Professional Documents
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Subject : Physics
Level grade : 10
Duration : 6 weeks
Number of lessons per week : 3 + 1 for formative assessment and project work
Curriculum Type : SABIS curriculum
A- Curriculum
The SABIS curriculum is designed to provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to
develop a solid academic foundation.
B- Standards
In this unit, students will:
1. Become familiar with the history of the discovery of the fundamental particles of an atom.
2. Review different atomic models, Thomson’s, Rutherford’s, Bohr’s, De Broglie’s, Schrodinger and Born’s
models among others.
3. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom and its nucleus.
4. Use the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus to predict the stability of a nucleus.
5. Draw a stability chart of nuclei.
6. Understand the random nature of radioactivity, the spontaneous decay of an unstable nucleus into a
more stable one.
7. Contrast two types of spontaneous radioactive decays: alpha and beta decays.
8. Investigate the nature of radiations.
9. Discuss the dark side of radioactivity.
10. Measure the activity of a radioactive sample using a G-M counter.
11. Determine experimentally the half-life of a radioactive sample.
12. Differentiate between spontaneous radioactivity and another two types of nuclear reactions: fission and
fusion.
13. Balance and complete nuclear reactions.
14. Perform necessary calculations to find the amount of nuclear energy released or absorbed during a
nuclear reaction.
15. Judge of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy.
16. Compare this form of energy with other renewable sources of energy.
17. Investigate and decide which form of renewable energy is best suited for a country of their choice or
18. Develop a plan to reduce energy consumption in a community (family, school, building, neighborhood)
19. Report and present their findings to the class.
By the end of this unit, students who are planning to sit for Cambridge IGCSE Physics exam (0625) or physical
science exam (0652) would have covered objectives 5.1.1 to 5.2.5 and 1.7.2 of the Cambridge International
updated Syllabus (2019) as described on https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/329750-2019-
syllabus.pdf , and objectives P1.6.4 and P5.2.2 to P5.2.5 as described on
https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/329754-2019-2021-syllabus.pdf.
C- Mission
In alignment with the mission of the International school of Choueifat, this unit will provide students with an
additional layer of knowledge, skills and enduring understandings which will prepare them “for success in
college, equip them with the ability and desire for lifelong learning and strengthen their civic, ethical and
moral values.”
D- Big ideas and enduring understandings
I. Scientific modeling:
By introducing different historical models of the atomic structure of matter, from the time of
Democritus and his atomic hypothesis, to the most recent quantum field theory and virtual particles,
with a focus on Thomson discovery of the electron, Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, and
Rutherford’s planetary model, students will have a better understanding of the nature of scientific
models: simple, predictable, and testable explanations of how things in nature work. Models do not
necessarily tell us “the truth”, as models constantly evolve and improve when scientific advances are
made. Some models might even be completely rejected.
On the first lesson of the unit, students will be given a 5 minutes diagnostic test. The test will activate
students’ prior knowledge on concepts such as atoms, the elements of the periodic table and chemical
reactions. The tested ideas are the ones at the intersection of this unit and the grade 10S SABIS chemistry
course.
In accordance with the SABIS system, students will engage in regular assessment using exams that teachers do
not see in advance. Even though they might not have seen the exams in advance, all teachers in the SABIS
network contribute continuously in writing those exam-related questions. The questions, selected by a central
committee for the weekly tests, are part of this large pool of questions teachers themselves have contributed
in writing, having the SABIS curriculum standards in mind.
At the beginning of each week (weeks 2,3,4 and 5) students will sit for a twenty-five-minutes computerized
test. Each one of those tests will account for 10% of the final unit grade. This weekly summative test is a
combination of multiple choice and computer correctible type-in questions with closed answers aimed at
detecting any gaps in the acquisition of the basic competences of the previous week. Students are allowed up
to three attempts on every question with an applicable system of penalty. Every time a student fails to answer
a question correctly, he or she will be redirected to a section of the book that reexplains the concept, a
diagram that illustrates the problem, or a video that reteaches the standard, before the student can move to
his or her next attempt. On the second and third trials, the questions will not be repeated. Instead a different
version of the question will appear on the screen. This decreases the chances that students proceed by
elimination or by guessing.
