UNIT 2

Bussiness Communication

According to Ricky W. Griffin, “Oral communication takes place in face-to-face conversations,

group discussions, telephone calls and other circumstances in which spoken word is used to
express meaning.”

According to Bovee and others, “Oral communication expresses ideas through the spoken
word.”

According to S. K. Kapur, “Oral communication takes place when spoken words are used to
transfer information and understanding form on person to another.”

The principles of oral communication are discussed below:

1. Clear pronunciation: Clear pronunciation of message sender in the main factor or oral
communication. If it is not clear, the goal of the message may not be achieved.
2. Preparation: Before communicating orally the speaker should take preparation both
physically are mentally.
3. Unity and integration: The unity an integration of the speech of the message sender is a
must for successful oral communication.
4. Precision: Precision is needed to make oral communication effective. The meaning of the
words must be specific.
5. Natural voice: The speaker’s must not be fluctuated at the time of oral communication.
On the other hand artificial voice must be avoided.
6. Planning: Organized plan is a must for effective oral communication. The speaker should
take proper plan for delivering speech.
7. Simplicity: The speaker should use simple an understandable words in oral
communication. It should be easy and simple.
8. Legality: The speaker’s speech should be legal and logical at the time of oral
communication.
9. Avoiding emotions: At the time of oral discussion, excessive emotions can divert a
speaker from main subject. So, the speaker should be careful about emotion. The speech
must be emotionless.
10. Acting: Many people lose concentration after listening for a few minutes. So speech must
be emotionless.
11. Efficiency: Speakers efficiency and skill is necessary for effective oral communication.
12. Vocabulary: Words bear different meanings to different people in different situations. In
oral communication, a speaker should use the most familiar words to the receiver of the
message to avoid any confusion in the meaning of the words.

Advantages of oral communication in business are followed:

1. Less expensive
2. Saves time

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 3. Immediate feedback
4. Personal contact
5. Useful in difficult situations
6. Co-operative spirit
7. Useful in secret matters
8. Persuasive
9. Useful for all kinds of audiences

Advantages of oral communication over written communication are.

1. Less expensive
Benefits of oral communication is less expensive and saves money as no stationary or gadgets
are required.
2. Saves time

Merits of oral communication are that saves time, labor and energy as it is direct, faster and
personal.
3. Immediate Feedback

In Oral communication, immediate feedback or response is obtained.

4. Personal Contact

Oral communication is more effective, and it develops personal contact, which is essential and
valuable for smooth working.

5. Useful in Difficult Situations

Oral communication is very useful in difficult and emergent situation.

6. Co-operative spirit

Oral communication has a human touch as it generates the friendly and co-operative spirit.

7. Useful in Secret Matters

Oral communication is very useful for some secret and confidential matters.
8. Persuasive

In oral communication, the speaker can win over the other person to his point of view.
9. Useful for all kinds of Audiences

Oral communication is very useful for addressing literate, semi-literate and illiterate masses.

Disadvantages of Oral Communication

1. No legality

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 2. Lack of accountability
3. Low reference value
4. Greater scope for errors
5. Easily forgotten
6. Not useful for long distance

Disadvantages of oral communication over in care setting are.

1. No legality

Limitation of oral communication is that it has no scope from legal point of view as there is no
proof or evidence.

2. Lack of accountability

Drawbacks of oral communication are a speaker or a listener cannot be held accountable for
any vocal message. As anyone can claim or disclaim having said or heard something.
3. Low reference value

As oral communication cannot be stored, it has little reference value.

4. Greater scope for errors

In oral communication, there is a greater chance of misunderstanding due to the verbal nature
of exchange.

5. Easily forgotten

In oral communication, What is conveyed orally, cannot be remembered for a long time as
human memory is short. Hence it is easily forgotten.

6. Not Useful for long Distance

Oral messages are not useful for long distances hence for long distances messages are sent by
fax, telex or e-mail.

Types of oral communication

1. One-on-One Speaking (Student-Student or Student-Teacher): Can range

from moments punctuating a lecture, where students are asked to discuss or
explain some question or problem with the person next to them, to formal student
conferences with their instructor.
2. Small-Group or Team-Based Oral Work: Smaller-scale settings for
discussion, deliberation, and problem solving. Appropriate for both large lectures
and smaller classes and allows levels of participation not possible in larger groups.

