Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Damage prediction of horizontal axis marine current turbines under

hydrodynamic, hydrostatic and impacts loads
M. Nachtane a,b, M. Tarfaoui a,⇑, A. El Moumen a, D. Saifaoui b
a
ENSTA Bretagne, IRDL, FRE CNRS 3744, F-29200 Brest, France
b
FSAC – UH2C, Laboratory for Renewable Energy and Dynamic Systems, Morocco

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Marine energy is one of the most exciting emerging forms of renewable energy. Tidal turbines are used to
Received 27 February 2017 extract this energy and installed on the seabed at locations with catastrophic loading. The present paper
Accepted 6 March 2017 employs the finite element method to simulate the behavior of GRP composite nozzle of a tidal turbine
Available online 8 March 2017
under low-velocity impact with implementation of a failure criterion. To investigate this situation, a
parametric analysis is conducted which deals with the effect of velocity, energy and geometry of the
Keywords: impactor. The mechanical behavior has been analyzed as both kinematic effect due to deflection of the
Renewable marine energy
composite structure and dynamic effect caused by the interaction between the impactor and the hydro-
Composite materials
Current turbine
dynamic and hydrostatic pressures over the loading. The stress and the deformation distribution are pre-
FEA sented. On the other hand, damage modeling was formulated based on Hashin criteria for intra-laminar
Dynamic behavior damage. The effects of the impact velocity and the panel’s flexibility on the initiation and propagation of
Damage criteria damage have been investigated.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction This investigation registers as part of research works which

The kinetic energy available within tidal currents is an
untapped source or renewable energy [1]. If an effective method
of capturing this energy can be developed, tidal currents could be
harnessed to help satisfy the world’s growing energy needs. Sev-
eral studies have shown that marine currents have a large potential
as a predictable sustainable resource for generation of electrical
power [2,3]. Horizontal axis marine current turbines are one favor-
able technology that is being developed for this purpose.
Generally, the marine industry interests in the use of marine
current turbine for electrical power production. The ability to pre-
dict the dynamic behavior of these turbines is essential for the
design and analysis of such systems.
In use, the nozzle of a tidal turbine can be prone to accidental
impact. This phenomenon may be large enough to cause damage
in the composite materials. Damage modeling [4] of light weight
structure is an active challenge in many applications such as
marine, aerospace and naval fields. However, these structures
are very susceptible to degradation of their properties and
consequently a catastrophic failure can occur with more than one
damage modes [5].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mostapha.tarfaoui@ensta-bretagne.fr (M. Tarfaoui).
aims at the numerical modeling of the composite behavior under
dynamic loads for naval applications. This research axle is of a
big importance in various domains following the example of
renewable marine energy. In this respect composite materials play
a central role in the development of renewable marine energy con-
version systems such as turbines.
Today, large tidal turbine blades are almost all made of glass
fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) because it currently represents
the best way to strike a balance between performance, weight
and structural integrity [6], because the marine environment is
particularly require and aggressive (corrosion due to salt, forces
of the currents and storms. In this context we used this composite
material to analyze the structural integrity of the nozzle. The
advantage of GFRP composites is that they relatively inexpensive
and provide sufficient strength and stiffness. However, as the tur-
bines size increases, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
becomes more popular for developing some parts of the blades
and/or the nozzle, such as spar caps and some critical areas such
as the trialling edge according to the FEA simulation. On the other
hand, carbon fibers normally cost 10–20 times more than glass
fibers. In fact carbon fibers provide a much higher modulus and
significant weight reduction. Finally GFRP material was selected
as a compromise between cost and performance.
In order to meet the needs of the manufacturers of tidal
current turbines, which is generally linked to a problem of mass

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.03.015
0263-8223/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157 147

gain, composite materials present a considerable asset on duct of the tidal current turbine is especially confronted by the
account of their excellent «mass/resistance» and «mass/rigidity» impacts due to its particular position. The impact damage
relations. A structural design of ducted tidal current turbines aspect has also been examined in detail in the present research
using composite materials has therefore been examined. The study.

