Power Generation Notes

• Energy Situation
o In 2015, 41% of Indonesian energy consumption was based on oil, 24% on natural gas and,
29% on coal.
o Renewable energy, particularly hydro and geothermal have a share of 6%, but statistics do not
cover the traditional use of biomass as energy for cooking, lighting and process heat in rural
areas, which is estimated to comprise 21% up to 29% of the total energy demand
o Currently, the gasoline market has been opened for private players and gasoline price for
transportation is fluctuates adapting to changes in oil prices.
o Additionally, Indonesia has a hard time to produce 1 million barrel/month. Indonesia, the
founding member of OPEC has left the organization in 2009 and is now importing larger
quantities of oil.
o The total power generation in Indonesia is around 55 GW. Around 30 GW has been installed
by the utility PLN. The remaining consists largely of captive power for the manufacturing
industry.
o Diesel generators account for approximately 60 % of captive power capacity, while
cogeneration plants provide approximately 25%.
o The share of 80% from the 30GW are coming from oil, gas, and coal, 18% from hydropower,
and 2% from geothermal.
o Electricity makes around 10% of of the total energy consumption. About 80% of the electricity
is consumed on Java and Bali alone. In recent years consumption of electricity has increased
by 7 per cent annually. It is calculated that for every 1 percent increase in GDP the energy
demand increases by 1.6 percent until year of 2020.
• Policy Framework, Laws and Regulations
o Diversification: A key objective of the GOI is to reduce dependence on oil by expanding the
use of coal, gas and renewable energy sources. Specific targets are set for each energy source
in 2025. The Ministerial Decree on Renewable Energy Resources and Conservation
(Ministerial Decree No. 002/2004) has set the target for new and renewable energies to increase
to 25% (18% renewable and 7% other new energies) by 2025.
o Energy conservation
o Energy Sector Reform: more transparency, more coordination; among other things it was
planned to make the utility PLN a fully independent and financially viable company
o Rural electrification: The current National Energy Management Blueprint identifies ambitious
short- and long-term developmental objectives for the electricity sector including the increase
of the electrification level to 90% of all households by 2020 and to 100% of all villages by
2010.

• Significant challenges
 o High cost of grid extension: Rural communities have lower population densities than urban
areas and have a larger proportion of poor households with lower chances of recovery of
investment. Consequently, heavy subsidisation from governments is required.
o Inadequate generation capacity: In many cases, even with infrastructure in place, there was not
enough generation capacity to provide a reliable supply.
o Transmission infrastructure issues: Nations may have adequate electricity generation, but poor
transmission and distribution planning or infrastructure, as well as issues such as power theft,
that negatively impact electricity supply.
o Cost to consumers: Rural areas often have low population density and on average have a poorer
population. When charges and fees associated with getting electricity connections are
perceived to be high, uptake and use may be limited, thereby negating most socioeconomic
benefits that arise from access.
• Hydro Power Plant in East Kalimantan
o PLN Customer 430.000 people with 11 service Areas
o Loads that must be fulfilled 195 MW while the optimum capacity is only 175 MW (20 MW
deficit)
o Electricity price ranged between Rp 1.004/kWH ~ 1.352/kWH
o Electricity outage up to three weeks every year in Balikpapan, Samarinda and Tenggarong
o East Kalimantan is the area that has rich coal mines and oil and gas but poor in energy

o The falls are 12 meter high and the average flow rate is 7624,453 m3/s . Let’s assume the turbine
and generator are 90% efficient.
(𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅) 𝒙 (𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘) 𝒙 (𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚)
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖
 𝟏𝟐 𝒎 𝒙 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟒, 𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 =
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 6.978,38 𝑘𝑊
(The generator’s capacity is actually rated at 6.9 kW)

• Tidal Barrage
o A tidal barrage is a dam-like structure used to capture the energy from masses of water moving
in and out of a bay or river due to tidal forces.
o Tidal barrages are among the oldest methods of tidal power generation, with projects being
developed as early as the 1960s, such as the 1.7 megawatt Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station
in Kislaya Guba, Russia.
 o ADVANTAGES
§ The energy is free – no fuel needed, no waste produced
§ Not expensive to operate and maintain
§ Can produce a great deal of energy
o DISADVANTAGES
§ Depends on the waves – sometimes you’ll get loads of energy, sometimes almost nothing
§ Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong
§ Some designs are noisy. But then again, so are waves, so any noise is unlikely to be a
problem
o Environmental Impact
§ Noise pollution
§ Displace productive fishing sites
§ Change the pattern of beach sand nourishment
§ Alter food chains and disrupt migration patterns
§ Offshore devices will displace bottom- dwelling organisms
o Comparison with Wind Energy
§ Tidal Stream generators draw energy in the same basic way wind turbines do
§ Higher density of water allows a single generator to provide significantly more power
§ Water speeds of nearly 1/10 the speed of wind can provide the same energy output
§ Current in water is much more reliable then wind in the air.

