ARDUINO BASED FLOOR CLEANING ROBOT USING

ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

A.DIVYA (Regd No: 15891A0461)

G.NAGA SUNIL (Regd No: 15891A0477)
G.MOHITH (Regd No: 15891A0478)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Mennaiah Batta

(Assistant Professor)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

2018-2019

1
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that project entitled “ARDUINO BASED FLOOR CLEANING ROBOT
USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR” is bonafide work duly completed by us. It does not contain
any part of project or thesis submitted by any other candidate to this or any other institute
of the university.

All such material that have been obtained from other sources have been duly acknowledged.

A.DIVYA

Regd No: 15891A0461

G.NAGA SUNIL

Regd No: 15891A0477

G.MOHITH

Regd No: 15891A0478

i
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis work titled “ARDUINO BASED FLOOR CLEANING ROBOT

USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR ” submitted by A.DIVYA (Regd No: 15891A0461), G.NAGA

SUNIL (Regd No: 15891A0477), G.MOHITH (Regd No: 15891A0478) in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication

Engineering to the Vignan Institute Of Technology And Science, Deshmukhi is a record of bonafide

work carried out by him/her under my guidance and supervision.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted in any university for the award

of any degree and the results are achieved satisfactorily.

Mr. Mennaiah Batta Dr. N Dinesh Kumar

(Assistant Professor) (Head of the department)

PREFACE
The complete thesis is segregated into chapters and well described below. Each
chapter of this thesis follows a specific format and is discussed below.

ii
Chapter 1: This chapter provides details regarding the idea and introduction of the
project. It also contains the list of components and their cost approximately.

Chapter 2: This chapter contains the information regarding the problem domain and
need of this project. It gives information about the research done in the problematic
situations that are being faced. It explains how do this project would overcome these
things and come up with a solution.

Chapter 3: This chapter contains block diagram and its explanation, a brief content
describing about the hardware components used in this project with figures. It also
contains detailed description about the software requirements.

Chapter 4: This chapter gives the final output of the project and result is discussed with
images.

Chapter 5: This chapter draws a final conclusion and the future scope of the project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every project big or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number of
wonderful people who have always given their valuable advice or lent a helping hand. We

iii
sincerely appreciate the inspiration ; support and guidance of all those people who have been
instrumental in making this project a success.

We thank our beloved Chairman , Dr. L Rathaiah, who gave us great encouragement
to work.

We thank our beloved CEO , Mr. Boyapati Shravan, We remember him for his
valuable ideas and facilities available in college during the development of the project.

We convey our sincere thanks to Dr. G Durga Sukumar, Principal of our institution
for providing us with the required infrastructure and a very vibrant and supportive staff.

We would like to thank our Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Dr. N Dinesh Kumar, a distinguished and eminent personality , whose strong
recommendation , immense support and constant encouragement has been great help to us. We
intensely thank him for the same.

We would like to thank our guide of the project , Mr. Mennaiah Batta(Assistant
Professor) who has invested his full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal.

Special thanks goes to my team mates, who helped me to assemble the parts and gave
suggestions in making this project .We have to appreciate the guidance given by other
supervisor as well as the panels especially in our project presentation that has improved our
presentation skills thanks to their comment and advices . We take this opportunity to thank
all our lecturers who have directly or indirectly helped our project . We pay our respects and
love to our parents and all other family members and friends for their love and encouragement
throughout our career.

ABSTRACT

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Automatic floor cleaners are nothing new, but they all share a common problem. They all are too
expensive for what they do. Today, we will make a Automatic Home cleaning Robot that only costs
a small fraction of the ones in the market. This Robot can detect the obstacles & objects in front of it
and can continue moving, avoiding the obstacles, until the whole room is cleaned. It has a small brush
attached to it to clean the floor.

The ultrasonic sensor will detect the obstacles infront of it and moves in the another direction. The
ultrasonic sensor uses a technique called “ECHO”. “ECHO” is simply a reflected sound wave. You will have an
ECHO when sound reflects back after reaching a dead end. It emits an ultrasound wave at the frequency of 40KHz
in the air and if the object will come in its way then it will bounce back to the sensor. By using that time which it
takes to strike the object and comes back, you can calculate the distance.

