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Lecture 9:
Supersonic Aeroelasticity
G. Dimitriadis
∂φ ∂φ
• Where = u, =v
∂x ∂y
• And u, and v are small local velocity
perturbations from the free stream
AERO0032-1, Aeroelasticity and Experimental Aerodynamics, Lecture 9 5
Linearized Small Disturbance Equation
'( U ∞α ( t ) + h˙ ( t ) + x − x f α˙ ( t )
( ) lower surface
• where
" a% n
a − k + 1 a( a − 1) ( a − n + 1)
$ '=∏ =
# n& k =1 k n!
AERO0032-1, Aeroelasticity and Experimental Aerodynamics, Lecture 9 9
Binomial expansion
• Assume that the downwash velocity is much smaller
than the speed of sound, we can use a binomial series
on the pressure equation:
2γ
# γ −1 w(x, t) & γ −1
p ( x, t ) = p∞ %1+ (
$ 2 a∞ '
# 2 3 &
w γ (γ +1) # w & γ (γ +1) # w &
≈ p∞ %1+ γ λ + % ( λ +
2 3
% ( λ ((
%
$ a∞ 4 $ a∞ ' 12 $ a∞ ' '
M∞
• Where λ = is a correction factor
M∞ − 1
2
M∞ ' 2 2 3 )
Is this a physically
possible flutter speed?
This corresponds to a
Mach number of 1.2.
The flight condition is
very unsafe.
Altitude range:
0-21000m
Flight conditions
at Mach numbers
higher than 3.5
are unsafe.
∞ ∞
∞ ∞
• So 2that 2
∂ φ ∂ φ ∂ 2φ LM ∞ ∂φ L2
+ + − 2iω + ω 2
2 φ = 0 for M ∞ < 1
∂x$ ∂y$ ∂z$
2 2 2
βa∞ ∂x$ a∞
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ LM ∞ ∂φ 2 L
2
2 +
−Aeroelasticity + 2 − 2i ω +9ω 2 φ = 0 for M ∞ > 1
∂x$ ∂y$ ∂z$ 2 Experimental
βa∞ ∂x$ a∞
AERO0032-1, and Aerodynamics, Lecture 30
Modified potential
• Furthermore, define a modified potential
such that
φ ( x#, y#, z#) = φ ( x#, y#, z#)e iνM x #
∞
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
− − + ν 2
φ = 0 for M ∞ >311
∂x$ ∂y$ ∂z$
2 Lecture
29 2
AERO0032-1, Aeroelasticity and Experimental Aerodynamics,
Potential solutions
• Applying Green’s theorem to this latest equation, it can be shown
that solutions can be obtained in terms of a sum of singularities,
such as sources, vortices or doublets.
• Using sources and doublets and transforming back into the original
coordinates we obtain
1
φ ( x, y,z) = −
Eπ
∫∫ σ ( x , y ,z )e
1 1 1
iνM ∞ ξ
KdS +
S
1 ∂
+
Eπ
∫∫ µ( x1, y1,z1)e iνM ∞ξ ∂n
KdS
S