Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2015-2016
A
Seminar Report On
Artificial Neural Network
Submitted By:-
ANJALI
Branch- IT
Semester- 6th
___________________
Mr. Konark Sharma
(Seminar In-charge)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Almighty, the most beneficent, the most merciful, who bestowed
upon us the courage, patience and strength to embark upon this work and carry
it to the completion.
I feel privileged to express my deep sense of gratitude and highest appreciation
to
Mr. Konark Sharma,
Asst. professor,
Dept. of CS/IT Engg.
for his instant support and providing me with incalculable suggestions and
guidance. I sincerely acknowledge him for his support on literature, critical
comments & moral support which he rendered at all stages of the discussion
which was deeply helpful.
I also acknowledge my friends & Parents for their moral support & timely ideas
in completion of this Seminar. I promise to pay the reward of their help &
guidance in form of similar or even better ways to support others throughout
my life.
___________________
Anjali
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INDEX
1) Introduction 5-6
4) Machine Learning 11
5) Comparisons 12
6) Properties of ANNs 13
7) Applications of ANNs 14
8) Advantages 15
9) Disadvantages 15
10) Conclusion 16
11) References 16
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INTRODUCTION
In machine learning and cognitive science, artificial neural networks (ANNs)
are a family of models inspired by biological neural networks (the central nervous
systems of animals, in particular the brain) and are used to estimate or
approximate functions that can depend on a large number of inputs and are
generally unknown. Artificial neural networks are generally presented as systems
of interconnected "neurons" which exchange messages between each other. The
connections have numeric weights that can be tuned based on experience, making
neural nets adaptive to inputs and capable of learning.
Like other machine learning methods – systems that learn from data – neural
networks have been used to solve a wide variety of tasks that are hard to solve
using ordinary rule-based programming, including computer vision and speech
recognition.
Background
Examinations of humans' central nervous systems inspired the concept of
artificial neural networks. In an artificial neural network, simple artificial nodes,
known as "neurons", "neurodes", "processing elements" or "units", are connected
together to form a network which mimics a biological neural network.
There is no single formal definition of what an artificial neural network is.
However, a class of statistical models may commonly be called "neural" if it
possesses the following characteristics:
1. Contains sets of adaptive weights, i.e. numerical parameters that are tuned
by a learning algorithm, and
2. Capability of approximating non-linear functions of their inputs.
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ANN’s BASIC STRUCTURE
The idea of ANNs is based on the belief that working of human brain by making
the right connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as living neurons
and dendrites.
The human brain is composed of 100 billion nerve cells called neurons. They are
connected to other thousand cells by Axons. Stimuli from external environment
or inputs from sensory organs are accepted by dendrites. These inputs create
electric impulses, which quickly travel through the neural network. A neuron can
then send the message to other neuron to handle the issue or does not send it
forward. The human Neural system working is as shown below:
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Each link is associated with weight. ANNs are capable of learning, which takes
place by altering weight values. The following illustration shows a simple ANN
−
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TYPES OF ANN
There are two Artificial Neural Network topologies − FreeForward and
Feedback.
FeedForward ANN
The information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit
from which it does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops.
They are used in pattern generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed
inputs and outputs.
FeedBack ANN
Here, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable
memories.
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Working of ANNs
In the topology diagrams shown, each arrow represents a connection between two
neurons and indicates the pathway for the flow of information. Each connection
has a weight, an integer number that controls the signal between the two neurons.
If the network generates a “good or desired” output, there is no need to adjust the
weights. However, if the network generates a “poor or undesired” output or an
error, then the system alters the weights in order to improve subsequent results.
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MACHINE LEARNING
ANNs are capable of learning and they need to be trained. There are several
learning strategies −
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COMPARISONS
Comparisons of the computing approaches is given in the table below:
Fault tolerance None without special Significant in the very nature of the
processors interconnected neurons
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PROPERTIES OF ANNs
Computational power
The multilayer perceptron is a universal function approximator, as proven by the
universal approximation theorem. However, the proof is not constructive
regarding the number of neurons required or the settings of the weights.
Work by Hava Siegelmann and Eduardo D. Sontag has provided a proof that a
specific recurrent architecture with rational valued weights (as opposed to full
precision real number-valued weights) has the full power of a Universal Turing
Machine[54] using a finite number of neurons and standard linear connections.
Further, it has been shown that the use of irrational values for weights results in
a machine with super-Turing power.
Capacity
Artificial neural network models have a property called 'capacity', which roughly
corresponds to their ability to model any given function. It is related to the amount
of information that can be stored in the network and to the notion of complexity.
Convergence
Nothing can be said in general about convergence since it depends on a number
of factors. Firstly, there may exist many local minima. This depends on the cost
function and the model. Secondly, the optimization method used might not be
guaranteed to converge when far away from a local minimum. Thirdly, for a very
large amount of data or parameters, some methods become impractical. In
general, it has been found that theoretical guarantees regarding convergence are
an unreliable guide to practical application.
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APPLICATIONS OF ANNs
They can perform tasks that are easy for a human but difficult for a machine −
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ADVANTAGES
It involves human like thinking.
They handle noisy or missing data.
They can work with large number of variables or parameters.
They provide general solutions with good predictive accuracy.
System has got property of continuous learning.
They deal with the non-linearity in the world in which we live.
A neural network can perform tasks that a linear program cannot.
When an element of the neural network fails, it can continue without any
problem by their parallel nature.
A neural network learns and does not need to be reprogrammed.
It can be implemented in any application.
It can be implemented without any problem.
DISADVANTAGES
The neural network needs training to operate.
The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of
microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated.
Requires high processing time for large neural networks.
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CONCLUSION
The computing world has a lot to gain from neural networks. Their ability to learn
by example makes them very flexible and powerful. Furthermore there is no need
to devise an algorithm in order to perform a specific task; i.e. there is no need to
understand the internal mechanisms of that task. They are also very well suited
for real time systems because of their fast response and computational times
which are due to their parallel architecture.
Neural networks also contribute to other areas of research such as neurology and
psychology. They are regularly used to model parts of living organisms and to
investigate the internal mechanisms of the brain.
Perhaps the most exciting aspect of neural networks is the possibility that
someday 'conscious' networks might be produced. There is a number of scientists
arguing that consciousness is a 'mechanical' property and that 'conscious' neural
networks are a realistic possibility.
Finally, we can say that even though neural networks have a huge potential we
will only get the best of them when they are integrated with computing, AI, fuzzy
logic and related subjects.
REFERENCES
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
2) http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/ai/cache/neural3.html
3) http://www.slideshare.net/nilmani14/neural-network-3019822
4) http://studymafia.org/artificial-neural-network-seminar-ppt-with-pdf-report/
5)http://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_iss
ues.htm
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