Fig. 1. Hydrodynamic profile.

Fig. 2. Marine turbine: (a) real turbine, (b) simulated case and (c) final design.
148 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157
This paper presents a finite element analysis of dynamic behav-
ior of GFRP marine current turbines. The first part aims to analyze
the effect of the shape and the velocity of the impactor on the
dynamic response and damage kinetics inducted to the nozzle in
service. The second part is concerned with the development of
an impact FE model, including Hashin criteria, used for damage
prediction. Simulated damage is compared for different impactor
geometry and velocity. The improved understanding of these phe-
nomena and the development of predictive tools are part of an
ongoing effort to improve the long-term integrity of composite
structures for underwater applications.
2. Structure, boundary conditions and materials
2.1. Structure, boundary conditions
Fig. 1 shows the profile of the turbine that is used to generate
the 3D structure of the tidal turbine. We traced the hydrodynamic
profile using the Heliciel software. By extension function of ABA-
QUS, the 3D structure of marine turbine is obtained as presented
on Fig. 2. This structure is then introduced in the Abaqus finite ele-
ment code [7] in order to carry out simulations of impact tests and
to analyze the dynamic behavior and to follow the kinetics of the
damage.
Marine turbines are subjected to critical loads due to the high
density of seawater and the accidental impacts in what they oper-
ate. However, adequate strength and stiffness are needed for
hydrokinetic and can alone is implemented by the utility of greater
enforcement materials so as composite materials, beginning with a
design which offers an accommodation between efficiency, endur-
ance, weight, and cost.
We have chosen in our study as boundary conditions a mechan-
ical joint constraint in which the blades are embedded on a rotor
itself connected to the stator, the fixed part of the machine see
Fig. 2(a). The mechanical joint constraints fully built-in:
U1 ¼ U2 ¼ U3 ¼ UR1 ¼ UR2 ¼ UR3 ¼ 0:
For a good design of the turbine and to understand its behavior
under dynamic loading, we conducted impact tests. The marine
turbine structure was exposed to different impactor forms such
as hemispherical and conical, Fig. 3. Parametric analysis is con-
ducted which deals with the effect of the velocity, energy and mass
of the impactor.
2.2. Materials and proprieties
The materials used in this study are the ones taken directly
from a real current turbine. They are constituted of biaxial mat of
glass fibers in a Polyester resin matrix with 0.286 mm thickness
each layer. The composite has been prepared using the vacuum
infusion process and cured at room temperature. The composite
mechanical properties [8,9] are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Fig. 3. Impactor forms.
Table 1
Properties of glass-polyester composite.
Properties Value
q (kg/m )3
1960
E1(MPa) 48160
E2(MPa) = E3(MPa) 11210
Nu12 0,270
Nu13 = Nu23 0,096
G12(MPa) = G13(MPa) 4420
G23 (MPa) 9000
Table 2
Ultimate stresses of glass-polyester composite.
Properties Value
Xt(MPa) 1021,3
Xc(MPa) 978
Yt(MPa) 29,5
Yc(MPa) 171,8
St(MPa) = Sc(MPa) 35,3
3. Numerical investigation
In this numerical model, the tidal turbine is modeled as a
deformable structure and the impactor as the rigid body. In order
to reduce computing times, by the reduction in the element num-
ber of models without harming the quality of simulation results,
one strategy consists in optimizing the mesh model. Therefore,
the mesh convergence is studied.
The lists to generate the shroud geometry imported into the
finite element computer code (Abaqus) and recorded loads were
applied. The fairing is meshed with shell elements of the type
quadrangle with four nodes and reduced integration type S4R.
In order to model the dynamic phenomena under ABAQUS, it is
possible to solve the problems with an Explicit or Implicit algo-
rithm. Our choice being carried on a modeling with shell elements,
the simulation of the elastic impact uses the same geometries as
those of Fig. 4a. The impact speed is imposed as an initial condition
on the projectile at reference point 20 kg weight.
Numerical simulation of damage in turbine structures can be
studied by means of finite element methods [10,11]. It should be
noted that the damage is controlled by Hashin’s criteria to estimate
the fiber and matrix damage initiation and propagation. For low
impact velocity, no damage was observed.
The finite element model is shown in Fig. 4a with hydrostatic
and hydrodynamic loads. Fig. 4b shows the composite structure
layup [45/-45/0/90/90/0/-45/45]s, used in the model.
To investigate the mesh convergence, we base ourselves on the
maximum stress and deflection on the trailing edge of the fairing.
The convergence of the finite element model is presented in Fig. 5.
The mesh density is defined as the minimum number of ele-
ments for which the convergence of properties was started [12].
Fig. 5 shows the results of the mesh convergence study of an elastic
impact under the conditions described in the previous section with
5 m/s incidental velocity. The evolution of the maximum stress and
maximum deflection according to the mesh density is represented
in Fig. 5. The generated meshes consist of quadrangular elements
S4R of square aspect. The results of successive calculations seem
to converge starting from 129,490 elements. The mesh size is
100 mm length. The convergence is obtained from a ratio of ‘‘mesh
size/total size of the structure” of 0.005. This ratio is retained in
other fairing modeling geometries. Taking into account the strong
evolution of the CPU according to the number of elements, it is not
necessary to refine the mesh any further.
 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157 149

