Mass balance tutorial

Basic concept

Conservation Law

min = mout

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 Mass Balance determination

• Drwaing proses diagram

Consist a square as a system and followed
by arrow for each stream

• Put the amount of each stream (kg)

Unknown variabel noticed by a letter

Steps • Make an equation

Based on conservation Law

• Solving the equation

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a. X + Y = 40
2x +Y = 70
b. X + Y = 50
0.2x +0.5Y = 24
 Example 1

An dairy industry produce 100 kg of low

fat cream (18 % fat, 82% water, w/w)
which the ingredients are double cream
(48 % fat, 52% water, w/w) and milk(3.5
% fat, 96.5% water, w/w). Calculate the
amount of double cream and milk needed!

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 Solution:

Milk, 3.5% fat

Low fat cream
Mixer 18% fat
100 kg
Cream, 48% fat

Define double cream = y kg and milk= x kg

Overall mass balance:
y + x = 100 kg ……………. Eq.1
Fat mass balance:
0.035x + 0.48y = 100(0.18) ……………. Eq.2

Eq. 1 dan 2 :0.035(100-y) + 0.48y = 18

3.5 - 0.035y + 0.48y = 18
y = 32.58 kg
Thus …………………………………. X = 67.42 kg
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 Example 2

Determine the proportion of beaf (23 % fat ) and chicked (5

% fat) used to produce a meat product which contain 15 %
of fat.

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 Solution:

Beaf, 23% fat

Meat product
Mixer 15% fat

Chicken, 5% fat

Define beaf= A kg, chicken = B kg and meat product= C kg

Overall mass balance:
A+B=C ……………. Eq.1
Fat mass balance:
0.23A + 0.05B = 0.15C ……………. Eq.2

Eq. 1 dan 2 : 0.15A + 0.15B = 0.15C

0.23A + 0.05B = 0.15C
A/ B = 10/8 = 5/4

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 Example 3

Skim milk is prepared by the removal of some o f the

fat from whole milk. This skim milk is found to contain
90.5% water, 3.5% protein, 5.1% carbohydrate, 0.1%
fat and 0.8% ash.
If the original milk contained 4.5% fat, calculate
its composition assuming that fat only was removed
to make the skim milk and that there are no losses in
processing.
 Example 4

If 35,000 kg of whole milk containing 4%

fat is to be separated in a 6 h pe riod into
skim milk with 0.45% fat and
cream with 45% fat, what are the flow
rates of the two output streams from a
continuous centrifuge which
accomplishes this separation?
 crystallisation

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Potasium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is to be recovered from 25 wt%
aqueous solution. The solution is joined by a recycle stream and fed to
a crystallizer/centrifuge where enough water is removed so the
solution is 85 wt% water. Exiting crystallizer are the crystal with 10%
of the solution, and the remaining solution which forms the recycle
stream.
The filter cake, which contains 85 wt.% crystals and the rest of
solution is fed to dryer where it is contacted with dry air. The
remaining water is evaporated leaving pure potasium dikromate
crystals. The air leabes dryer with 0.08 mole fraction water. For
production rate of 1000 kg/h of potassium dichromate crystals,
determine the:
A. Water evaporated in the crystalliser/centrifuge
B. Mass flowrate of the recycle system
C. Moles of air through the dryer
Crystallizer material balance with recycle
youtube
 Fermentation

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 MASS BALANCE WITH REACTION

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• The accumulation term in the above equation can be either
positive or negative; negative accumulation represents
depletion of pre-existing reserves.
• Eq. (4.1) is known as the general mass-balance equation.
• The mass referred to in the equation can be total mass, mass
of a particular molecular or atomic species, or biomass.
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 Fermentation-Chemical reaction

