Annotated Bibliography

Addisen Rowles

UWRT 1104

Professor Malcom Campbell

March 12, 2019

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Annotated Bibliography

Starkl, Markus, et al. “Why Do Water and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail? Policy

Analysis in Economically Advanced Developing Countries.” Environmental Science &

Technology, vol. 47, no. 12, 1 May 2013. Commented [1]: If it’s a website, make sure you put
the link and an access date

Why Do Water and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail? Is an article that analyses Commented [2]: If you’re going to say the title, maybe
say
The academic/popular/reliable article, “Why Do Water
water and sanitation systems in India, South Africa, and Mexico. These countries are and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail?”
analyzes…
studied because of their advanced economy because they can support the improved water

infrastructure. The article leads into what classifies a cast study and how many were used.

Case studies were only considered when implemented in full swing, which means that no

piolet or lab scale studies were used. When implementation was complete, failures and

successes were documented. Contingencies were observed and noted to keep in mind for

the trials that followed the initial 60 case studies. Potential factors that caused the

implementations to fail were taken in account to the next trials to be completed. Having a

lot of trials will improve the effectiveness of the final product.

60 case studies with 25 different types of technology were used to gather the information

used. The authors are credible, and the information is valid because the data shown

proves it. At the end of the article, all the references used in the article are cited and

listed. The multiple references help increase the credibility of the article.

This article helped open my eyes to just how severe water and sanitation problems are in

other parts of the world. It does not change my view of the topic; however, it does help Commented [3]: I like how you’re being truthful

backup my other research which observes why these problems are still occurring with the

technology accessible today.

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Gootnick, David. “Millions of Beneficiaries Reported in Developing Countries, but Department

of State Needs to Strengthen Strategic Approach.” United States Government

Accountability Office, May 2010.

This article is about the study that branches off the Senator Paul Simon Water for the

Poor Act of 2005. “In this report GAO (1) describes USAID’s accomplishments; (2)

describes USAID’s obligations of funds for water and sanitation assistance in fiscal years

2006-2009; (3) assesses the Department of State’s (State) development of a U.S. water

and sanitation strategy; and (4) examines State’s designation of high priority countries”

(GAO page 2). This report looks at the specific regions of sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle

East and North Africa, and Asia and the Pacific. The USAID program designated 36

countries in 2008 and 31 countries in 2009 to be high priority for water and sanitation

assistance. Half of these countries were in sub-Saharan Africa and more than one-fourth

of these countries were in Asia and the Pacific regions. Before help could be received, the

countries had to meet two specifications: the need for water and sanitation improvements,

and the existence of conditions that would provide for sustainable water and sanitation

solutions.

I would say that overall this is an extremely accurate source. The government has access

to all sorts of information and the publishers of this article would not be allowed to

publish anything with the government again or have more severe punishments if the

information published was false. Outside influencers can publish any false information

that they want to with little to no consequences but when publishing to represent the

government, the information must be accurate. Besides being published by a government

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agency, the information in the article is reliable and accurate because all the information

is cited correctly throughout the article.

As far as usefulness goes, I think this will be the most useful article that I have found so

far. I can know that without a doubt, I am using reliable information that is based on facts

and statistics. This article will contribute to my research in multiple ways, in that it will

increase the depth and quality of the research, as well as provide insight and background

to how to government has helped to solve this global issue. None of the articles can really

change my viewpoints, but I think it is important to look at options from every angle to

evaluate which solution is the best fit for each region. Commented [4]: Good!

Sy, Jemima, et al. Tapping the Markets: Opportunities for Domestic Investments in Water and

Sanitation for the Poor. World Bank Publications, 2014.

This reliable website resource examines every aspect of my topic proposal question. It Commented [5]: Make sure you’re stating if its an
academic source, popular, source—look at the
assignment sheet for more info
begins by explaining the statistics that show the breakdown of the percentage of the
Commented [6]: Maybe say “explaining the statistics”
so you don’t say breakdown twice
world’s population that is with unimproved quality of drinking water, and what percent of

the population practice open defecation. Both of these statistics were much higher than I

initially thought. 2.5 billion people use shared sanitation facilities that do not meet

minimum sanitation requirements. With this number so high, the number of people who

are stricken with disease is also high. These numbers corelate for a reason: without

sanitation measures in place, germs will spread more quickly thus infecting more people.

The countries that have this problem the most need help from outside countries and

influencers because they cannot clean up by themselves. This book studies countries with

a water issue and those with a sanitation issue. The countries assessed for piped water

include Bangladesh, Benin, and Cambodia. For on-site sanitation, the countries assessed
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are Bangladesh, Indonesia, Peru, and Tanzania. These countries are all willing to pay to

improve their conditions but if they pay for it, they want quality work and solutions that

will last them a long time.

This source was published by the World Bank. The World Bank is an organization that

provides funding to countries for capital projects. If the World Bank published false Commented [7]: Good background

information, I feel confident that they would be held accountable for that and have to pay

the consequences for it. The other reason I believe this source is accountable is that it is a

published source. If the information was false, it most likely wouldn’t have been

published.

This source as well as the GOA source above this one is the most important sources I’ve

looked into so far. They provide me the most information to write the most practical

research paper. This resource is strengthening my knowledge and perspective on this

topic. I know that this information is going to help me in the long run, whether in

engineering or on mission trips. Commented [8]: This is a good foundation for your
AB, just needs a few touch ups! Just make sure you
are stating right away what kind of article it is. Also, try
and find other words to use so there is less repetition