STATISTICS REVIEWER

Hypothesis - is an educated guess that can be tested. It is a statement that describes the population
parameter.
Hypothesis Testing – is an area in statistical inference where in we can evaluate the conjecture about
some characteristics of a population based on the data gathered from the sample.
TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis – s denoted by H0 The capital letter H stands for the hypothesis and the
subscript 0 implies “zero difference” or “no difference”.
2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) is the statement that the researcher believes to be true when the
null hypothesis is false. It is also known as research hypothesis.
TYPES OF ERRORS
TYPE I – This type of error rejects the null hypothesis when in fact it is true. Is also known as
the alpha (a) error.
TYPE II – This type of error fails to reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is false. It is also
known as beta (B) error.
Level of significance – is the probability of type I error.
One-tailed test – is a hypothesis test where the rejection region lies at only one tail of the distribution.
Two-tailed test – is a hypothesis where the rejection region lies on both ends of the distribution, one on
the left and one on the right.
Test Statistic – used as a basis for whether the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Rejection Region – This is the set of values of the test statistic that leads to rejection of the null
hypothesis.
Non-rejection region - This is the set of values of the test statistic that leads to acceptance of the null
hypothesis.
Critical value – this is the set of values of the test statictic that seperates the rejection and non- rejection
regions.
Hypothesis testing – is aprocedure in making decisions based on a sample evidence or probability theory
used to determine whether the null hypothesis is accepted or rejected.
t-test – is commonly used to determine whether the mean of a population significantly differs from a
specific value known as hypothesized mean or from the mean of another population
Bivariate data – is the value of two different variables that are obtained from the same population
elements.
Ordered pairs – values that are written in order,
Scatter Diagram – is a plot of all ordered pairs of the bivariate data on the Cartesian plane.
Linear correlation – measures the strength of the association (linear relationship) between two
quantitative variables but does not tell the mathematical relationship between two variables.
Positive correlation – is a correlation that arises when high scores in distribution A are associated with
high scores on distribution B or low scores in distribution A are associated with low scores in distribution
B.
Negative correlation - is a correlation that arises when high scores in distribution A are associated with
low scores in distribution B or low scores in distribution A are associated with high scores in distribution
B.
No correlation – is a correlation that arises when there is no association between distribution A and
distribution B and there is discernible pattern that can be seen.
Correlation coefficient – tells us the strength of the association or linear correlation between the two
variables.
Coefficient of determination – measures how much the variation of one variable can be explained by the
variation in the other.
Simple linear regression – studies and summarizes the relationsip between two quantitative data
particularly continuous variables.
Independent variable – predictor.
Dependent variable – response or outcome.
Linear regression analysis helps us in investigating and describing the relationship between two
variables by means of regression model or mathematical equation that has a predictive value.
Line of best fit is a straight lilne that best illustrates the overall picture of what the collected data is
showing. It is also known as the trend line or the linear regression.