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Volume = A(vt)
Avt
R vA Rate of flow = velocity x area
t
Constant Rate of Flow
For an incompressible, frictionless fluid, the velocity
increases when the cross-section decreases:
R v1 A1 v2 A2 vd v d
1 1
2 2
2 2
A1
R = A1v1 = A2v2
A2
v2
v1
v2
Example 1: Water flows through a rubber hose 2 cm in
diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What must be the
diameter of the nozzle in order that the water emerge
at 16 m/s?
The area is proportional to
the square of diameter, so:
vd v d
1 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
vd (4 m/s)(2 cm)
d
2
2
1 1
d2 = 0.894 cm
v2 (20 cm) 2
Example 1 (Cont.): Water flows through a rubber hose
2 cm in diameter at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the rate
of flow in m3/min?
R v1 A1 v2 A2
d12
R v1 A1 ; A1
4
d1 (4 m/s) (0.02 m)
2 2
R1 v1 R1 = 0.00126 m3/s
4 4
m3 1 min
R1 0.00126 R1 = 0.0754 m3/min
min 60 s
Problem Strategy for Rate of Flow:
• Read, draw, and label given information.
• The rate of flow R is volume per unit time.
• When cross-section changes, R is constant.
R v1 A1 v2 A2
vd v d
1 1
2 2
2 2
A C
B
The higher velocity in the constriction B causes a
difference of pressure between points A and B.
PA - PB = rgh
Demonstrations of the Venturi Principle
v2
Bernoulli’s Theorem: v1
P1 r gh1 ½ r v Const
2
1
h2
h1
Bernoulli’s Theorem (Horizontal Pipe):
P1 r gh1 ½ r v12 P2 r gh2 ½ r v22
P1 r gh1 ½ r v P2 r gh2 ½ r v
2
1
2
2
Torricelli’s theorem:
v 2 gh h
v 2 gh
Given: h = 20 m
g = 9.8 m/s2
v = 19.8 m/s2
Strategies for Bernoulli’s Equation:
• Read, draw, and label a rough sketch with givens.
• The height h of a fluid is from a common reference
point to the center of mass of the fluid.
• In Bernoulli’s equation, the density r is mass
density and the appropriate units are kg/m3.
• Write Bernoulli’s equation for the problem and
simplify by eliminating those factors that do not
change.
P1 P2 ½ r v22 ½ r v12
Strategies (Continued)
P1 r gh1 ½ r v12 P2 r gh2 ½ r v22
Torricelli’s Theorem
v 2 gh
General Example: Water flows through the pipe at the rate of
30 L/s. The absolute pressure at point A is 200 kPa, and the point
B is 8 m higher than point A. The lower section of pipe has a
diameter of 16 cm and the upper section narrows to a diameter of
10 cm. Find the velocities of the stream at points A and B.
R 0.030 m 3 /s R 0.030 m 3 /s
vA 2
1.49 m/s; v2 2
3.82 m/s
AA 0.0201 m A2 0.00785 m