MAGMATISM 2019

MAGMATISM: CHEMICAL AND MINERAL ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE THE DIFFERENT

TYPES OF ROCKS

The rocks are classified in : Magmatic, Sedimentary and Metamorphic.

Petrography: It is the study of the rocks un the point of view of the texture,
mineralogy and the chemical composition.

Petrology: It is the broadest study as the mode of occurrence, composition,

classification and the origin of the rocks.

Main minerals that make up the rocks:

Feldspar Group: Orthoclase, Albite, Labradorite, Anorthite.

Mica Group: Muscovite, Biotite, Lepidolite, Phlogopite.

Amphibole Group: Tremolite Actinoliea, Hornblende.

Pyroxene Group: Diopside, Hedenbergite, Augite.

Olivine Group: Olivine, Smectite.

Silicates Group: Opal, Quartz and their varieties.

We also have other minerals but that in small quantities in the igneous rocks as
secondary accseories: Oxides, Phosphates, Suphides, Fluorides, etc

MAGMATISM

Magma: It is a molten formed by a liquid phase a solid phase and a gaseosus phase
that are at temperaturas between 1500 – 1800 °C.

The magmas are formed by punctual changes in the thermodynamics of the interior oft
he planet, the superficial layers of the Earth (lithosphere) are in solid state, becausedes
pite being at temperatures high enough to be fused, the pressure is Also highenough t
o increase the melting point of the minerals enough to avoid this fusion.

The melting process is seldom a complete fusion of a portion of more or lessvoluminou

s rock, it is usually a partial fusion, in which the fusion of the refractorymineral compon
ents that make up the rock is progressively produced. .

Mafic magmas are derived from the partial fusion on the upper mantle.

The magmasm Felsicos are of graniic affinity which usually produces is a molthing of
composition determined from the whole of the rock, according to its concrete.

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Magma Insitu or primary: They have not undergone the processes of differentiation,
once formed these magmas tend to ascend, due to their lower density tan the rocks
that surround it, and of the volumetric expansión that they suffer, to which contributes
the reléase in the same ones of a gaseous phase more or less abundant.

The ascent can be more or less slow, from the supersonic velocities that are able to
carry to the surface magmas of the upper mantle loaded with fragments of up to
decimetrico diameter, until slow speeds, combined in with stays in chambers
magmatic intermediates that increase the time of residence of magma in more or less
deep layers.

TRAINING OF VOLCANIC, SUBVOLCANIC, HIPABISALES AND PLUTONIC ROCKS

The ascent can imply the arrival of the magma to the surface giving rise to the volcanic
rocks or its proximity originating the subvolcanic rock sor hipabisales or it may be that
the magma is placed in relatively deep levels of the crust giving origin to the plutonic
rocks.

The differentiation of textures between these rocks is due to the cooling speed of the
magma.

Volcanic: the speed is máximum, due to the contrast between the temperatura of the
magma and the environment.

Subvolcanic: the speed is a Little slower, which makes them not to contain glass, but if
they develop textures porfídicas and fine grain.

Plutonic: the speed is very slow, due to this it favors the formation of regular crystals
and of médium or coarse grain.

MAGMA DIFFERENTIATION

The main mechanisms of differentiation are as follows:

-Fractionated Crystallization.

-Assimilation.

Another important issue in the igneous rocks is the order of crystallization of its
minerals, this order is determined by two main factors: thermodynamics of the
crystallization process and the concrete composition of the magma that crystallizes.

Bowen subdivides the sequence determined in:

-Discontinuous Branch (ferromagnesianos minerals).

-Continuous Branch (plagioclase).

It is What is known as Bowen´s serial name.

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TYPES OF MAGMAS

Mafic: magma poor in silica and rich in Mg, Fe and Ca.

Félsicos: magma richer in silica and por in Mg and Fe.

Intermediatess: We find plagioclase intermedia, amphibole and pyroxene.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

The rocks are classified into three large groups base don their génesis: Magmatic or
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

Igneous rocks: they are rocks product of the solidification of a molten material or
partially fused, this is of a magma on the terrestrial surface, like for example we have
granite, gabbro, basalt, porphyry, etc.

Sedimentary rocks: they are rocks that result from the consolidation of solid material
sor chemical precipitates from aqueous solutions or secretion of animal sor plants like
for example we have conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, etc.

Metamorphic rocks: these are rocks that derive from pre-existing rocks, through
transformations involving mineralogical, chemical or structural changes in solid state in
response to significant changes in pressure and temperatura conditions.

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING

STUDENT: MARTÍNEZ JACAY BRYHAM HENRRY

COURSE: PETROGRAPHY 2019-I

TEACHER: MSC. ING. ALFONSO HUAMÁN GUERRERO