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• Example2. Continuous acetic acid fermentation
• Acetobacter aceti bacteria convert ethanol to
acetic acid under aerobic conditions.
• A continuous fermentation process for vinegar
production is proposed using non-viable A. aceti
cells immobilized on the surface of gelatin
beads. The production target is 2 kg h - 1 acetic
acid;
• However the maximum acetic acid
concentration tolerated by the cells is 12%.
• Air is pumped into the fermenter at a rate of 200
gmol h- 1.
• (a) What minimum amount of ethanol is
required?
• (b) What minimum amount of water must be
used to dilute the ethanol to avoid acid
inhibition?
• (c) What is the composition of the fermenter
off-gas?
• Solution:
• 1. Assemble
• (i) Flow sheet.
• The flow sheet for this process is shown in
Figure 4E5.1.
• (ii) System boUndary.
• The system boundary is shown in Figure 4E5.1.
• (iii) Write down the reaction equation.
• In the absence of cell growth, maintenance or
other metabolism ofsubstrate, the reaction
equation is:
• C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
• (ethanol) (acetic acid)
• Analyse
• (i) Assumptions.
• Steady state
• Inlet air is dry
• Gas volume% = mole%
• No evaporation of ethanol, H20 or acetic acid
• Complete conversion of ethanol
• Ethanol is used by the cells for synthesis of acetic
acid only; no side-reactions occur
• Oxygen transfer is sufficiently rapid to meet the
demands of the cells.
• Concentration of acetic acid in the product
stream is 12%.
• (ii) Extra data.
• Molecular weights: ethanol = 46
• acetic acid = 60,. O2=32,. N2=28,. H2O= 18
• Composition of air: 21% O2, 79% N2.
• (iii) Basis.
• The calculation is based on 2 kg acetic acid
leaving the system, or 1 hour.
• (iv) Compounds involved in reaction.
• The compounds involved in reaction are ethanol,
acetic acid,O2 and H2O. N 2 is not involved in
reaction.
• (v) Mass-balance equations.
• For ethanol, acetic acid, O2 and H2O, the
appropriate mass-balance equation is Eq. (4.2):
• mass in + mass generated = mass out + mass
consumed.
• For total mass and N2, the appropriate mass-
balance equation is Eq. (4.3):
mass in = mass out.
• Calculate
• (i) Calculation table.
• The mass-balance table with data provided is
shown as Table 4E5.1; the units are kg. EtOH
denotes ethanol; HAc is acetic acid.
• If 2 kg acetic acid represents 12 mass% of the
product stream, the total mass of the product
stream must be 2/0.12 = 16.67 kg.
• the only components of the product stream are
acetic acid and water; therefore water must
account for 88 mass% of the product stream =
14.67 kg.
• In order to represent what is known about the
inlet air, some preliminary calculations are
needed.
• Therefore, the total mass of air in = 5.768 kg. The
masses ofO 2 and N 2 can now be entered in the
table, as shown.
• E and W denote the unknown quantities of
ethanol and water in the feed stream,
respectively; G represents the total mass of off-
gas.
• The question marks in the table show which
other quantities must be calculated.
• (ii) Mass-balance and staichiametry calculations.
• As N2 is a tie component, its mass balance is
straightforward.
1
 2

Mol
C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
• N2 balance
• 4.424 kg N2 in = N2 out.
• .'. N2 out = 4.424 kg.
• To deduce the other unknowns, we must use
stoichiometric analysis as well as mass balances.
• HAc balance
• 0 kg HAc in + HAc generated = 2 kg HAc out + 0 kg
HAc consumed.
• .'. HAc generated = 2 kg.
 2 3
4

Mol
C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O
• From reaction stoichiometry, we know that
generation of 3.333*10-2 kgmol HAc requires
3.333*10-2 kgmol each of EtOH and O2, and is
accompanied by generation of 3.333*10-2 kgmol
H2O:
• We can use this information to complete the
mass balances for EtOH, O2 and H2O.
• EtOH balance
• EtOH in + 0 kg EtOH generated = 0 kg EtOH out +
1.533 kg EtOH consumed.
• .'. EtOH in = 1.533 kg = E.
• O2 balance
• 1.344 kg O2 in + 0 kg O2 generated = O2 out +
1.067 kg O2 consumed.
• .'. O2 out = 0.277 kg.
• Therefore, summing the O2 and N2 components
of the off-gas:
• G= (0.277 + 4.424) kg = 4.701 kg.
• H2O balance
• W kg H2O in + 0.600 kg H2O generated - 14.67 kg
H2O out + 0 kg H2O consumed.
• .'. W = 14.07 kg.
• These results allow us to complete the mass-
balance table, as shown in Table 4E5.2.
• (iii) Check the results.
• All rows and columns of Table 4E5.2 add up
correctly.
• Finalize
• (i) The specific questions.
• The ethanol required is 1.533 kg.
• The water required is 14.07 kg.
• The off-gas contains 0.277 kg O2 and 4.424 kg N2.
• Since gas compositions are normally expressed
using volume or mole%, we must convert these
values to moles:
• Therefore, the total molar quantity of off-gas is 0.1667
kgmol. The off-gas composition is:

• (ii) Answers.
• Quantities are expressed in kg h-1 rather than kg to reflect
the continuous nature of the process and the basis used for
• calculation.
• (a) 1.5 kg h-1 ethanol is required.
• (b) 14.1 kg h-1 water must be used to dilute the ethanol in
the feed stream.
• (c) The composition of the fermenter off-gas is 5.2% O2 and
94.8% N2.