Chapter 1

Intermolecular Forces of liquids and solids

1.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

- the theory states that all molecules are in motion, which is most rapid in
gases, less rapid in liquid, very slow in solid.

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Solids, Liquids and Gas

Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Movement -held by very strong -held together by -free to move
forces of attraction strong forces of -particles are far
-particles are not free attraction apart
to move -particles are able
-particle vibrate to slide past one
about in fixed another.
positions.
Density Very high high lower than solid
and liquid
Diffusibility Hardly diffuse at all -Diffuse slowly Diffuse readily
than gas
-Diffuse more
rapidly than
solids
Compressibility Slightly compressible Slightly Can be
compressible compressed very
readily
Volume and Has fixed volume and -Assumes the No fixed volume
shape shape shape of the and shape
container it
occupies
-Has fixed volume
Thermal Expands slightly Expands slightly
expansibility when heated when heated

1.2 Intermolecular Forces vs. Intramolecular forces

Intramolecular forces

- Force which keeps molecule together in hands.

- Stronger than intermolecular forces
- Bond formed within the atom.

Intermolecular Forces :

- are the force of attraction between neighboring molecules.

- Forces of attraction are caused by the formation of bonds between atoms.
- Responsible for keeping matter in solid or liquid phase
- Weaker attraction

1.3 Dispersion Forces

- the force of attraction between atoms or molecules.

- dispersion forces increases with increasing size (top to bottom of PT)
- boiling point increases as dispersion forces increases.
- as molar mass increase dispersion forces increase
- molar mass increase boiling point will also increase

1.4 Properties of Liquids

Based on KMT, liquids have the following general properties:

a. Particles slide and roll on top of one another.

b. Particles have limited movement and hence, they flow
c. Moderately high density and diffusibility
d. Have fixed volume but no fixed shape.

1.5 Surface tension

- refers to the force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be
pushed together and contract.
- Surface tension explains why a drop of liquid is spherical in shape.
- The strength of surface tension depends on the intermolecular force of
attraction (IMFA).
- The stronger the intermolecular force of attraction (IMFA), the greater the
surface tension.
- Increase in temperature decrease surface tension as temperature breaks the
force of attraction.
- Surface tension is different for different liquids
- Water has a high surface tension because of its high ability to form H-bond.
1.6 Viscosity

- Is the resistance (friction between molecules) of the fluids to flow.

- A substance that flows readily has low viscosity like water.
- If the IMFA is strong, the liquid will have high viscosity because it will have a
high resistance against flowing.
- The higher the temperature, the lower the liquid’s viscosity ( as temperature
breaks the bonding or increase kinetic energy)
- Maple syrup is more viscous than water because it has more H-bond that
causes stronger IMFA.

1.7 Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

- vapor pressure is the force of evaporating molecules

- boiling point is defined as the temperature when the vapor pressure (760 Torr)
of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure (1 atm).
1.8 Molar Heat of Vaporization

- Heat of vaporization is the amount of heat needed to vaporize a given amount

of substance at its boiling point.
- Vaporization is a change of state from liquid to gas.
- The stronger the IMFA, the higher the heat of vaporization because higher
energy is needed to convert them into the gaseous state.

1.9 Phange changes

- is a transformation of matter from one state to another that involves the

absorption and evolution of heat.
1.8 Heating and Cooling Curves of a substance

Increase temperature in melting and evaporation

Decrease temperature in freezing and condensation

Summary:
-