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Lecture 12
Transportation Planning
Introduction
Transportation demand
Referred to as a derived demand from the
activity being performed.
Tradeoff between time and money is required
Mobility
Refers to the ability to move between different
activity sites (e.g. from home to market)
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Accessibility
Underlying the relationship between land use and transportation
Refers to the number of opportunities or activity sites available within
certain distance or time
Ease of movement between places
Increases either in terms of time or money (cost increases/ decreases)
Can be assessed separately for different modes, trip purposes
Accessibility should be a central part of any measure of quality of life.
Example 1
to Node
∑ Change
From A B C D
A 0 (0) 6(4) 7(6) 9(8) 22 (18) -18%
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Accessibility Measures
Gravity-based Measure – personal mobility
Ai O j f d ij
j
Ai = accessibility of person i (or a person residing in
location i )
Oj = number of opportunities of interest at location j
from person’s i home
dij = measure of separation between i and j (travel time,
travel cost or distance)
f() = impedance function
Accessibility Measures
Gravity-based Measure (cont.)
Example:
Ai O jTT 1
ij
j
Ai O j Dij 2
j
Ai O j exp 0.5TCij
j
Example 2 Ai O jTT 1
ij
j
10 2000
A 6
7
1500 1
2000 2
3 2500 (workers)
Residential areas
9 8
12
B
Find the actual and relative zonal
accessibility of the residential 4000 (job opportunities
areas assuming that b = 1.0 in employment zones)
Solutions to Example 2
Ai O jTTij1 A1
2000 4000
200 333 533
j 10 12
2000 4000
A2 286 444 730
j = A, B; 7 9
2000 4000
and i = 1, 2, 3 A3 333 500 833
6 8
total 2096 and the relative accessibil ity is
533
A1 0.25
2096
730
A2 0.35
2096
833
A3 0.40
2096
Hansen’s Accessibility Model
Employment is predominant factor in determining the
location. E
A
j
ij b
d ij
Aij = accessibility index of zone i with respect to zone j
Ej = total employment at j
dij = distance between i and j
b = an exponent
The overall accessibility index for zone i is therefore,
Ej
Ai b
j d ij
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Hansen’s Accessibility Model
The amount of vacant land that is suitable and available
for residential use is also an additional factor in attracting
future population to the zone in questions.
This is referred to as holding capacity (Hi)
The development potential of a zone Di is
Di = AiHi
And the population is distributed to zones on the basis of
the relative development potential AiHi / ∑ AiHi
If the total growth in population in a future year is Gt, the
population allocated to zone i will be
Ai H i Di
Gi Gt Gt
Ai H i Di
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Example 3
Zone Total existing Holding Capacity
population (acres)
1 2000 100
2 1000 200
3 3000 300
total 6000 600
From i To j 1 2 3
1 2 6 8
2 6 3 5
3 8 5 4
Assumption, b = 2.0 (based on research)
If the population of this city is expected to rise to 8000 persons in 20 years, how
will the population be distributed by zone? Assume that the total employment in
each zone is proportional to the total existing population in that zone.
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Solution to Example 3
Calculate Aij and then Ai
Zone 1 2 3 Ai Aij
i
Multiply Ai byHi
Zone Ai Hi Di
1 575 100 57,500
2 287 200 57,400
3 259 300 77,700
Total: 192,600
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Solution to Example 2
Calculate the relative development potential of each zone
Zone Di Di / ∑Di Gi
1 57,500 0.299 2392
2 57,400 0.298 2384
3 77,700 0.403 3224
Total 192,600 1.000 8000
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Space-Time Autonomy
Takes both accessibility and mobility into consideration
It focuses on the constraints that impose on a person’s
freedom of movement
Capability constraints (income, ownership, age, etc.)
Coupling constraints (interaction behavior)
Authority constraints (social, political and legal restrictions)
Space-time prism
Shows the possibilities in space and time that are open to a
person, given certain constraints
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Space-Time Path
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Space-Time Prism
Time-space prism
clearly shows change
of possible locations by
the change of personal
constraints, scheduling
and service level of
transport.
Slope of lines shows
maximum speed that a
person can travel
By foot or bicycle
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Space-Time Autonomy
Factors affecting space-time autonomy
Flex-timework schedules
Longer store hours, and
Purchasing a second car all enhance STA by adding
margins to the space time prism
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Assignment # 2
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Problem 2
Three residential zones (1, 2 and 3) with 400, 500, and
700 resident workers and four employment zones (4, 5,
6, and 7) with 350, 450, 500, and 300 jobs are
connected by a highway network having the following
travel costs: t14 = 10, t15 = 12, t16 = 14, t17= 15, t24 = 8, t25
= 9, t26= 10, t27 = 12, t34 = 4, t35 = 6, t36= 8 and t37 = 15.
Find the actual and relative zonal accessibility of the
residential zones.
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Problem 3
A small city is divided into six residential zones and the
zonal data derived from a survey are as follows:
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Problem 4
A four zone city has the following characteristics.
Zone Total existing population Holding capacity (acres)
1 3000 300
2 2500 280
3 9000 500
4 4500 350
1 5 10 12 15
2 10 4 9 20
3 12 9 3 14
4 15 20 14 6
An exponent of 2.2 can be used on work done with other cities of the
same size. If the city is likely to rise to 30,000 in 15 years, what
would be the likely population located in each zone in the horizon
year? What would be the percentage change in allocation of
population to zones if the exponent were 1.8 and 2.0, respectively?
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QUESTIONS !!!!