This system of computerized academic tracking allows the students and the teacher to detect any gaps as soon
as they appear. An ongoing action plan is put in place to help the students with many failed concepts. This
includes assigning students as subject mentors to help mentees. The mentors and mentees will be provided
with extra worksheets and revision sessions of 30 minutes to one hour can be organized after school once or
twice a week, depending on the students need.
At the end of the unit (in week 6), students will sit for a fifty-minutes final summative unit exam which will
account for 30% of the total unit grade. This test consists of 50% computerized multiple-choice questions and
50% written free response questions. The grade load on both parts is the same. The focus of the free-response
questions will be on critical thinking, data analysis, and experiment designing.
Over the six weeks duration of this unit, students will be working in groups of four or five on one of the two
project ideas 16 and 17 of the standards mentioned above. This project will account for 20% of the total unit
grade. Students may present their findings in any form or combination of forms they wish: power point
presentation, picture presentation, videos, conference, drawings, paintings, 3D models, role plays, experiment,
etc. The format should be discussed with the teacher in order to make necessary arrangements on the day of
the presentations.
The remaining 10% of the unit grade will consist of continuous informal assessment. This includes students’
attendance, class engagement, respect to peers and class rules and routines, cooperation with teacher and
classmates, lab reports, exit slips, etc.
Every end of week, students will answer an online anonymous survey on www.surveymonkey.com to evaluate
their week in physics class. The purpose of this survey is to give the teacher a better idea on what went well
and what can be improved and to try to incorporate students’ suggestions and/or needs in the coming week’s
lessons.
F- Unit Plan
a. Unit Structure :
1. Atomic models
1.1. Thomson’s model
1.2. Rutherford’s model
1.3. Chadwick’s experiment
2. Atomic Structure
2.1. Mass and charge number
2.2. Atomic mass unit (a.m.u.)
2.3. Isotopes
3. Radioactivity
3.1. Stability chart
3.2. Natural and artificial radioactivity
3.3. Alpha and beta decay
3.4. Properties of alpha and beta particles and gamma radiations
3.5. Radiation Detection
3.6. Activity of a radioactive substance
3.7. Background radiation
3.8. G-M counter
3.9. Penetration and absorption of radiation
3.10. Half-life
3.11. Random nature of radioactivity
3.12. Dark side of radioactivity
3.13. Examples of the uses of radioactivity
4. Nuclear reactions
4.1. Fission
4.2. Fusion
4.3. Balancing nuclear reactions
4.4. Nuclear reactions vs chemical reactions
5. Nuclear energy
5.1. Mass deficit
5.2. Quantitative study of nuclear energy
6. Advantages of nuclear energy over fossil fuels
7. Disadvantages of nuclear energy
8. Renewable sources of energy
b. Modes of instructions
According to the SABIS approach to learning, teachers teach one concept at a time using
the SABIS Point System® and a variety of resources, with each lesson alternating frequently between
oral work, individual written work, and group work, in such a way that it is difficult for students to
“switch off”.
c. Resources
1. Textbook: This unit uses as a main resource the SABIS Physics textbook part 2 (Lebel L), along
with a sample questions book. This coursebook is clearly structured to enable students and
teachers to know precisely what should be taught and learned to meet the standards of the
course.
2. Videos: This course uses a variety of videos that will benefit specifically the visual learners.
3. Online resources: http://phet.colorado.com for simulations.
Phet.com offers various online simulations suitable for students and teachers on the following
unit related topics:
i. Build an atom (Week 1, lesson 1) [STANDARDS 1,2,3]
ii. Rutherford scattering (Week 1, lesson 1) [STANDARD 2]
iii. Alpha and Beta decay (Week 1, Lesson 3) [STANDARD 7]
iv. Isotopes and Atomic mass (Week 1, Lesson 2) [STANDARD 3]
v. Nuclear fission (Week 4, Lesson 3) [STANDARD 12]
vi. Radioactive Dating game (Week 4, Lesson 2)
vii. Half Life (Week 3, Lesson 3) [STANDARD 11]
viii. Radiation (Week 2, Lesson 3) [STANDARD 8]
4. Laboratory equipment used over five sessions includes Geiger-Muller tube and counter (radiation
detector), various radiation sources, photographic plates, microscope, fluorescent screens
painted with zinc sulfide, cloud chamber, electromagnets.