We can calculate the distance of the object based on the time taken by ultrasonic wave to return back to the sensor
.Arduino based floor cleaning robot is cost very effective and reliable.

CONTENTS
S.no Contents page .no

v
1. Chapter -1 1

Introduction

2. Chapter -2 3

Literature survey

3. Chapter -3 5

Block diagram

Hardware implementation 7

Software implementation 31

4. Chapter – 4 41

Results and conclusion

5. Chapter -5 44

Conclusion and future scope

6. References 46

7. Appendix-1 47

LIST OF FIGURES
S.no Label name Page. No

vi
3.2.1 AT89S52 Microcontroller 7

3.2.2 Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller 8

3.2.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52 9

3.2.4 Timer 2 in baud rate generator mode 18

3.2.5 Timer 2 in clock out mode 19

3.2.6 Step-down transformer 22

3.2.7 Bridge rectifier 23

3.2.8 Output at the capacitor 23

3.2.9 Block diagram of voltage regulator 24

3.2.10 Zener diode as voltage reference 24

3.2.11 Voltage regulator 7805 25

3.2.12 LCD Display 25

3.2.13 LCD pin diagram 26

3.2.14 Circuit diagram of keyboard interfacing to 8051 30

3.2.15 Piezo buzzer and its circuit 31

LIST OF TABLES
S.no Label name Page. No

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1.1 List of components used 2

3.2.1 Functions of port 1 pins 10

3.2.2 Functions of port 3 pins 11

3.2.3 Timer 2 operating modes 16

3.2.4 Interrupt enable table 20

3.2.5 LCD pin description 26

3.2.6 LCD command table 28

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION

viii
Automatic floor cleaners are nothing new, but they all share a common problem. They all are
too expensive for what they do. Today, we will make a Automatic Home cleaning Robot that
only costs a small fraction of the ones in the market. This Robot can detect the obstacles &
objects in front of it and can continue moving, avoiding the obstacles, until the whole room is
cleaned. It has a small brush attached to it to clean the floor

The Ultrasonic Sensor is used to measure the distance with high accuracy and stable readings. It can measure
distance from 2cm to 400cm or from 1 inch to 13 feet. It emits an ultrasound wave at the frequency of 40KHz
in the air and if the object will come in its way then it will bounce back to the sensor. By using that time which
it takes to strike the object and comes back, you can calculate the distance.

The ultrasonic sensor uses a technique called “ECHO”. “ECHO” is simply a reflected sound
wave. You will have an ECHO when sound reflects back after reaching a dead end.

HCSR04 module generates a sound vibration in ultrasonic range when we make the ‘Trigger’
pin high for about 10us which will send a 8 cycle sonic burst at the speed of sound and after
striking the object, it will be received by the Echo pin. Depending on time taken by sound
vibration to get back, it provides appropriate pulse output. If the object is far away then it takes
more time for ECHO to be heard and the output pulse width will be big. And if the obstacle is
near, then the ECHO will be heard faster and output pulse width will be smaller.
We can calculate the distance of the object based on the time taken by ultrasonic wave to return back to the
sensor. Since the time and speed of sound is known we can calculate the distance by the following formulae.

Distance= (Time x Speed of Sound in Air (343 m/s))/2.

The value is divided by two since the wave travels forward and backward covering the same
distance. Thus the time to reach obstacle is just half the total time taken

So Distance in centimeter = 17150*T

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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Table 1.1 :- List of components used

3
S.NO Name of the components Cost of the component

1 AT89S52 Microcontroller 110

2 Crystal oscillator ( 11Mhz) 30

3 LCD Display HD44780 130

4 Push buttons 85

5 Buzzer (5v- 12v DC) 40

6 Power supply

7 Step down transformer 12v 350

8 Filter 15

9 5v Voltage regulator 100

CHAPTER - 2

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 LITERATURE SURVEY
Earlier, elections were used to follow the traditional method of ballot papers and ballot
boxes. This method was in practice due to less advancement in the technology. It used to be a
very tedious process and requires a lot of human effort. This is also a time consuming and space
consuming even for a less number of people.