• Tidal Fence
o Size of the turbines depends on:
§ Speed of current
§ Mass of turbine is proportional to blade-length
§ Maintenance cost increase as turbine size increases
§ Blade length is limited by strength and stiffness of material
o Blade Design
§ Airfoil shaped blade for aerodynamic shape to achieve lift-force.
§ Airfoil profile depends on the sea-current of the area.
§ The number of blades used depends on aerodynamic efficiency, component cost and
system reliability.


• Wind Power
o Wind is simply air in motion. It is caused by the uneven heating of the earth's surface by the
sun. Since the earth's surface is made up of land, desert, water, and forest areas, the surface
absorbs the sun's radiation differently
o Its happen because the temperature difference between one place to another.
o Air is move from place with higher temperature to another place that more cold
o Wind Represent Energy which come from Kinetic Energy of Air which is generally generated
by Different Temperature and Pressure
o Small turbine use wind’s velocity 4 m/s
o Utility-scale wind power plants require minimum average wind speeds of 6 m/s (13 mph)
o User friendly and environmental friendly

Wind turbines

Generators Transmission Feeder

system system
Distribution
system

Substations with
stepdown transformer

o Power Generation
1
𝑃= 𝜌𝐴𝑣 V
2
1
𝑃 = 𝜌𝜋𝑟 X 𝑣 V
2

P = the power of the wind measured in W.

ρ = the density of dry air = 1.225 measured in kg/m3, at average atmospheric pressure at sea level
at 15 oC).
V = the velocity of the wind measured in m/s.
𝜋 = 3.1415926535...
r = the radius (i.e. half the diameter) of the rotor measured in m.
o Wind Speed and Power

The amount of power available :

𝑤 = 1/2 𝑟 𝐴 𝑣 V
w is power, r is air density, A is the rotor area, and v is the wind speed.

Air density varies according to elevation, temperature and weather fronts. The formula for
air density is :
𝑝 = (1.325 𝑥 𝑃) / 𝑇
T is the temperature in Fahrenheit + 459.69
P is the pressure in inches of Mercury adjusted for elevation
o Simplified Power Equations
§ English
𝑤 = 0.0052 𝐴 𝑣 V
where w is power in watts, and A is the cross-sectional area in square feet swept out by
the wind turbine blades, and v is the wind speed in miles per hour.
§ Metric
𝑤 = 0.625 𝐴 𝑣 V
where w is power in watts, and A is the cross-sectional area in square meters swept out
by the wind turbine blades, and v is the wind speed in meters per second.

o Surface Roughness
The approximate increase of speed with height for different surfaces :
𝑣X = 𝑣^ 𝑥 (ℎX /ℎ^ )𝑛
v1 is the known (reference) wind speed at height h1,
v2 is the speed at a second height h2,
n is the exponent determining the wind change
 ground cover n
smooth surface ocean, sand .10
low grass or fallow ground .16
high grass or low row crops .18
tall row crops or low woods .20
high woods with many trees suburbs, small
.30
towns

o Power Coefficient

o Wind Power Plants

§ Wind power plants, or windfarms as they are sometimes called, are clusters of wind
machines used to produce electricity.
§ A wind farm usually has dozens of wind machines scattered over a large area.
§ The Big Spring Wind Power Project in Texas has 46 wind turbines that generate enough
electricity to power 7,300 homes.
Nacelle cover

Control
Generator
Rotor

Hub Drive train

Main frame/yaw system
Tower

Balance of
electrical system

Foundation

§ Offshore:
• Condition that must exist :
o Abration proof
o Corotion proof
 o Stand to storm and wave
o Toughness and firmly attached to the earth
§ Onshore:
• Observe the condition of the area :
o Soil condition (solidity, humidity, mineral composition, etc.)
o Air humidity
o Heating and cooling on day time or night time
o Wind speeds stability
o Small (<10 kW): Domestic Farming
o Intermediate (10-250 kW): City Power Plant
o Large (660 kW - 2+MW): Huge Power Plant
o Advantages
§ Vertical Axis : Low velocity, Easy to manufacture
§ Horizontal axis : High power, High efficiency, no need manual starting
§ The energy is free and completely renewable
§ There are no hazardous emissions
§ There are no adverse environmental impacts
§ More economical to produce
§ Doesn’t need fuel
§ Wind energy is an ideal renewable energy because :
§ It is a pollution-free, infinitely sustainable form of energy
§ It doesn’t require fuel
§ It doesn’t create greenhouse gasses
§ It doesn’t produce toxic or radioactive waste.
o Disadvantages
§ Vertical axis : low efficiency, must be manually started
§ Horizontal axis : Difficult to manufacture, high velocity wind-required, high cost
§ The wind doesn't always blow when electricity is needed
§ Wind can't be stored, and not all wind can be used to generate electricity
§ For wind farms are often in remote locations that are far from cities, the typical areas of
electricity demand
• Geothermal Power
o Geothermal heat originates from Earth’s fiery consolidation of dust and gas over 4 billion years
ago. At earth core – 4,000 miles deep – temperatures may reach over 9,000 degrees F.
o The heat from the earth’s core continuously flows outward. It transfers (conducts) to the
surrounding layer of rock, the mantle. When temperatures and pressures become high enough,
some mantle rock melts, becoming magma. Then, because it is lighter (less dense) than the
surrounding rock, the magma rises (convicts), moving slowly up toward the earth’s crust,
carrying the heat from below.
o Sometimes the hot magma reaches all the way to the surface, where we know it as lava. But
most often the magma remains below earth’s crust, heating nearby rock and water (rainwater
that has seeped deep into the earth) – sometimes as hot as 700 degrees F. Some of this hot
geothermal water travels back up through faults and cracks and reaches the earth’s surface as
hot springs or geysers, but most of it stays deep underground, trapped in cracks and porous
rock. This natural collection of hot water is called a geothermal reservoir.
o There are three different types surface of Geothermal system designs:
§ Dry Steam Power Plants
• “Dry” steam extracted from natural reservoir
• 180-225 oC ( 356-437 oF) 4-8 MPa (580-1160 psi) 200+ km/hr (100+ mph)
• Steam is used to drive a turbo-generator
• Steam is condensed and pumped back into the ground
• Can achieve 1 kWh per 6.5 kg of steam A 55 MW plant requires 100 kg/s of steam

