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To cite this article: Debishree Khan & Sukha Ranjan Samadder (2015): A simplified
multi-criteria evaluation model for landfill site ranking and selection based on AHP
and GIS, Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, DOI:
10.3846/16486897.2015.1056741
A SIMPLIFIED
MICROBIAL MULTI-CRITERIA
COMMUNITY CHANGESEVALUATION MODEL
IN TNT SPIKED FORBIOREMEDIATION
SOIL LANDFILL SITE
TRIALRANKING AND SELECTION BASED
USING BIOSTIMULATION, ON AHP AND GIS AND
PHYTOREMEDIATION
BIOAUGMENTATION
Debishree KHAN, Sukha Ranjan SAMADDER
Hiie Nõlvak1, Jaak Truu2, Baiba Limane
Department of Environmental 5Science & Engineering, Indian
3
, Marika
School of Mines,
Truu 4
,
Dhanbad-826004, India
Guntis Cepurnieks , Vadims Bartkevičs6, Jaanis Juhanson7, Olga Muter8
1, 7 Submitted 04 Feb. 2015; accepted 27 May 2015
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu,
Abstract. This study used GIS based Multi-criteria 23 Riia Decision Analysis
str., 51010 Tartu,(MCDA)
Estonia approach for evaluating the most environ-
mentally
1, 2, 4 suitableof
Institute landfill sites in
Ecology theEarth
and study area. The weights
Sciences, of relative
Faculty importance
of Science andofTechnology,
the factors guiding landfill of
University siting were
Tartu,
estimated using pair-wise comparisons46 in Vanemuise
AHP. The maps showing
str., 51014suitable
Tartu,landfill
Estoniasites were generated applying a weighted
linear combination
3, 8
Institute(WLC) in GIS using a comparison
of Microbiology matrix to aggregate
and Biotechnology, different
University significant4scenarios
of Latvia, associated
Kronvalda blvd.,with en-
Downloaded by [University of Otago] at 03:03 04 November 2015
Corresponding
Correspondingauthor: Sukha
author: JaakRanjan
Truu Samadder
E-mail:
E-mail:sukh_samadder@yahoo.co.in
jaak.truu@ut.ee
Chang et al. 2008; Delgado et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2009; MSW disposal using AHP and WLC approach by consid-
Şener et al. 2010; Kara, Doratli 2012; Yildirim 2012; Achil- ering various localized factors that may influence locat-
las et al. 2013; Allesch, Brunner 2014; Demosouka et al. ing landfill sites in the study area. The criteria which were
2014). having more environmental impact and appropriate for
The present paper has considered the ranking of se- the present study area were only considered in the study
lected candidate landfill sites using linear combination to keep the methodology simple so that decision mak-
of weights derived from AHP which has not been done ers can easily adopt the proposed methodology. Different
in earlier studies on landfill site selection. This study will standardized scales were used in the process of assigning
help the municipal engineers to get the most precise en- the weightage to each one of the criteria of landfill siting
vironmentally sound landfill sites with suitability rank- and a ranking process was adopted to get the candidate
ing. Siting decisions are governed by the pre-existing site ranking order.
land use dynamics of the urban area as well as the nature
of potential interactions of the landfill with the pre-ex-
1. Materials and methodology
isting environmental, geologic, hydrological, and socio-
economic parameters of the area (Sumathi et al. 2008). 1.1. Study area
Siddiqui et al. (1996) were among the first to integrate Dhanbad is one of the mineral rich (especially coal re-
GIS and AHP for landfill siting. This integration plays a serves) districts of India located in the state of Jharkhand.
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significant role in siting landfills for solid waste manage- The region lies on the eastern part of Chhotanagpur pla-
ment. Complex geographical data can be represented by teau and has an undulating topography. The study area
thematic layers and correlation among large volumes of extends from 86° 06′ 11′′ E to 86° 50′ 26′′ E longitude
discrete geographical information can be attributed to- and from 23°38′ 58′′ N to 24° 03′ 30′′ N latitude (Fig. 1).
