Waste Water Treatment

Definition:
It is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from
household sewage. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to
remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent)
that is safer for the environment.

Functions of Water Treatment Units:

 Treatment Function involves the following units:

 (Removal)Screening Floating matter
 Sedimentation Suspended matter
 Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter and bacteria
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese, etc.
 Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, bacteria Disinfection
Pathogenic bacteria, Organic matter and Reducing substances
Softening Hardness Aeration, chemicals use Colour, Odour, Taste

Process steps:

Waste Water Treatment generally involves three stages, these are as

follows:

1) Preliminary Treatment
2) Primary Treatment
3) Secondary Treatment
4) Tertiary Treatment

Preliminary Treatment:

Removal of waste water constituents such as rags, sticks, floatable grit, and
grease that may cause maintenance or operational problem with the treatment
operations, processes, and ancil1ary system. Preliminary treatment consist of
following units:
• Screening: For removal of floating matter.

• Grit Chamber: For removal of sand and grits.

• Comminuters : For grinding large size suspended solids

• Floatation Units: For removal of oil and grease

• Skimming Tanks: For remove oils, grease and fats prior to further
treatment for environmental discharge compliance

• Flow Measuring units such as partial flume, Pumps, Pre-aeration Units

Primary Treatment:

Removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the
wastewater. Advanced Primary Treatment Enhanced removal of suspended
solids and organic matter from the waste water. Typically accomplished by
chemical addition or filtration known as Coagulation and Flocculation.In
water treatment, coagulation flocculation involves the addition of polymers that
clump the small, destabilized particles together into larger aggregates so that
they can be more easily separated from the water.Removal efficiency of
Biological Oxygen Demand (B. O.D.) in primary treatment process is 30%•
Removal efficiency of Total Suspended Solids (T.S.S.) in primary treatment
process is 60%

Coagulation: It is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge

Flocculation: Its a physical process and don’t involve neutralization of charge

Primary Treatment Requires The Following Steps:

1) Sedimentation primary settling tanks

2) Coagulation secondary settling tanks
3) Flocculation
Sedimentation:

Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the

fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is
due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them:
these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or
electromagnetism. A physical water treatment process using gravity to remove
suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of
moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of
lakes and oceans. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of
removing .

Secondary Treatment: Secondary Treatment Removal of biodegradable

organic matter (insoluble or suspension) state and suspended solids.
Disinfection is also typically included in the definition of conventional
secondary treatment Secondary Treatment with Nutrient Removal Removal of
biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and nutrients (nitrogen
phosphorus, or both nitrogen and phosphorus)

Secondary Treatment Process For Waste Water Applications Are As

Follows:

 Aeration System
 Biological Treatment System
 Sludge And Bio Solid Processing

Secondary Treatment System Consists Of Following Units:

 Activated Sludge Process

 Oxidation Ponds And Lagoons
 Trickling Filters
 1) Aeration System: In industrial water conditioning, one of the major
objectives of aeration is to remove carbon dioxide. Aeration is also used
to oxidize soluble iron and manganese (found in many well waters) to
insoluble precipitates. Aeration is often used to reduce the carbon
dioxide liberated by a treatment process.
2) Biological Treatment: Is used to remove any material remaining after
primary treatment. In the primary water treatment process, sediments or
substances such as oil are removed from the waste water.
3) Sludge And Bio Solid Processing: The residue that accumulates in
sewage treatment plants is called sludge (or bio solids)
4) Activate Sludge Process: In activated sludge process waste water
containing organic matter is aerated in anaeration basin in which micro-
organisms metabolize the suspended and soluble organic matter.

Activated Sludge Plant Involves: wastewater aeration in the presence of a

microbial suspension ,solid-liquid separation following aeration, discharge of
clarified effluent wasting of excess biomass and return of remaining biomass
to the aeration tank.

Removal Efficiency Of Activated Sludge Process : Metal Removal

Efficiency Al <20% Mo <20% As <20% Pb 20-50% Mn 20-50% Ag 20-50% Cd
>50% Fe >50% Cr >50%

5) Trickling Filters: Are beds made of coke (carbonized coal), limestone

chips or specially fabricated plastic media Optimize their thickness by
insect or worm grazing • The primary wastewater is sprayed over the
filter and microbes decompose organic material aerobically. Low
pathogen removal - Bacteria, 20-90% - Viruses, 50-90% - Giardia cysts,
70-90% Trickling filters
6) Stabilization Or Oxidation Ponds : Oxidation ponds are a few meters
deep, and up to a hectare in size. They are low cost with retention times
of 1 to 4 weeks. Odor and mosquitoes can be a problem.
7) Pathogen Removal: - Bacteria, 90-99% - Virus, 90-99% - Protozoa, 67-
99% • Mechanisms include the long detention time, high pH (10- 10.5)
generated by photosynthesis, predation, sunlight, temperature
Tertiary Treatment: Treatment levels beyond secondary are called advanced
or tertiary treatment. Tertiary treatment technologies can be extensions of
conventional secondary biological treatment to further stabilize oxygen-
demanding substances in the wastewater, or to remove nitrogen and
phosphorus. Tertiary treatment may also involve physical-chemical separation
techniques such as carbon adsorption, flocculation/precipitation, membranes
for advanced filtration, De-chlorinationand reverse osmosis.
Tertiary treatment is the next wastewater treatment process after secondary
treatment. This step removes stubborn contaminants that secondary
treatment was not able to clean up. Wastewater effluent becomes even
cleaner in this treatment process through the use of stronger and more
advanced treatment systems.
Shubham has more than seven years of extensive experience in industrial
water treatment. we, constantly meet with a diversity of water-related
challenges. This has provided us with an unsurpassed bank of knowledge.
We provide water treatment plant with innovative solutions for effective use of
raw water in many process applications by ensuring required quality.
Removal Efficiency of Trickling Filter the Removal efficiency of Total organic
Carbon (T. O. C.) from Trickling Filter is greater than 90%

Tertiary Treatment Technologies For Wastewater Treatment:

 Clari-flocculators
 Pressure Sand Filter
 Activated Carbon Adsorption
 Physical/Chemical Treatment
 De-chlorination and Disinfection Systems
 Reverse Osmosis (RO) Systems
 Ultra-Filtration Plant