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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic
identification method, relying on storing and remotely
retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or
transponders. The technology requires some extent of
cooperation of an RFID reader and an RFID tag.
What is RFID?
1. ANTENNA
The antenna emits radio signals to activate the tag and read
and write data to it. Antennas are the conduits between the
tag and the transceiver, which controls the system's data
acquisition and communication. Antennas are available in a
variety of shapes and sizes; they can be built into a door
frame to receive tag data from persons or things passing
through the door, or mounted on an interstate tollbooth to
monitor traffic passing by on a freeway. The
electromagnetic field produced by an antenna can be
constantly present when multiple tags are expected
continually. If constant interrogation is not required, a
sensor device can activate the field.
Often the antenna is packaged with the transceiver and
decoder to become a reader (a.k.a. interrogator), which can
be configured either as a handheld or a fixed-mount device.
The reader emits radio waves in ranges of anywhere from
one inch to 100 feet or more, depending upon its power
output and the radio frequency used. When an RFID tag
passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the
reader's activation signal. The reader decodes the data
encoded in the tag's integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the
data is passed to the host computer for processing.
2. TAGS (Transponders)
An RFID tag is comprised of a microchip containing
identifying information and an antenna that transmits this
data wirelessly to a reader. At its most basic, the chip will
contain a serialized identifier, or license plate number, that
uniquely identifies that item,
similar to the way many bar codes are used today. A key
difference, however is that RFID tags have a higher data
capacity than their bar code counterparts. This increases the
options for the type of information that can be encoded on
the tag, including the manufacturer, batch or lot number,
weight, ownership, destination and history (such as the
temperature range to which an item has been exposed). In
fact, an unlimited list of other types of information can be
stored on RFID tags, depending on application needs. An
RFID tag can be placed on individual items, cases or pallets
for identification purposes, as well as on fixed assets such
as trailers, containers, totes, etc.
DATA CAPACITY
FORM FACTOR
The tag and antenna structure can come in a variety of
physical form factors and can either be self-contained or
embedded as part of a traditional label structure (i.e., the
tag is inside what looks like a regular bar code label—this
is termed a 'Smart Label') companies must choose the
appropriate form factors for the tag very carefully and
should expect to use multiple form factors to suit the
tagging needs of different physical products and units of
measure. For example, a pallet may have an RFID tag fitted
only to an area of protected placement on the pallet itself.
On the other hand, cartons on the pallet have RFID tags
inside bar code labels that also provide operators human-
readable information and a back-up should the tag fail or
pass through non RFID-capable supply chain links.
FREQUENCIES
EPC TAGS
3. RF TRANSCEIVER:
Inventory Management
Work-in-Process
Patient Monitoring
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
D1 U5 VCC
7805
J3 J5
1N4001 1 3
R1 1 1
VI VO 2 2
220
GND
D2 C4 +5V
+5V
A
J1 LED1
2
2 1N4001
1 D3 1000u LED-RED
LCD1
K
X-FORMER LCD16
1N4001 LED-=16
D4 J6
+12v
1
2
15 LED-
LED+ 16
1N4001
C1 +12V
VDD
VSS
VEE
22PF
RW
RS
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
U1
E
19 39
XTAL1 P0.0/AD0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
X1 P0.1/AD1
38
11.0592MHZ 37
C2 P0.2/AD2
18 36
XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
35
P0.4/AD4
34
P0.5/AD5
22PF
P0.6/AD6
33 R3
9 32
2/4
RST P0.7/AD7 1k
S1 C3 P2.0/A8
21
10uF 22
P2.1/A9
23
P2.2/A10
-
ALE P2.4/A12
31 26
EA P2.5/A13
R2 27
P2.6/A14
28
P2.7/A15
10K
1 10 J4
P1.0/T2 P3.0/RXD
2 11
P1.1/T2EX P3.1/TXD 1
3 12 TX
P1.2 P3.2/INT0 2
4 13 RX
P1.3 P3.3/INT1 3
5 14 GND
P1.4 P3.4/T0
6 15
P1.5 P3.5/T1 RFID
7 16
P1.6 P3.6/WR
8 17
P1.7 P3.7/RD
AT89C52 +12v
R6 D3
D5 R2
220 R4
Q1 A K
10k
BC547K A 10k LED-GREEN
LED-GREEN
R5 R3 4 U1:A LDR1
220 1.0
10k LDR
1
2
1 RV1
RL1 J2 3 3 PRESET
RLY-SPCO VCC
1
2
8
LM358
2
CONN-SIL2
MICROCONTROLLER:
m status word (PSW)
POWER SUPPLY
coupled
conductors — the transformer's coils or "windings".
Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are
commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around
separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current
in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying
magnetic field in the core (or cores) of the transformer.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary"
winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric
charge will flow in the secondary winding of the
transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to
the load connected in the secondary circuit.
The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer,
is scaled from the primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio
of the number of turns of wire in their respective windings:
Basic operation
ratings.
OUTPUT SMOOTHING
For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-
wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of
a capacitor may be desired because the bridge alone supplies an output of
fixed polarity but continuously varying or "pulsating" magnitude (see
diagram above).
The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir
capacitor (or smoothing capacitor) is to lessen the variation
in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage waveform
from the bridge. One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the
capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC
component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across,
and AC current through, the resistive load. In less technical
terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the
bridge tends to be canceled by loss of charge in the
capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current
through the load. Thus the change of load current and
voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the
capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess
charge in the capacitor, thus moderating the change in
output voltage / current.
REGULATOR IC (78XX)
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC
current into regulated DC current.
Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage
regulator at the output of the filtered DC (see in above
diagram). It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC
voltage from a high DC voltage (for example we use 7805
to get 5V from 12V). There are two types of voltage
regulators 1. fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx) 2.
variable voltage regulators (LM317) In fixed voltage
regulators there is another classification 1. +ve voltage
regulators 2. -ve voltage regulators POSITIVE VOLTAGE
REGULATORS This include 78xx voltage regulators. The
most commonly used ones are 7805 and 7812. 7805 gives
fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V, 20V).
THE CAPACITOR FILTER
UNFILTERED
There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The
RS pin is used for their selection as follows .If RS = 0 ,
then instruction command code register is selected ,
allowing the user to send the command such as clear
display, cursor at home, etc. If RS = 1 the data register is
selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on
the LCD.
R/W, READ/WRITE:
D0 – D7:
We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the
LCD is ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7
and can be read when R/W=1.RS=0, as follows: if R/W=1
and RS=0.When D7=1 (busy flag=1), the LCD is busy
taking care of internal operations and will not accept any
new information. When D7 = 0, the LCD is ready to
receive new information.
PIN DESCRIPTION FOR LCD
1 Vss -- Ground
2 Vcc -- +5V power supply
6 E I/O Enable
LCD.
.
Sending parallel data as either four or eight bits are the two
primary modes of operation. While there are secondary
considerations and modes, deciding how to send the data to
the LCD is most critical decision to be made for an LCD
interface application.
Eight bit mode is best used when speed is required in an
application and at least ten I/O pins are available. Four bit
mode requires a minimum of six bits. To wire a
microcontroller to an LCD in four bit mode, just the top
four bits (DB4-7) are written to.
high speed.
Internal circuit of Relay
Relays
code.
A view of Keil uVision 3
PRO51 Burner Software
PROBLEM FACED
TROUBLESHOOT
PROCEDURE:
Now here we will be attach all component
those are give above with the