5. At the end of this unit, students will attend a Q&A session with one of the board directors of the
ENEC (Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation) or the Nawah Energy Company operating and
maintaining units 1 to 4 at the Barakah Nuclear Power Plant, the first nuclear power plant in the
UAE, located in Al Dhafra region in Abu Dhabi. This session will take place outside regular class
times or during the 85 minutes lunch break time. During this session, students get the chance to
explore, with experts in the nuclear energy development field, different aspects of this
technology, the challenges it creates and faces, as well as the future of this technology in the
UAE, the region, and the world. [ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS II AND III]
6. Field Trip to Masdar city
Masdar city in Abu Dhabi relies fully on solar and other forms of renewable energies. A guided
tour of the city will allow students to use personal rapid transit (PRT) Mitsubishi electric cars and
to visit the Masdar institute of Science and Technology, the headquarters of the International
Renewable Energy Agency, the Masdar wind tower, and the onsite solar photovoltaic farm.
Students will be invited afterwards to write a one-page report on three aspects of the design of
the city that they found most interesting and the way these aspects contribute either in saving
energy or producing clean energy. This report will be part of the ongoing informal assessment of
this unit. This field trip will take place on a weekend or afterschool. [ENDURING
UNDERSTANDING III] [DOK 3 and 4]
d. Weekly plan
Week 3 Weekly Test Lab session 4 Lab session 5 Section 9,11 Visual-Spatial
2 (25min) + Section 3.3.9 Section 3.3.10 3.3.11- Simulation
Project work 3.3.12 (vii)
Interpersonal
group work
for week 6
presentation
Verbal-
Linguistic
writing lab
report 4 and
5
Bodily-
Kinesthetic
hand-on
experiments
4 and 5
Logical-
arithmetic
Calculation
of half-life,
initial mass,
final mass,
and time
Week 4 Weekly Test Section 3.3.13 Sections Sections 12,13,14 Visual Spatial
3 (25 min) + 4.4.1-4.4.4 5.5.1-5.5.2 Simulation
Project work (v), (vi)
Interpersonal
group work
for week 6
presentation
Verbal-
Linguistic
field trip
report
Logical-
arithmetic
Balancing
nuclear
equations
Calculation
of mass
deficit and
nuclear
energy
released
using E=mc2
Week 5 Weekly Test Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 15,16 Interpersonal
+ Q&A 4 (25 min) + group work
session Project work for week 6
presentation
Week 6 Section 8 Students Students Final 16,17,18,19 Verbal-
+ field (continued) presentations presentations Summative Linguistic
trip exam (50 group
min) presentation
Lab Report Format Sample
Name :
Group number :
Section :
Title of the experiment :
Aim :
Procedure : [DOK 1]
Section : 3.3.10
Standards : 10, 11
This experiment uses a 'protactinium generator' to show the exponential decay of protactinium-234, a
grand-daughter of uranium.
1- Turn on the G-M counter when it is away from any source for several short time intervals to measure
the background radiation rate in Becquerel in the room.
2- Take the average of your readings and use this average background radiation rate for the rest of your
experiment.
3- Use the G-M counter to measure the initial activity of the protactinium-234 sample. Do not forget
that this reading includes the background radiation in the room. What should you do to get the actual
activity of the sample?
4- Take the reading every 30 seconds for 10 minutes and tabulate your values.
5- Plot a graph of activity versus time. How does the graph look like?
6- Take any point of coordinates (t1, A1) on your graph.
!"
7- Take another point of coordinates (t2, A2) on your graph such that A2= #
8- Find the time t2-t1
9- This value you just calculated in the half-life of your sample material.
10- Repeat the calculation for another set of values and find the average half-life.
11- List possible sources of errors and explain one way you can improve the accuracy of your results.
Weekly Test 3 Sample Questions
[BLOOM: REMEMBER, UNDERSTAND, APPLY]
3. If an atom has 14 nucleons and 6 particles around its nucleus, then [STANDARD 3]
(A) A= 6 and Z= 14
(B) A= 14 and Z= 6
(C) A= 8 and Z= 6
(D) A= 14 and Z= 8
(E) We do not have enough information to find A and Z
4. How many half-lives should pass before the activity of a sample is reduced to one-sixty-fourth if its
original activity
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
(E) Infinite
5. If a substance has a half-life of 5 minutes and a mass of 20 grams. How much was present in this
substance half an hour earlier?
