Voltage Stability Improvement in Power
Systems using Facts Controllers: State-of-the-
Art Review
Sandeep Gupta, Prof. R. K. Tripathi, Member, IEEE, and Rishabh Dev Shukla
ABSTRACT--Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
devices have been used in power systems since the 1970s for the
improvement of its dynamic performance. This paper presents a
review on the research and developments in the voltage stability
improvement by using FACTS controllers. In this paper several
technical issues related to FACTS installations have been
highlighted and performance comparison of different FACTS
controllers have been discussed. In addition, real-world
installations and semiconductor technology development have
been reviewed and summarized. This paper also includes the
main causes of voltage instability and power scenario in India. In
order to deal with the voltage stability problem, the solutions
with FACTS-controllers provide voltage support and/or
appropriately co-ordinated control actions. Authors strongly
believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the
researchers for finding out the relevant references in the field of
voltage stability improvement by using FACTS controllers in
power system environments.
Index Terms--FACTS, IPFC, SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC,
TCPS, UPFC, voltage stability.
I. INTRODUCTION
I N recent years, along with the rapid increasing electric
power requirement, the reconstruction of India's urban and
rural power network is more and more urgent. There will be
huge demand for reactive power compensation to improve the
efficiency and stability of AC transmission systems during
transmission upgrade process. Given a profit-driven,
deregulated electric power industry coupled with increased
load growth, the power transmission infrastructure is being
stressed to its upper operating limits to achieve maximum
economic returns to both generator and transmission system
owners. In such an environment, system stability problems
such as inadequate voltage control and fast regulation must be
Sandeep Gupta, Research Scholar in Department of Electrical Engineering
of Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad (U.P.)-211004
INDIA (e-mail: jecsandeep@gmail.com).
Dr. R.K. Tripathi, Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering of
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad (U.P.)-211004
INDIA (e-mail: rktripathi@mnnit.ac.in).
Rishabh Dev Shukla, Research Scholar in Department of Electrical
Engineering of Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad
(U.P.)-211004 INDIA (e-mail: shukla.rishabhdev@gmail.com).
978-1-4244-8542-0/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE
resolved in the cost-effective manner to improve overall grid
security and reliability.
Voltage stability is one of the biggest problems in power
systems. The series and shunt compensation are able to
increase the maximum transfer capabilities of power network
[1]. Concerning to voltage stability, such compensation has
the purpose of injecting reactive power to maintain the voltage
magnitude in the nodes close to the nominal values, besides, to
reduce line currents and therefore the total system losses [2].
At the present time, thanks to the development of
sophisticated and versatile power electronic devices named
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), which are used
to adjust the magnitude of voltage in power system with
proper control.
Fast advances in computer analysis of power systems have
enabled appearance of extensive knowledge related to general
power system control and stability. Number of IEEE standards
[3], [4] and books [5]-[8] cover modelling issues in depth.
Some of them directly concern the voltage stability problem
[9], [10]. Useful definitions of terms related to stability are
provided within several taxonomies in [11]-[13].
A large number of scientists and engineers have been
attracted by the voltage stability problem. Their attention has
resulted with a number of papers being published in
magazines and conference proceedings. Extensive
bibliography [14] treats the most referenced ones among them.
Load behavior is recognized as one of the main driving
forces of the voltage collapse. Bibliography [15] covers main
references, which are related either to modeling techniques
[16]-[19] or to field measurements and identification [20]-
[23].
A. Principal Causes of Voltage Stability Problems
Some of the main causes for occurrence of voltage
instability are
i.Due to unsuitable locations of FACTS controllers.
ii.High Reactive Power Consumption at Heavy Loads.
iii.Occurrence of Contingencies.
iv.Reverse Operation of ON Load Tap-Changer (OLTC).
v.Voltage sources are too far from load centers.
vi.Poor coordination between multiple FACTS
controllers.

vii.Presence of Constant Power Loads.
viii.Difference in Transmission of Reactive Power under
Heavy Loads.
B. Prevention of Voltage Instability
Some of the prevention of voltage instability by following:
i.Placement of Series and Shunt Capacitors.
ii.Generation Rescheduling.
iii.Placement of FACTS Controllers.
iv.Under-Voltage Load Shedding.
v.Blocking of Tap-Changer under Reverse Operation.
vi.Coordination of Multiple FACTS Controllers.
vii.Installation of Synchronous Condensers.
