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Hyun Jung Ahn․Yeon Jin Kwon 1)
1. Introduction
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Corresponding author
196 언어과학 제14권 2호 (2007. 6)
2.1. Metaphor
Dirven and Pörings 2002, Gibbs 1999, Haser 2005, Panther and Radden
1999). Lakoff(1987) claims that conceptual metaphor is defined as a
cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system, and metaphors are
expressions that are the surface realization of such a cross-domain
mapping. Thus, metaphor is an important instrument which makes us
understand abstract things well by more specific ones.
Lakoff and Johnson(1980) classified metaphor into three groups;
structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor. A
structural metaphor is a metaphor in which one concept is understood
and expressed in terms of another structured, sharply defined concept.
Here is an example of the Love-as-Journey structural metaphor(Lakoff
and Johnson 1980: 44-45).
2.2. Metonymy
Over the past years, researches into the body-part terms for hand
have been carried out and the metaphorical standards for
hand-expressions by function, shape, and position of hands have been
divided. The previous studies on metaphors of hand primarily relate to
the ontological metaphor, THE HAND IS A CONTAINER(Boers 2000,
A Study on Metaphor and Metonymy of Hand 201
The shape and function of hand are similar to the container. Like the
container, we put something in our hand and bend our fingers around
it. Almost all of the previous studies have dealt with the ontological
metaphor of hand, THE HAND IS A CONTAINER; SOMETHING IN
THE HAND IS ENTITY. Let us look at the examples.
We can think that something in our hand is our own, and further we
can even control it. Abstract concept of 'control' is easily
conceptualized by the specific action of holding in hands. In (8a), in
the hands of someone means "in someone's control", get out of hand
in (8b) "get out of control", and take in hand in (8c) "have control".
The action of holding hands of each other implies the two persons
have a positive relationship. Hold hands in (9a) is "cooperate with
each other", hand in hand in (9b) means "accompanying each other" or
"closely connected", and hand in glove in (9c) implies "work together".
1) The examples cited in this paper are drawn from Collins Cobuild Dictionary
of Idioms(2000), Essence Dictionary of English Idioms(2000), and YBM
English-Korean Dictionary(2004).
A Study on Metaphor and Metonymy of Hand 203
Hands in all the sentences above are not human hands but parts of
other things. This means THE HAND IS A CONTAINER metaphor
cannot explain all the meanings of these expressions of hand.
Third, as was discussed in the previous section, there are, according
to Lakoff and Johnson(1980), three kinds of conceptual metaphors:
ontological, structural, and orientational. Metaphorical expressions of
hand can be understood in the context of these types of metaphors.
To deal with these potential problems, we suggest two additional
types of metaphors in more detail in what follows, expanding on the
work in the previous approaches on the subject which have failed to
take into sufficient account on structural and orientational metaphors.
204 언어과학 제14권 2호 (2007. 6)
2) Here, hand stands for hand and arm. That is metonymy of THE PART FOR
THE WHOLE.
A Study on Metaphor and Metonymy of Hand 205
Finding out about something, we usually say that we have put our
hands on it. Therefore, the expression of putting hands on something
means "make contact with something" and further to "find out
something, attain, or succeed". The expression lay one's hands on in
(15a) means "find", get one's hands on and put one's hands on in
(15b-c) mean "attain". These expressions are also orientational
metaphors; hand is on the upper side.
Next, let us consider the structural metaphor of hand. Hands in
(12a-c) are not person's hands but are parts of other things. A hand
is very familiar to us, and then many parts of other things are called
"hand" easily. This is what is known as an individual metaphor. Hand
is "a stylus of a clock" in (12a), "a claw of a crab" in (12b), and "a
handle of a gun" in (12c). Although these examples are not exactly
the case of mapping from specific items to abstract ones, we can say
that the source domain "human hand" is mapped to the target domain
"other parts of things". The cognitive mapping from the source domain
to the target domain in (12a) is as shown in (16) below.
this metonymy, the right side implies "good and favorable things", and
hand directly indicate "person". Hands in (19b-c) are also used to
mean "person".
Let us consider the second case (18b).
It is easily thought that hand stands for the activity by the hand.
The last hand in (21a) means "the last trial", hand in (21b) is "work",
and hand in (21c) is "traveling".
The following examples illustrate the fourth case (18d).
(26) a. With the final exam at hand, how can you go to the movie?
b. We need reliable English dictionary constantly close at hand.
c. I heard the news at second hand from John.
d. Raise your hand if you know the answer.
e. The thieves bound them hand and foot.
f. I had a hard time with my homework, but I finally got a
hand with it from Sean.
g. Only if you ask, there are many persons who will bear
hand.
h. Would you like a hand carrying these luggages?
previous standpoints above, but the meanings are not clear. This
means that they need to be caught by other metonymical expressions.
Therefore, to account for the potential problems on metonymy of
hand, we suggest that a few standpoints of metonymy of hand should
be added. The first is the following.
THE PART FOR THE WHOLE. With these standpoints, the idiomatic
expressions in (26d-e) can be well explained.
4. Conclusion
References