gether to provide the demand of the investigators. Hence Present study area covers the main agglomerated urban
GIS and remote sensing techniques can be applied in the region of the city within Dhanbad Municipal Corpora-
field of MSWM using a multi-criteria decision making tion (DMC), consisting of 24 administrative wards. The
technique to provide the organized approach for assess- total area of the present study region is about 101 km2 that
ing and integrating the impact of various factors as indi- supports about 0.49 million population as per census of
cators of suitability of landfill sites. India, 2011. The density of population was estimated to
On the other hand AHP is a powerful tool for solv- be 2947 persons/km² and it is rising at an annual rate of
ing complicated problems that may have interactions and 1.5%. The study area mainly consists of residential area,
correlations among multiple objectives. This technique agricultural area, scrubs and quarry areas. It has consider-
provides a means of decomposing the problem into a hi- able scope of expansion and may alter the land-use pattern
erarchy of sub-problems that can be more easily compre- in the near future for which overall planning of municipal
hended and subjectively evaluated. The subjective evalua- facilities including municipal solid waste management in
tions are converted into numerical values that are ranked the city as a whole is required. The economic growth in
on a numerical scale (Bhushan, Rai 2004). This present the study area due to the extraction of mineral reserves
study examined the applicability of the GIS techniques
has led to a rapid growth in population and change in
in combination with a multi-criteria approach for ana-
land-use pattern that resulted in increase of solid waste
lyzing the land suitability for landfill. The most prevalent
generation. At present the study area has neither any prop-
procedure for integrating multi-criteria evaluation and
er demarcated landfill sites, nor any organized method of
multi-objective evaluation (MOE) in GIS for land suitabil-
solid waste disposal.
ity analysis is WLC approach (Hopkins 1977). The WLC
procedure allows full trade off among all factors and of-
1.2. Pre-processing of data
fers much more flexibility than the Boolean approaches.
Most of these methods were developed for case studies by The present study requires satellite images, toposheets
considering the regionalised social and geo-environmental containing ground information, local administrative
criteria. The generalised global method might not be an maps, and field observation data. Prior to the begin-
appropriate method for landfill suitability at regional level ning of suitability analysis, the data were corrected and
as there are lots of evaluation criteria mentioned in the lit- processed to facilitate GIS functionality of the data. To
erature but their existence vary from region to region. Pre- perform a land-use/landcover mapping, atmospheric
vious studies have considered many more criteria to make correction and precise geometric registration of images
the selection process more precise but the main challenges with location accuracy is a pre-requisite. Atmospheric
in this study were the unavailability and proper applicabil- scattering contributes some additional spectral values
ity of the data. The purpose of this study was to locate the to the ground reflectance (Jensen 1986). In this study,
suitable landfill sites in Dhanbad city, Jharkhand, India for the LISS IV image was corrected for atmospheric path
Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management. Article in press 3
radiance using dark object subtraction method (Chavez pan-sharpened LISS IV image into existing land-use.
1988). These images were geometrically corrected by Some land-use units were recorded using the reference
taking well distributed Ground Control Points (GCPs) from high resolution Google Earth image to make the
that were extracted from topographical maps of the land-use map more precise. The land-use map of the
study area. The PAN images were registered with the present study area is shown in Figure 2.
LISS IV images up to the sub-pixel accuracy. The pre- Slope, aspect and flow accumulation were derived from
processed images were pan sharpened before the land- Carto-DEM of the study area, road map, groundwater depth
use classification method was used as a pan sharpened map and soil map were extracted from PAN image, CGWB
image gives best of both the images with high spectral (Central Ground Water Board, India) map and NBSS (Na-
resolution (multi-spectral image) and high spatial reso- tional Bureau of Soil Survey, India) map respectively. Land-
lution (panchromatic image). In this study interactive use related criteria layers were extracted from the land-use
visual interpretation method was applied to classify the map prepared from the pan sharpened LISS IV image.