Fig. 4. Distribution of material on the nozzle.

Fig. 6. Final mesh for numerical simulation.

composites occurs in two phases: damage initiation and damage

evolution. Here we adapt the model suggested by Matzenmiller
et al. [13]. to compute the degradation of coefficients of the stiff-
ness matrix. In this model, the constitutive relationships for the
damaged composite laminates can be written as:

b ¼Mr
r ð1Þ
Fig. 5. Mesh convergence.
where r the real stress and M is the damage operator, which has
the diagonal form
In nonlinear structural analyses using quadratic elements is not 2 3
1
advisable for this type of modeling because it would entail a very ð1df Þ
0 0
6 7
large computing time; therefore in our study we chose a robust, 6 0 7
M¼6 0 1
ð1dm Þ 7 ð2Þ
general-purpose 4 noded quadrilateral element with linear inter- 4 5
polation and reduced integration (S4R) that is suitable for a wide 0 0 1
1ds
range of applications because you will usually obtain better accu-
racy at less expense if you use a fine mesh of these linear elements df ; dm ; ds are internal variables which characterize the fiber dam-
rather than a comparable coarse mesh of quadratic elements. age, matrix damage and shear damage, respectively. The damaged
Therefore the final selected element in Fig. 6 is S4R. compliance matrix has the form:
2 3
1
 #E212 0
4. Constitutive models 6 ð1df ÞE1 7
6 # 7
H¼6
6  E1
12 1
ð1dm ÞE2
0 7
7 ð3Þ
4.1. Damaged material response 4 5
1
0 0 ð1ds ÞG12
In this section, progressive damage model is discussed explain-
ing the equation of various failure modes implemented. Damage in and the corresponding stiffness matrix is obtained from
150 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157