II. OVERVIEW OF FACTS DEVICES
Instability in power system could be relieved or at least
minimized with the help of most recent developed devices
called Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers
[24], [25]. The use of Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) controllers in power transmission system have led to
many applications of these controllers not only to improve the
stability of the existing power network resources but also
provide operating flexibility to the power system. In addition,
with relatively low investment compared to new transmission
or generation facilities, these FACTS technology allows the
industries to better utilize the existing transmission and
generation reserves, while enhancing the power system
performance. They clearly enhance power system
performance, improve quality of supply and also provide an
optimal utilization of the existing resources [26].
FACTS devices are a family of high-speed electronic
devices, which can significantly increase the power system
performance by delivering or absorbing real and/or reactive
power [24]-[26].
There are two generations for realization of power
electronics-based FACTS controllers: the first generation
employs conventional thyristor-switched capacitors and
reactors, and quadrature tap-changing transformers, the second
generation employs gate turn-off (GTO) thyristor-switched
converters as voltage source converters (VSCs). The first
generation has resulted in the Static Var Compensator (SVC),
the Thyristor- Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), and the
Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS) [26], [27]. The
second generation has produced the Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM), the Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC), the Unified Power Flow Controller
(UPFC), and the Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) [28]-
[30]. The two groups of FACTS controllers have distinctly
different operating and performance characteristics.
They can be connected to power system at any appropriate
location, in series, in shunt or in a combination of series and
shunt. The SVC and STATCOM are connected in shunt,
whereas TCSC and SSSC are connected in series. UPFC is
connected in a combination of both shunt and series.
Number of research papers present development status of
this technology from the early years up to date [24], [31]-[40].
So far, only one book thoroughly covers component and
2
system wise aspects of the FACTS technology [24]. The de-
regulation (restructuring) of power networks will probably
imply new loading conditions and new power flow situations.
Also, some concerns are raised as to show FACTS capabilities
in open access environment [41], [42]. This is certainly an
additional challenge to be faced by the FACTS.
Analysis of a power system with embedded FACTS
controllers calls for development of adequate models [43]-
[45]. Models largely depend on a type of the analysis, which is
generally either component or system orientated. In the
component orientated analysis, individual physical elements
of a FACTS-controller are concerned. On the other side, the
system orientated analysis needs answers on achievements
that could be possibly gained by using a FACTS-controller.
This research work is solely concerned with system wise
aspects of the FACTS technology. In general form, system
wise aspects are related either to the improvements of security
and economics [46]-[50] or to the enhancements of
transmission network capability [51]-[53].
III. INTEREST MEASURE FOR FACTS
For the purpose of this review, a literature survey has been
carried out including two of the most important and common
databases, namely, the IEEE/IEE electronic library and
Science Direct electronic databases. The survey spans over the
last 19 years from 1991 to 2009. For convenience, this period
has been divided to three sub-periods; 1991–1998, 1999–
2004, and 2005–2009. The number of publications discussing
FACTS applications to different power system studies has
been recorded. The results of the survey are shown in Fig. 1. It
is clear that the applications of FACTS to different power
system studies have been drastically increased in last five
years. This shows more interest for the VSC-based FACTS
applications.
The potential of FACTS controllers to enhance power
system stability has been discussed by Noorozian and
Anderson [54], where a comprehensive analysis of damping of
power system electromechanical oscillations using FACTS
was presented. Wang and Swift [55] have discussed the
damping torque contributed by FACTS devices, where several
important points have been analyzed and confirmed through
simulations.
IV. FACTS APPLICATIONS
By the 1970s, the voltage and current rating of thyristor
had been increased significantly making them suitable for
applications in high voltage power systems [33], [56]. This
made construction of modern Static Var Compensators
(SVCs), Thyristor Controlled/Switched Series Capacitors
(TCSCs/TSSCs) and Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter
Regulators (TCPSs). A fundamental feature of the thyristor
based switching controllers is that the speed of response of
passive power system components such as a capacitor or a
reactor is enhanced, but their compensation capacity is still
solely determined by the size of the reactive component.
 Number of Publications (General)
UP F C
SSSC
S TATC OM
TC S C
S VC
0 200 400
Fig. 1. Statistics for FACTS applications to different power system studies
Number of different techniques have been reported in the
literature regarding the effect of FACTS devices "SVC,
TCSC, and TCPS" on power system stability [57]-[81].
