University of Sunderland

Faculty of Technology
School of Engineering

EAT118 – ENERGY CONVERSION

Assignment 2 of 2

Student Name:
Bader Alenezi

Student No:
179143483
 Table of Contents

Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3
Description ............................................................................................................ 3
Calculations set for section B ................................................................................. 4
Data of calculations ............................................................................................... 5
Static and dynamic head versus distance graphs ................................................... 6
Conclusion of results .............................................................................................. 8
Objectives

This experiment demonstrates the validity of Bernoulli’s equation when

steady, incompressible flow flowing in a duct with circular cross section
and variation of diameter along the duct length.

Description
Steady and incompressible flow through converging-diverging duct, the
pressure measured by manometers at sections A,B……to K to get the
actual static head then the theoretical static head compared with actual .

Figure 1 Circular duct

Calculations set for section B

Bernoulli’s equation is:

PA VA2 PB VB2
+ = +
ρg 2g ρg 2g
PA
∶ Static head at A
ρg
VA2
∶ Dynamic head at A
2g
PB
∶ Static head at B
ρg
VB2
∶ Dynamic head at B
2g
Volumetric flow rate Q=AV, Cross section area 0.25𝜋𝑑 2
Q 4.68 ∗ 10−4 m
VA = = = 0.881356
A 0.25 ∗ 3.1415 ∗. 0262 s
VA2 0.8813562
= = 0.039592 m
2g 2 ∗ 9.81
Q 4.68 ∗ 10−4 m
VB = = = 1.106383
A 0.25 ∗ 3.1415 ∗. 02322 s
VB2 1.1063832
= = 0.06239 m
2g 2 ∗ 9.81
 PB
= 0.274 + 0.039592 − 0.02639=0.251202 m
ρg

Data of calculations

Theoretical static head for other sections is performed on EXCEL as

shown in the Table

Position Diameter Area Velocity Distance Actual Dynamic Total Theoretical

(mm) (m2) (m/s) From A static head head static
(mm) head Hd (m) head
hs (m) (m) (m)

A 26 0.000531 0.881356 0 0.274 0.039592 0.313592 0.274

B 23.2 0.000423 1.106383 20 0.26 0.06239 0.32239 0.251202

C 18.4 0.000266 1.759398 32 0.166 0.157772 0.323772 0.15582

D 16 0.000201 2.328358 46 0.022 0.276312 0.298312 0.037279

E 16.8 0.000222 2.108108 61 0.039 0.22651 0.26551 0.087082

F 18.47 0.000268 1.746269 76 0.121 0.155426 0.276426 0.158166

G 20.16 0.000319 1.467085 91 0.167 0.109701 0.276701 0.203891

H 21.84 0.000375 1.248 106 0.196 0.079383 0.275383 0.234209

I 23.53 0.000435 1.075862 121 0.214 0.058995 0.272995 0.254598

J 25.24 0.0005 0.936 136 0.228 0.044653 0.272653 0.26894

K 26 0.000531 0.881356 156 0.234 0.039592 0.273592 0.274002

Static and dynamic head versus distance graphs

Actual and Theoretical Static head

0.3

0.25

0.2
static head

0.15

0.1
actual static head

theoretical static head

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
distance,mm

Figure 2 static head vs. Distance

 Dynamic head
0.3

0.25

0.2
dynamic head ,m

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
distance,mm

Figure 3 Dynamic head vs. Distance

Conclusion of results

1- Bernoulli’s equation is valid because there is a little variations

between actual and theoretical static head, the reason for this
variation is the theoretical calculations did not take in
consideration the friction losses between flow layers.

2- Static Head decrease and dynamic head increase in the

converging part of duct.

3- Static Head increase and dynamic head decrease in the diverging

part of duct.