RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of human anatomy and physiology experiment with the title

"Musle and Joint” which made by:

name : Fatmah Kamaruddin

ID : 161444002

class : Biology Education ICP 2016

group : II (Two)

After checked and approved by assistant and assistant coordinator, this report
was accepted.

Makassar, March 2019

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Alamsyah, S.Pd Kharisma Kamal

1514440001

Known by,
Lecture of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. A. Mushawwir Taiyeb, M. Kes.

ID :19640416 198803 1 002

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 Table Of Content

Ratification Page………………………………………………………………..i

Table Of Content……………………………………………………………….ii

Chapter I………………………………………………………………………..1

Cahpter II…………………………………………………………………….....4

Chapter III……………………………………………………………………..12

Chapter IV…………………………………………………………………….13

Chapter V……………………………………………………………………...19

Bibiliograpy……………………………………………………………………20

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Motor development is a combination of the elements of maturity and control

of both body movements very much depends on the maturity of the nervous

system and muscles. Sign of a development that is changes in both anatomical,

physiological and behavioral changes, anatomy is shown there is a change in the

quantity of the bone structure especially in the long bones that are then it will

affect the proportion of height and weight. Development of the other side marked

by the existence of functional qualitative changes in the body so that it will work

accordingly effective and efficient. Such changes include the working system of

the nerves, muscles, cardio respiration and cardio vascular, while motoric

behavior requires coordination from several components: muscle nerve, attitude,

and cognitive.

Muscle 40% of body weight, is a tool of active movement or bone drive

Muscle movements there are contractions (shortened & thickened), relaxation

(back as before). Types of muscles, striated / skeletal muscles, smooth / slippery

muscles, heart muscle. The collection of striated muscles results in a bloated

middle part called empal or ventricle. Ventricles are also called belli. The edges of

the collection of muscles shrink and are called tendons or tendons. The tendon

attached to the moving bone is called insertion, while the tendon attached to the

immovable bone is called origo. The parts of the striated muscle can contract so as

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to cause movement. implementation of motor activity in humans because of the

muscular system attached to it the bones and nerve that affect them. All of these

activities involve various muscle groups, especially muscles spinal brace that

functions for maintain posture, balance and good balance coordination. In the

aging process there is usually a decrease in the production of synovial fluid in the

joints and muscle tone, the joint cartilage becomes thinner and the ligament

becomes more rigid and occurs decreased flexibility (flexibility), thereby reducing

joint movements. There are limitations movement and reduced use of joints can

aggravate the condition A decrease in musculoskeletal ability can reduce activity

physical (physical activity) and exercise (exercise), so that it will affect the elderly

in doing activity daily living.

Muscle is an active human movement that has 3 specific abilities, namely the

ability to shorten, elongate, and elasticity or return to its original shape. Based on

the type, the muscle is divided into 3 namely smooth muscle, lurik and heart.

Stimulation (impulse) that is about the body is received by the receptor organ to

be forwarded to the nerve center. From the nerve center the response (response)

will be conveyed to the effector organ. This response is usually in the form of a

movement. The process of impulse propagation includes how to propagate

through nerve cells and synapses. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease degenerative

joints due to biochemical solutions articular (hialine) cartilage in the join synovial

knee so the joint cartilage is damaged. This disorder develops slowly,

asymmetrical and non-inflammatory, marked in the presence of degeneration of

joint cartilage and new bone formation (osteophytes) at the edge of the joint.
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B. Problem

1. What is the types of muscle in human ?

2. What is the types of Joints in human ?

C. Purpose

1. The purpose of this practicum to find out the types of muscles

2. The purpose of this practicum to find out the types of joints in human.

D. Benefit

1. The benefit of this practicum is college can know types of muscles.

2. The benefit of this practicum is college can know types of Joints in human
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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Muscles cells are capable of changing their length and shape, and so

produce movement or (as we shall see later) may actually prevent it. The changes

are the result of interactions between specialized muscle proteins, present in all

three types of muscle tissue found in the body smooth, cardiac and skeletal which

all utilize a similar means of contracting, though they have different cellular

anatomy, rate of contraction and control mechanisms. In addition, some other

cells canbecome contractile by producing these proteins on occasion, for example

the myofibrocyte involved in drawing together surfaces of wounds during healing,

and in any cells during the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

However, it is skeletal muscle that is associated with the movement of the

skeleton, and so it is this type of muscle that is considered (Clancy, 2013).