Wang and Swift [57] developed a novel unified Phillips-
Heffron model for a power system equipped with a SVC, a
TCSC and a TCPS. Damping torque coefficient analysis has
been performed, based on the proposed model, to study the
effect of FACTS controllers damping for different loading
conditions. Abido & Abdel-Magid [58] investigated the
effectiveness of PSS and FACTS-based controllers on power
stability enhancements. For the proposed stabilizer design
problem, an eigenvalue-based objective function to increase
the system damping was developed. Then the genetic
algorithm (GA) used to search for the optimal stabilizer
parameters.
In [52], the late E. W. Kimbark pointed out that with shunt
capacitor voltage support at the mid-point of the transmission
line (which he proved to be the optimum location), it is
possible to transmit twice the power of the uncompensated
line. Many controllers of Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(FACTS), such as the STATCOM, the Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC), the PWM asynchronous dc link, the
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and the PWM
Series Static VAR compensator have stabilized ac voltage
support.
According to the objectives of installing SVCs, such as
increasing operation efficiency, ensuring certain security level
and improving service quality, SVC planning can be
formulated into an optimization problem. [82] proposes a
two-stage optimization method using an expert system and
simulated annealing (SA) to solve SVC placement and
develops a computer package based on SA for multi-objective
SVC planning of large-scale power systems. In [83], a
hierarchical approach is presented for VAR optimization in
2005-09
1999-2004
1991-98
600 800 1000
system planning. In the above methods, the attention has been
focused upon the losses, voltage deviations and expenditure.
Relatively little effort has been directly involved with voltage
stability improvement.
One conceptually simple method of SVC planning for
voltage stability enhancement is based on modal analysis
around a critical operating point of the power system. With
this method, eigenvalue analysis of the system Jacobean
matrix near the critical point is exploited to identify buses
which are vulnerable to voltage collapse and buses best
located for VAR injections [84]. Obviously, this method
depends upon critical mode selection and can meet difficulties
in capacity apportionment for multiple SVC placements.
The SVC is a shunt compensation component. It is
originally designed for voltage maintenance in power systems.
Much as the TCSC, the SVC is also capable of flexible
adjustment. It can serve as an alternative equipment to
improve transient stability and the damping performance for
the power systems. SVCs are proposed in [85], [86] to
increase the damping performance of the system with fixed
series compensation.
STATCOM previously referred to as STATCON, ASVC or
ASVG, resembles in many respects a rotating machine used
for reactive power compensation. The principles of a
STATCOM can be found in [87].
There are diverse publications regarding to model the
STATCOM, for example, steady state studies [88], or
transient stability ones [89]. There are other ones applied to
voltage control problem using novel technical [90]. Among
the tools used for the power systems analysis, three-phase
power flow is so important, in order to simulate realistic
conditions. There are three-phase transmission lines
unbalanced in high-voltage transmission network and, there

are one-phase or two phase lines in some distribution network
[91].
Application of STATCOM for stability improvement has
been discussed in the literature [92]-[101]. A comparative
study between the conventional SVC and STATCOM in
damping power system oscillation is given in [92]. The results
show the superiorly of STATCOM-based controller over
SVC-based controller in increasing the damping of low
frequency oscillations. A STATCOM with energy storage
system can control both the reactive and the active power, thus
providing more flexible power system operation [97]. The
overall steady-state characteristics of the STATCOM are
described in the form of a volt current (VI) curve, as
illustrated in [102].
In [103], Shunt Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) devices, when placed at the mid-point of a long
transmission line, play an important role in controlling the
reactive power flow to the power network and hence both the
system voltage fluctuations and transient stability. This paper
deals with the location of a shunt FACTS device to improve
transient stability in a long transmission line with predefined
direction of real power flow.
In [104], two types of controllable reactive power generator
are discussed. One is static var compensator (called as SVC)
and the other is static synchronous compensator (called as
STATCOM) whose performance is higher than SVC at a view
point of a continuous controllability of reactive power and
response time. In this paper, basic principle of STATCOM
operation and the functions of each component are explained.
Paper [105] has described the real-time and off-line
simulation tools and the three simulation methods available in
PSB are efficient techniques for design and analysis of
complex control systems found in FACTS and custom power
controllers.
Improvement of dynamic performance of a power system
by using a UPFC has been investigated in a number of articles
[106]-[111]. In [107], the effect of Series Compensation
(SC) and FACTS devices on transient stability are
discussed. The essence of improving the dynamic performance
of a power system is the dynamic control of machine output
power and that can be achieved by placing a UPFC at
appropriate location. Reference [112] investigated the
improvement of transient stability and damping of a power
system for three different modes of operation of the series
converter of a UPFC: impedance control mode, perpendicular
voltage control mode and voltage angle control mode. Detail
investigations in [112] revealed that the perpendicular voltage
control of the series converter is the simplest and most
practical mode of operation of a UPFC.
