 𝜅 = 𝑞dJ + 1 − 𝑞dJ 𝜅 ] − 3𝜅 . + 3𝜅 − 𝐻@ 𝜅 ] − 3𝜅 . + 2𝜅 , 𝜅 < 1

𝑞G 𝜅 = 1, 𝜅 ≥ 1

𝑞. 𝜅 = 1, 𝜅 < 1

𝑞. 𝜅 = 1 + 𝐻@ 𝜅 − 1 , 𝜅 ≥ 1
The evolution for the hardening variable is given by
4𝜆 cos . 𝜃 𝑑𝑔
𝜅=
𝑥d (𝜎B ) 𝑑𝜎
It sets the rate of the hardening variable to the norm of the plastic strain rate scaled by a ductility
measure which is defined below as
k
X l
𝑥d 𝜎B = 𝐴d − 𝐴d − 𝐵d 𝑒 ml , 𝑅d ≥ 0
kl
𝑥d 𝜎B = 𝐸d 𝑒 pl + 𝐷d , 𝑅d < 0
And finally
𝐵d − 𝐷d 𝐶d
𝐸d = 𝐵d − 𝐷d , 𝐹d =
𝐴d − 𝐵d

Damage:

Damage is initialized when the equivalent strain 𝜀 reaches the threshold value 𝜀J = 𝑓+ 𝐸 where the
equivalent strain is defined as
.
𝜀J 𝑚J 𝜌 𝜎v 𝜀J. 𝑚J. 𝜌 𝜎v 3𝜀J. 𝜌.
𝜀= 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + + 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + +
2 6𝑓- 𝑓- 4 6𝑓- 𝑓- 2𝑓-.
Tensile damage is described by a stress-inelastic displacement law. For linear and exponential
damage type the stress value 𝑓+ and the displacement value 𝑤9 must be defined. For the bi-linear
type two additional parameters ft1 and wf1 must be defined, see figure below how the stress softening
is controlled by the input parameters.

𝜎+ 𝜎+ 𝜎+
𝑓+ 𝑓+ ft

𝑓+G

𝑤9 𝜀+ ℎ 𝑤9G 𝑤9 𝜀+ ℎ 𝑤9 𝜀+ ℎ
 *MAT_273 *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL

The variable h is a mesh-dependent measure used to convert strains to displacements. The variable
𝜀+ is called the inelastic tensile strain and is defined as the sum of the irreversible plastic strain 𝜀@
and the reversible strain 𝑤+ 𝜀 − 𝜀@ (in compression 𝑤- 𝜀 − 𝜀@ ). To get the influence of multi-axial
stress states on the softening a damage ductility measure 𝑥{ is added:
^
𝑥{ = 1 + 𝐴{ − 1 𝑅{ |
Where 𝐴{ and 𝐵{ are input parameters, and
6𝜎B
𝑅{ = − , 𝜎B < 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅{ = 0, 𝜎B > 0
𝜌
The inelastic strain is then modified according:
𝜀€
𝜀€ =
𝑥{

Compressive damage is controlled by an exponential stress-inelastic strain law. Stress value 𝒇𝒄 and
inelastic strain 𝜺𝒇𝒄 need to be specified, see figure below how the stress softening is controlled by
the input parameters. A small value of 𝜺𝒇𝒄 , i.e. 1.0E-4 (default), provides for a rather brittle form of
damage.

𝜎-

𝑓-

𝐴{ 𝜀9- 𝜀-

Strain rate:

Concrete is strongly rate dependent. If the loading rate is increased, the tensile and compressive
strength increase and are more prominent in tension then in compression. The dependency is taken
into account by an additional variable 𝛼‚ ≥ 1. The rate dependency is included by scaling both the
equivalent strain rate and the inelastic strain. The rate parameter is defined by
𝛼‚ = (1 − 𝑋-„…@‚8{{€„† ) 𝛼‚+ + 𝑋-„…@‚8{{€„† 𝛼‚-
Where X is continuous compression measure (= 1 means only compression, = 0 means only tension)
and for tension we have
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273

1 𝜀…‡ˆ < 30×10XŠ 𝑠 XG

‹[
𝜀…‡ˆ
30×10XŠ < 𝜀…‡ˆ < 1 𝑠 XG
𝛼‚+ = 𝜀+J
G
𝜀…‡ˆ ]
𝛽+ 𝜀…‡ˆ > 1 𝑠 XG
𝜀+J

G
where 𝛿+ = , 𝛽+ = 𝑒 Š‹[ X. and 𝜀+J = 1×10XŠ 𝑠 XG . For compression the corresponding rate
GŽ•9` /9`•
factor is given by
1 𝜀…€† < 30×10XŠ 𝑠 XG
G.J.Š‹`
|𝜀…€† |
𝑆 30×10XŠ < |𝜀…€† | < 1𝑠 XG
𝛼‚- = 𝜀-J
G
|𝜀…€† | ]
𝛽- | 𝜀…€† | > 30𝑠 XG
𝜀-J
G
where 𝛿- = , 𝛽- = 𝑒 Š.G“Š‹` X. and 𝜀-J = 30×10XŠ 𝑠 XG . The parameter 𝑓-J is an input
“Ž”9` /9`•
parameter. A recommended value is 10MPa.

References

P. Grassl and M. Jirásek. "Damage-plastic model for concrete failure". International Journal of
Solids and Structures. Vol. 43, pp. 7166-7196, 2006.

P. Grassl, U. Nyström, R. Rempling and K. Gylltoft, "A damage-plasticity model for the dynamic
failure of concrete", 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, Leuven, Belgium, 2011.

P. Grassl, D. Xenos, U. Nyström, R. Rempling, K. Gylltoft. "CDPM2: A damage-plasticity approach

to modelling the failure of concrete". International Journal of Solids and Structures. Volume 50,
Issue 24, pp. 3805-3816, 2013.