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 3. Full-Class Discussions (Teacher- or Student-Led): Typically less agonistic,
argument-based, and competitive than debate and deliberation but still dialogic in
character. Often times has the quality of creating an atmosphere of collective, out-
loud thinking about some question, idea, problem, text, event, or artifact. Like
deliberation and debate, a good way to encourage active learning.
4. In-Class Debates and Deliberations: A structured consideration of some issue
from two or more points of view. Debates typically involve participants who argue
one side throughout, while deliberation allows for movement by individuals within
the process. Both feature reason-giving argument. Can be applied to issues of
many kinds, from disputed scientific facts to theories, policy questions, the meaning
of a text, or the quality of an artistic production.Can range from two participants to
a lecture hall.
5. Speeches and Presentations: Classically, the stand-up, podium speech
delivered by an individual from an outline or script. Also includes group
presentations or impromptu speaking. A strong element of monologue, but dialogue
can be built in with question and answer or discussion with the audience afterward.
6. Oral Examinations: Can take place in the instructor’s office, in small groups, or
before a whole class. Range from one oral question on an otherwise written exam
to an oral defense of a written answer or paper to an entirely oral quiz or
examination. Difficult with very large groups, but an excellent way to determine the
depth and range of student knowledge and to stimulate high levels of preparation.

Conversation is an informal talk in which people exchange views, feelings and thoughts. ... At a
tea-party or social gathering, the conversation reveals feelings of togetherness, rather than
communicating ideas or any specific meaning. • Words are used in symbolic ways as verbal
social gestures.

Reflecting is the process of paraphrasing and restating both the feelings and words of
the speaker. The purposes of reflecting are:

 To allow the speaker to 'hear' their own thoughts and to focus on what they say and feel.
 To show the speaker that you are trying to perceive the world as they see it and that you are
doing your best to understand their messages.
 To encourage them to continue talking.

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Two Main Techniques of Reflecting:

Mirroring

Mirroring is a simple form of reflecting and involves repeating almost exactly what the speaker
says.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing involves using other words to reflect what the speaker has said. Paraphrasing shows
not only that you are listening, but that you are attempting to understand what the speaker is
saying.

Empathy is, at its simplest, awareness of the feelings and emotions of other people. It is a key

element of Emotional Intelligence, the link between self and others, because it is how we as

individuals understand what others are experiencing as if we were feeling it ourselves.

Empathy n. the power of entering into another’s personality and imaginatively experiencing his

experiences.

Elements of Empathy
Daniel Goleman identified five key elements of empathy.

1. Understanding Others
2. Developing Others
3. Having a Service Orientation
4. Leveraging Diversity
5. Political Awareness

TWO SIDES OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONThe

sender and the receiver are the two sides of oral communication. As sender, what are the
differentmethods for making oral communication effectively are described in other section of chapter but

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asthe receiver oral evaluation may include both positive comments and areas for improvement.
Likefeedback on any assignment, it is helpful to offer constructive criticism without personally
attackingthe character of the speaker. Let us suggest the following to receivers for providing oral or
writtenfeedback to oral presentations:

•Be descriptive.Describe what you observed the speaker doing rather than passingjudgment, e.g. say “I
did not hear a concluding statement” rather than “That was a stupidway to end your presentation.”

•Be specific.Give the speaker enough information so that she/he can improve for the nextpresentation,
e.g. say “I would increase the font size on your PowerPoint slides because Ihad trouble reading the slides”
rather than “Your visual aids were ineffective.”
"Empathy is intuitive, but is also something you can work on, intellectually."

Tim Minchi

Here are 10 tips to help you develop effective listening skills.

Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact.

Talking to someone while they scan the room, study a computer screen, or gaze out the window
is like trying to hit a moving target. How much of the person's divided attention you are actually
getting? Fifty percent? Five percent? If the person were your child you might demand, "Look at
me when I'm talking to you," but that's not the sort of thing we say to a lover, friend or colleague.

