Abstract—

Hybrid ac/dc micro grids have been planned for the better interconnection of different
distributed generation systems (DG) to the power grid, and exploiting the prominent
features of both ac and dc micro grids and decreasing conversion losses. Connecting
these micro grids requires an interlinking ac/dc converter (IC) with a proper power
management and control strategy. During the islanding operation of the hybrid ac/dc
micro grid, the IC is supposed to take the role of supplier to one micro grid and at the
same time acts as a load to the other micro grid and the power management system
should be able to share the power demand between the existing ac and dc sources in
both micro grids.

This thesis considers the power flow control and management issues amongst
multiple sources dispersed throughout both ac and dc micro grids, of which one of the
ac sources is a renewable energy source. A wind energy source is considered as the
renewable energy source. The results of the control strategy with the renewable
energy source are similar to the results of the system without the wind energy source.
From which, we can say that the proposed control strategy is applicable to renewable
energy sources too.

The thesis proposes a decentralized power sharing method in order to eliminate the
need for any communication between DGs or micro grids. The proposed power
sharing method is tested for renewable energy sources as well. This hybrid micro grid
architecture allows different ac or dc loads and sources to be flexibly located in order
to decrease the required power conversions stages and hence the system cost and
efficiency. The performance of the proposed power control strategy is validated for
different operating conditions, using simulation studies in the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment.

NOMENCLATURE

!"#$ Power demand of ith load in dc microgrid
𝑃!",!

!"#$ Power demand of ith load in ac microgrid

𝑃!",!

𝑃!",! Power generated by ith energy source in dc microgrid

𝑃!",! Power generated by ith energy source in ac microgrid

∗
𝑃!"#$ Power imported to hybrid ac/dc microgrid from the main grid.
∗
𝑃!" Power transfer from ac to dc microgrid through the IC.
!"##
𝑃!" Power loss in ac microgrid.
!"##
𝑃!" Power loss in dc microgrid.

𝜔! Base angular frequency of the ac microgrid.

𝑉! Base R.M.S voltage of the ac microgrid.

𝜔 Angular frequency in the ac microgrid.

𝑉 R.M.S voltage in the ac side of IC.

𝐾!,!" , 𝐾!,!" Slope of ω-P and V-Q droop characteristics.

𝑉 !"# ,𝑉 ! Maximum and minimum permitted V,f deviations.

𝑃!"# , 𝑄 !"# Maximum real and reactive power that can be injected by ac.

𝑃!"# ,𝑄!"# Reference real/reactive power.

𝑃! , 𝑄!
Pre-specified real/reactive power generation.
!
𝑉!" Base dc voltage for the IC.

𝑣!" Dc voltage at the dc link of IC.

𝑘!,!" Slope of dc droop characteristic.

ii
 !
𝑃!" Measured output power
!"# !"# Maximum and minimum permitted dc microgrid voltage
𝑉!" , 𝑉!"
!"#
𝑃!"
Maximum power of the dc source.
!"#
𝑆!"
Maximum rating of the IC.

iii


ABBREVIATIONS

DG Distributed Generation

VSC Voltage Sourced Converter

MPPT Maximum Power Point tracking

IC Interlinking Converter

MW Mega Watt

T&D Transmission and Distribution

DER Distributed energy resources

MMS Microgrid Main Switch

MCC Microgrid Central Controller

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

XOR Exclusive OR

P.U. Per Unit

CPL Constant Power Load

PI Proportional Integral

DFIG Double Fed Induction Generator

PMS Power Management Strategies

iv
 kV Kilo Volt

SG Synchronous Generator

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Van der Hoven Wind Spectrum Curve 30

Figure 4.1 Graph depicting droop control 47

Figure 4.2 Overload blocking logic for real power controller 52

of the IC.

Figure 4.3 Simplified equivalent model of the hybrid 53

microgrid.

Figure 4.4 Block diagram of dc source. 54

Figure 4.5 Excitation model of synchronous generator 55

Figure 4.6 Control blocks of Wind Turbine 55

Figure 4.7 Control Blocks of the Gas fired AC Distributed 56

Generator

Figure 4.8 Control block diagram of the IC 57

Figure 4.9 Proposed real power controller for the IC. 57

Figure 4.10 Simulink blocks of IC 61

Figure 4.11 Simulink block of the real power controller of the

IC
62

Figure 5.1 Simulation results for case 1 74

Figure 5.2 Simulation results for case 2 75

Figure 5.3 Simulation results for case 2 76

Figure 5.4 Simulation results for case 3 76

Figure 5.5 Simulation results for case 3 77

Figure 5.6 Simulation results for case 4 77

Figure 5.7 Simulation results for case 5 79

Figure 5.8 Simulation results for case 5 79

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.1 Steady state conditions of source in case 1 70

Table 5.2 Steady state conditions of source in case 2 71

Table 5.3 Steady state conditions of source in case 3 72

Table 5.4 Steady state conditions of source in case 4 73

vii