GOJAN SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY

CHENNAI - 52

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL

AE6002/AGEMP

AIRCRAFT GENERAL ENG. & MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

2 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. What is Mooring operation

Mooring is a tie down process of an aircraft while it is parked for long term. When parking
the airplane for any length of time or overnight, it should be moored securely. Airport tie
down areas are usually equipped with three-point rings, hooks, or other devices embedded in
concrete for the purpose of attaching tie-down ropes, chains, or cables.

2. What is Jacking operation

Jacking is a lifting process of an aircraft from ground level. To make wheel replacement or
to grease wheel bearings, a low single base jack is used. Before the wheel is raised, the
remaining wheels must be chocked fore and aft to prevent movement of the aircraft.

3. Hot start: Engine starts but the exhaust gas temperature exceeds specified limits caused by
excessive rich fuel/air mixture. The fuel to the engine should be shut off immediately.

4. Hung start: Engine starts normally but the rpm remains at some low value the result of
insufficient power to the starter or the starter cutting off before the engine starts self
accelerating-shut down the engine.

5. SHORT-TERM PARKING
Perform this procedure for short-term parking of the airplane.
1. Taxi or tow airplane to desired parking position.
2. Align nose of airplane into the wind.
3. Ensure nose wheel is centered

6. LONG-TERM PARKING
Perform this procedure for long-term parking of the airplane.
1. Perform the steps for short-term: parking.
2. Moor (tie down) the airplane, see Section 10-20 Mooring (Tying Down)
3. Install external rudder lock if available
7. Aircraft Towing
On aircraft with a nose-wheel landing gear, a steering arm should be fitted to the nose wheel
to guide the aircraft Light aircraft can be moved and guided, by hand or by a tug.

8. While starting an engine, always observe the following:

1. Never energize the starter while the engine is rotating.
2. Do not move the power lever of any engine while it is being bled for crossbleed starting.
3. Do not perform a ground start if turbine inlet temperature is above that specified by the
manufacturer.
4. Do not use bleed air from an engine that is accelerating?

9. What are the advantages of oxygen system?

An aviation oxygen system is the primary safety component of an aircraft flying at high
altitude to provide oxygen to the pilot, crew and passengers.
Oxygen system also provides necessary oxygen during emergency situation also.

10. What are the advantages of Cabin air pressure regulator?

It regulates the air flow according to the passenger onboard requirements
It alters the cabin air pressure according the altitude of the aircraft flying

11. Write any four precautions to avoid hazards in aircrafts

Aircraft lubricants, fuels contain hazardous materials; use material safety data sheets
(MSDS).
Properly maintain your tools and follow safety procedures.
Safety glasses, a face shield, and goggles protect your face and eyes, depending on the task
and materials.
Wear adequate hearing protection (ear plugs, muffs, etc.) to protect you from aircraft noise.

12. The most observable portion of the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) label is the risk
diamond.
It is a four colour segmented diamond that represents
Flammability (Red)
Reactivity (Yellow)
Health (Blue) and
special Hazard (White).
In the Flammability, Reactivity, and Health blocks, there should be a number from 0 to 4.
Zero represents little or no hazard to the user; 4 means that the material is very hazardous.
13. Shop safety:
Keeping hangars, shop, and the flight line orderly and clean is essential to safety and efficient
maintenance.
The highest standards of orderly work arrangements and cleanliness should be observed
during the maintenance of aircraft.

14. Safety around Machine Tools:

Hazards in a shop’s operation increase when the operation of lathes, drill presses, grinders,
and other types of machines are used. Each machine has its own set of safety practices

15. Precautions can reduce the chance of injury:

Wear eye protection.
Securely clamp all work.
Set the proper RPM for the material used.
Do not allow the spindle to feed beyond its limit of travel while drilling.
Stop the machine before adjusting work or attempting to remove jammed work.
Clean the area when finished.

16. Safety Around Airplanes:

As with the previously mentioned items, it is important to be aware of propellers.
Do not assume the pilot of a taxiing aircraft can see you.
Technicians must stay where the pilot can see them while on the ramp area.
Turbine engine intakes and exhaust can also be very hazardous areas.
There should be no smoking or open flames anywhere near an aircraft in operation.