In most Western cultures, eye contact is considered a basic ingredient of effective

communication. When we talk, we look each other in the eye. That doesn't mean that you can't
carry on a conversation from across the room, or from another room, but if the conversation
continues for any length of time, you (or the other person) will get up and move. The desire for
better communication pulls you together.

Do your conversational partners the courtesy of turning to face them. Put aside papers, books,
the phone and other distractions. Look at them, even if they don't look at you. Shyness,
uncertainty, shame, guilt, or other emotions, along with cultural taboos, can inhibit eye contact
in some people under some circumstances. Excuse the other guy, but stay focused yourself.

Step 2: Be attentive, but relaxed.

Now that you've made eye contact, relax. You don't have to stare fixedly at the other person. You
can look away now and then and carry on like a normal person. The important thing is to be
attentive. The dictionary says that to "attend" another person means to:

 be present

 give attention

 apply or direct yourself

 pay attention

 remain ready to serve

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Mentally screen out distractions, like background activity and noise. In addition, try not to focus
on the speaker's accent or speech mannerisms to the point where they become distractions.
Finally, don't be distracted by your own thoughts, feelings, or biases.

Step 3: Keep an open mind.

Listen without judging the other person or mentally criticizing the things she tells you. If what
she says alarms you, go ahead and feel alarmed, but don't say to yourself, "Well, that was a
stupid move." As soon as you indulge in judgmental bemusements, you've compromised your
effectiveness as a listener.

Listen without jumping to conclusions. Remember that the speaker is using language to
represent the thoughts and feelings inside her brain. You don't know what those thoughts and
feelings are and the only way you'll find out is by listening.

Don't be a sentence-grabber. Occasionally my partner can't slow his mental pace enough to
listen effectively, so he tries to speed up mine by interrupting and finishing my sentences. This
usually lands him way off base, because he is following his own train of thought and doesn't
learn where my thoughts are headed. After a couple of rounds of this, I usually ask, "Do you
want to have this conversation by yourself, or do you want to hear what I have to say?" I
wouldn't do that with everyone, but it works with him.

Step 4: Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying.

Allow your mind to create a mental model of the information being communicated. Whether a
literal picture, or an arrangement of abstract concepts, your brain will do the necessary work if
you stay focused, with senses fully alert. When listening for long stretches, concentrate on, and
remember, key words and phrases.

When it's your turn to listen, don’t spend the time planning what to say next. You can't rehearse
and listen at the same time. Think only about what the other person is saying.

Finally, concentrate on what is being said, even if it bores you. If your thoughts start to wander,
immediately force yourself to refocus.

Step 5: Don't interrupt and don't impose your "solutions."

Children used to be taught that it's rude to interrupt. I'm not sure that message is getting across
anymore. Certainly the opposite is being modeled on the majority of talk shows and reality
programs, where loud, aggressive, in-your-face behavior is condoned, if not encouraged.

Interrupting sends a variety of messages. It says:

 "I'm more important than you are."

 "What I have to say is more interesting, accurate or relevant."

 "I don't really care what you think."

 "I don't have time for your opinion."

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  "This isn't a conversation, it's a contest, and I'm going to win."

We all think and speak at different rates. If you are a quick thinker and an agile talker, the
burden is onyouto relax your pace for the slower, more thoughtful communicator—or for the
guy who has trouble expressing himself.

When listening to someone talk about a problem, refrain from suggesting solutions. Most of us
don't want your advice anyway. If we do, we'll ask for it. Most of us prefer to figure out our own
solutions. We need you to listen and help us do that. Somewhere way down the line, if you are
absolutely bursting with a brilliant solution, at least get the speaker's permission. Ask, "Would
you like to hear my ideas?"

Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions.

When you don't understand something, of course you should ask the speaker to explain it to you.
But rather than interrupt, wait until the speaker pauses. Then say something like, "Back up a
second. I didn't understand what you just said about…"

Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure understanding.

At lunch, a colleague is excitedly telling you about her trip to Vermont and all the wonderful
things she did and saw. In the course of this chronicle, she mentions that she spent some time
with a mutual friend. You jump in with, "Oh, I haven't heard from Alice in ages. How is she?"
and, just like that, discussion shifts to Alice and her divorce, and the poor kids, which leads to a
comparison of custody laws, and before you know it an hour is gone and Vermont is a distant
memory.