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1.3.2. Assigning criteria weights Final candidate sites were chosen from final suit-
AHP is one of the multiple criteria decision-making meth- ability map which had area greater than a threshold
ods that were originally developed by Saaty (1977). It has value of 4 ha, the minimum area required for a service
the capability to simplify preference ratings among decision period of 20 years (Manual on Municipal... 2000). So, the
criteria using pair-wise comparisons. The AHP technique is areas below the threshold value were considered as not
used to evaluate each criterion as multiple important objec- suitable for landfill. Then all candidate sites were ranked
tives are difficult to prioritize. The weights of specific cri- based on comparative statistical analysis of area occupied
teria are assigned using Saaty’s technique (Saaty 1977), in by each attributes of three main criteria i.e. land-use pat-
which a ratio (reciprocal) matrix is constructed where each tern, distance from settlement, and distance from water
criterion is compared with the other criteria, relative to its bodies. Further an AHP was constructed to pool three
importance on a scale with values from a set {1/9,1/8, 1/7, rank vectors in one rank vector to prioritize the selected
1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, ranging from candidate sites.
the minimum value of 1/9 representing the least important,
to 1 for equal importance and to 9 for the most important. 2. Results and discussion
The weights are calculated by normalizing the eigen- 2.1. Site selection criteria
vector associated with the maximum eigen-value of the
In this study, eleven possible criteria were selected for
matrix.
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networks for reducing the cost of new road construction, therefore, were assigned relatively high grade to discard
transportation and collection costs of solid wastes. In the the area for landfilling and the area which is exclusively
present study, buffer zones were created taking the radial barren land and barren land with some scrubs were con-
distance of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 meters respectively and sidered as suitable for such activity and hence was assigned
suitable grades were assigned. grades 1 and 2 respectively. The other land-use types were
assigned grades as per their relative importance.
2.1.3. Land-use
The land-use characterizes a degree of economic activi- 2.1.4. Distance from settlement
ties and population density associated with the area under The landfill site should not be in the vicinity of the resi-
study. The different land-use types were assigned different dential or an urban area to avoid adverse impact on land
weights considering their respective economic activities value and future development and to protect the people
and the population density. The residential or other settle- from possible environmental hazards of landfill sites. The
ment areas, recreational areas, vegetation and the airport landfill must be located within 10 km of an urban area
were considered inappropriate for MSW landfill siting and (Baban, Flannagan 1998) but should not be within 1 km of
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an urban area as per Turkish Solid Waste Control Regula- Table 1. Reclassified criteria and their rating
tions (TSWCR 2002). A distance of more than or equal to Criteria Class Rating
500 m from settlement was taken as suitable for landfill
Barren land without scrub 1
siting in the present study (consistent with Demesouka
Barren land with scrub 2
et al. 2014). Mining, Open space 3
Land-use
Vegetation, Grassland, wetland 4
2.1.5. Depth to groundwater Agriculture, Surface water 5
body, Settlements
A landfill site should be located in an area where ground-
water is sufficiently deep, so that the groundwater quality 8–12% 1
12–16% 2
is not affected due leachate movement from landfill sites.
Slope 4–8% 3
Keeping this in mind, zones with varying water-table 16–20% 4
depth were demarcated and grades were assigned in such >20% 5
a way that the zone with maximum depth was consid-
0–200m 5
ered most suitable and vice-versa to avoid the area with Distance 200–400m 4
groundwater table near the surface. The depth of ground- from 400–600m 3
water table from ground surface was reclassified in a depth settlement 600–800m 2
range varying from 0–2 m, 2–2.5 m, 2.5–3 m, 3–3.5 m, >800m 1
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Table 4. Rank of Candidate Sites based on their impact on the suitability analysis. Envi-
Candidate
ronmental criteria are more sensitive due to its control
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 over the leachate transport rate than socio-economic cri-
Site ID
Land-use 6 7 8 11 9 5 1 2 10 3 4 teria which are important for limiting financial expen-
diture. In this study, eleven possible landfill sites were
Distance
Rank based on
Acknowledgements Gbanie, S. P.; Tengbe, P. B.; Momoh, J. S.; Medo, J.; Kabba, V. T. S.
2013. Modelling landfill location using geographic infor-
The authors acknowledge the support provided by the De- mation systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision analysis
partment of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian (MCDA): Case study Bo, Southern Sierra Leone, Applied
School of Mines, Dhanbad for carrying out this research work. Geography 36: 3–12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.013
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Debishree KHAN, M. Sc., Senior Research Fellow, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School
of Mines, Dhanbad, India. Research interests: application of remote sensing and GIS, solid waste management.
Sukha Ranjan SAMADDER, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian
School of Mines, Dhanbad-826004, India. Research interests: application of remote sensing and GIS in broad based envi-
ronmental management, solid waste management, groundwater pollution.