There are many chances of occurrence of malpractices. Some of the people who are
likely to support their representative and in their greed to make them win, they bribe the polling
officers and other authorized people.

A single person will cast multiple votes showing the fake identity to the officer due
which a wrong person is being elected. Due to this many problems are being aroused. This is
because of the lack of proper identity check and no proper technology to detect the errors.

Since the voters cast their votes by stamping on the ballot paper and dropping it in the
ballot box. But there is a chance of faking these ballot papers if once the person gets a copy of
it.

Since there is no proper system or mechanism to count the votes, the casted votes are
being counted by the human which may lead to error. Even a single vote can make a major
difference in deciding which representative has to win in the election.

After casting the votes the ballot boxes has to be shifted to the nearest election office
for the counting process. In case there no proper security, there is a chance of robbery or destroy
of the ballot boxes by the favored persons of their leaders.

To overcome these problems we have come up with the electronic voting machine
which replaces the use of stamping ballot papers and ballot boxes. This project does not require
large space and much time.

It is even more efficient in the case where more number of people has to vote. Since no
man power is required to count the votes we acquire the accurate results. It does not require

5
much human effort. It does not require any supervision while the activity is going on. For every
voter to cast his vote he/she must acquire permission from the polling officer.

The voter is sent inside the polling booth only after the proper identity check. Because
of this process there are less chances of casting multiple votes. Since the information of number
of votes casted contained in the voting machine is encrypted there is no chance of hacking it or
changing the number of votes casted.

Every voting machine is being perfectly sealed and is kept in a secured locker while shifting
them to the election commission office so there is no chance of manipulating the votes casted.

CHAPTER - 3
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 REGULATED

POWER SUPPLY

16X2 LCD

MASTER SWITCH 8051

(POLLING OFFICER) MICROCONTROLLER DRIVER

BOARD CIRCUIT

SWITCH ARRAY
(CONTESTANTS) BUZZER

3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY BLOCK DIAGRAM

STEP DOWN BRIDGE FILTER REGULATOR

TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIER

OUTPUT

3.1.2 DESCRIPTION
Basically in this electronic voting machine we used AT89S52 microcontroller which is
a low power and high performance microcontroller. The LCD display and push buttons are

7
connected to the input/output ports of the microcontroller. The buzzer is also connected to the
microcontroller.

The power supply that we use here is 230V AC. Since this is very high and the circuit
cannot withstand for such high voltage. In order to reduce the power we use a step down
transformer that gives an output voltage of 12V. This output voltage is actually alternating
current.

To convert the ac current to dc we use a bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier consists of
4 diodes which are connected in the form of a bridge. It converts the alternating current to
pulsating dc. To obtain pure dc current a capacitor is used as a filter. Since the microcontroller
requires only 5V power supply a voltage regulator is used to provide a constant supply of 5V.

Whenever a voter has to cast his vote he should get permission from the polling officer.
Hence an acceptance button is given to him so that, after checking the details of the voter
thoroughly the polling officer will press this button. A long beep sound is heard then the voter
is allowed to cast his vote. To cast the next vote again permission is required from the polling
officer. Therefore because of this the voter cannot cast multiple votes and there is no chance of
malpractice.

After the completion of the process of voting, to check how many votes are being
casted there is a master switch which can be accessed only by the polling officer. When this
button is pressed the LCD display will show how many votes are being recorded and it also
gives information about the individual number of votes that a contestant has got. This
information is only visible to the polling officer but not the voters. Whenever the voter casted
his vote a beep sound is heard from the buzzer indicating that the person has given his vote. The
permission from the polling officer is given a long beep and after casting a vote it gives a short
beep sound.

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3.2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
1. Microcontroller

2. Step-down transformer

3. Bridge rectifier

4. Voltage regulator

5. LCD Display

6. Buzzer

3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
with 8K bytes of in system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system

or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
within system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.

3.2.1 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

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 The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-
vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

3.2.2 Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

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3.2.1.1 Pin description

3.2.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52

Port 0:

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-
impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data
bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes
during program verification.

