NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Lecture-10

Muhammad Rafiq
Assistant Professor
University of Central Punjab
Lahore Pakistan
 OPERATORS(CONTINUED)
Example 1:
Prove the following relations.
1. E =
2. δ = 2sin h ( )

Solution:
1. Taking R.H.S
=

= (E - 1)

= E = L.H.S
 2. Taking L.H.S δ= –
δ= -

δ=2

δ = 2 sin h ( ) = R.H.S

Example 2:
Prove that

1. Δ sin k = 2 sin cos (k + )

2. Δ cos k = -2 sin cos (k + )

Solution:

Δ sin k = 2 sin cos (k + )

Taking L.H.S Δ sin k = sin(k + h) – sin(k)
 Δ sin k = 2 cos ( ). Sin ( )
Δ sin k = 2 cos (k + ). Sin( )
Δ sin k = 2 sin cos (k + )= R.H.S

Δ cos k = -2 sin sin (k + )

Taking L.H.S Δ cos k = cos (k + h) – cos (k)
Δ cos k = - 2 sin ( ). Sin ( )
Δ cos k = 2 sin (k + ). Sin( )
Δ cos k = -2 sin sin (k + )= R.H.S

Example 3:
Prove the relations

1. =
2. =
Solution:

Taking R.H.S

= -

= -

= –

=E-

= Δ + 1 - E¯¹

=Δ+1–1+
 = = L.H.S

=
Taking R.H.S = (E - 1) (1 - E¯¹)

= (E – 1) ( )

=E+

= (Δ + 1) + ( 1 - -2
=
= Δ - = L.H.S
Example 4:
Prove the relations
=E–1

=μ+ δ

Solution:
=E–1
Taking L.H.S =( )
= ( E - 1) = R.H.S

=μ+ δ

Taking R.H.S μ+ δ= +
 μ+ δ=

μ+ δ= = L.H.S

Example 5:
Prove the relations

2.

Solution:

Taking R.H.S =1+

=
 ( ) ( )
=

=( )²

= μ = L.H.S

( )

Taking L.H.S ( ) ( )

= [( )² + )² - 2 + 1 ( )

= ( E + E¯¹ - 1) ( )
= ( )

= cos h ( ) = R.H.S
FORWARD AND BACKWARD DIFFERENCES
Example #1
Compute 3rd forward difference of f (51) by the formula

f(x)= f(x) from the following entries

x: 51 52 53 54
f(x): 132650 140608 14887 7 157464

Solution:
f(x)= f(x)

f(x)= f(x)

f(51)= -3 +3E-1)f(51)

f(51)= f(51)-3 f(51)+3E f(51)- f(51)

 f(51)=f(54)-3f(53)+3f(52)-f(51)

Putting values we get

f(51)=157464-3(148877)+3(140608)-132650

f(51)=7

Alternative Method
f(51)=f(52)-f(51)

f(51)=140608-132650

f(51)=7958

f(52)=f(53)-f(52)

f(52)=148877-140608

f(52)=8269

f(53)=f(54)-f(53)
f(53)=157464-148877

f(53)= 8587

f(51)= f(52)- f(51)

f(51)=8269-7958

f(51)=311

f(52)= f(53)- f(52)

f(52)=8587-8269

f(52)=318

f(51)= f(52)- f(51)

f(51)=318-311

f(51)=7
 Forward Difference Table
x F(x) f(x) f(x)

52 140608
8269
53 148877 318
8587
54 157464

Example #2 Construct the Forward difference table for the following data.

x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f(x): 0 1 8 27 64 125 216

Solution:
Forward Difference Table

X f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x)

1 1
7
2 8 12
19 6
3 27 18 0
37 6 0
4 64 24 0
61 6
5 125 30
91
6 216
Example #3

Construct the Backward difference table for the following data.

x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f(x): 0 1 8 27 64 125 216

Solution:
Backward Difference Table is on next page.
 Backward Difference Table

X f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x) f(x)

5 125
61
4 64 24
37 6
3 27 18 0
19 6 0
2 8 12 0
7 6
1 1 6
1
0 0
INTERPOLATION:
Suppose we are given a data :
x: ………
f(x): f( ) f( ) f( ) ……….f( )

Then process of finding the values of f(x) corresponding to any value of ‘ x’ between and
is called interpolation.

Extrapolation:
The process of finding the values of f(x) corresponding to any value of ‘x’ outside the given range is
called extrapolation.