(A) 4g
(B) 0.375 g
(C) 120 g
(D) 1280 g
(E) 100 g
6. A photographic plate is covered with two sheets of paper and placed at a distance of 3 cm from a
radioactive source. The photographic plate becomes dark. What type of radiations is this source
emitting? [STANDARD 7]
(A) Alpha
(B) Beta
(C) Gamma
(D) Alpha and Beta
(E) Beta or Gamma
7. Alpha particles are positively charged, while gamma radiations are neutral. [STANDARD 7]
8. Based on your experimental observations of the track left by radiations in a cloud chamber, alpha
particles leave a thick, bold and short (or straight) trail, while beta particles leave a thin, tortuous and
long trail. [STANDARD 8]
10. In a beta decay, what happens to the number of nucleons [STANDARDS 7, 13]
(A) It changes
(B) It decreases by 1
(C) It increases by 1
(D) It remains unchanged
(E) It depends on the reactant and the product
Field Trip to Masdar city in Abu Dhabi
(source: www.masdar.ae)
To reduce its overall environmental footprint, Masdar As you walk through Masdar City, you will The on-demand Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) The PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) Station
City’s urban planning emphasises high-density, notice that it looks both extremely modern system of electric-powered, automated, marks the beginning of the Masdar City
pedestrian-friendly mixed-use development, and traditional. That’s because the City single-cabin vehicles offers the privacy, comfort experience for most visitors. The floors are
low-rise construction and easy access to public incorporates many passive design features and non-stop travel of a taxi service, and the constructed with prefabricated concrete slabs
transportation. Streets and public plazas have been which don't require energy to deliver benefits. sustainability of a shared public transport system. that are manufactured offsite and fitted
‘activated’ to encourage people to spend time in
These features have been used by urban Operated using a touch screen to indicate your together on site, dramatically reducing
them.
dwellers in the region for millennia. preferred destination, the vehicles run along construction waste. Benches are made of
Passive sustainability strategies include: PRT-only corridors located under the street level polished low-carbon concrete.
• Windows that make up less than 40% of exterior Some of these techniques are obvious, such as of the Masdar Institute campus. The passenger
wall surfaces the window shading, narrow spaces between cars run on a 1,700-metre track that passes from Backlit recycled-glass walls accent the PRT
buildings and colonnades. Others are less so, the parking garage PRT station to the Masdar station entrance. Inside, the eye-catching
• Well insulated and airtight building
such as the northeast-southwest orientation of Institute PRT station. glass-walled numeration of the PRT berths
envelope to help reduce energy consumption
the city streets, which optimises shading of and multiple smaller international numbers
• Horizontal and vertical shading prevent direct The cars are controlled by computer and use
streets and building walls, and facilitates are embedded into the single large Arabic
sunlight into buildings sensors to ensure nothing is in their path and to
natural airflow throughout the City. numeral.
• Fully shaded colonnades reduce direct sunlight locate magnets that have been embedded in the
on building walls to ensure cooler temperatures These strategies combined contribute to the concrete floor every two metres to assist vehicle The parking berths have recharging panels in
• Stairs are prominently located, while elevators perceived notion that Masdar City’s outdoor navigation. An overhead leaky coaxial cable the floor, allowing vehicles to recharge while
are hidden away to encourage the use of stairs spaces are much cooler than other parts of antennae runs the length of the PRT corridors on standby in the station.
This is the opposite of what is found in Abu Dhabi city. and provides a wireless link between the individu-
conventional buildings al cars and the PRT system computer.