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Port 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs , Port 1 pins that are externally being
pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1
can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter
2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives
the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

TABLE 3.2.1: Functions of port 1 pins

Port 2

In port 2, when 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-
ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte
during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that
uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.

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Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for
Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features
of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

TABLE 3.2.2: Functions of port 3

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out.
The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default
state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

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ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE
operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active
only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting
the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplify

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Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space.
Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be
implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data,
and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these
unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that
case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

Timer 2 Registers:

Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2.
The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit
capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.

Interrupt Registers:

The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set
for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Memory Organization MCS-51 devices
have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external
Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

Program Memory

If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external
memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H
through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH
are to external memory.

Data Memory

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy
a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes
have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.

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 When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode
used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the
SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the
following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV
0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For
example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the
data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note
that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM
are available as stack space.

Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be
subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer
Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT,
a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H).
When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running.
The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to
disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When
WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

Using the WDT

To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the
WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service
it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter
overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is
enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the
user must reset the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must
write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter
cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the
RST pin.

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 The RESET pulse duration is 98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use
of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed
within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.

WDT during Power-down and Idle

In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While
in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of
exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which
is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware
reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset.

Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is

held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the
interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is
held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT
be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode.

To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-
down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the
IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues
to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default
state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should
always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode.
With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count
upon exit from IDLE.

UART

The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89S52 and
AT89C52.

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Timer 0 and 1

Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer
1 in the AT89S52 and AT89C52.

Timer 2

Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event

counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three
operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The
modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 10-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit
registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine
cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the
oscillator frequency.

Table 3.2.3: Timer 2 operating modes

In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0

transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is
sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and
a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register
during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two
machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the
maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled
at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.

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Capture Mode

In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2
= 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON. This bit
can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation,
but a 1-to-0 transi-tion at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to
be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EX causes
bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can generate an interrupt.

Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter)

Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-
reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the
SFR T2MOD. Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When
DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin.

Baud Rate Generator

Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in
T2CON. Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for
the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or
TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode. The baud rate generator mode is similar
to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded
with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The
baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2’s overflow rate according to the
following equation.

The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most
applications, it is con-figured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different
for Timer 2 when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every
machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it
increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). The baud rate formula is given

19
below. Where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit
unsigned integer. This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON.

Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an inter-rupt. Note too,
that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from
(RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator,
T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. Note that when Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1)
as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2 or TL2 should not be read from or written to.

Under these conditions, the Timer is incremented every state time, and the results of
a read or write may not be accurate. The RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written
to, because a write might overlap a reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should
be turned off (clear TR2) before accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers.

3.2.4 Timer 2 in baud rate generator mode

Programmable Clock Out

20
 A 50% duty cycle clock can be programmed to come out on P1.0. This pin, besides
being a regular I/O pin, has two alternate functions. It can be programmed to input the external
clock for Timer/Counter 2 or to output a 50% duty cycle clock ranging from 61 Hz to 4 MHz
(for a 16-MHz operating frequency). To configure the Timer/Counter 2 as a clock generator, bit
C/T2 (T2CON.1) must be cleared and bit T2OE (T2MOD.1) must be set. Bit TR2 (T2CON.2)
starts and stops the timer. The clock-out frequency depends on the oscillator frequency and the
reload value of Timer 2 capture registers (RCAP2H, RCAP2L), as shown in the following
equation. In the clock-out mode, Timer 2 roll-overs will not generate an interrupt.

This behavior is similar to when Timer 2 is used as a baud-rate generator. It is

possible to use Timer 2 as a baud-rate generator and a clock generator simultaneously. Note,
however, that the baud-rate and clock-out frequencies cannot be determined independently from
one another since they both use RCAP2H and RCAP2L.

3.2.5 Timer 2 in clock-out mode

Interrupts

The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and
INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts

21
are all shown in Figure 13-1. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or
disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global
disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that the bit position IE.6 is
unimplemented. User software should not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in
future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2
in register T2CON. Neither of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is
vectored to.

