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• Information Processing Machine

– It is a system, which consists of a number of


interrelated components that work together with
the aim of converting data into information
• To attain information:
– Data is entered through input devices
– The data is processes using the central processing
unit
– The processed data (information) is displayed to the
users using output devices
• All these parts constitute the computer
hardware
 The basic hardware units of a computer
system are
◦ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
◦ Memory Unit
◦ Input Unit
◦ Output Unit
Control Unit

CPU

Register
s ALU

ALU – Arithmetic and Logic


Unit
Memory
Input Output
• Input devices are electromechanical device
• Human communicate with computers through input
devices
• Data and instructions are entered into the memory of a
computer through input devices
• It captures information and translates it into a form that
can be processed by the central processing unit
• Computer accepts input in two ways: manually or
directly
• In manual data entry, the user enters the data into the
computer by hand, for example by using keyboard or
mouse
• In direct entry, information is fed into the computer
automatically from a source document (like barcode)
• Some Input Devices are: Keyboard, pointing device like
mouse and joystick, and scanners
Keyboard & Mouse
Scanner

Joy Stick Pen


Drive
Scanner scanning Barcode Scanner
Barcode
Barcode
 Computers communicate with human being using
output devices.
 Output devices take the machine-coded output results
from the CPU and convert them into a form that is easily
readable (such as characters, graphical, or audio visual)
by human beings.
 Output unit processes data into useful information.
 The outputs are in the form of: softcopy and hardcopy.
 The physical form of output is known as hard copy.
 The electronic version of an output, that reside in
computer memory and/or disk, is known as soft copy.
 Some Output Devices are: Monitors, Printers, and audio
response.

Printer
Monitor

Audio
Response
 “Brain” of a computer system.
 Converts data (input) into meaningful
information (output).
 A CPU controls all internal and external
devices, performs arithmetic and logic
operations, and operate only on binary data,
i.e., data composed of 1s and 0s.
 It also controls the usage of main memory to
store data and instructions and controls the
sequence of operations.
 The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) contains the electronic
circuitry that executes all arithmetic and logical operations on
the data made available to it.
 ALU comprises of two units: Arithmetic Unit and Logic Unit.
 Arithmetic Unit:
◦ The arithmetic unit contains the circuitry that is responsible
for performing the actual computing and carrying out the
arithmetic calculations, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
◦ It can perform these operations at a very high speed.
 Logic Unit
◦ Enable the CPU to perform logical operations based
on the instructions provided to it.
◦ These operations are logical comparison between data
items.

◦ The unit can compare numbers, letters, or special


characters and then take action based on the result of
the comparison.

◦ Logical operations of logic unit can test for three


conditions: equal-to condition, less-than condition,
and greater-than condition.
 This unit checks the correctness of sequence of
operations.
 It fetches program instruction from the primary
unit, interprets them, and ensures correct
execution of the program.
 It also controls the input/output devices and
directs the overall functioning of the other units
of the computer.
 Special-purpose, high speed temporary memory
units that holds various types of information
such as data, instructions, addresses, and the
intermediate results of calculations.
 They hold the information that the CPU is
currently working on.
 Registers can be thought of as CPU’s working
memory.
 Components such as input device, output device, and CPU are
not sufficient for the working of the computer.
 A storage area is needed in a computer to store data and
instructions either temporarily or permanently.
 The memory unit stores information is a group of memory
cells, called memory locations, as binary digits.

 Each memory location has a unique memory address.


 The CPU accesses the contents of the desired memory
locations by referring to the address of the memory location.
 The computer memory is broadly categorized as:
◦ Primary memory (to handle the data)
◦ Secondary memory (to store the output)
 Main Memory
 stores data and instructions for processing.
 This main memory forms the working area of the program, where the
results generated are normally stored during the time of its run.
 A memory module interface with other parts of a computer system
through a set of address lines, data lines, and control lines.
 These are called address bus, data bus and control bus
 The relevant address on the address bus and appropriate control data
cause data to be written on a read from the required part of the memory.
 Primary memory device are expensive
 They occupy very little space, consume very low power, and are faster as
compared to secondary memory devices.
 Primary Memory is further classified into
◦ Random Access Memory (RAM) – Volatile memory
◦ Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Auxiliary memory or external memory or bulk
memory.
 Least expensive and has much large storage
capacity than in primary memory.
 Instructions and data stored on such storage
devices are permanent in nature (non-volatile).
 The access time in secondary memory is much
large than in primary memory.
 Common secondary storage devices are magnetic
disks and tapes.
 Dist drives are available in the forms, ‘floppy’
disks drive and ‘hard’ disk drive.
Hard Disk
 Some operations are common to both primary
and secondary memory. They are
◦ Read operation: During this operation, data is retrieved
from memory.
◦ Write operation: In this operation, data is stored in the
memory.
 Using read and write operations, many other
memory-related functions such as copy and
delete are carried out.
 The memory’s interface circuits is designed to logically access
a byte or a multiple of a byte of data from he memory during
each access.
 The smallest block of memory is considered to be a byte,
which comprises eight bits.
 The total memory space is measured in terms of bytes.
 The unit of memory is a byte.
 The capacity of memory is the maximum amount of
information it is capable of storing.
 The memory capacity is also expressed in number of bytes.
 Units used to express memory capacity are:
 Byte: The smallest meaningful storage block. It represents
one addressable storage location in memory. It consists of
eight bits.

 KB: One kilobyte = 1024 bytes


 MB: One megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes
 GB: One gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
 TB: One terabyte = 1024 gigabytes
 PB: One petabyte = 1024 terabytes
 EB: One exabyte = 1024 petabytes
 ZB: One zettabyte = 1024 exabytes
 YB: One yottabyte = 1024 zettabytes
 It is a PCB(Printed Circuit Board) called main
system board of the computer.
 Motherboard contains the Processor, chipset,
PCI bus slots, AGP slot, memory sockets and
controller circuits for the keyboard, mouse,
disks and printer.
 It may have built-in controllers for modem,
sound, display and network cards.
THE END

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