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calculations. Flow can be streamline, turbulent or somewhere some arbitrary line aa so that one end L of the element is known in
between the two in an unstable state. The problems to be dealt with position relative to the end K.
here do not require knowledge of the type of flow that is occurring, The volume of the element is A Jx where A is the cross-sectional
and flow in a single direction only will be considered. area. Its mass is therefore
A fundamental equation of flow was developed by Bernoulli
(around 1738) which relates the datum from where flow is reckoned M = pA dx
with velocity and pressure. It is of such importance that the
development of the theory should be outlined for full understand- and this acts as shown in figure 7.1.
ing of its implications; its development relies on Newton's second At the end L of the element let the pressure be p and because
law of motion. there is flow let the pressure at end K be increased top+ Jp. The
pressure drop (positive or negative) across the element is thus
dp
,.,,
b
{~ dx
pA-(p+dp)A = -A dp
pA d::r:
(2) due to mass
z
a
- pAg dx sin ()
datum
///////77///T/T/7/7///T/77/7/ Therefore total force accelerating element is
now
7.2 BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FOR THE STEADY FLOW
OF AN INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID d 2x
mass x acceleration= pA dx- 2
dt
Consider an element of fluid flowing in the direction denoted by x
in figure 7.1. The path of the element can be curved and the x-axis and hence
moved to be parallel to the curve at all points along it. The faces of
the element at K and L are normal to the curve a b. Let the length of d 2x
-Adp-pAgdxsin () = pAdx- 2
the element be Jx and let () be the inclination of the x-axis with dt