This particular conversational affront happens all the time. Our questions lead people in
directions that have nothing to do with where they thought they were going. Sometimes we work
our way back to the original topic, but very often we don't.

When you notice that your question has led the speaker astray, take responsibility for getting the
conversation back on track by saying something like, "It was great to hear about Alice, but tell
me more about your adventure in Vermont."

Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling.

If you feel sad when the person with whom you are talking expresses sadness, joyful when she
expresses joy, fearful when she describes her fears—and convey those feelings through your facial
expressions and words—then your effectiveness as a listener is assured. Empathy is the heart and soul of
good listening.

To experience empathy, you have to put yourself in the other person's place and allow yourself to feel what
it is like to be her at that moment. This is not an easy thing to do. It takes energy and concentration. But it
is a generous and helpful thing to do, and it facilitates communication like nothing else does.

Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback.

Show that you understand where the speaker is coming from by reflecting the speaker's feelings. "You
must be thrilled!" "What a terrible ordeal for you." "I can see that you are confused." If the speaker's
feelings are hidden or unclear, then occasionally paraphrase the content of the message. Or just nod and

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show your understanding through appropriate facial expressions and an occasional well-timed "hmmm"
or "uh huh."

The idea is to give the speaker some proof that you are listening, and that you are following her train of
thought—not off indulging in your own fantasies while she talks to the ether.

In task situations, regardless of whether at work or home, always restate instructions and messages to be
sure you understand correctly.

Step 10: Pay attention to what isn't said—to nonverbal cues.

If you exclude email, the majority of direct communication is probably nonverbal. We glean a great deal of
information about each other without saying a word. Even over the telephone, you can learn almost as
much about a person from the tone and cadence of her voice than from anything she says. When I talk to
my best friend, it doesn't matter what we chat about, if I hear a lilt and laughter in her voice, I feel
reassured that she's doing well.

Face to face with a person, you can detect enthusiasm, boredom, or irritation very quickly in the
expression around the eyes, the set of the mouth, the slope of the shoulders. These are clues you can't
ignore. When listening, remember that words convey only a fraction of the message.

Nonverbal Communication has been defined as communication without words. It

includes apparent behaviors such as facial expressions, eyes, touching, and tone of
voice, as well as less obvious messages such as dress, posture and spatial
distance between two or more people.

Everything communicates, including material objects, physical space, and time

systems. Although verbal output can be turned off, nonverbal cannot. Even silence
speaks.

The many different types of nonverbal communication include:

Facial expressions

The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And
unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions
for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.

Body movements and posture

Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand, or hold their head.
The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of
nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.

Gestures

Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when
we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking.
However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to
be careful to avoid misinterpretation.

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Eye contact

Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of
nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including
interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of
conversation and for gauging the other person’s interest and response.

Touch

We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a weak
handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring slap on the back, a patronizing
pat on the head, or a controlling grip on the arm.

Space

Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close
and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on
the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to
communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression
or dominance.

Voice

It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people “read” our voices in addition
to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak,
your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as “ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about
how someone's tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.ntuitive,
The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said.” – Peter F. Drucker

Nonverbal communication describes the process of shared cues between people, which goes hand-in-
hand with public speaking. This can include eye contact, frequency of glances, blink rate, gestures, facial
expressions, postures, and more.

The presentation is, perhaps, the one mode of communication that has proved relevant through every
technological innovation. Our decks get more glamorous, but it’s still just you on stage, in front of an
audience. Nonverbal signals can increase trust, clarity, and add interest to your presentation when
yielded properly. Learning how to become more sensitive to body language and nonverbal cues will make
you the best presenter you can be.

What is written communication

According to Bovee and others, “Written communication is the expression of ideas
through words that are meant to be read.”

According to C.B. Mamoria, “A written communication process is always put into writing
and generally used when the audience is at a distance or when a permanency of record
is required.

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According to Ricky W. Griffin, “Written communication is the message that is encoded
and transmitted in written form.”