Joints are the places where two or more bones meet, and they hold the

skeleton together. Some joints allow a wide range of motion. Other joints allow

for much less movement. Some joints allow no movement at all. There are three

categories of joints: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.

Fibrous joints connect bones with dense fibrous connective tissue. Generally

speaking, fibrous joints permit no movement. For example, the sutures between

the bones of the skull are fibrous joints. In adults, these joints are immobile. In

cartilaginous joints, as you might have guessed, the bones are joined by cartilage.

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This type of joint allows very little movement. A symphysis is one place where

bones are joined this way. (Michell, 2015).

Skeletal muscle is the most tissue in the human body, easily accessible

while still protected by the skin. Research on skeletal muscle changes after death

still needs to be done for further analysis so that the estimated time from death is

more accurate (Nelwan et al 2016).

The bones that form the front part of your pelvis are joined together at the

pubic symphysis. The pubic symphisis is a cartilaginous joint. The third type of

joint, the synovial joint, allows the most movement. Most joints are synovial

joints. When you think of a joint, you probably think of the synovial joints that

allow you to move so well. The ends of the bones in a synovial joint are covered

by cartilage. Because the cartilage is inside a joint, it is called articular cartilage.

(Articulate means “connected by a joint.”) This cartilage provides a durable

surface that allows the joint to move smoothly without damaging the bone

underneath the cartilage. Imagine how uncomfortable it would be if the bare ends

of the bones had to rub together, uncushioned by articular cartilage. But the

cartilage cushion alone isn’t enough to make the synovial joints move freely.

They need to be lubricated. The joint capsule makes such lubrication possible.

The joint capsule has a tough fibrous layer on the outside and a lubricant-making

layer called the synovial membrane on the inside. The outer dense connective

tissue that surrounds the joint helps holdthe bones together. The inner membrane

is made of less dense connective tissue and helps create a space that contains a

special fluid called synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and reduces
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the friction produced when the cartilage covering the bone ends rub together.

Beyond this, synovial fluid bathes the articular cartilage with oxygen and nutrients

(Michell, 2015).

The skeletomuscular system enables us to maintain a posture against

gravity, and to change posture for movement and mobility. Being mobile has a

number of beneficial actions in addition to providing independence. It prevents

loss of bone mass by helping to maintain the density of bone mineral. It prevents

loss of muscle protein since muscle mass is influenced by the work load (see later

in this chapter). It improves blood circulation through the limbs and so reduces the

likelihood of venous thrombosis (see the case study of a woman with deep vein

thrombosis. considered the supporting role of the skeleton but also noted how

movable joints within it means that maintaining a posture against gravity would

not be possible without the actions of muscles to stabilize them. The muscles must

also be capable of imparting movement; the control of posture and movement are

part of the same mechanisms. In describing the functional anatomy of the brain,

also identified significant areas of the brain that are involved in the control of

muscle contraction, notably the motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and parts

of the brainstem. Such extensive involvement tells us that the control of posture

and movement is highly coordinated and very complex. Most skeletal muscle lies

immediately below the skin; in fact there are over 600 muscles in the body

(identifying individual muscles can be challenging – some suggest that there are

over 800 muscles). Some are tiny, for example those muscles that move the

ossicles of the middle ear, whereas others are substantial, for example the gluteus
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maximus of the buttock. There is no common approach to the naming of muscles,

other then using ‘Classical’ terminology, but the nomenclature can be related to

various features of the muscle, for example, muscle shape (e.g. the deltoid muscle

of the shoulder is delta- or triangular-shaped), muscle size (e.g. the gluteus

maximus muscle of the buttock), muscle location (e.g. the tibialis anterior lies in

front of the tibia bone of the shin), muscle attachments (e.g. the sternohyoid

muscle is attaché, to the sternum and hyoid bones), number of ‘heads’ of muscle

origin (e.g. the biceps muscle ofthe upper arm has two ‘heads’; ‘cep-’ = head).

movement type (e.g. levator indicates that a muscle lifts. something);axis of

muscle fibres relative to bone (e.g. transversus) (Clancy, 2013).