2 3
ð1  df ÞE1 ð1  df Þð1  dm Þ#21 E1 0 4.3. Intralaminar failure based continuum damage mechanic (CDM)
16 7
C¼ 4 ð1  df Þð1  dm Þ#12 E2 1
ð1dm ÞE2
0 5
D The composite material damage is a cumulative of the micro-
0 0 Dð1  ds ÞG12
scopic defects in both the fiber and the matrix and other types of
ð4Þ failure, the initiation and developments of the micro-cracks with
where D ¼ 1  ð1  df Þð1  dm Þ#12 #21 , E1 , E2 and G12 are undamaged different scale size internal and external of the structure consid-
material moduli, and 012 ; 021 are undamaged material Poisson’s ered the main factor in the fracture mechanism. To simulate the
ratios. The damage variables df ; dm ; ds can have different values evolution of the damage, modeling must take into account the var-
for tension and compression, which will be denoted by ious forms of damage occurring at the impact tests. It is not neces-
t c t c sary that the numerical model take account all the physical
df ; df ; dm ; dm correspond to four following modes:
( phenomena observed if their presence does not affect in a relevant
t
df b 11 P 0
if r way the current turbine behavior. It was decided to restore only
df ¼ ð5Þ the damage of the matrix and fibers. This choice was dictated by
c
df b 11 < 0
if r
the infiltration of water in the presence of this type of damage
( and which can lead to the rapid degradation of the material due
dm
t
b 22 P 0
if r
dm ¼ ð6Þ to aging effect. For that, the Hashin criteria [14] were used.
dm
c
b 22 < 0
if r
4.4. Initiation failure modes approaches in composite
In addition, we assume that the damage variable corresponding
to shear in not independent and can be expressed as function:
    The laminate damage initiation is happening when the true
t c t c 
ds ¼ 1  1  df 1  df 1  dm 1  dm ð7Þ applied stress in the laminate reaches the Ultimate strength of
the ply laminate. Explicitly, the debonding interface between the
This criterion permits to detect in the stack the plies in which
fiber and matrix is occurring due to difference in fiber transverse
breakage of fibers and matrix appears.
compressive modulus and matrix modulus that represents the
main influence of initiation of the damage, for this reason the stres-
4.2. Damage initiation criteria
ses are concentrated in local positions. Various failure criteria mod-
els have been adapted to predicate the initiation of the fracture
Damage modeling in laminate composites can be studied by a
based on a combination of the stress as longitudinal and transverse
stress or strain-based failure criteria approach or following damage
direction with the fiber axis and the shear stresses, the more satisfy
mechanics concepts. Hashin’s has proposed four failure criteria for
criteria is based on the Hashin theory [14]. Hashin (1980) was intro-
composites namely: fiber damage in tension and compression and
duced a method for failure criteria for unidirectional fiber compos-
matrix tensile and compressive failure. Hashin’s criterion has been
ite with second degree polynomial expansion. For more simplicity,
implemented in the majority of the finite element software. Thus,
failure modes were divided into the four modes based on the failure
in the present study, this criterion is used to estimate the fiber and
planes perpendicular and aligned with the fiber direction with six
matrix damage initiation and proposed as:
parameters, hence the failure of fiber in the main direction with
fiber-axis, and on the other hand the main failure of the matrix in
b 11 P 0):
 Fiber tensile failure ( r transverse direction [15]. This criteria was widely applicable in
 2  
rb 11 s 12
b the many commercial finite element software, however, many of
F tf ¼ þa L ð8Þ researchers said that this model not predicted accuracy initial fail-
XT S
ure, especially in matrix and fiber compression modes.
b 11 P 0):
 Fiber compressive failure ( r
 2  
rb 11 s 12
b 4.5. Damage progressive degradation materials models
F cf ¼ þa L ð9Þ
XT S
b 22 P 0)
 Matrix tensile failure ( r Despite Satisfied the initiation of the failure modes in the com-
 2  2 posite materials, the material’s stiffness continues to degrade with
rb 22 s 12
b increasing the load, Fig. 7. The phenomena called damage evalua-
F tm ¼ T
þ L
ð10Þ
Y S
b 22 P 0)
 Matrix compressive failure ( r
2 !2 3
 2  2
b 22
r YC b 22
r b
s 12
FCm ¼ þ4  15 þ ð11Þ
2ST 2ST YC SL
Where

XT : denotes the tensile strengths in the fibers direction,

XC : denotes the compressive strengths in the fibers direction,
YT : denotes the tensile strengths in the transverse direction,
YC : denotes the compressive strengths in the transverse
direction,
SL : denotes the longitudinal shear strengths of the composite
and
ST : denotes the transverse shear strengths of the composite.

