NANOMACHINES

This article provides a brief insight in the field of nanomachines and nanosensors,
the challenges faced by the researchers in this field, and the promise they hold for
us in future applications

What is the difference between micro and nano

systems?
When we talk about about nanomachines, we consider devices which are only a
few atoms apart in their dimensions whereas in microsystems, the dimensions are
in the range of a few microns. Thus, these devices can only be observed under
HR-TEM(High Resolution Tunneling Electron Microscope) or thermal imaging
techniques.

How do these machines move?

The very first challenge that we face as a result of too much scaling down is how
we are going to move these tiny machines; be it a nanocar a few atoms across or
a nanobot? We simply cannot fit an even smaller diesel engine or a servo motor.
Instead, we use some other phenomena, which are insignificant in macro scale
but cannot be ignored in microscale.
Several years ago, researchers at RICE University created nanocars which are only
a few atoms wide. They were made to move by thermal excitation
Let us consider another example. This time, a nanobot. These ‘nanobots’ are small
tubes that are made of several layers of different metals. They are designed to
pick up unhealthy damaged cells and transport them within our body. So how do
we move them? Hydrogen Peroxide is used as a fuel for these bots. The highly
reactive compound produces bubbles of oxygen which acts as the exhaust of a
nano jet engine, thus propelling the bot forward.
Now you must be wondering, “Hold on, this means the bot will keep moving in
one direction only, this is not very useful”. They can do so by using magnetic fields
to change their direction of motion.
What are the applications?
The field of nanodevices are still in its R & D stage and everything is still confined
in the laboratory. Nonetheless, these devices hold a lot of promise. Scientists are
working on being able to control these nanomotors inside of living material as
well, which would enhance the possible applications. As this field continues to
grow, we can imagine these nanomachines will be able to help with countless
applications – from breaking down kidney stones to fighting cancer, breaking up
blood clots, cleaning wounds and removing infections. Recent advancements
show a lot of promise in DNA repair and treating diseases which cannot be
treated by conventional medical practices. The applications and advantages really
are endless!