GSD 2142 Landscape Representation II

TERRAIN
CELEBRATING THE LEGEND
 “Although some conventions exist in maps, the symbols are not as standardised as they are in written language, and
a legend is always required for each map to allow for complete interpretation. If a symbol is a picture of the object,
immediate recognition should follow. Artificial devices, however, rely on the user supplying extra information himself. .
. . The eye and brain, when faced with a new map, are only partly prepared to receive and understand what it contains.
Well-known general terms such as ‘sea’ and ‘river’ will be obvious, although being unspecific, they may be singularly
uninformative. New symbols are either learned beforehand or continuously referred to in the legend. This oscillation of
attention is bound to affect the rate of comprehension. Above all, however, the map user must be able to extract the
required symbol or group of symbols from the map, with maximum facility.”

—M. Wood, Visual Perception and Map Design
http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/
 Incorporated city or equivalent
Federally administered park, Seawall
reservation, or monument (external)
Federally
BATHYMETRIC FEATURES
administered park, COASTAL FEATURES Oil or gas well; platform
reservation,
Area exposed at mean lowor monument (internal)
tide; sounding Foreshore flat
datum line***
CONTOURS
State
Channel***forest, park, reservation,Coral
oror rock reef
Topographic
monument and large county park
Sunken rock***
Rock, bare or awash; dangerous
BOUNDARIES to navigation
Index
Forest
National Service administrative area*
Group of rocks, bare or awash
600 0
State or territorial

Forest Service ranger district*Depth curve; sounding

County or equivalent
Exposed wreck
Approximate or indefinite
Civil township or equivalent 18 23

National
Incorporated city orForest
equivalent System land status,
Breakwater, pier, jetty, or wharf
Intermediate
Forest Service lands*
Federally administered park, Seawall
reservation, or monument (external)
Federally administered park, Oil or gas well; platform Approximate or indefinite
National Forest
reservation, or monument (internal)
State forest, park, reservation, or
System land status,
CONTOURS

non-Forest Service lands*

Topographic
monument and large county park
Forest Service administrative area*
Index 6000 Supplementary
Approximate or indefinite
Small park System(county or city)
Forest Service ranger district*
National Forest land status, Intermediate
Forest Service lands*
Approximate or indefinite Depression
BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES
National Forest System land status,
non-Forest Service lands*
Supplementary
Small park (county or city)
Depression
Building
BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES
Building Cut
Cut

School; house of worship

School; house of worship
Athletic field Fill

Fill
Built-up area Continental divide
Athletic field
Forest headquarters*
Bathymetric

Index***
Ranger district office*

Built-up area
Guard station or work center*
Intermediate***

Index primary***
Continental divide
Racetrack or raceway
Primary*** Bathymetric
Forest headquarters*
Airport, paved landing strip,
runway, taxiway, or apron Supplementary***

CONTROL DATA AND MONUMENTS Index***

Unpaved landing strip
Ranger
Well (other thandistrict
water), windmill offi
or windce*
Principal point**
generator U.S. mineral or location monument USMM 438

Tanks River mileage marker Mile

69 Intermediate***
Guard station or work center* Third-order or better elevation,
Covered reservoir Boundary monument
BM
Gaging station with tablet
Index primary***
9134

Racetrack or raceway
Located or landmark object (feature as labeled)
Boat ramp or boat access*
Third-order or better elevation,
recoverable mark, no tablet 5628

With number and elevation 67

4567
Horizontal control
Primary***
Roadside park or rest area
Third-order or better, permanent mark Neace
Picnic area With third-order or better elevation BM

Airport,
Campground paved landing strip,
52

With checked spot elevation 1012

runway, taxiway, or apron

Winter recreation area* Coincident with found section corner Cactus Supplementary***
Cemetery Cem Unmonumented**

CONTROL DATA AND MONUMENTS

Unpaved landing strip Principal point**
USGS Standards: http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/topomapsymbols.pdf
Well (other than water), windmill or wind generator U.S. mineral or location monument USMM 438
LINE
Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports, Spécimens de Principales Cartes, Paris: l’Institut Géographique National,1949
Petchek, Grading for Landscape Architects and Architects (left + middle); Alphand, Parc des Buttes Chaumont (right)
HATCH
Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports, Spécimens de Principales Cartes, Paris: l’Institut Géographique National,1949
RAMP
Lexikon zur Bestimmung der Gelandeformen in Karten
TINT
Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports, Spécimens de Principales Cartes, Paris: l’Institut Géographique National,1949
http://www.reliefshading.com/colors/hypsometric.html
Classed (left) versus Ramped (right)
Eduard Imhof, Cartographic Relief Presentation
SHADE
Eduard Imhof
Eduard Imhof