Continuous and discontinuous controls of FACTS devices
are very commonly used to improve the dynamic performance
of a power system [113]-[116]. For small disturbances,
continuous control is usually enough to improve damping of
the system. However, for large disturbances, a full control or
bang-bang control is needed to improve the first swing
stability limit. Reference [117] used a combination of full and
continuous controls of shunt FACTS devices to improve the
4
stability limit as well as damping of a power system. Table I
describe the technical benefits of the main FACTS devices.
TABLE I
TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF MAIN FACTS DEVICES
V. FACTS T ECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
In the emerging deregulated power systems, FACTS
controllers will provide several benefits at existing or
enhanced levels of reliability such as balancing the power
flow in parallel networks over a wide range of operating
conditions, alleviating unwanted loop flow, mitigating
interarea power oscillations, and enhancing the power-transfer
capacity of existing transmission corridors [118].
In addition to the several successful installations of the first
generation, the second generation of FACTS controllers which
uses GTO-based VSC configurations is expected to evolve
into another mature family of FACTS controllers as several
power utilities worldwide have started installing such
controllers. In 1991, a ±80 MVAR STATCOM developed by
Kansai Electric Power Co. (KEPCO) and Mitsubishi Motors
was installed at Inuyama Switching Station to improve the
stability of a 154 kV system [119]. A Static Var Compensator
(SVC) supplied by ABB Power Systems has been operating
since 1993 in BC Hydro's power transmission network at
Dunsmuir 500/230/132 kV substation on Vancouver Island in
western Canada [137]. In [138], the design and type testing
aspects of thyristor valves of Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor (TCSC) scheme for Kanpur-Ballabhgarh 400kV line
are discussed.
In 1995, a ±100 MVAR STATCOM was commissioned for
the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) [120]-[122]. The TVA
STATCOM is the first of its kind, using GTO thyristor valves,
to be commissioned in United States. In 1997, American
Electric Power (AEP) has selected its Inez substation in
eastern Kentucky for the location of the world's first UPFC
installation [123], [124]. The UPFC is comprised of two ±160
MVA GTO thyristor-based inverters, this installation is the
highest power GTO based FACTS device ever installed. EPRI
and Siemens also developed a ±200 MVAR convertible static
compensator (CSC), which was installed at Marcy 345 kV
substation in 2001 to provide strong dynamic voltage support
and to control the power flow. Depending on the transmission
control need, the installed CSC can provide four control
modes where it can be controlled to operate as STATCOM,
SSSC, UPFC, and IPFC [125]. A ±75 MVAR STATCOM
developed by ALSTOM, the first cascade multilevel-inverter-
based STATCOM in the world, entered commercial service at
 5

National Grid Company (NGC) East Claydon, England in flexibility and controllability in system operator. In view of
2001 [126]. A +133/-41 MVAR STATCOM system has been the various power system limits, FACTS provides the most
installed at the Vermont Electric Power Company's Essex 115 reliable and efficient solution. FACTS also helps to better
kV substation since May 2001, to compensate for heavy utilize the existing transmission resources, where the utilities
increases in summertime electric usage [127]. A three-level are facing the problem of transmission expansion because of
±100 MVAR STATCOM is installed by San Diego Gas & the strict environmental constraints. This all indicates that
Electric (SDG&E) at Talega substation, California in October there is a great potential for its application in the years to
2002, and is to be extended to a Back-To-Back system [128]. come. After analyzing the above literature survey it can be
ABB has installed six STATCOM systems (also named SVC said that the FACTS devices are capable of solving the voltage
Light) since 1997; two installations in USA and one stability problems at the power system. Authors strongly
installation in Sweden, Germany, Finland, and France [129]. believe that this survey article will be very much useful to the
A ±250 KVAR prototype D-STATCOM was designed and researchers for finding out the relevant references as well as
installed for the first time [130]. The Bharat Heavy Electric the previous work done in the field of voltage stability
Limited (BHEL), India was successful in developing improvement by using FACTS controllers in multi-machine
distribution scale STATCOM also known as D-STATCOM power systems. So that further research work can be carried
which has successfully been installed in industry [131]. The out.
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