This is very important, because there is no way for blood vessels to supply

these things to the cartilage inside a moving joint, for they would be ripped and

torn by the movement of the joint. There are several types of synovial joints. Each

makes a particular sort of movement possible. First of all, there are hinge joints.

You can think of this joint as being like a door hinge. This joint can flex or extend

only. A hinge joint does not twist. The knee is an example of a hinge joint. Saddle

joints allow more motion than hinge joints. If a hinge joint can flex and extend in

one plane, a saddle joint allows this flexion-and-extension, plus movement “side

to side.” The thumb joint is a good example. Try moving your thumbs up and

down. Now move them side to side. You see, this range of motion is more

complicated than a hinge joint. Just think of all the things you could not do if your

thumb only moved in one plane! A ball-and-socket joint is made of a rounded end

of one bone fitting into a rounded cavity in another bone. This type of joint allows
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the maximum range of movement. It can move up and down, and side to side, as

well as rotate. Your hip joint is a good example. Stop and see how many

directions you can move your hip joint. Amazing, This wide range of movement

allows us to be able to run, walk, and change directions with ease. You have

another ball-andsocket joint in your shoulder (Michell, 2015).

Myofibrils contain contractile proteins, which generate force during

contraction. The two contractile proteins in muscle are myosin and acti, the main

component of thick filaments, is a contractile protein that pushes or pulls various

cellular structures to achieve movement by converting the chemical energy in

ATP to the mechanical energy of motion, that is, the production of force. In

skeletal muscle, about 300 molecules of myosin. form a single thick filament.

Each myosin molecule is shaped like two golf clubs twisted together. The myosin

tail (twisted golf club handles) points toward the M line in the center of the

sarcomere. Tails of neighboring myosin molecules lie parallel to one another,

forming the shaft of the thick filament. The two projections of each myosin

molecule (golf club heads) are called myosin heads. The heads project outward

from the thick filament in a spiraling fashion, each head extending toward one of

the six thin filaments that surround each thick filament. Thin filaments are

anchored to Z discs. Their main component is the contractile protein Individual

actin molecules join to form a thin filament that is twisted into a helix. On each

actin molecule is a myosin-binding site, where a myosin head can attach. Thin

filaments also contain smaller amounts of two which help switch the contraction

process on and off. In relaxed muscle, myosin is blocked from binding to actin
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because strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites on actin. The

tropomyosin strand, in turn, is held in place by troponin

(Jenkins and Gerard 2013).

Since the end of the 1980s, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been

used to investigate local muscle oxidative metabolism at rest and during different

exercise modalities. The unique advantage of using NIRS is that, when proper

care is taken to minimize movement artefacts, it can yield acceptable signal-to-

noise ratios during exercise, reviewed the first decade of NIRS muscle studies at

the dedicated 1996 Royal Society Discussion Meeting. In the following years,

several other reviews covered different aspects of muscle research such as sports

science and clinical medicin. Hamaoka reviewed the methodological issues of

NIRS and near-infrared imaging for monitoring muscle oxygenation and

haemodynamics in healthy and diseased humans. The references quoted in that

review article witness not only the evolution of the imaging techniques, but also

their significant applications in exercise physiology and clinical medicine. A

search on the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science was performed

using the keywords: ‘near-infrared’, ‘near-infrared oximetry’, ‘muscle

oxygenation’ and ‘optical imaging’. From 2007 up to the end of 2010,

approximately 160 articles related to muscle NIRS studies (excluding the clinical

related studies) were published on different aspects of muscle physiology

(primarily muscle oxygenation and haemoglobin (Hb) volume) of several upper

and lower limb muscle groups investigated by using mainly one two channel
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commercial NIRS instruments. Only 15 of these studies exploited the advantages

linked to the use of multi-channel instruments (Ferrari et al 2018).

