Orifice & Free jet flow

Objectives
Determine the coefficient of velocity (Cv)
Idea
By measurements of the trajectory of a jet
issuing from an orifice in the side of the
reservoir under steady flow conditions
(constant head) we can determine the
coefficient of velocity (Cv)
Tools
1. Orifice and jet apparatus
2. Hydraulic bench
3. Sheet of paper
4. Backboard
5. Needles
Steps
1. Position the apparatus across the channel
on top of the hydraulic bench. Level the
apparatus by the adjustable feet.
2. Remove on of the orifice plate. Check the
orifice diameter
3. Connect the reservoir inflow tube to the
bench flow connector. Turn on the pump
and ensure you having a constant head
from the overflow tube to produce a
steady flow.
4. The jet trajectory is obtained by using the
needles mounted on a vertical backboard
to follow the profile of jet.
5. Release the securing screw for each
needle in turn and move the needle until
its point is just immediately above the jet.
6. Attach a sheet of paper to the backboard
between the needle and the board.
7. Mark the location of the top of each
needle on the paper.
8. Repeat this test for a low reservoir head.
9. Repeat the above procedures for the
second diameter orifice.
10. From the table, plot the relation between
X and (YH)^0.5 . where Cv is 0.5 the slope.
Theory
The actual velocity (Va) can be determined by
measuring the position of a point . On the
trajectory of a free jet , down steam of the
vena contracta.
x = Va.t
In which t is the time for a fluid particle to
travel from the vane contracta to point 3.
In the same time, the fluid particle has
travelled vertically a distance y under the
influence of gravity,
y = 0.5 gt^2
Eliminating t between the two equations , we
optain
Va = X / (2y/g)^0.5
The coefficient of velocity may now be
expressed in terms of x , y and H
Cv = Va / V = Va / (2gH)^0.5 = x / (2y/g)^0.5
*(2gH)^0.5
Cv = x / (2yH)^0.5
Conclusion
There are two types of energy, the
potential energy which depends on its
location and the kinetic energy which
refers to the energy the water has when is
flowing, the energy is generated because
of the movement, the faster water flow
the greater is its kinetic energy.
By applying principles of mass
conservation and the Bernoulli equation,
we could calculate the velocity of water
and to account for frictional losses
through the orifice, the coefficient of
velocity Cv whose used.