17. Flight Line Safety:

Hearing Protection
The flight line is a place of dangerous activity.
Technicians who perform maintenance on the flight line must constantly be aware of what is
going on around them.
The noise on a flight line comes from many places. Aircraft are only one source of noise.
There are auxiliary- power units (APUs), fuel trucks, baggage handling equipment, and so
forth. Each has its own frequency of sound. Combined all together, the ramp or flight line
can cause hearing loss.

18. Foreign Object Damage (FOD)

FOD is any damage caused by any loose object to aircraft, personnel, or equipment. These
loose objects can be anything from broken runway concrete to shop towels to safety wire.
To control FOD, keep ramp and operation areas clean, have a tool control program, and
provide convenient receptacles for used hardware, shop towels, and other consumables.
19. Aircraft Cleaning Purpose:
Paint is one reason why specialty cleaners have been developed. The second reason is that
aluminum — both the sheet metal and the castings for things such as the landing gear — is
very chemically sensitive to many common cleaning agents.

20. Welding on an aircraft should be performed outside, if possible. If welding in the hangar is
necessary, observe these precautions:
During welding operations, there should be no open fuel tanks, and no work on fuel systems
should be in progress.
No painting should be in progress.
No aircraft are to be within 35 feet of the welding operation.
No flammable material should be in the area around the welding operation.

21. Taxi Signals:

Many ground accidents have occurred as a result of improper technique in taxiing aircraft.
Although the pilot is ultimately responsible for the aircraft until the engine is stopped,

22. List out various precautions during maintenance of an aircraft

Technicians should only operate equipment with which they are familiar and can operate
safely.
Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
Power cords and air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly stored when not in use
Always walk and never run, and never hurry when engaged in hazardous work

23. Aircraft Logs

“Aircraft logs,” as used in this handbook, is an inclusive term which applies to the aircraft
logbook and all supplemental records concerned with the aircraft.
They may come in a variety of formats. For a small aircraft, the log may indeed be a small
5″ × 8″ logbook.
 For larger aircraft, the logbooks are often larger, in the form of a three-ring binder. Aircraft
that have been in service for a long time are likely to have several logbooks.
24. The checklist should include the following:
1. Fuselage and hull group.
a. Fabric and skin—for deterioration, distortion, other evidence of failure, and
defective or insecure attachment of fittings.
b. Systems and components—for proper installation, apparent defects, and satisfactory
operation.
2. Cabin and cockpit group.
a. Generally—for cleanliness and loose equipment that should be secured.
b. Seats and safety belts—for condition and security.
3. Engine and nacelle group.
a. Engine section—for visual evidence of excessive oil, fuel, or hydraulic leaks, and
sources of such leaks.
b. Studs and nuts—for proper torquing and obvious defects.

25. Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs)

The CFRs were established by law to provide for the safe and orderly conduct of flight
operations and to prescribe airmen privileges and limitations.
Knowledge of the CFRs is necessary during the performance of maintenance, since all work
done on aircraft must comply with CFR provisions.

26. Type Certificate Data Sheets

The type certificate data sheet (TCDS) describes the type design and sets forth the limitations
prescribed by the applicable CFR part. It also includes any other limitations and information
found necessary for type certification of a particular model aircraft. Type certificate data
sheets are numbered in the upper right-hand corner of each page. This number is the same as
the type certificate number.

27. Special Inspections

During the service life of an aircraft, occasions may arise when something out of the ordinary
care and use of an aircraft might happen that could possibly affect its airworthiness. When
these situations are encountered, special inspection procedures should be followed to
determine if damage to the aircraft structure has occurred.

28. Special Inspections Types

Hard or Overweight Landing Inspection
Severe Turbulence Inspection/Over “G”
Lightning Strike

29. Continuous Inspections

Continuous inspection programs are similar to progressive inspection programs, except that
they apply to large or turbine-powered aircraft and are therefore more complicated. Like
progressive inspection programs, they require approval by the FAA Administrator. The
 approval may be sought based upon the type of operation and the CFR parts under which the
aircraft will be operated
30. Write down the ATA specification
ATA Specification 100Systems
Sys. Sub. Title
21 AIR CONDITIONING
21 00 General
21 10 Compression
21 20 Distribution
21 30 Pressurization Control
21 40 Heating
21 50 Cooling
21 60 Temperature Control
21 70 Moisture/Air Contaminate Control

31. Define FAR airworthiness directives

A primary safety function of the FAA is to require correction of unsafe conditions found in
an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance when such conditions exist and are likely
to exist or develop in other products of the same design. The unsafe condition may exist
because of a design defect, maintenance, or other causes.
Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 39, Airworthiness Directives,
defines the authority and responsibility of the Administrator for requiring the necessary
corrective action.