In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2
that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and
Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The
values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set
at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.

Table 3.2.4 Interrupt enable table

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 16-1. Either a quartz

22
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven. There are no requirements on the
duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through
a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications
must be observed.

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain
active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special
functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any
enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware
reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine
cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to
internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the
possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the
instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external
memory

Power-down Mode

In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes
Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers
retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can
be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the
SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is
restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator
to restart and stabilize.

3.2.2 STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER

The step-down transformer is used for converting the high voltage into low voltage. The
converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called as a step-down converter, and

23
the converter with output voltage greater than the input voltage is called as step-up converter.
There are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up or step down the voltage
levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer.

The 12V output of step down transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is given
by the product of square root of two with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

3.2.6 Step-down transformer

Step-down transformer consists of two windings, namely primary and secondary

windings where primary can be designed using a less-gauge wire with more number of turns as
it is used for carrying low-current high-voltage power, and the secondary winding using a high-
gauge wire with less number of turns as it is used for carrying high-current low-voltage power.
Transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.

3.2.3 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Bridge rectifier consists of four diodes which are connected in the form a bridge. We
know that the diode is an uncontrolled rectifier which will conduct only forward bias and will
not conduct during the reverse bias. If the diode anode voltage is greater than the cathode voltage

24
then the diode is said to be in forward bias. During positive half cycle, diodes D2 and D4 will
conduct and during negative half cycle diodes D1 and D3 will conduct. Thus, AC is converted
into DC; here they obtained is not a pure DC as it consists of pulses. Hence, it is called as
pulsating DC power. But voltage drop across the diodes is (2*0.7V) 1.4V; therefore, the peak
voltage at the output of this rectifier circuit is 15V (17-1.4) approx.

3.2.7 Bridge rectifier

15V DC can be regulated into 5V DC using a step-down converter, but before this, it is
required to obtain pure DC power. The output of the diode bridge is a DC consisting of ripples
also called as pulsating DC. This pulsating DC can be filtered using an inductor filter or a
capacitor filter or a resistor-capacitor-coupled filter for removing the ripples. Consider a
capacitor filter which is frequently used in most cases for smoothing.
The capacitor is an energy storing element. In the circuit, capacitor stores energy while
the input increases from zero to a peak value and, while the supply voltage decreases from peak
value to zero, capacitor starts discharging. This charging and discharging of the capacitor will
make the pulsating DC into pure DC.

25
 3.2.8 Output at the capacitor

3.2.4 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

15V DC voltage can be stepped down to 5V DC voltage using a DC step-down converter
called as voltage regulator IC7805. The first two digits ‘78’ of IC7805 voltage regulator
represent positive series voltage regulators and the last two digits ‘05’ represents the output
voltage of the voltage regulator.

3.2.9 Block diagram of voltage regulator

The block diagram of IC7805 voltage regulator is shown in the figure consists of an
operating amplifier acting as error amplifier, zener diode used for providing voltage reference,
as shown in the figure.

26
 3.2.10 Zener Diode as Voltage Reference
Transistor as a series pass element used for dissipating extra energy as heat; SOA
protection (Safe Operating Area) and heat sink are used for thermal protection in case of
excessive supply voltages. In general, an IC7805 regulator can withstand voltage ranging from
7.2V to 35V and gives maximum efficiency of 7.2V voltage and if the voltage exceeds 7.2V,
then there is loss of energy in the form of heat. To protect the regulator from over heat, thermal
protection is provided using a heat sink. Thus, a 5V DC is obtained from 230V AC power.

3.2.11 Voltage regulator 7805

27
3.2.5 LCD Interfacing:

3.2.12 LCD DISPLAY

LCD OPERATION

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven-segment LEDs
or other multisegment LEDs). This is due to the following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCDs.

2. The ability of display numbers, characters, and graphics. This is ain contrast to LEDs,
which are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU (or in
some other way) to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Interfacing an LCD to the Microcontroller

LCD pin descriptions:

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in table.