• Fountains, which flow water over surfaces, rather
URBAN DESIGN than spray water in the air, help lower the TRADITIONAL DESIGN PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT) PRT STATION
perceived temperature
The Masdar Institute Laboratory buildings are As you rest on any of the benches across the Masdar Institute’s residential buildings are One of the most distinctively shaped buildings
characterised by air-filled Ethylene city, note that unlike other concrete used in the defined by the terracotta-coloured, undulating in the City, the oval-shaped roof of the
tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) cushions that limit city these are made from ‘low-carbon’ glass-reinforced concrete (GRC) balcony institute’s Knowledge Centre reflects the
the heat re-radiated to the street. A reflective concrete. This concrete has a significantly ‘screens’ that serve much the same role as designers’ efforts to optimise photovoltaic (PV)
foil-clad inner layer behind the cushions sends lower environmental footprint because up to traditional Arabic mashrabiya screens. They energy harvesting through the building orienta-
light to the pedestrian street below. Behind the 60% of the energy-intensive Portland cement is provide shade and privacy, while allowing air to tion and the inclination of the PV panels on the
foil is a highly insulating and highly sealed replaced with ground granulated blast-furnace pass through to cool the balconies. roof’s curved surface. The roof’s large self-shad-
panel. slag (GGBS), a waste product from iron making. ing overhang prevents direct sunlight from
The use of this slag has resulted in concrete Inside, these buildings have a central enclosed causing heat gain inside, while still allowing
All of Masdar City’s buildings advocate wall that is more resilient against moisture and Abu atrium that naturally ventilates the common natural light to illuminate study areas and
insulation in addition to strict air-tightness Dhabi’s hypersaline soil. space for much of the year. During the evening, providing a full wall of glass that will look out
standards aimed to control the infiltration of cool air flows from vents opened on the ground over one of the city’s parks.
hot, humid air. Most of the aluminium used across Masdar City level, cooling the interior walls and flowing out
for sheeting, windows and door frames is through open louvres at the top of the buildings. Although the glulam (glued laminated) timber
Those windows that are not already shaded by comprised of 90% recycled aluminium, a In warm weather, these openings are closed structure is graceful and beautiful, the reason it
adjacent buildings have vertical louvres to product that has one-eighth the carbon during the day to keep cool air in. The buildings was chosen over steel was because sustainable
block morning and afternoon sun plus footprint of conventional virgin aluminium have solar PV panels on their roof tops to timber reduces the building’s embodied carbon
horizontal ones to block midday sun. sheeting. The use of this 90% recycled harvest the sun rays and generate clean footprint.
aluminium is a world first in the construction renewable energy.
industry. All timber is certified as sustainably Covering the northeast section of the building’s
sourced, while steel reinforcing bars are made Walls cooled by the night air then provide exterior roof, sustainable folded zinc cladding
with recycled scrap. thermal cooling to keep the interior hallways provides ventilated shading to parts of the
pleasant throughout the day. The world’s first building and nearby public spaces.
BUILDING FAÇADE GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS 90% recycled-aluminium sheeting is the same RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS KNOWLEDGE CENTRE
terracotta colour as the GRC screens.
Rising 45 metres above the plaza in which it The Siemens Building is a LEED Platinum-certi- The distinctive, ultra-modern façade of the This sports building and performance hall
stands, the Masdar Wind Tower is a modern fied, high-performance office building, whose Incubator Building slopes outward as it rises in features an open-air swimming pool. Above the
interpretation of one of the region’s most iconic unmistakable exterior façade has been designed an effect that reduces solar gain by up to 63%. pool is an indoor gym and a large multipurpose
traditional architectural features. Its height like a ‘box within a box’. The inner ‘box’ is the The use of ‘fritting’ on the glass walls also keeps hall that is used for conferences and sporting
highly insulated, airtight wall that provides heat at bay yet still promotes diffused natural events.
allows it to capture upper-level winds and
maximum insulation. Surrounding this is the lighting inside.
direct them to the open-air public square at its
‘outer’ box comprised of a lightweight alumini- Ensuring accessible leisure and recreational
base. Sensors at the top of the steel structure um external shading system featuring fins of These circular dots of ceramic frit are applied opportunities for workers, residents and visitors
operate louvres to open in the direction of varying forms. These prevent excess solar heat more densely on windows higher up the building, to Masdar City is central to the sustainability
prevailing winds and to close in other from reaching the inner ‘box’ and warming the where there is more direct sunlight, and less objective of creating a viable work-life balance.
directions to divert wind down the tower. building’s interiors, while maximising views and densely further down. Some exterior windows That’s why streets and public squares are
daylight. can be manually opened to provide natural intentionally designed to encourage sitting,
A PTFE (Teflon) fabric membrane carries the The building, which is the company’s Middle ventilation of fresh air in cooler weather to whether for a work or informal meeting, to read
wind downward, while mist generators at the East headquarters, ‘floats’ above and shades a significantly reduce cooling requirements. The or simply to enjoy the weather. Cafés and
top further cool the air. This combination of public plaza, whose funnel shape accelerates design of walkways into the building’s open-air restaurants benefit from the City’s pleasant
evaporative cooling and air movement help to prevailing winds underneath the building. This interior courtyard helps to ‘lock in’ the cooler micro-climate. Future development includes
lower the perceived temperature in the flushes hot air out of the surrounding public shaded air. more open spaces such as parks, playgrounds
spaces using natural air-flow dynamics. and sports fields.
courtyard.