The secondary stabilisers of the knee joint are all the muscles surrounding

the knee alongside the hip muscles and the gastrocnemius muscle. Although their

primary function is to produce motion for all the 6 degrees of freedom of the knee,

they also interact with the neuromuscular system to control knee motion, and

hence play a vital role in knee proprioception. The majority of the muscles around

the knee that are monoarticular act to primarily mobilise and secondarily stabilise

the knee. Some of these muscles have additional actions at the hip joint

(biarticular) where they have dual actions at both the knee and hip. The anterior

aspect of the knee consists predominantly of the quadriceps muscles, namely the

rectus femoris (biarticular), vastus lateralis (monoarticular), vastus medialis, and

vastus intermedius, and the primary function of these muscles is to extend the

knee joint (Abulhasan and Grey 2017).

A typical pattern in this joint disorder begins with small joints on the hand,

wrist and leg. Joint pain is athe result that the body gives because of calcification

or due to other diseases. Joint pain is considered as one actual condition that

consists for more than 100 types of disorders different. Joint pain is usually

caused by the aging factor. Affected joint generally the joints are often used for

move and often get a burden, for overcome complaints of joint pain actions done

is to rest the joint pain, avoid wetness and air cold, warm compresses, stretching

exercises, orthopedic aids, non therapy conservative medicine likephysiotherapy,

conservative medical therapy such as analgesics, injections intra-articular

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corticosteroids, a form of therapy topical like ointment and gel contains diclofenac

or ketoprofen and operative therapy (Dewi and Kudmasa 2017).

The muscular activation patterns have been found to differ between elastic

bands and conventional resistance training exercises, with higher muscle activity

for conventional and elastic resistance in different phases of the contraction.

Generally, muscle activity induced by conventional equipment is higher than from

elastic resistance early in the concentric phase of the contraction, while towards

the end when the band is elongated muscle activity levels are more similar.

However, this is affected by the “sticking point” of the exercise in question. The

sticking point is commonly known as the point in the range of motion where one

experiences a disproportionally large increase in the difficulty to complete the

movementand is the performance bottleneck in a resistance exercise. In

movements where the sticking point occurs in the early phase of the concentric

ROM with conventional resistance one might assume that the sticking point

occurs later in the movement phase with elastic bands, due to the gradually

increasing external resistance, but to our knowledge this has not been

experimentally verified (Bergquist et al 2018).

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 CHAPTER III

OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Date

Day/Date : Monday, March 20th 2019

Time : 09.10 – 10.50 a.m

Place : Zoology Laboratory, Biology Departement, Mathematic

and Science Faculty Makassar State University

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a. Pen

2. Material

a. Probandus

b. Pitcure of muscle and joints

c. Paper

C. Work Procedure

1. Prepare tools and material

2. Observe the types of muscle and joints

3. Draw the bones on the observation result

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

The picture of muscle in the face

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The picture of muscle in the Body

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The picture of muscle in the back

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The picture of Joints

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B. Discussion

In this activity, an introduction to the types of muscles and joints in humans

was carried out. observations made are on the muscles in the facial muscles, the

muscles of the front of the body, the muscles of the back of the body and the

muscles in the legsIn this practicum Muscle tissue is one part of the body's

movement system humans included in the musculoskeletal system. Therefore,

muscle tissue responsible for body movements. Muscle tissue consists of muscle

cells which also contains connective tissue. Muscle cells have metabolic activity

which is very active so it requires a lot of oxygen and a source of nutrients. So

that can function properly the muscle tissue must be tethered to the connective

tissue fibrous. As the muscles contract, the filaments are interlocked get energy

from the mitochondria around myofibrils. Therefore, there are many types

interconnected muscles even though the type of muscle consists of striated

muscle, heart muscle, and skeletal muscle. All three have different functions and

goals. Its accordance with (Clancy, 2013) Muscles cells are capable of changing

their length and shape, and so produce movement or (as we shall see later) may

actually prevent it.