28
 3.2.13 LCD Pin diagram
Table 3.2.5: LCD Pin description

Vcc, Vss, and VEE:

While Vcc and Vss provide +5V and ground, respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast.

RS – register select:

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their
selection as follows. If RS = 0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the

29
user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. If RS = 1 the data register is
selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD.

R/W – read/write:

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from
it. R/W = 1 when reading; R/W =0 when writing.

E – Enable:

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins.
When data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for
the LCD to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450 ns
wide.

D0 – D7:

The 8 bit data pins, D0 – D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the
contents of the LCD’s internal registers.

To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A – Z, a – z,
and numbers 0 – 9 to these pins while making RS = 1.

There are also instructions command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or
force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. Table below lists the instruction
command codes.

TABLE 3.2.6: LCD Command table

30
 We also use RS = 0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive
information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W =1 and RS = 0, as follows: if R/W
=1, RS =0. When D7 = 1(busy flag = 1), the LCD busy taking care of internal operations and
will not accept any new information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to receive new information.
Note: It is recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data to the LCD.

3.2.6 Keypad interfacing:

The key board here we are interfacing is a matrix keyboard. This key board is designed
with a particular rows and columns. These rows and columns are connected to the
microcontroller through its ports . We normally use 8*8 matrix key boards. So only two ports
of 8051 can be easily connected to the rows and columns of the key board.

31
 Whenever a key is pressed, a row and a column gets shorted through that pressed key
and all the other keys are left open. When a key is pressed only a bit in the port goes high. This
indicates microcontroller that the key is pressed. By this high on the bit key in the corresponding
column is identified.

Once we are sure that one of key in the key board is pressed next our aim is to identify
which key it is. To do this we firstly check for particular row and then we check the
corresponding column on the key board.

To check the row of the pressed key in the keyboard, one of the rows is made high by
making one of bit high in the output port of 8051. This is done until the row is found out. Once
we get the row next thing is to find out the column of the pressed key. The column is detected
by contents in the input ports with the help of a counter. The content of the input port is rotated
with carry until the carry bit is set.

Keyboard Microcontroller Display

The contents of the counter is then compared and displayed in the display. This display
is designed using a seven segment display and a BCD to seven segment decoder IC 7447.

The BCD equivalent number of counter is sent through output part of 8051 displays
the number of pressed key.

32
 3.2.14 Circuit diagram of keyboard interfacing to 8051

3.2.7 Buzzer:
Buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight,
simple construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing
indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo
electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating
electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also
true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials are either
naturally available or manmade. Piezo ceramic is class of manmade material, which poses piezo
electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When subjected to an
alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the frequency of the signal
thereby producing sound.
Diaphragm is connected to the rest of the electronic components which is the
source of producing sound. It consists of a metal plate made up of brass or stainless steel and a
piezoceramic disc (white colored disc) of smaller radius connected to each other with a
conductive adhesive. The metal plate is used because the resonance frequency of the piezo
ceramic material is too high to produce audible sound.

33
 3.2.15 Piezo buzzer and its circuit

When a small DC voltage is applied to the input pins, it is first converted to an oscillating
signal using the combination of resistor and transistor. These oscillating signals are amplified using
the inductor coil. When high voltage alternating signals are applied to the piezo ceramic disc, it causes
mechanical expansion and contraction in radial direction. This causes the metal plate to bend in
opposite direction. When metal plate bends and shrinks in opposite direction continuously it produces
sound waves in the air.

3.3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

3.3.1 Keil IDE

The Keil 8051 Development Tools are designed to solve the complex problems facing
embedded software developers.

Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and complied.
After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into
the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code. The
microvision IDE and debugger integrates complete device simulation, interfaces to many target
debug adapters, and provides various monitor debug solutions. Simulation helps you understand
hardware configurations and avoids time wasted on setup problems.

34
Additionally, with simulation, you can write and test applications before target hardware is available.
Microvision is easy to use and accelerates your embedded software development.

