Forces on Immersed bodies

Dr. Sharad Chaudhary

 V Laminar boundary-
Looking Back
Transition Turbulent boundary-
boundary
layer layer U
region
U
Turbulent layer
y

Buffer layer
Laminar layer
x
xcr Boundary-layer
layer thickness, δ
Relative velocity of
V fluid layers
In vector form, U V

  2
 DV
F  P   V   INVISCID FLOW REGION
Dt 0.99V
Navier-Stokes Equation Zero velocity at the
surface
BOUNDARY LAYER REGIONδ (No slip condition)

Also, in fluid kinematics we have studied

• Types of Flow (Recti-/Curvilinear,
/Curvilinear, rotational, 1D, 2D and 3D flows,
Steady/Uniform, Laminar Turbulent etc
• Stream and Velocity potential Functions and there relations and physical
significance
• The terms pressure /velocity gradient, reynolds no.
 Cylinder in a fluid Stream

Invicid flow/ potential flow

Boundary Layer Flow

Wake Boundary Layer Separation
Stagnation Points
Aerofoil in a fluid Stream
 Forces on Immersed body
When any body is immersed in a flowing fluid
like the one shown in fig

It is acted upon by force that can be resolved in

two components
1. Parallel to flow direction (Drag)
2. Perpendicular to flow direction (Lift)
 Forces on Immersed body

These force components can be evaluated by

1. Potential flow theory (Assuming ideal flow
and applying mathematical functions to
represent the flow)
2. Experiments (Find the force by actually
placing the body in fluid Stream)
 Drag
The force component acting parallel to the flow
direction is known as Drag.
Drag It is known as profile
drag as it depends on the profile of the body.
It is attributed to two reasons
1. Variation of pressure around the body
(Pressure Drag)
2. Variation of Shear Stress around the body
(Friction or Skin Friction Drag)
Lift and Drag
 Drag
If the variation of pressure around the body is
expressed by ps then pressure drag may be
expressed as
D p    ps cos  ds
Contour
If the variation of Shear Stress around the body
is expressed by  o then Friction drag may be
expressed as D   sin  ds
f 
Contour
o

The drag is found experimentally in wind tunnel

as D  1 C U 2 A
D 
2
 Lift
If the variation of pressure around the body is
expressed by ps then lift due to such a pressure
variation may be expressed as
L p    ps sin  ds
Contour
If the variation of Shear Stress around the body
is expressed by τs then Lift due to friction may be
expressed as L   cos  ds
f 
Contour
o

The Lift is found experimentally in wind tunnel

as L  1 C U 2 A
D 
2
 Resultant Force
The resultant force acting on the body will be

F  L2  D 2
 Potential flow Theory
Mathematical modelling of the various flows by
stream  , and velocity potential  , function
   
u  ,v   
y x x y
Some standard patterns
1. Rectilinear flow
  U   y cos   x sin  
  U   x cos   x sin  
 Potential flow Theory
q  q 
2. Source 
2
,    ln r
 2 

q  q 
3. Sink   ,     ln r
2  2 

4. Source and rectilinear flow: Rankine body

 rankine   sr   rect
q
  U  r sin 
2
 Potential flow Theory
5. Source-Sink Combination
q 1   2   q 
 
comb ,  combln r  ln r 
  1 2
2  2 
6. Doublet
 m   m 
 doublet    cos  , doublet    sin 
 2r   2r 
7. Flow past a cylinder
 cyn   doublet   rect
 m 
   sin   U  r sin 
 2r 
 a2 
 U   r   sin   U  r sin 
 r 
 Flow past a cylinder
 a2 
 c  U   r   sin   U  r sin 
 r 
 a2   a2 
vr  1  2 U  cos  , v  1  2 U  sin 
 r   r 
Stagnation pressure points
P  U 2 P U 2
  
 2  2
P P  U 2 U 2
  
  2 2
2

  2   a  2
 
P P  U    1  2 U  sin  
2   r  

 
 Flow past a cylinder
When U  0 , we obtain stagnation points
 a2  
 1  2 U  sin    0
 r  
   
i.e. θ=0 or 180, at stagnation point
 2
P P  U 
2
When θ=90 or 270,
2 2
  2  a  2 

P P  U   1  2  U 
2  r  
 
the pressure is lowest
 Flow past cylinder with circulation
It is obtained by
 cyn,cir   cyn   vortex

  cyn
 
 a2    
 cyn,cir  U   r   sin   U  r sin     ln r
 r   2 

v  U  sin  
2a
Stagnation pressure obtained by
P  U 2 P U 2
  
 2  2
P P  U 2 U 2
  
  2 2
Flow past cylinder with circulation
Position of Stagnation points

v  U  sin  
2a   4aU  ,0  sin   1

0  U  sin  
2a

sin   
2aU 
  4aU  , sin   1
Three cases arise:
  4aU  ,0  sin   1
  4aU  , sin   1
  4aU  , sin  does not exit, stagnation point is not
on the surface   4aU 
 Flow past cylinder with circulation
Stagnation pressure 2
U  2
   

P P   1    2 sin    
2   2aU   
 
Pressure at small segment is
P  P  ad
The elementary lift force, dL
dL  P  P  ad
2
Kutta-Joukowsky’s Law L  U  
L  P  P  ad sin 
0
2
2
U 2
   

  1    2 sin     ad sin   U  
2   2aU   
0  
Flow past cylinder with circulation
Drag
2
D  P  P ad cos 
0


2
2
U 2
   

  1    2 sin     ad cos   0
2   2aU   
0  
Viscous Flow past a cylinder
Flow past a cylinder
Flow past a cylinder
The pattern of vortices given
by Von Ka rma n
h / l  1 /  sinh 1 l  0.281

The frequency of force vibration

is given by Strouhal Number (Str)

fd / U   0.198 1  19.7
Re

 Flow past a Sphere
Flow is similar to that past a cylinder but vortex
ring are formed at Re=10 which become
unstable at 200<Re<2000
2000, is not periodic. Based
on Re no. the flow has been classified as
1. Creeping Flow (Re <<0.1,, Inertial force Negligible)
2. Stokes Flow (Re<0.1, D= 6πμRU∞)
1
C D U 2 A  6RU 
2
24  24
Since A  R 2 , C D  , hence, C D 
U  d Re
3. Allen Flow (0.2<Re<500,C
,CD =f(Re))
4. Newton Flow (500<Re<10105), CD =0.44
Flow past a Sphere
Flow past a Sphere Vs Cylinder
 Flow past a Sphere
Stokes’ Law: finding the terminal velocity of
sphere
Drag  Buoyancy  Gravity
4 3 4 3
6RU t  R  fluid g  R  sphere g
3 3
4R 2
Ut   sphere   fluid g
18