Types of Written Communication

There are two main types of communication: oral and written. Written communication involves any type of
message that makes use of the written word. Written communication is the most important and the most
effective of any mode of business communication.
Some of the various forms of written communications that are used internally for business operations include:

 Memos
 Reports
 Bulletins
 Job descriptions
 Employee manuals
 Emails
 Instant messages

Examples of written communications generally used with clients or other businesses include:

 Email
 Internet websites
 Letters
 Proposals
 Telegrams
 Faxes
 Postcards
 Contracts
 Advertisements
 Brochures
 News releases

Some advantages of written communication are:

 No need for personal contact - you can tell an employee he or she has to work overtime through an
email instead of face-to-face.
 Saves money - you can send an email instead of calling long distance.
 Written proof - provides written proof in case of a dispute.

Some disadvantages of written communication are:

 Delay in communication - it may take a while to get to the intended recipient.

 Lack of secrecy - once it's on paper, anyone can read it.
 Costly - if the sender and receiver are sitting next to each other,

Characteristics of a good written communication are discussed below:

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 1. Easy language: Easy language should be used in written communication. The sentences
of written communication must be understandable to the reader.
2. Structure: Definite structure must be followed in drafting any written document. Every
written form has its own structure.
3. Accurate and precise: A well written document must be accurate and precise. Written
communication insists on greater accuracy and precision.
4. Direct speech: Direct speech should be used in written communication. Indirect and
passive sentences must be avoided.
5. Paragraph design: A good written communication bears a paragraph design.
Paragraphing is also important to clear communication.
6. Error-less: A well written document must be free from error in both grammar and
language.
7. You-attitude: There must be your attitude in written communication. The reader can be
impressed for this.
8. Personal and organizational images: A good written communication bears the personal
image of the writer. It also increases the organizational image as a whole.
10 Principles Of Effective Writing
In his book Style (Cassell), Lucas offered the following basic principles to “shorten that painful process” of
learning how to write better.
1. Brevity
It is bad manners to waste [the reader’s] time. Therefore brevity first, then, clarity.
2. Clarity
It is bad manners to give [readers] needless trouble. Therefore clarity… . And how is clarity to be achieved?
Mainly by taking trouble and by writing to serve people rather than to impress them.
3. Communication
The social purpose of language is communication—to inform, misinform, or otherwise influence our fellows…
. Communication [is] more difficult than we may think. We are all serving life sentences of solitary
confinement within our bodies; like prisoners, we have, as it were, to tap in awkward code to our fellow men in
their neighbouring cells… . In some modern literature there has appeared a tendency to replace communication
by a private maundering to oneself which shall inspire one’s audience to maunder privately to themselves—
rather as if the author handed round a box of drugged cigarettes.
4. Emphasis
Just as the art of war largely consists of deploying the strongest forces at the most important points, so the art
of writing depends a good deal on putting the strongest words in the most important places… . One of the most
important things, to my mind, in English style is word-order. For us, the most emphatic place in a clause or
sentence is the end. This is the climax; and, during the momentary pause that follows, that last word continues,
as it were, to reverberate in the reader’s mind. It has, in fact, the last word.
5. Honesty
As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character,
writing reveals it still more. You cannot fool all your judges all the time… . Most style is not honest enough.
Easy to say, but hard to practice. A writer may take to long words, as young men to beards—to impress. But
long words, like long beards, are often the badge of charlatans. Or a writer may cultivate the obscure, to seem
profound. But even carefully muddied puddles are soon fathomed. Or he may cultivate eccentricity, to seem
original. But really original people do not have to think about being original—they can no more help it than
they can help breathing. They do not need to dye their hair green.
6. Passion and Control
This, indeed, is one of the eternal paradoxes of both life and literature—that without passion little gets done;
yet, without control of that passion, its effects are largely ill or null.
7. Reading
One learns to write by reading good books, as one learns to talk by hearing good talkers.

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8. Revision
Every author’s fairy godmother should provide him not only with a pen but also with a blue pencil.
9. Sophistication and Simplicity
My point is merely that the sophisticated (ready though they may be to suppose so) do not necessarily express
themselves better than the simple—in fact, may often have much to learn from them.
10. Sound and Rhythm
Apart from a few simple principles, the sound and rhythm of English prose seem to me matters where both
writers and readers should trust not so much to rules as to their ears.