The coefficient a determines the contribution of shear stress on

fiber tensile and r
b 11 ; r s 12 the stress tensor.
b 22 , b
Fig. 7. Hashin’s Failure degradation model.
 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157 151

tion, the reduction in stiffness material properties is controlled by where

damage variables corresponding damage modes. The progression deq : equivalent displacement jump
of damage evaluation in composite materials consists of the dam- d0eq : onset equivalent displacement jump
age of fibers and matrix, Eq. (12).
dfeq : final equivalent displacement jump
dfeq ðdeq  d0eq Þ
d¼ ð12Þ The global model used for simulation is presented in Fig. 8. This
deq ðdfeq  d0eq Þ model shows the turbine part and the impactor region. Many

Fig. 8. Visualization of the overall system.

Table 3
Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure applied to the fairing.

Fig. 9. Evolution of impact energies during the period test (m = 20 kg, V = 20 m/s).
152 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157

Fig. 10. Evolution of the interfacial energy during test, M = 20 kg – V = 20 m/s.

situations of accidental impact were treated with the presence of (1) Step 1: A general static step for hydrostatic and hydrody-
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads which are developed using namic loads
two steps on Abaqus software: (2) Step 2: An explicit dynamic step for impact on the structure
resulting from the calculation of step 1.

Fig. 11. Force-time curves vs velocity impact (M = 20 kg, V = 20 m/s).

 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157 153

5. Results and discussion

In this part, we have interested to analysis the dynamic

response and the damaged area after impact loading with presence
of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads. Table 3 presents the sim-
ulation results of the first step. These photos are the results of
the circulation of a fluid with a speed of 2 m/s.

5.1. Global behavior

We will focus in this section to the variation of the impact

energy. We have identified: total energy (ETOTAL), kinetic energy
(ALLKE), strain energy (ALLSE), internal energy (ALLIE), damaging
energy (ALLDMD) and artificial energy (ALLAE). The analysis of
energy variation leads to confirm the theory energy conservation
of the system. Fig. 9 shows the variation of the energies for
20 m/s impact velocity. From this figure, it appears that the total
energy (ETOTAL) is almost constant throughout the calculation
and corresponds to the desired energy impact. Moreover, the sum-
mation of kinetic energy (ALLKE) and internal energy (ALLIE) corre-
spond to the total energy. Therefore the conservation of the energy
during impact test is obtained. We also observed that the evolution
of the deformation energy (ALLSE) is similar to the internal energy
(ALLIE) until 1.5 ms of test. But from that moment, the damage
energy (ALLDMD) appears and the damage of the structure started.
Finally, to confirm the hypothesis of energy conservation, we find
that the internal energy of the structure is the sum of the strain
energy and energy dissipation damage.
The evolution of the artificial energy or Hourglass energy
(ALLAE) is analyzed. Fig. 10 shows the obtained results. It appears
that this energy is negligible throughout the test. The hypotheses
of impact energy were satisfied. Therefore the created numerical
model can estimate the evolution of damage in marine turbine.

Fig. 12. Velocity-time curves (M = 20 kg).

