04 (2010) A Tour of The Human Brain

Michael Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence
Lecture 4. A Tour of the Human Brain

Reading Assignment:
TMB2: Section 2.4.
[The handout contains a number of slides not shown in class to help you
study the material.]
There is a lot to learn about the brain!

Use this lecture and Section 2.4 as references for essential “brain orientation”
terminology … but don’t feel overwhelmed. This is a first overview.
Study of principled theoretical and engineering methods and computational models

will allow us to build up a set of intuitions about many of the brain structures
introduced in this lecture.
Supplementary Resource to buy if you want to study human neuroanatomy more deeply:
S. Mark Williams, Leonard E. White, and Andrew C. Mace, 2007
Sylvius 4: An Interactive Atlas and Visual Glossary of Human Neuroanatomy
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. (Available as download only.)
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 1 Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 2
Neuroanatomy Resources Neurons and Synapses

S. Mark Williams, Leonard E. White, and Andrew C. Mace, 2007, Sylvius 4: An Interactive
Atlas and Visual Glossary of Human Neuroanatomy, Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
(Available as download only for purchase.)
http://www.neuropat.dote.hu/
Click on the left hand box, it expands into a searchable directory of sites.
Here are three linked resources:
http://www.msu.edu/~brains/brains/human/search.html
Searchable MRI Atlas of the Human Brain Cell body (soma): where
http://spot.colorado.edu/~dubin/talks/brodmann/brodmann.html computation takes place
Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain with an Emphasis on Vision and Language Dendrites: input
http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/ branches
NeuroNames - University of Washington, Seattle: A searchable database - Axon: unique output
Provides standard English and Latin names for more than 850 unique structures (but may branch out)
and substructures of the human and macaque brain. Synapse: connection
“Homework”: Find excellent sites for human, macaque & rat brain, and for between presynaptic
homologies between them, and let me know about them, axon and postsynaptic
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 3 Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010.
dendrite or soma (in
Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 4
general).
Flexor and Extensor Muscles
Dorsal →
Spinal Cord
→ Ventral
How Motoneuron Firing Shortens Muscles A View of the Human Brain
Henneman’s Size Principle:

See HBTNN: Motoneuron recruitment
The lateral
fissure
Medial View is also called Lateral View
the Sylvian
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 7 fissure
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 8
in honor of
A View of the Monkey Brain Medical Orientation Terms for Slices
Sulcus (“fissure” if very large): Grooves in folded cortex

Gyrus: cortex between two sulci
Arbib: CS564 - Brain1Theory
sulcus, manyIntelligence,
and Artificial sulci; 1USC,
gyrus, many gyri
Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 9 Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Lecture 4: A Tour of the Human Brain 10
Axes in the Brain Varieties of Vertebrate Brains

A Useful Supplementary Text
Snake Catfish
on (non-computational)
Neuroscience: Principles of
Neural Science
Edited by Eric R. Kandel,
James H. Schwartz and Frog Alligator
Thomas M. Jessell
McGraw-Hill Medical;
4th edition (2000)
Primitive Mammal
Grey matter: cell bodies at Goose
outer surface of brain
White matter: inter-
connections inside the
brain
Deep nuclei: clusters of
neurons deep inside the Horse
brain
Kandel et al. Fig. 17-3
The “Bauplan” for the Mammalian Brain From Basic Vertebrate to Primate Brain
Autonomic Nervous System Layered Organization of Cortex

(Outside the Scope of this Course)
Cortex is 1 to 5mm-thick, folded at the surface of the brain

(grey matter), and organized as 6 superimposed layers.
Layer names:
1: Molecular layer
2: External granular layer
3: External pyramidal layer
4: internal granular layer
5: Internal pyramidal layer
6: Fusiform layer
Basic layer functions:

Layers 1/2: connectivity
Layer 4: Input
Layers 3/5: Pyramidal cell bodies
Layers 5/6: Output
Columnar Organization Brodmann (1909): Cytoarchitectonics
(We’ll discuss this idea further in relation to Early Visual Processing)
Very general principle in cortex: neurons processing similar “things” are grouped
together in “columns” mapped by vertical microelectrode penetrations of cortex.
First discovery: surface versus deep in somatosensory cortex (Mountacastle & Powell)
In vision:
In primary visual cortex… and in higher (object

recognition) visual areas…
and in many, non-visual, areas as well (e.g., auditory, motor, sensory, etc). Kandel et al. Fig. 17-7 (Partial)
Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain Major Functional Areas