Different coloured fritting has been applied to
The atriums draw up the warm ground-level air different sections on the façade. Higher up the The unusual design choice of putting a building
from the building’s plaza and expel it, allowing building, the dots are bright yellow and reflective, above an outdoor swimming pool optimises land
SIEMENS MIDDLE EAST HQ natural daylight to permeate the interior office INCUBATOR BUILDING while ‘cooler’ colours are used towards the MULTI-USE HALL use and provides necessary shading to the pool.
MASDAR WIND TOWER building’s base.
spaces. Smart metering systems are deployed
to monitor energy and water use.
Masdar City
Masdar City is a growing clean-technology hub The seven-storey, 32,000 square-metre The Masdar digital guestbook is an engaging P.O. Box 54115, Abu Dhabi, UAE
that is pushing the boundaries of urban design complex comprises an atrium surrounded and interactive souvenir of your visit to 800MASDAR (627327)
masdarcity@masdar.ae
and renewable energy. The City features a by three buildings home to the International Masdar City. Created by American artist
www.masdar.ae
10MW solar photovoltaic farm with 87,777 Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Joshua Davis, the guestbook invites you to
polycrystalline and thin-film modules that headquarters. The complex has a 1,000 sign your name on the screen. Based on Masdar Free Zone
occupy a 22-hectare site. square-metre rooftop solar PV array that each signature, the guestbook software uses joinFZ@masdarcityfreezone.com
will meet 10% of the building’s electricity randomisation to create a unique, www.masdarcityfreezone.com
At its commissioning in 2009, the plant was the requirement. computer-generated art form that evokes a
largest grid-connected solar facility in the schematic urban planning map. Masdar Institute
Middle East. The farm produces approximately The office building, the first in Abu Dhabi to +971 2 810 9333
earn a 4 Pearl Estidama construction rating, info@masdar.ac.ae
17,500MWh of clean electricity and diverts The slower, more carefully you sign your
www.masdar.ac.ae
7,200 tonnes of CO2 annually. reduces overall energy demand by more than name, the better the resulting artwork, so be
60% compared to a baseline non-Estidama sure to take your time. Once the design is
The rooftop PV arrays have a capacity of 1MW building in Abu Dhabi. It also uses 54% less created, the guestbook will send a copy to
and produce nearly 1,500MWh of electricity a water than a comparable structure, and 75% your email.
year. of its hot water demand is heated on site with
solar heaters. The complex was constructed
with advanced sustainable building
materials, such as low-carbon concrete,
recycled aluminium and steel, and FSC-certi-
fied timber.
ONSITE SOLAR ENERGY IRENA HQ DIGITAL GUESTBOOK
MASDAR CITY VISITOR’S MAP Melius Restaurant is located on the ground floor.
Sample video (duration: 2:10)
This video offers a brief and simplified explanation of the principle of nuclear reactors used in nuclear
power plants. It also illustrates the principle of chain fission reaction. [STANDARD 12] [VISUAL]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kc2DKSC9Mj8
G- Integration opportunity
2- Biology:
In sections 3.3.12, students will discuss the dark side of radioactivity and the effect of exposure to
high doses of radiations on health. The effects can range from sores and nausea to hair and teeth loss
to leukemia and other types of cancer or even immediate death.
In sections 3.3.13., when explaining some of the applications of radioactivity, students will discuss the
use of radiology and radiations in killing cancerous cells and tumors. They will also discuss how
radioactive substances of short half-lives can be injected in the blood stream of the human body to
detect failing kidneys, clogged blood vessels and other diseases. A similar tracing technique can also
be used for plants and animals to investigate the rate of absorption of minerals in different parts of
the organism.