The embedded C is the most popular programming language in the software field for
developing electronic gadgets. Each processor is associated with embedded software. Embedded
C Programming plays a major role in performing specific functions by the processor. The embedded
system designers must know about the hardware architecture to write programs. These programs play
prominent role in monitoring and controlling external devices. They also directly operate and use the
internal architecture of the microcontroller, such as interrupt handling, timers, serial communication
and other available features.

Steps to create a project

1. Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear

3. Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4. Then Click on New Project

35
5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in
either C:\ or D:\

6. Then Click on Save button above.

7. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Philips……
8. Click on the + Symbol beside of Philips

36
9. Select AT89S52 as shown below

10. Then Click on “OK”

11. The following fig will appear

37
12. Then Click either YES or NO………mostly “NO”

13. Now your project is ready to USE

14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option “Source group 1”

15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select “new”

38
16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its
blue boarder.

17. Now start writing program in either in “C” or “ASM”

18. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and for “C” based
program save it with extension “ .C”

39
19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on “Add files to Group Source”

20. Now you will get another window, on which by default “C” files will appear.

40
21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
22. Click only one time on option “ADD”
23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

25. The new window is as follows

41
26. Then Click “OK”
27. Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port

28. Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

42
29. Now keep Pressing function key “F11” slowly and observe.
30. You are running your program successfully

43
 CHAPTER 4
Result and discussion
The objective of the project has been achieved by proper implementation of hardware and
software that allows us to vote in a proper manner. From our observation it is clear that whenever a
voter press the push button his vote to that particular candidate will be recorded and saved in the
memory of the microcontroller. The number of votes received by each candidate can be viewed by
using the master switch.’

The above image shows the physical connections of the electronic voting machine. The
power supply is connected to the circuit through the step down transformer.

 Step1: when we switch on the power supply the LCD displays “electronic voting machine”.

 Step2: in this step the microcontroller seeks for the permission of the polling officer. The
message “waiting for polling officer” is displayed on the LCD to notify the polling officer.

44
 Step3: After verifying the details of the voter the polling officer gives permission to the
voter to vote by pressing the polling officer switch. Then the message “press sw to vote “ is
displayed on the LCD asking the voter to vote.
 Step 4: Voter is now permitted to vote to his favorite candidate.
For example, if the voter casted his vote to the candidate 1, then the message “C1 gets vote”
is displayed on the LCD.

 Similarly another voter can cast the vote to his favorite candidate after receiving the
permission from the polling officer following the same procedure.

 Any number of voters can cast their votes to their favorite candidates following the same
procedure.

45
 Once the voting has been finished, the EVM machines will be sent to the election commission
office to count the number of votes being casted to the particular candidates. To know the
number of votes polled by the voters ,the authorized person will press the master switch. Then
the message “Total no. of votes polled: xx” is displayed on the LCD.

 The LCD further displays the number of votes being polled to individual candidates who
participated in the election. This ends the election procedure, the information regarding the
votes is stored in the memory of the microcontroller. To erase the stored data we have to press
the reset button.

CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and future scope

46
Advantages:
The electronic voting machine is even more efficient in the case where more number of
people has to vote. Since no man power is required to count the votes we acquire the accurate results.
It does not require much human effort. It does not require any supervision while the activity is going
on.

Using electronic voting machine there are less chances of casting multiple votes. Since the
information of number of votes polled contained in the voting machine is encrypted there is no chance
of hacking it or changing the number of votes being polled.

Every voting machine is being perfectly sealed and is kept in a secured locker while
shifting them to the election commission office so there is no chance of manipulating the votes casted.

Applications:

This method of voting eradicates the problems arised due to the usage of traditional voting
process such as malpractices like proxy of votes, duplicating the ballot papers, destroying the ballot
boxes and human errors such as inaccuracy in counting the number of votes. This also provides
security to the information regarding number of votes polled that is saved in the memory.

Future scope:

Even though the electronic voting machine has many advantages it has certain limitations.
There is a chance of occurrence of malpractices faking the identity of a person and casting multiple
votes. There is a chance of destroying the electronic voting machine which can cause physical damage
to the electronic voting machine.

The malpractice of faking the identity of a person can be overcome by implementing

the biometric sensor, since the finger print of every person is unique. This biometric sensor must be
linked to the unique identification of the citizen’s i.e., aadhar which completely eradicates the problem
of falsifying the votes.