§ Flash/Steam Plants
• Hot, High pressure water
• Turbines generate electricity Costs 4-6 cents per kWh.
• Steam with water extracted from ground
• Pressure of mixture drops at surface and more water “flashes” to steam
• Steam separated from water
• Steam drives a turbine
• Turbine drives an electric generator Generate between 5 and 100 MW Use 6 to 9
tonnes of steam per hour
 § Binary cycle power plant
• Hot water (100 – 300 deg F)
• Heat Exchanger
• Binary liquid lower specific heat (vaporizes)
• Low temps – 100o and 150oC
• Use heat to vaporize organic liquid E.g., iso-butane, iso-pentane
• Use vapor to drive turbine Causes vapor to condense Recycle continuously
• Typically 7 to 12 % efficient 0.1 – 40 MW units common

o Efficiency
o Electricity production

o Recoverability

o Cost
o Factors that impact the cost of geothermal power
§ Type of project: expansion of an existing project will require lower exploration costs than
“greenfield” projects, where specific resource locations are unknown
§ Plant size: the larger the plant, the less the cost per megawatt (economies of scale)
§ Well characteristics: depth, diameter, productivity Properties of the rock formation
§ Site accessibility and location
§ Time delays
§ Ease with which the resource can be retrieved, influenced by permeability, depth of the
reservoir, and pressure
§ Characteristics of the geothermal fluid/steam, including chemistry and temperature
§ Fluctuations in the costs of certain materials, such as steel for drilling
§ Lease and permitting costs/issues
§ Transmission costs
§ Tax incentives, such as the production tax credit (PTC) included in the 2005 Energy Policy
Act (EPAct)
§ Financing: types of investors, interest rates, debt periods, rate of return
o Drilling Cost
o Cost Factors:
§ Temperature and depth of resource
§ Type of resource (steam, liquid, mix)
§ Available volume of resource
§ Chemistry of resource
§ Permeability of rock formations
§ Size and technology of plant
§ Infrastructure (roads, transmission lines)
o Advantages
§ No chance of contamination from solid discharge.
§ Geothermal fluids contains less harmful greenhouse gases.
§ No Nitrogen Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide. Less acid rain.
§ Binary Plants have no Carbon Dioxide, however others have 0.2lb/kW-h.
§ Deep Geothermal energy extraction could use existing drilling technologies for high grade
resources.
§ Requires relatively less land.
§ Less environmental alterations and adverse effects.
§ Produces more power per surface acre compared to nuclear and coal.
§ Low risks of water contamination and low air pollution
§ Most of the major noise pollutions are during construction only
§ Seismicity due to EGS operation is minor and not definite
§ Noise does occur during initial construction and drilling.
§ Noise is minimum.
§ Increasing national security
§ Producing Power at home
§ Benefiting rural, economically depressed areas
§ Providing jobs
o Disadvantages
§ For mid to low grade resources, wells deeper than 4 km are required.
§ EGSs are very new, time will be required to develop its potential and stability
§ It is one of the biggest concerns due to considerable loss of thermal heat.
§ Taller cooling towers are needed to contain the waste heat.
§ In early days of geothermal energy sinking of land was a major problem (subsidence). This
was caused by severe drop in reservoir pressure due more fluid removal. However, now
through re-injection we keep the pressure balanced.
§ Possibility of microseismic events from opening of fractures and acoustic noise when
drilling.
§ Loss of habitat and vegetation is relative minor and non-existence.
§ Although there will be some alteration to the vegetation, most can restored.
§ Available technology and waste management significantly reduces and damage to the
ecosystem.