WORKING PAPER SYNTAX

“Clause”

BY: GROUP III

Nikma 105351110216

Magfiratul Jannah Rasyid 105351107916

Nurul Tuti Alwiyah 105351107816

Aisyah Asti 10535110

Tasmin 10535110

Abd.Basir 105351110116

Muhjizat 10535

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

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 PREFACE
Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the writer for finishing
the English paper assignment entitled “Clause”.

The writer also wish to express his deep and sincere gratitude for those
who have guided in completing this paper. This English paper contains some
example of types of clause and examples.

Those examples in this paper also can be used as the guidance for those
who want to writing better than before. Hopefully, this paper can help the readers
to expand their knowledge about English structure.

Makassar, April 6nd, 2019

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

WORKING PAPER ............................................................................................................ ii

PREFACE .......................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS...........................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
A. Background ............................................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation .............................................................................................. 1
C. Purpose.................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II....................................................................................................................... 2
THEORY and DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 2
A. Definition of Clause ................................................................................................ 2
B. Types of Clause ....................................................................................................... 2
1. Independent Clause ............................................................................................. 2
2. Dependent Clause ............................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................................... 7
CONCLUTION & SUGGESTION .................................................................................... 7
A. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 7
B. Suggestions ............................................................................................................. 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 8

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Every man communicates with others by using language. Sometimes
the speaker uses the other languages to have sense in presenting their
utterances, especially English. The purpose of communication is to
understand each other. The most effective one to get the messages is by
using verbal language: speaking and writing. English is one branch of
verbal languages. It has a lot of rules in communication and must be
fulfilled in accordance with grammar and systematic in order to have
perfect communication. Nowadays, English is very important and has
been used widely in many countries all over the world as a means of
communication. Communication in English language, considers two
things: grammar and acceptability. According to James (1998: 65) in
Fauziati (2009: 141) “grammatically is synonymous with well-
formedness. It means that a piece of language is grammatical if it is
based on standard language and not breaks any rules of the standard
language.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What is definition of Clause?
2. What are the types of Clause and Examples?

C. Purpose
1. Knowing definition of Clause.
2. Knowing the types of Clause and Examples.

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 CHAPTER II

THEORY and DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Clause
A clause consists of a subject and a verb and is the smallest
grammatical unit that expresses a thought. In its simplest form, a clause in
grammar is a subject plus a verb. The subject is the entity “doing” the
action of the sentence and the verb is the action that subject completes. A
clause creates a complete thought (an idea or a statement that can stand
alone).

B. Types of Clause
The clause is divided into independent clause and dependent clause.

1. Independent Clause
An independent clause can stand alone in a sentence. It contains a
subject and a verb in its smallest form. A clause may also include
modifiers and a verb predicate. It is a complete thought and the smallest
unit of grammar that is syntactically accurate.

Example of Independent Clauses:

 Subject + verb (predicate). = complete thought (IC)
 I eat bananas. = complete thought (IC)
 Sharon speaks loudly. = complete thought (IC)

In writing, words and modifiers can be rearranged in independent

clauses to create interest.

Example of Independent Clauses:

 I eat bananas in the kitchen.
 In the kitchen, I eat.

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 Here, “I eat” is the subject and verb. An object (“bananas”) and a
prepositional phrase (“in the kitchen”) have been added to the clause to
make it more specific. The entire sentence is an independent clause
because it is a complete thought statement.

Outside Examples of Independent Clauses:

 While Uber says it is profitable in the US, Lyft has reportedly told
investors it will lose $50 million a month this year. –New York Post
In the above example, Lyft has reportedly told investors it will lose
$50 million a month this year is an independent clause.

2. Dependent Clause
Dependent clauses contain a subject and verb. However, they
cannot stand alone as an independent thought. They must be joined with
an independent clause to be grammatically correct.
Example of Dependent Clause:
 Every night before I go to bed, I eat bananas.

This example contains the IC, “I eat bananas.” However, a

dependent clause now opens the sentence. While the dependent clause
contains a subject and a verb (“I go”), the dependent clause itself cannot
stand alone a complete thought.

Example of Dependent Clause:

 Every night before I go to bed

This is not a complete thought and therefore not a sentence in

English. Every night before I go to bed…what happens? This idea must
be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.

Types of Dependent Clause

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a. Noun Clause
A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as a noun in the
sentence. A noun clause will always contain a subject and a verb.
However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

Example of Noun Clause:

 I remember what you said yesterday.

Here, the underlined portion is the independent clause that can stand
alone. The italicized words, “what you said yesterday,” serve as a
dependent noun clause.

The noun clause is acting as the object of the sentence. In the noun
clause “you said” is a subject plus a verb. This creates the clause (a subject
plus a verb). However, “what you said yesterday” cannot stand alone and
therefore must be paired with an independent clause.

Additional noun clause examples:

 I thought what she wore was so chic.

 Whomever you confide in is a person you can trust.

b. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an
adjective in the sentence. An adjective clause will always contain a subject
and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
An adjective clause will always begin with one of the following
words:

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 Relative Pronouns List:
 That
 Where
 Who
 Whom
 Which
Relative Adverbs List:
 When
 Where
 Why

Example of Adjective Clause:

 The boy who you saw at the store committed a robbery.

The adjective clause is acting as an adjective in this sentence. The

adjective clause describes the boy. It contains a subject and a verb, “you
saw.” However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought. “Who you
saw at the robbery” is not a complete statement.

Additional adjective clause examples:

 The store that the boy robbed is on the corner.

 The corner of the street where my family lives is surrounded by
investigators.

c. Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an
adverb in the sentence. An adverbial clause will always contain a subject
and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.

Example of Adverbial Clause:

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  You will continue driving north until you see a stop sign.
The adverbial clause is acting as an adverb in this sentence. The
adverbial clause modifies how you will drive. The adverbial clause
contains a subject and verb, “you will continue.” However, it cannot stand
alone as a complete thought. “Until you see a stop sign” is not a complete
statement.

Additional adverbial clause examples:

 After the movie ended, we ate ice cream.
 Beth visits her grandfather whenever she is in town.

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUTION & SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
In general, What is a clause? In its simplest form, a clause in
grammar is a subject plus a verb. The subject is the entity “doing” the
action of the sentence and the verb is the action that subject completes. A
clause creates a complete thought (an idea or a statement that can stand
alone).

There are two types of clause, independent clause and dependent

clause. An independent clause is a group of words that contains both a
subject and a predicate. It expresses a complete thought and can stand
alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses contain a subject and verb.
However, they cannot stand alone as an independent thought. They must
be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.

B. Suggestions

The author is aware that in this writing there are still many
shortcomings. Therefore, the authors expect the criticism and suggestions
that are constructive for the improvement of the writing of this paper.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Breden, Alex. 2017. “What is a Clause?.” in https://writingexplained.org/grammar-

dictionary/clauses. Acces in April 06,2019.

Owen, Lesli. 2015 .“Example of Independent Clause.” in

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-independent-clauses.html.
Acces in April 06,2019.