47
 The security levels can be further increased by implementing the iris sensor which
detects the iris of the humans and links it to the aadhar which is unique. By matching the fingerprint
and the iris of the voter which is linked to the aadhar, the identification of the voter cannot be faked.
Thus there is no chance of duplicating the votes.

There is chance of manipulating the data regarding number of votes being polled. So to
eradicate this problem we can implement the servers wherein the data of votes polled will be directly
updated to the database of the server. In this process there is no chance of manipulating the data.

REFERENCES

[1] The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie
Mazidi
[2] The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala
[3] Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S.Gaonkar

48
References:
1. www.nxp.com
2. www.engineersgarage.com

APPENDIX-1

Programming:

Coming to programming, we are using embedded C language for writing the program. Keil
compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and complied. After
compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into the

49
microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code. The microvision
IDE and debugger integrates complete device simulation, interfaces to many target debug adapters,
and provides various monitor debug solutions.

Code:

#include<reg51.h>

#define lcdport P2

sbit rs=P2^0;

sbit en=P2^1;

sbit sw=P3^6;

sbit swl=P1^2;

sbit sw2=P1^3;

sbit sw3=P1^4;

sbit sw4=P1^5;

sbit buzzer=P3^2;

sbit result=P3^7;

void delay(int itime)

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<itime;i++)

for(j=0;j<1275;j++);

void lcddata()

50
 rs=1;

en=1;

delay(1);

en=0;

void lcdcmd(void)

rs=0;

en=1;

delay(1);

en=0;

void lcdprint(char *str)

while(*str)

lcddata(*str);

void lcd_init(void)

lcdcmd(0x02);

lcdcmd(0x28);

lcdcmd(0x0c);

51
}

void conversion(unsigned int temp)

unsigned int a,b,c,d;

a=temp/100;

b=temp%100;

c=b/10;

d=b%10;

//e=d/10;

//f=d%10;

lcddata(a | 0x30);

lcddata(c | 0x30);

lcddata(d | 0x30);

//lcddata(f | 0x30);

delay(10);

void main()

unsigned int total,count1,count2,count3,count4;

total=count1=count2=count3=count4=0;

buzzer=1;

lcd_init();

lcdcmd(1);

lcdprint(" ELECTRONIC ");

52
 lcdcmd(0xc0);

lcdprint(" VOTING MACHINE ");

delay(300);

lcdcmd(0x01);

delay(50);

loop:

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" Waiting for ");

lcdcmd(0xc0);

lcdprint(" polling officer");

delay(50);

while(sw!=0);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint("Press sw to vote");

delay(50);

buzzer=0;

delay(300);

buzzer=1;

while(1)

if(swl==0)

buzzer=0;

delay(100);

53
 buzzer=1;

count1=count1+1;

conversion(count1);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" C1 gets vote ");

delay(500);

goto loop;

if(sw2==0)

buzzer=0;

delay(100);

buzzer=1;

count2=count2+1;

conversion(count2);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" C2 gets vote ");

delay(500);

goto loop;

}
if(sw3==0)
{
buzzer=0;
delay(100);

54
 buzzer=1;

count3=count3+1;

conversion(count3);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" C3 gets vote ");

delay(500);
}
if(sw4==0)
{
buzzer=0;
delay(100);

buzzer=1;

count4=count4+1;

conversion(count4);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" C4 gets vote ");

delay(500);
}

if(result==0)
{
buzzer=0;

delay(100);

buzzer=1;

total=count1+count2+count3+count4;

lcdcmd(0x01);

55
 lcdprint(" Total no. of ");

lcdcmd(0xc0);

lcdprint("votes polled:");

conversion(total);

delay(1000);

lcdcmd(0x01);

lcdprint(" C1 C2 C3 C4 ");

lcdcmd(0xc0);

conversion(count1);

lcdcmd(0xc4);

conversion(count2);

lcdcmd(0xc8);

conversion(count3);

lcdcmd(0xcc);

conversion(count4);

delay(1000);

56
57