Some key numbers to remember:
Primary motor: voluntary movement
Vision (Lecture 4 and more):
Primary somatosensory: tactile, pain, pressure, position, temp., mvt.
17 18,19: Primary Secondary visual cortex
Touch & Body Sense Motor association: coordination of complex movements
1 2,3: Somatosensory Cortex Sensory association: processing of multisensorial information
Language (Last Lecture) Prefrontal: planning, emotion, judgment
22 (+40?): Wernicke’s area Speech center (Broca’s area): speech production and articulation
44+45: Broca’s area Wernicke’s area: comprehen-
Eye Movements (Lectures 12 &13) sion of speech
8: Frontal Eye Fields Auditory: hearing
(Review this in relation to next slide of handout.) Auditory association: complex
and more… auditory processing
Visual: low-level vision
Note: These are all areas of cerebral cortex.
Visual association: higher-level vision
There are many other regions of importance
Warning: All these are first
to us, including cerebellum, basal ganglia, and
hippocampus approximations!! Cooperative
Computation means many functions
are coordinated across regions
Somatotopy: Somatosensory & Motor Homunculi Multiple Systems Underlying Voluntary Movement
Kandel et al. Fig. 18-9 & 33-12

Eye and retina Mammalian and Frog Visual Systems
Retinotopy Retinotopy
(See more general discussion in TMB Chapter 1: Somatotopy & Tonotopy)
Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next

to each other in the outside world are represented by neurons close
to each other in cortex.
Although the topology is thus preserved, the mapping typically is highly non-linear
(log z – emphasizing the fovea).
Stimulus shown on screen… and corresponding activity in cortex!

Human Visual System Visual Interconnections
Felleman & Van Essen, 1991

Serial versus Parallel Processing Two Visual Pathways
in the visual system
Serial “relay stations” Recall Slide 28

of Lecture 1
cooperate with
Multiple routes to cortex:

tectopulvinar and
geniculostriate pathways
But these diagrams do not

show the crucial role of
descending pathways, or
the many opportunities for
cooperative computation – Kandel et al. 25-12, adapted from Van Essen & Gallant, 1994
both competition & cooperation
Mammalian Auditory System Limbic System
Cortex “inside” the brain: not controlling the limbs, but forming “limbs”
around core structures
Involved in emotions, sexual behavior, memory, etc
Cingulate Gyrus
Fornix
Corpus
Callosum
Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory Tract
Mammilary
Body
Amygdala Stria Terminalis
Hippocampus
A screen dump from Sylvius Another screen dump from Sylvius
Emotion: Connections of the Amygdala …
Interaction of the amygdala with cortical areas in the mammalian brain (adapted
from LeDoux, J.E. (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci.
23:155–184)
This slide and the next are from Arbib, M. A. & Fellous, J. M. (2004) Emotions:
from brain to robot. Trends Cogn Sci 8(12): 554-561.
and Orbitofrontal Cortex
Lateral view of part of the macaque monkey brain emphasizing how the
orbitofrontal cortex (involved in social emotions) links to amygdala, and to
sensory cortices. V4 is visual area 4
(Adapted from Rolls, E.T. (2000) Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala,
and the neural basis of emotion. In The Amygdala: Second Edition. A Functional Analysis
(Aggleton, J.P., ed.), pp. 447–478, Oxford University Press, Oxford.) Kandel et al. Fig. 17-4/5
Hippocampus: Key to Navigation & Episodic Memory
The key components of the

medial temporal lobe
important for memory
storage can be seen in the
medial (left) and
ventral (right)
surface of the cerebral
hemisphere.
Kandel et al. Fig. 62-5A
Kandel et al. Fig. 17-12

Input and output pathways of the hippocampal formation Localizing Language in the 19th Century:
Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasias
Paul Broca (1865): Broca' s aphasia is characterized by nonfluent speech, few words,
short sentences, and many pauses. The words that the patient can produce come with
great effort and often sound distorted. The melodic intonation is flat and monopitched.
This gives the speech the general appearance of a telegraphic nature, because of the
deletion of functor words and disturbances in word order. However, aural
comprehension for conversational speech is relatively intact. There is often an
accompanying right hemiparesis involving the face, arm, and leg.
Carl Wernicke (1874): Wernicke’s aphasia is known as a fluent aphasia because the
patient does not appear to have any difficulty articulating speech, but may be
paraphasic. However, comprehension of speech is impaired and sometimes even
single words are not comprehended. The patient may even speak in a meaningless
“neoligistic” jargon, devoid of any content but with free use of verb tenses, clauses,
and subordinates.
Kandel et al. Fig. 62-5B
Dorsal → Language Cortex → Ventral Reading, No - Writing, Yes!