Written communication aims to inform someone of something in a way that they are able to read and
understand the message, with an intention of responding to it. In some cases the only way you can
communicate certain information is via written communication. This could be the case in
certain aspects of a job, such as a statement of an incident and so on. You could also consider that story
telling in novels is a way of written communication because even though the words are fictitious they are
still communicating a particular narrative.

Approaching the writing process systematically-

1. Prewriting
You’re ready to start writing. So why has that blank page been staring back at you for the past
hour? Prewriting identifies everything you need to do before you sit down to start your rough
draft.


o Find Your Idea
Ideas are all around you. You might draw inspiration from a routine, an everyday
situation or a childhood memory. Alternatively, keep a notebook specifically devoted to
catching your ideas as they come to you. Your own imagination is the only limit to
finding your source of inspiration.
o Build On Your Idea
Two of the most popular methods of fleshing out your idea are free writing and
brainstorming. Free writing means writing every idea that comes into your head. Do not
stop to edit your mistakes, just let the ideas flow. Or, try brainstorming. If you're on a
computer, try a manual process first to help you visualize your narrative: write your idea
in the center of the page and work outwards in all of the different directions you can take
your story.
o Plan and Structure
Piecing the puzzle together comes next. It's time to sort through your ideas and choose
which ones you will use to form your story. Make sure you keep your notes even after
your book is published – there may be the seeds for your next story as well.

2. Writing

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Now you have your plan and you’re ready to start writing. Remember, this is your first rough
draft. Forget about word count and grammar. Don’t worry if you stray off topic in places; even
the greatest writers produce multiple drafts before they produce their finished manuscript. Think
of this stage as a free writing exercise, just with more direction. Identify the best time and
location to write and eliminate potential distractions. Make writing a regular part of your day.

3. Revision
Your story can change a great deal during this stage. When revising their work, many writers
naturally adopt the A.R.R.R. approach:


o Add: The average novel has between 60,000 and 100,000 words. Does your book have
enough words to be considered a novel? Have you given your readers all the
information they need to make sense of your story? If not, go back to your notebook that
you kept for additional scenes and any additional details.
o Rearrange: Consider the flow, pacing and sequencing of your story. Would the plot be
better served if some of the events occur in a different order?
o Remove: After making additions to your story, how is your word count now? Are your
readers experiencing information overload? You may need to eliminate passages that
don’t quite fit.
o Replace: The most effective way to revise your work is to ask for a second opinion. Do
you need more vivid details to help clarify your work? Is one scene contradicting
another? Ask friends or fellow writers to take a look and give you feedback, and if
something isn’t working rewrite it and replace it.

4. Editing
You have overhauled your story. It’s time to fine tune your manuscript line by line. Check for
repetition, clarity, grammar, spelling and punctuation. Editing is an extremely detailed process
and its best when performed by a professional. You can hire your own editor or utilized the
editing services available through LifeRich Publishing. Nobody wants to read a book that is full
of mistakes, and they certainly won’t buy a book that is riddled with them.

5. Publishing
You now have a completed manuscript ready to publish. LifeRich Publishing's extensive portfolio of
publishing services can help you beome a published author. Explore LifeRich Publishing's range of
available publishing packages. To learn more about the benefits of publishing with LifeRich, read this
article.

3 - X - 3 W RI TI N G
February 2, 2015

When composing any document consulting the four basic principles of business writing is
recommended. Another great tool to keep available is the 3-x-3 writing process. This process
takes all of the information presented above and puts it into a neat package. This is a simple
process that encompasses three steps to guarantee your success.

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1. Prewriting – Form the purpose, profile your audience and determine the correct tone and method.
2. Writing – Research, organize and comprise the message
3. Revising – Proofread, revise and determine if the message will appeal to the audience.
Guffey (2013), states that the revising process is the most time consuming of the three. She also
recommends allotting a specific percentage of time to each area. Step one: 25%, step two: 25%
and step three: 50%. (p. 81). These steps are guidelines for the inexperienced writer. As you
become more familiar with business writing feel free to arrange the steps to make them work for
your writing style and your success.

Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process, typically followed by drafting, revision, editing and
publishing.[1][2][3]
Prewriting can consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, storyboarding, clustering (for a
technique similar to clustering, see mindmapping).

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