5.2. Damaged structures

In this part, we focus on the damage appeared during the

impact test under different scenarios. Hashin’s criteria for fiber
and matrix damages were introduced [15]. Fig. 11 shows the
force-time curves versus velocity impact for different impactor
forms. The effects of impact geometry and velocities impact are
noticeable. The maximum force corresponding to each impactor
type is: 450 kN for conical and 350 kN for hemispheric. Initially,
the curve was linear and then became non-linear after the peak
force due to initiation of damage.
In the case of accidental impact without damage, the force-time
history has a parabolic curve, takes a symmetrical form, with a
maximum pick. Consequently, the loading and unloading parts
are identical. In our case, no symmetry between loading and
unloading phases is observed, because the apparition of damage
which are marked by the sharp decline of the force. At this moment
the damage evolution of composites is started until complete
failure.
The graphs below show a decrease in the velocity of the projec-
tile with the time during the impact. The general appearance of
these curves describes two phases speed variation during impact.
In the first phase, a rapid decrease is observed in the speed of
the impactor to zero velocity corresponding to the start of the
phase of elastic return. The impactor is severely hampered by the
nozzle and loses much of its kinetic energy converted into defor-
mation energy of the nozzle. At the end, this phase only the head
of the impactor is still in contact with the nozzle. Then comes a
second phase of varying the speed of the impactor which slowly
believed to reach the residual speed without loss of energy in this
case the greater speeds stabilize quickly, Fig. 12.
The damage initiation in marine turbine is controlled. Fig. 13
shows a snapshot of the damaged turbine. It appears that the dam-
age initiation depends on the impactor geometry. The maximum
damaged zone is obtained by conical geometry because of their
tip. A small damaged zone is observed in the case of hemispherical
impactor (see Fig. 14).
The impact was performed on the trailing edge because it is the
most sensitive part. One can see that there is an appearance of
damage. Hashin criterion for matrix in tension (HSNMTCRT) has
been reached for some layers. In the other hand, Hashin criterion
for matrix in compression (HSNMCCRT), for fiber in tension
(HSNFTCRT) and for fiber in compression (HSNFCCRT) is not
checked.
To increase the deflection resistance without adding some sig-
nificant weight, a sandwich panel construction is used for most
of the airfoil area. Our structural design consists of diminishing
the deflection at the nozzle trailing edge by trying several spar
configurations.
Several spar configurations were tested for the structural core
of the nozzle and consist of one or several webs. There are different
ways of designing spar/shear webs, either as a girder connected by
one or two shear-webs or as a full box like beam structure which is
154 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157

Fig. 13. Damage of the nozzle under impact, (V = 20 m/s, M = 20 kg) Conical Impactor.

the best spar configuration compared with other configurations
according to our numerical simulations (Fig. 15). The structural
integrity of the nozzle depends on the combination of composites
used to withstand the loads and the highest quality materials
which are required for such marine applications (see Table 4).
Fig. 16 gives the response of the initial and reinforced structure.
It can be concluded that the reinforcement of the trailing edge
can be beneficial for the nozzle. Indeed, it can be observed that
the presence of these spars prevented the occurrence of the
damage.
 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157 155

Fig. 14. Damage of the nozzle under impact, (V = 20 m/s, M = 20 kg) Hemispheric Impactor.

6. Conclusion velocities. The effect of these parameters is noticeable. The varia-

In this investigation, the numerical simulation of damage pro-
gressive in marine current turbine was first performed. The speci-
mens were tested under different loading scenarios including
impact with presence of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads.
The structure consists of E-glass fibers reinforced polymer matrix.
A different impactor form has been considered for three impact
tion of impact energy was controlled and analyzed. The notion of
energy conservation was satisfied. Qualitatively good predictions
of the energy were shown. The damage is controlled with Hashin’s
criteria. The principle conclusions are:
 Performance of impacted marine turbine depends on the fiber
properties and especially the matrix formulation
156 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157

Fig. 15. Schematic view of the configuration with 32 ribs to the trailing edge.

Table 4
Material properties used for the sandwich panel core (Balsa AL600/10 CK-100).

q (kg/m3) E1(MPa) E2 = E3 (MPa) Nu12 Nu13 = Nu23 G12 (MPa) G13(MPa) G23 (MPa)
151 3518 50 0.5 0.02 157 157 157

Fig. 16. Damage of the nozzle (a) with spars and (b) without spars (M = 20 kg, V = 20 m/s).
 M. Nachtane et al. / Composite Structures 170 (2017) 146–157
 The maximum damaged area is obtained with a conical
impactor
 During test the impact energy is conserved and equivalent to
total system energy
 Establishment of numerical models is a first step in integrating
the material responses for design of marine structures.
The study of the damage phenomenon of a hydro-turbine under
impact has all its interest for the designer. Indeed, even a small
damage can have a considerable effect on the durability of the
structure. Damage will result in water infiltration which will con-
tribute to the rapid aging of the nozzle and rapid degradation of the
structure.
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