Alexia without Agraphia
Warning: Localization of Aphasias is HIGHLY Variable
Wernicke’s original drawing
(wrong hemisphere!) a = Wernicke
b = Broca Dejerine, 1892
Corpus Callosum: The largest

MRI-scans from pathway connecting the
Keith A. Johnson, M.D. and J. 2 hemispheres.
Alex Becker
The Whole Brain Atlas Splenium: The part of the
http://www.med.harvard.edu./ corpus callosum connecting
AANLIB/home.html visual cortex of the 2 hemispheres
Slice viewed from below:
So “right” is left Visual Cortex
Broca’s Area (Negative Image) Wernicke’s Area
“Classical” Cortical Regions for Language Three functional
language systems
But this is more about speech
than sign language.
Can you see why?
The implementation system

made up of several regions located around the left sylvian fissure.
B Broca’s area & W Wernicke’s area interconnected by the arcuate
A highly simplified view of the primary language areas of the brain fasciculus;
Broca’s area (B) is adjacent to the region of the motor cortex (precentral supramarginal gyrus (Sm); angular gyrus (AG), auditory cortex (A), motor
gyrus) that controls the movements of facial expression, articulation, and cortex (M), and somatosensory cortex (Ss).
phonation. The mediational system (blue areas) surrounds the implementation system
Wernicke’s area (W) lies in the posterior superior temporal lobe near the the left temporal pole (TP), left inferotemporal cortex (It), and left
primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus). prefrontal cortex (Pf).
Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas are joined by a bidirectional pathway, the left basal ganglia complex (not pictured)
arcuate fasciculus. The conceptual system (not shown)
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, USC, Fall 2010. Kandel etAal.
Lecture 4: Fig.
Tour 59-1A
of the Human Brain 45 Kandel
Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence, et 2010.
USC, Fall al. Fig. 59-1A; Courtesy
Lecture oftheH.Human
4: A Tour of Damasio.)
Brain 46
Outlook Lecture Goals

Spinal cord & motor systems
Dorsal in; Ventral out
There is a lot to learn about the brain! Monkey & Human Brain – Learning the Coordinates
… but don’t feel overwhelmed, we will smoothly The Basic Plan of the Vertebrate CNS
The Autonomic Nervous System
introduce all new concepts.
Cerebral Cortex
Layers and Columns
Brodmann Areas – and some key numbers to remember
Principled theoretical and engineering methods will allow us to Vision
abstract some of these complications. Retina, tectum/superior colliculus, thalamus, visual cortex
Alexia without agraphia
Retinotopy (and more)
Serial and parallel processing/Cooperative Computation
Starting with fundamental techniques, we will then study fairly The Limbic System: Amygdala & Hippocampus
complex, large-scale neural models. Language: Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas

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Michael Arbib: CS564 - Brain Theory and Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 4. A Tour of the Human Brain

There is a lot to learn about the brain!

Study of principled theoretical and engineering methods and computational models

Neuroanatomy Resources Neurons and Synapses

How Motoneuron Firing Shortens Muscles A View of the Human Brain

Henneman’s Size Principle:

Sulcus (“fissure” if very large): Grooves in folded cortex

Axes in the Brain Varieties of Vertebrate Brains

Autonomic Nervous System Layered Organization of Cortex

Cortex is 1 to 5mm-thick, folded at the surface of the brain

Basic layer functions:

In primary visual cortex… and in higher (object

Brodmann Areas in the Human Brain Major Functional Areas

Kandel et al. Fig. 18-9 & 33-12

Eye and retina Mammalian and Frog Visual Systems

Many visual areas are organized as retinotopic maps: locations next

Stimulus shown on screen… and corresponding activity in cortex!

Human Visual System Visual Interconnections

Felleman & Van Essen, 1991

Serial “relay stations” Recall Slide 28

Multiple routes to cortex:

But these diagrams do not

Mammalian Auditory System Limbic System

Emotion: Connections of the Amygdala …

Hippocampus: Key to Navigation & Episodic Memory

The key components of the

Kandel et al. Fig. 62-5A

Kandel et al. Fig. 17-12

Kandel et al. Fig. 62-5B

Dorsal → Language Cortex → Ventral Reading, No - Writing, Yes!

Corpus Callosum: The largest

The implementation system

Outlook Lecture Goals

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