The changes are the result of interactions between specialized muscle

proteins, present in all three types of muscle tissue found in the body smooth,

cardiac and skeletal – which all utilize a similar means of contracting, though they

have different cellular anatomy, rate of contraction and control mechanisms. The

point is bone is an organ what we need to do activities everyday, so we can't

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imagine how disturbed if there is damage to our bones. Some people think bone is

passive dead network, even though actually not.

Joints or articulatio is a term used to designate a meeting between two or

several bones of a skeleton. Joints can be classified according to the possibility of

motion: can't move, a little moving and moving broadly. Three large groups of

joints are: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Based on the nature of the

movement, joints are divided into three types, namely dead joints, stiff joints and

motion joints. Motion joints are joints that can be moved freely. Joints of motion

are divided into bullet joints, hinge joints, rotary joints, sliding joints and saddle

joints. The hinge joint allows the movement of one field such as the hinges of a

door or window, for example joints on the elbows and knees.

The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body.

The function of the knee joint is to regulate the movement of the foot. The knee

joint supports almost all the mass of the human body so that the knee joint is very

prone to injury, damage to disease. One of the most common types of diseases is

Osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that affects the cartilage where

healthy cartilage will be able to support smooth joint movement and helps absorb

shock loads Osteoarthritis of the knee joint is a condition of broken or thinning

bones prone to the thigh bone and shin in the legs so that when moving causes

pain due to friction between the leg bones. The osteoarthritis caused by age, body

weight or injury will affect the level wear of cartilage.

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 CHAPTER V

CLOSING

A. Conclussion

Based on experiment observation we can conclude that :

1. There are several places in the observation of muscles. Types muscles on the

face like musculus connugatur, musculus nasalis, and musculus orticularis ori ,

types muscle in the front of the body like traspesius, deltoid, and pectoral mayor,

types muscle in the back of the body, like semispina, splenus cuptris, and

splenus cervicis.

2. In the joints based on the type there are stiff joints, dead joints and motion

joints. various joints based on motion, namely bullet joints, sliding joints, bullet

joints, rotary joints and saddle joints.

B. Suggestion

In the next experiment observation can add new tools like picture so we can

do experiment better because we have much people in the class that need it.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abulhasan, Jawad and Grey, Michael. 2017. Anatomy and Physiology of Knee
Stability. Volume 2 No 34. Journal of Functional Morphology and
Kinesiology.

Bergquist, Ronny. Iversen, Vegard. Mork, Paul. Fimland, Marius. 2017. Muscle
Activity Uppe-Body Single-Joint Resistence Exercise with Elastic
Resistance Bands vs. Free Weights. Volume 61. Journal of Human
kinetics.
Catharine C. Whiting. 2016. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Pearson. US : .
Amerika
Clancy, Johnand Andrew, Mcvicar. 2013. Physiology and Anatomy. CRC Press.
Broken Sound Parkway : NeW York
Dewi, Erika and Kudmasa Mardiana. 2017. Pengaruh Kompres Jahe Terhadap
Penurunan Nyeri Sendi Pada Lansia Di Panti Werdha Anugrah Dukuh
Kupang Barat Surabaya. AKPER William Booth.

Ferrari, Marco. Mhutalib, Makh, Quaresima, Valentia. 2018. The use of near-
infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent
developments. Philosopical Transaction.

Jenkins, Gail W, and Gerard J.Tortora. 2013. Anatomy and physiology third
edition. United state of amerika, Amerika
Mitchell, Tommy. 2015. Anatomy and Physiology. Master Books. Green forest
Nelwan, Gabriela. Wangkko, Sunny. Pasiak, Taufik. 2016. Gambaran makroskopik
dan mikroskopik otot skelet pada hewan coba postmortem. Volume 4
Nomor 2. Jurnal e-Biomedik.

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