32. What are the advantages of self locking nuts?

Self-locking nuts are used on aircraft to provide tight connections which will not shake loose
under severe vibration.
Major advantage of this locking method is the greatly reduced chance of any conductive
debris being generated by repeated installation and removal of the screw.

33. Differentiate swaging and splicing

Splicing is “the process of connecting two end terminals of steel ropes or cables”. Splicing
can be performed for joining the cable.
Swaging is a method of securing wire rope or aircraft cable with a permanently applied
fitting or sleeve

34. The aviation maintenance technician (AMT)

The aviation maintenance technician (AMT) spends a major portion of each day using a wide
variety of hand tools to accomplish maintenance tasks.
An AMT encounters many special tools as their experience widens; large transport category
aircraft have different maintenance tasks from those of a light airplane, and special hand
tools are often required when working on complex aircraft
35. General Purpose Tools
Hammers and Mallets
Screwdrivers
Pliers and Plier-Type Cutting Tools
Punches
Wrenches

36. Reamers
Reamers are used to smooth and enlarge holes to exact size. Hand reamers have square end
shanks so that they can be turned with a tap wrench or similar handle. The various types of
reamers
A hole that is to be reamed to exact size must be drilled about 0.003 to 0.007 inch undersize.
Reamers are made of either carbon tool steel or high speed steel.

37. Countersink
A countersink is a tool that cuts a cone shaped depression around the hole to allow a rivet or
screw to set flush with the surface of the material. Countersinks are made with various angles
to correspond to the various angles of the countersunk rivet and screw heads.

38. Taps and Dies

A tap is used to cut threads on the inside of a hole, while a die is for cutting external threads
on round stock. They are made of hard tempered steel and ground to an exact size. There are
four types of threads that can be cut with standard taps and dies. They are: National Coarse,
National Fine, National Extra Fine, and National Pipe.

39. The types of hose are normally classified by the amount of pressure they are designed to
withstand under normal operating conditions.

Low, Medium, and High Pressure Hoses

Low pressure — below 250 psi. Fabric braid reinforcement.

Medium pressure — up to 3,000 psi. One wire braid reinforcement. Smaller sizes carry
up to 3,000 psi. Larger sizes carry pressure up to 1,500 psi.
High pressure — all sizes up to 3,000 psi operating pressures.

40. Hose Materials and Construction

Pure rubber is never used in the construction of flexible fluid lines.
To meet the requirements of strength, durability, and workability, among other factors,
synthetics are used in place of pure rubber.
Synthetic materials most commonly used in the manufacture of flexible hose are Buna-
N, neoprene, butyl, ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and Teflon™. While
Teflon™ is in a category of its own, the others are synthetic rubber
41. Hose Identification
Lay lines and identification markings consisting of lines, letters, and numbers are printed on
the hose. Most hydraulic hose is marked to identify its type, the quarter and year of
manufacture, and a 5-digit code identifying the manufacturer.

42. Hose Fittings

SlackFlex
Twisting
Bending
Clearance

43. Identification of Fluid Lines

Fluid lines in aircraft are often identified by markers made up of color codes, words, and
geometric symbols. These markers identify each line’s function, content, and primary hazard,
as well as the direction of fluid flow and various color codes and symbols used to designate
the type of system and its contents. In most instances, fluid lines are marked with 1 inch tape
or decals

In addition to the above mentioned markings, certain lines may be further identified as to
specific function within a system; for example, DRAIN, VENT, PRESSURE, or RETURN.

Lines conveying fuel may be marked FLAM; lines containing toxic materials are marked
TOXIC in place of FLAM. Lines containing physically dangerous materials, such as oxygen,
nitrogen, or freon, are marked PHDAN.

44. PLUMBING CONNECTORS

Plumbing connectors, or fittings, attach one piece of tubing to another or to system units.
There are four types:
(1) Bead and clamp
(2) Flared fitting
(3) Flareless fitting
(4) Permanent fittings (Swaged, Cyrofit).

45. Wide Variety of Types and Designs

Ball Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearings \
Tapered Roller Bearings
Needle Roller Bearings
Self-Aligning Roller Bearings
Miniature Ball Bearings
Spherical Plain Bearings
Bearee Plain Bearings